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Objective. The objective of this scoping review was to identify key characteristics of primary research studies in peer-reviewed journals about reference accuracy. Characteristics of studies include the publication year, field of study, journal name and publication year of verified references, number of references verified, reference elements examined, definition of major, intermediate, and minor errors, whether punctuation or typographical errors were counted, overall error rate, major, intermediate, and minor error rates, and most common error type. Introduction. Reference accuracy has been studied across several decades and remains a persistent issue in peer-reviewed publications. Reference accuracy is typically reported as an error rate that represents the proportion of references with at least one error. Inclusion criteria for this scoping review included primary studies published in peer-reviewed journals that verified references in articles. Methods. Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA), Medline via EBSCOhost, and Web of Science were searched with final searches conducted in all three databases on November 26, 2022. No grey literature sources were searched given the focus of the project on peer-reviewed scholarly journals. Results. A total of 105 studies were included. The overall error rate across all studies was 32.7%. The error rates within specific fields of study were relatively similar. There is a lack of clarity about whether studies counted punctuation or typographical errors. The most common error was related to author names. Conclusions. There is a lack of studies to understand the most effective means to increase reference accuracy that are feasible to implement on a wide scale. Future research is warranted to understand how best to improve reference accuracy across fields of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden spread of the monkeypox virus has been accompanied by an increase in the scientific interest in the virus. More than 1,400 PubMed-indexed documents have been authored by about 5,800 unique authors, averaging around 120 publications per month. This sheer rise in the number led us to explore the content published in the literature. We discovered more than 30% of the documents are Quantitative Productivity (QP) i.e., papers that illustrate the emerging trends of parachute concerns, modified salami tactics, cyclic recycling, and excellence in redundancy. In addition, we found few common hyper-prolific authors previously identified in the COVID-19 literature. Further, we share our experience in publishing monkeypox literature and highlight the growing readership and citation interest in editorials, commentaries, and correspondences that were thought to be uncitable in the medical literature. As long as the scientific community and public demand, the supply of such papers will continue, with no responsibility on the authors, journals, or the reader. Since overhauling the current system is an arduous task, we propose the optimization of existing retrieval services that would selectively filter documents based on article type (requires standardization of definitions) to dilute the crowding out effects of quantitative productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific articles are used to be cited according to various factors, such as their quality, novelty, methodology, etc. There are also other factors which were identified to influence the citation impact of articles, such as the length of the articles, the number of authors, and the number of references etc. The influence of the number of references was analysed in this study. Journals from various research fields, such as Chemical Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science, Neuroscience, and Psychology, were ranked according to their SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) values into deciles for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2023. The number of references related to one article was calculated for each decile and then correlated against the decile ranking (from 1 to 10). Significant correlation coefficients ranging from -0.880 to -0.982 were obtained. This approach is different from the common approach to analyse the citations and references of the individual articles. The negative slopes of such linear plots demonstrate that the numbers of references are related to the citation impact of journals and, in turn, articles published by them. This is in line with the journal-article-level Matthew effect so that the authors prefer to read the higher-ranked journals and then cite their articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honoring those who paved the way and paving the way for others is an old saying and practice that emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the contributions of others while also guiding and mentoring those who follow in your footsteps. In academic and scientific writings, citations are very important for maintaining the integrity, credibility, and progression of scientific knowledge. This article examines the significance of citations, their various types and methods, and the different styles used. By focusing on best practices and common errors, this article aims to guide researchers in effectively incorporating citations to enhance their work's visibility and impact. It analyses the different types of citations, including direct quotes, paraphrases, and summaries, and discusses the major citation systems such as the Vancouver and Harvard styles. The article also examines the common errors in citation practices and offers guidelines for accurate referencing. It also reviews various reference management software that facilitate to organize and automate the citation process. The impact of citations on bibliometric measures such as impact factor, H index, CiteScore, etc., which assess the influence and productivity of research, is also discussed. Further, the article briefly delves into the utility of artificial intelligence in citation management and future directions in citation practices. The goal of this article is to elevate the quality and credibility of academic publications in the area of medicine by focusing on the principles and methods of effective citation.

