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To determine whether the Angelo Bruno Business Library was meeting the needs of business faculty in the College of Business (COB) at The University of Alabama, and to measure the frequency of publishing via Open Access (OA) journals, a comprehensive citation analysis of business faculty (tenured/tenure-track/non-tenure track/clinical/instructor/etc.) publications was conducted for the years 2019 - 2020. There are other reasons, as well, for considering the exercise of a citation analysis. The following data were collected from Scopus: all citations from works listed by each faculty member per the COB Faculty and Staff Directory (each