Background: Large language models (LLMs) have gained prominence since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of citations and references generated by ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) in two distinct academic domains: the natural sciences and humanities. Methods: Two researchers independently prompted ChatGPT to write an introduction section for a manuscript and include citations; they then evaluated the accuracy of the citations and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). Results were compared between the two disciplines. Results: Ten topics were included, including 5 in the natural sciences and 5 in the humanities. A total of 102 citations were generated, with 55 in the natural sciences and 47 in the humanities. Among these, 40 citations (72.7%) in the natural sciences and 36 citations (76.6%) in the humanities were confirmed to exist (P =.42). There were significant disparities found in DOI presence in the natural sciences (39/55, 70.9%) and the humanities (18/47, 38.3%), along with significant differences in accuracy between the two disciplines (18/55, 32.7% vs 4/47, 8.5%). DOI hallucination was more prevalent in the humanities (42/55, 89.4%). The Levenshtein distance was significantly higher in the humanities than in the natural sciences, reflecting the lower DOI accuracy. Conclusions: ChatGPT's performance in generating citations and references varies across disciplines. Differences in DOI standards and disciplinary nuances contribute to performance variations. Researchers should consider the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence writing tools with respect to citation accuracy. The use of domain-specific models may enhance accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honoring those who paved the way and paving the way for others is an old saying and practice that emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the contributions of others while also guiding and mentoring those who follow in your footsteps. In academic and scientific writings, citations are very important for maintaining the integrity, credibility, and progression of scientific knowledge. This article examines the significance of citations, their various types and methods, and the different styles used. By focusing on best practices and common errors, this article aims to guide researchers in effectively incorporating citations to enhance their work's visibility and impact. It analyses the different types of citations, including direct quotes, paraphrases, and summaries, and discusses the major citation systems such as the Vancouver and Harvard styles. The article also examines the common errors in citation practices and offers guidelines for accurate referencing. It also reviews various reference management software that facilitate to organize and automate the citation process. The impact of citations on bibliometric measures such as impact factor, H index, CiteScore, etc., which assess the influence and productivity of research, is also discussed. Further, the article briefly delves into the utility of artificial intelligence in citation management and future directions in citation practices. The goal of this article is to elevate the quality and credibility of academic publications in the area of medicine by focusing on the principles and methods of effective citation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the last century, there was a debate about whether cognitive psychology had superseded behavioral psychology and psychoanalysis, and the question was raised of whether the latter two might even be dead. The aim of this study was to investigate how these sub-disciplines have developed since then. The citation count, Journal Impact Factor (JIF), and Immediacy Index of four leading journals from each sub-discipline were abstracted for the years 1998, 2008, and 2018. Trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression analysis. The average number of times each sub-discipline's journals were cited increased between 1988 and 2018. The cognitive journals' JIF increased slightly, the behavioral journals' doubled, and the psychoanalytic journals' remained at the same level. The average annual percentage change for citations to the International Journal of Psychoanalysis showed that the number of citations statistically significantly increased over the years. This was also the case for the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Its JIF trend changed at one point: it decreased up through 2006, after which it increased. Citations to Cognitive Psychology also increased over time, while there was no evidence that its JIF changed. This shows that all three sub-disciplines are still alive and relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze leading management journals of the Academy of Management (the Academy of Management Journal, the Academy of Management Review, the Academy of Management Learning and Education, and the Academy of Management Perspectives, as well as the Journal of Management), collecting and analyzing information on the managerial research assessment tool of impact factor (IF) during two time periods—from 1997 through 2005 and from 2006 through 2019. The authors capture the changing nature of journal strategies, examining the number of references, self-citations, and cross-citations. The study shows a general increase in the number of references used, as well as self-citations and cross-citations, resulting in a corresponding IF gain. The evidence suggests some limitations to adopting performance metrics in academia. Thus, academic managers, editors, and authors who focus on IF may be overestimating its impact, obscuring institutional attempts to measure academic research performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is becoming increasingly accessible to the public via open access publications, researchers' social media postings, outreach activities, and popular disseminations. A healthy research discourse is typified by debates, disagreements, and diverging views. Consequently, readers may rely on the information available, such as publication reference attributes and bibliometric markers, to resolve conflicts. Yet, critical voices have warned about the uncritical and one-sided use of such information to assess research. In this study we wanted to get insight into how individuals without research training place trust in research based on clues present in publication references. A questionnaire was designed to probe respondents' perceptions of six publication attributes. A total of 148 students responded to the questionnaire of which 118 were undergraduate students (with limited experience and knowledge of research) and 27 were graduate students (with some knowledge and experience of research). The results showed that the respondents were mostly influenced by the number of citations and the recency of publication, while author names, publication type, and publication origin were less influential. There were few differences between undergraduate and graduate students, with the exception that undergraduate students more strongly favoured publications with multiple authors over publications with single authors. We discuss possible implications for teachers that incorporate research articles in their curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MLS Educational Research is the property of MLS Journals S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the reference accuracy of articles from a random sample of issues from 1999, 2009, and 2019 of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES). Methods: Up to two issues each of RQES published in 1999, 2009, and 2019 were randomly sampled, and references for articles were verified for accuracy. A total of 1,341 references from 50 articles were verified: 1999 (439 references), 2009 (396 references), and 2019 (506 references). Results: The overall error rate was 40% across the three years (i.e., number of references with at least one error divided by the total number of references and multiplied by 100). Chi-square analyses indicated no significant differences between years for the overall error rate (p >.05): 44% (1999), 38% (2009), and 39% (2019). Chi-square analyses indicated significant differences between years for at least one reference with an error related to author(s) names (p >.05). Chi-square analyses indicated significant differences between years for at least one reference with an error related to the article title. Conclusions: In the author's opinion, an overall error rate of 40% across the three years for RQES is simply too high. Ultimately, it is authors' responsibility to ensure reference accuracy. However, given the unacceptable error rates across fields of study, journals, and publication years, it may be prudent to explore supplemental options to increase reference accuracy in peer-reviewed articles. Reference accuracy is an important issue for authors, editorial offices of journals, and the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Articular cartilage lesions remain a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The identification of the most important articles can help identifying the most influential techniques of the past, the current prevalent focus, and emerging strategies. The aim of this study was to identify milestones and trends in cartilage research. Methods: This study is a bibliometric analysis based on published articles. All citation count data included in the "Scopus database" were used to identify eligible studies up to December 2020. The 50 most-cited articles on cartilage surgery were ranked based on the citation count and analyzed regarding citation density and quality (Coleman score and RoB 2.0 tool). A further search was performed to identify the most promising clinical studies among the latest publications on cartilage surgery. Results: Different kinds of cartilage treatments were investigated in the 50 most-cited clinical articles. Regenerative techniques with chondrocytes were the most reported with a total of 23 articles, followed by microfracture technique in 17 articles and mosaicplasty or osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) in 11. Forty-five articles focused on the knee. A higher citation density was found in the most recent articles (p = 0.004). The study of the most promising landmarks of the most recent articles showed new cell-free or tissue engineering-based procedures and an overall increasing quality of the published studies. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis documented an increasing interest in cartilage surgery, with efforts toward high-quality studies. Over the years, the focus switched from reconstructive toward regenerative techniques, with emerging options including cell-free and tissue-engineering strategies to restore the cartilage surface. Level of evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing scientific information in the research process is a great challenge for university thesis students due to the difficulty of systematizing and structuring the excess of information available in different digital or physical sources. The objective of the study was to analyze the importance of reference manager as a technological tool for the management of scientific information in university theses students. We carried out a systematic bibliographic review by searching electronic databases of scientific articles published in journals indexed to Latindex Catalog, Scielo and Scopus between the years 2016 and 2020. The results of the review describe the characteristics, functionalities, aspects and studies main ones on the benefits that reference manager provide to manage scientific information. We conclude that functions such as the organization of information, bibliographic citation and referencing, and collaboration between researchers provided by reference manager, constitute important resources for university thesis students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the emergence of applied behavior analysis (ABA) through referencing patterns, analyzing 309 references cited in 36 ABA articles discerned as founding articles in prior research. We also analyzed 338 references in 26 articles in the first volume of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) to see if referencing patterns changed as the field became institutionalized. We identified two research groups whose publications seemed particularly influential – the Ayllon and Wolf Groups. We also found five referencing patterns that revealed a higher frequency of: (a) journal articles, (b) applied research, (c) operant research, (d) recent publications, and (e) references to publications by Ayllon and Wolf, to co-authored publications, and to male-authored publications. The results for JABA were similar, suggesting these patterns were not altered by the field's institutional founding. We discuss unexpected findings (e.g., the dearth of references to Skinner and classic articles), limitations, and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to summarize the main guidelines of scientific writing presented in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020). Specifically, we will focus on the recommendations regarding the structure and content of a manuscript, formatting styles, citations, and references. This paper is useful for students and researchers who are initiating scientific writing and researchers trained to use the previous edition of the Publication Manual. In particular, to facilitate the integration of the revised guidelines, we will also systematize the main differences between the last two editions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A citation index is a bibliographic database that provides citation links between documents. The first modern citation index was suggested by the researcher Eugene Garfield in 1955 and created by him in 1964, and it represents an important innovation to knowledge organization and information retrieval. This article describes citation indexes in general, considering the modern citation indexes, including Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Crossref, Dimensions and some special citation indexes and predecessors to the modern citation index like Shepard's Citations. We present comparative studies of the major ones and survey theoretical problems related to the role of citation indexes as subject access points (SAP), recognizing the implications to knowledge organization and information retrieval. Finally, studies on citation behavior are presented and the influence of citation indexes on knowledge organization, information retrieval and the scientific information ecosystem is recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manuscript & Book Heritage of Ukraine is the property of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (VNLU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Sixteenth International Conference on Knowledge Organization was to have been held in Aalborg, Denmark in July 2020. Cancelled due to COVID-19, the proceedings were published online on 4 December 2020 containing 48 full papers, 17 short papers and 14 posters. Informetric analysis of the proceedings reveals the shifting intension and extension of the knowledge organization domain. International participation was extensive as usual. There is a much larger share of empirical and applied technical research, and therefore much less historical or analytical work than before. The shape of the research front continues to revolve around concept theory and domain analysis, but cultural and ethical issues are more prevalent than before, having attained nearly core status. There is new emphasis on concepts around interdisciplinarity and phenomenon-based knowledge organization systems, and facet analytical theory has been extended into new approaches in the linked data environment. There are more journal articles than before. No monographs are highly cited but interdisciplinarity, Wittgenstein, domain analysis and music classification are prominent alongside archival science and ontology construction on the bookshelf for this conference. Among conferences ISKO and its chapters predominate. The discourse represented by the works on ISKO 16's bookshelf seems to be rooted in classical concept theory. There is some concretization of discourse concerning interoperability and the continued distancing from ideas of single or "universal" knowledge organization systems. There is a recurrence of concepts of warrant buttressing the extension of research into issues of culture and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific literature cited in patents on coronaviruses is analyzed with the aim of determining its characteristics, identifying the main journals, and evaluating the possible correspondence between the impact of these publications in the scientific and technological fields. For this purpose, the Lens.org patent search engine and its two predefined sets of patents on coronaviruses were used, one of a general nature and the other more specific (on treatments and vaccines). Among the results, the use of persistent identifiers and bibliographic metadata extracted from other academic-scientific platforms such as Microsoft Academic or PubMed, among others, stands out. However, debugging and standardization of the bibliographic data in Lens is required, because duplications have been detected. Although the most cited journals, namely the Journal of Virology and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, do present a similarity in their positioning in the top positions of the rankings of Journal Citation Reports (JCR) and Lens, the rest of the journals that are most cited in patents on coronaviruses do not have high impact according to the JCR index of the Web of Science. Inequalities are evident when comparing the scientific with the technological impact of the journals cited in patents, and indicators other than traditional bibliometrics are needed to evaluate scientific journals cited in patents from the technological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/Thesis: The paper aims to characterize references to different types of sources featuring in select Polish Wikipedia articles from the category of people related to the Austrian Partition and its subcategories. Approach/Methods: The data sample comprised references from 50 randomly selected articles from the Polish Wikipedia, including 1007 citations and 758 references. The references have been collected, processed, and analyzed with the use of R language. After they have been categorized, descriptive statistics were provided and analyzed. Results and conclusions: The study shows that the majority of sources used in the research sample were primary sources. Consequently, it demonstrates that the analyzed articles about historical persons can be considered to be a product of research rather than simple derivative work, if only to a certain extent. Polish Wikipedians relied mainly on government directories and newspaper or magazine articles, often available in digital libraries. Secondary sources, on the other hand, consisted mostly of books, webpages, and book sections. The references were variously structured, and bibliographic descriptions sometimes lacked important elements. The findings confirm previously observed difficulties of analyzing sources in Wikipedia. Moreover, they support the argument that it is necessary to research different editions and subject areas of the largest online encyclopedia. Research limitations: Due to the exploratory character of research, focusing on references from selected articles about historical persons from Poland, one cannot readily extrapolate its results to other parts of the Polish Wikipedia. Additionally, the research sample comprised only citations and references collected at one specific point of time. Originality/Value: Most of the studies on the sources used in Wikipedia articles have focused on its English edition. Moreover, articles about historical persons in this encyclopedia have not been analyzed from the perspective of sources used, their types, and reference patterns. The paper broadens the understanding of the way the sources are used in Wikipedia by focusing on the Polish edition of the encyclopedia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The referencing habits of scholars, having abandoned physical bibliography for harvesting of digital resources, are in crisis, endangering the bibliographical infrastructure supporting the domain of knowledge organization. Research must be carefully managed and its circumstances controlled. Bibliographical replicability is one important part of the social role of scholarship. References in Knowledge Organization volume 45 (2018) were compiled and analyzed to help visualize the state of referencing in the KO domain. The dependence of science on the ability to replicate is even more critical in a global distributed digital environment. There is great richness in KO that make it even more critical that our scholarly community tend to the relationship between bibliographical verity and the very replicability that is allowing the field to grow theoretically over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary scientific exchanges are international, yet language continues to be a persistent barrier to scientific communication, particularly for non-native English-speaking scholars. Since the ability to absorb knowledge has a strong impact on how researchers create new scientific knowledge, comprehensive access to and understanding of both domestic and international scientific publications is essential for scientific performance. This study explores the effect of absorbed knowledge on research impact by analyzing the relationship between the language diversity of cited references and the number of citations received by the citing paper. Chinese social sciences are taken as the research object, and the data, 950,302 papers published between 1998 and 2013 with 8,151,327 cited references, were collected from the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index. Results show that there is a stark increase in the consumption of foreign language material within the Chinese social science community, and English material accounts for the vast majority of this consumption. Papers with foreign language references receive significantly more citations than those without, and the citation advantage of these internationalized work holds when we control for characteristics of the citing papers, such as the discipline, prestige of journal, prestige of institution, and scientific collaboration. However, the citation advantage has decreased from 1998 to 2008, largely as an artifact of the increased number of papers citing foreign language material. After 2008, however, the decline of the citation advantage subsided and became relatively stable, which suggests that incorporating foreign language literature continues to increase scientific impact, even as the scientific community itself becomes increasingly international. However, internationalization is not without concerns: the work closes with a discussion of the potential problems associated with the lack of linguistic diversity in scientific communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the evaluation of scienti!c publications of Bulgarian scientists. The current problems in journal indexing in the !eld of social sciences and humanities in the most popular databases are discussed. There is emphasized the necessity to be established a national citation index for increasing the visibility of scienti!c results and for improving the quality of scientific publications through criteria relevant to the practice. The national citation index is highlight as a reliable tool for assessing the scientific results of Bulgarian scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference managers, also known as citation managers, were designed to create bibliographic citations but have evolved into powerful tools for education. In addition to their core competency of easily managing in-text citations and automatically generating a list of works cited, modern reference managers can help researchers manage increasingly large libraries of portable document format (PDF) files, web pages and other documents. Users can annotate, store, organize, tag and search PDFs. These programs fetch useful associated metadata such as publication information, author lists and article abstracts. Additionally, the programs create a searchable index that can include the article abstract and often the complete text of many articles' PDFs. Modern reference managers allow for rapid creation, organization and classification of a curated collection of reference articles that can be made available anywhere, including on mobile devices. In this article the author describes how pediatric radiologists can use reference managers to facilitate learning, teaching and writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fifteenth International ISKO Conference (ISKO 15) took place in Porto, Portugal in early July 2018 at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Porto, Department of Communication and Information Sciences. The main theme was "challenges and opportunities for knowledge organization in the digital age;" three sub-themes were: foundations and methods, interoperability and societal challenges. A feature of the conference was a special session devoted to the memory of ISKO founder Ingetraut Dahlberg. The proceedings contain 105 formal research papers as well as abstracts for fourteen posters and two workshops. Informetric analyses produce a characteristic picture for an international ISKO conference, with core concepts of KO and KOSs embracing digital age concepts of social media and the semantic web alongside new library conceptual data models. On ISKO 15's bookshelf were articles by Hjørland, Dahlberg, Tennis and Beghtol, and books by Ranganathan and Szostak, Gnoli and López-Huertas. But also books by Adler, García Gutiérrez, Holland and Verborgh and FRBR/LRM were present as were articles by Adler, Kleineberg and Gruber. Core ISKO is joined on this bookshelf by new articles from the ISKO Encyclopedia, by works pointing toward ethical approaches to KO, and by works pointing toward KO for a semantic web--challenges and opportunities for KO, as the conference theme indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the citations from the ethnographic study "Der Preuſche Littauer" (1744; later cited as PL) by the Prussian priest Theodor Lepner which appear in the work of Simonas Daukantas (1793-1864) "BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ir "ámajtiû ĩszraszę [...] Jokyb's Łaukys" (later cited as "Būdas"). The object of this article is the 31 references to PL in S. Daukantas's "Būdas". Looking at the previous scholarly research on "Būdas" and its sources along with the subsequent questions they pose, this article formulates a goal to research the methods with which PL source citations were presented in Būdas. This goal was completed by setting and meeting the following tasks: 1) to determine the importance of PL as a source for S. Daukantas's research into the history of Lithuanian culture; 2) to exhibit S. Daukantas's use of citations instead of research into firsthand sources and 3) to discuss the reliability and fidelity with which these citations and references are presented. In order to analyze the text, this article employs the following methods: comparative analysis; textology; intertextuality. By examining these citations and references, it was discovered that Daukantas encountered this text indirectly sometime between 1818 and 1825 when he was writing his first history "Darbay senuju Lituwiu yr Zemaycziu" (around 1822-1825). This article determines that Daukantas found these quotations from Lepner's book in Martin L. Rhesa's addenddum ("Anmerkungen") of "Das Jahr in vier Geſängen" (1818). Daukantas used this addenddum to recite Lepner in his second historical work "Istorija Žemaitiška" (1831-1834). Later he found the fragments of Lepner's "Der Preuſche Littauer" in one of his most important sources - Johannes Voigt's "Geschichte Preußens" (Bd. 1, 1827). Daukantas had used this book by Voigt to recite an older source several times before. This article demonstrates that Daukantas used Voigt's book to recite the fragments of Matthäus Prätorius's (c.1635-c.1704) „Deliciae Prussicae, oder Preussische Schaubühne" manuscript. It somewhat changes the previous opinion about Daukantas's comprehensive historiographical knowledge, diminishing his image as a researcher familiar with many of the old or primary sources. This article concludes that Daukantas read "Der Preuſche Littauer" around 1836 or 1837 when he was already residing in Saint Petersburg. The quotes from "Der Preuſche Littauer" contained in Daukantas's Būdas are grouped according to the nature of their textual integration. "Būdas" contains 31 quotes and references from "Der Preuſche Littauer". None of the citations from "Der Preuſche Littauer" that Daukantas had used were distinguished with quotation marks or a different font, and they could only be recognized from their content. Quite often, Daukantas quotes "Der Preuſche Littauer" in several sentences without marking the beginning of the quotation and giving the indication only at the end of the sentence using small letters with brackets, eg.: a), b), c), e), d). Daukantas quite accurately reproduces the text of "Der Preuſche Littauer" and gives the exact reference only 17 times out of 31. 8 times his references are incorrect: both in terms of the content and the page numbers. 6 references contain accurate content cited from "Der Preuſche Littauer" but give erroneous page and section numbers. Daukantas was the first of 19th century Lithuanian writers who had his unique writing style and historical perspective. This original prism determined the use of indirect citations of "Der Preuſche Littauer". I determined that because no firsthand Lithuanian historical sources existed Daukantas was forced to use foreign sources such as PL which marginalized Lithuanians as members of an ethnic minority and strange satyre-worthy objects thus requiring for him to engage in historical revisionism by factual reconstruction and reinterpretation from a Lithuanian perspective. He used these secondhand sources to deobjectify Lithuanians and make them into subjects and agents of their own history and destiny by describing their past and character through their eyes. This historical revisionism determined the way Daukantas cited and referenced T. Lepner's text as a source. Daukantas avoided marking citations in quotation marks since they would then have to be translated as close to the original as possible which would have impeded with his historical vision. To make his narration and perspective congruous with his values and style he edited not only the language of the citations from "Der Preuſche Littauer" but also their content. Most of the information obtained from "Der Preuſche Littauer" was paraphrased, processed, and rewritten in such a way as to incorporate the new text into Daukantas's own style and ideas. However, it may also be that Daukantas sometimes misquoted the text because he did not understand how the item described in German could look and how he should describe it in Lithuanian. Daukantas often sacrificed the fidelity to the text of "Der Preuſche Littauer" in favour of emotional and expressive speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• When queried in March 2023, ChatGPT 3.5 had only 6% accuracy in generating citations. • When queried using the identical procedure in June 2023, ChatGPT did not provide references. • In June 2023, Google's Bard 2.0 had 0% accuracy in generating plain-text citations. With repeated queries, Bard 2.0 could provide hyperlinks to PubMed, 66% of which connected to real, related manuscripts. • Fabrications by AI chatbots are also known as "hallucinations"; this may be a misnomer as hallucinations are perceptual in nature and occur without an external stimulus, whereas these fabrications are plausible but inaccurate. • It can be time intensive to parse fact from fabrication as AI chatbots provide uniformly formated responses in a confident and authoritative tone. Output from AI chatbots, especially related to literature searches, should be independently verified. ChatGPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) is a large language model (LLM), which comprises a neural network that has learned information and patterns of language use from large amounts of text on the internet. ChatGPT, introduced by OpenAI, responds to human queries in a conversational manner. Here, we aimed to assess whether ChatGPT could reliably produce accurate references to supplement the literature search process. We describe our March 2023 exchange with ChatGPT, which generated thirty-five citations, two of which were real. 12 citations were similar to actual manuscripts (e.g., titles with incorrect author lists, journals, or publication years) and the remaining 21, while plausible, were in fact a pastiche of multiple existent manuscripts. In June 2023, we re-tested ChatGPT's performance and compared it to that of Google's GPT counterpart, Bard 2.0. We investigated performance in English, as well as in Spanish and Italian. Fabrications made by LLMs, including erroneous citations, have been called "hallucinations"; we discuss reasons for which this is a misnomer. Furthermore, we describe potential explanations for citation fabrication by GPTs, as well as measures being taken to remedy this issue, including reinforcement learning. Our results underscore that output from conversational LLMs should be verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open source language CSL (citation style language) is used to describe citation and bibliographic reference formats. In this article it helps define the format used by the journal El profesional de la información (EPI). In addition to other characteristics, the basic labels that have been used to fit the journal requirements are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of our study (Zhang and Glänzel in Scientometrics, 2017) we provided a view of the literature ageing based on a synchronous approach. Taking up the ideas by Egghe (Scientometrics 27(2):195-214, 1993) and Glänzel et al. (Scientometrics 109(3):2165-2179, 2016) we extend our study in the second part by applying a diachronous approach on the basis of citing literature. For this purpose we used the Prospective Price Index which was recently introduced by Glänzel et al. (Scientometrics 109(3):2165-2179, 2016). Finally, we compare the two aspects of literature ageing. In particular, we analyze the correlation between the share of recent references and the share of fast response, and found a generally positive correlation between both aspects at different levels of aggregation (subfields, major fields and the individual paper level). However, the consistence varies among different aggregations. For examples, on the level of subject fields, Chemistry, Biology, Neuroscience & Behavior are found with evidently better ranks by Prospective Price Index than Price Index, indicating their faster ageing process in the mirror of citations than references, while Engineering and Social sciences are found with the opposite ageing features. At the journal level, we observed a striking divergence between the reference and citation ageing patterns in some cases. Thus several journals proved 'hard' from the perspective of information sources (cited papers) but, at the same time, rather 'soft' in the light of information targets (citing papers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a view of the literature aging features in the sciences and social sciences, at different aggregation levels, of major fields, subfields, journals and individual papers and from different perspectives. Against to the wide belief that scientific literature may become more rapidly obsolete, we found that, in general, the share of more recent references were distinctly lower in 2014 than that in 1992, which holds for all aggregation levels. As exceptions, the subfields related to Chemistry and the subfield energy and fuels, have shown a clear trend to cite more recent literature than older articles. Particle and nuclear physics and astronomy and astrophysics, the two subfields which strongly rely on e-print archives, have shown a 'polarization' tendency of reference distribution. Furthermore, we stress that it is very important to measure the Price Index at the paper level to account for differences between the documents published in the same journals and (sub-)fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wikipedia may have become the world's principal source of information, but it is not a reliable source. Wikipedia itself is quite explicit on this point. The Wikipedia article entitled Wikipedia is not a reliable source clearly states that, because Wikipedia can be edited by anyone, at any time, "any information it contains at any particular time could be vandalism, a work in progress, or just plain wrong" (Wikipedia 2019a). Despite this, Wikipedia continues to gain status as a trusted authority on, well, everything. It does not, however, have authority on its own; it has authority because it links to authoritative sources. Wikipedia's Verifiability policy (Wikipedia 2019b) states that: 1. all material in its articles should be "attributable to reliable and published sources"; and 2. all quotations and any material likely to be challenged "must be supported by inline citations". This does not mean that Wikipedia is always right; rather (according to the Wikipedia article Wikipedia is wrong) that "the threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth" (Wikipedia 2019c). What this does mean is that Wikipedia is riddled with citations to the primary literature. Thus, articles about the world's species reference taxonomic descriptions (and subsequent revisions), as well as scientific papers about physiology, evolution, behaviour, ecology, conservation, etc. In order "to facilitate the verification of sourced statements", Wikipedia's Scientific Citation Guidelines encourage editors to, wherever possible, include links to scientific articles in the form of DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) (Wikipedia 2019d). A DOI is a unique, permanent and persistent identifier that is assigned to a fixed piece of online content (usually) at the time of its publication. The DOI system creates a reciprocal linked network of scholarly publications that allows researchers to click from article to article in a never-ending trail of knowledge (whether those articles are in scientific journals or on Wikipedia). This linked network functions seamlessly for modern scientific publications, because DOIs have been almost universally adopted by scientific publishers. But issues arise when it comes to linking to historic publications. Historic literature is the foundation upon which our understanding of biodiversity is based. If Wikipedia is the world's gateway to that literature, Wikipedia editors must be able to find it and link to it. This presentation will discuss the complexities involved in linking from Wikipedia to the legacy scientific literature, particularly the availability of that literature online, the difference between easy and open access, and what the bioinformatics community can do to help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Number of citations is a basic bibliometric index for evaluating academic articles and assessing researchers, research groups, institutions, and journals. It has several derivative indices which typically assume all citations to have the same importance. Recent research has shown that this is not always true. In this paper, a theoretical relationship between the scientific impact of a research paper and the citations it receives is established. The mathematical model considers the following factors: the number of citations it has received, the role it plays in the papers citing it, and the scientific impact of the papers citing it. This theoretical model depends on the citation matrix and a content-based citation analysis. Limited by current technology, a simplified model referring to normalized citation is provided. The paper further discusses how to apply the method to estimate the scientific impact of researchers, research groups, institutions, and journals. The intended future work for this model is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author examined the speed of research dissemination by determining the time elapsed from publication to first citation for 617 articles in the Journal of Research in Music Education (JRME). Google Scholar was used to create a unique data set of 6,930 references originating from journals in the arts, education, music, and other fields. An original computer script linked the journal citations to individual articles and calculated the elapsed time from publication to first citation in journals dedicated to music and other disciplines. Kaplan-Meier estimators determined the cumulative failure function and probability of a first citation by year. Failure plots revealed citations to the articles originated more quickly from journals in music than from other fields, highlighting the importance of the JRME to music scholars and gradual influence on other fields. Cumulative first-citation proportions from music journals reached 50% in 4 years and 75% in 8 years. Cox proportional-hazards regression revealed multiauthored studies were cited more quickly after publication than single-author studies, and citation speed changed under different editorships. This study reinforces the importance of JRME to the dissemination of research results throughout the music profession and highlights a need to connect music research with other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to document first-year undergraduate students' information literacy (IL) skills at a typical university college in Norway. This research is the first of its kind in Norway as previous studies on new students have focused mainly on the literature search. Prior to library instruction a selection of these students completed a survey with questions on the critical evaluation of sources, on plagiarism and on citing sources. Survey questions were designed to reflect the content of the library course in IL. Although most students were confident that they could avoid plagiarism when writing, many had large gaps in their knowledge, and lacked essential skills. Results also show that new students are better at evaluating sources than they are at citing them. Ethical aspects of plagiarism are discussed and comparisons drawn between students coming directly from upper secondary school and those who have some previous higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The number of citations that a paper has received reflects the impact of the article within a particular medical area. Citation analysis concerning the most cited articles have been widely reported in orthopedic surgery and its subspecialties. However, which articles are cited most frequently in orthopedic elbow surgery is unknown. This study aimed to identify and analyze the characteristics of the 50 most cited articles in elbow surgery. Methods Science Citation Index Expanded was used to search for citations in 181 journals chosen according to the relevance for elbow publications. The 50 most cited articles in elbow surgery were identified. The title, authors, year of publications, article type, journal source, country, institution, number of citations, decade published, citation density and level of evidence were recorded and analyzed. Results The 50 most cited articles were published between 1950 and 2010. The 1980s was the most productive decade. The number of citations ranged from 388 to 124. All the articles were written in English and published in nine journals. The majority of articles originated from United States, followed by Canada and United Kingdom. Fracture was the most discussed topic. The majority of the top cited articles were clinical studies, with the remaining basic research. The most common level of evidence was level IV. Conclusions Identification of the most cited papers in elbow surgery shows an insight into the historical development of elbow surgery and provides the foundation for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, scientometrics studies tend to focus on citations received from journals (incoming citations) and usually neglect references to journals (outgoing citations). The aim of this study is to suggest a new approach to the journal impact factor on a wider scale, i.e., from the viewpoint of citing journals. I studied how citations (references) given by JCR journals contribute to the 2-year and 5-year journal impact factors (JIF). To do so, data were obtained from the 2011 edition of JCR (Science Edition) available for universities in Spain, and the citing journal matrix for each journal was used. This matrix records the number of times articles published in other journals (cited journals) were cited in a given journal (citing journal) in 2011. The results showed that a set of 50 journals produced about 15% of all references that contributed to the 2-year JIF. Similarly, a set of 50 journals produced about 13% of all references that contributed to the 5-year JIF. A Bradford-like plot was obtained by plotting the cumulative number of references that contributed to the 2-year and 5-year JIF against the cumulative number of citing journals. The distribution of journals according to the number and percentage of references they contributed to the 2-year and 5-year JIF showed peaks. A rank-order distribution of references that contributed to the 2-year and 5 year JIF was obtained with a previously described empirical two-exponent equation. Based on the maximum contribution to the 2-year JIF of different 2-year rolling reference windows, the second rolling window (references to articles published 2 and 3 years before 2011) made the greatest contribution to impact in 41% of journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- Citation data needs to be recognised as a part of the Commons -- those works that are freely and legally available for sharing -- and placed in an open repository. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach -- The Open Citation Corpus is a new open repository of scholarly citation data, made available under a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 public domain dedication and encoded as Open Linked Data using the SPAR Ontologies. Findings -- The Open Citation Corpus presently provides open access (OA) to reference lists from 204,637 articles from the OA Subset of PubMed Central, containing 6,325,178 individual references to 3,373,961 unique papers. Originality/value -- Scholars, publishers and institutions may freely build upon, enhance and reuse the open citation data for any purpose, without restriction under copyright or database law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]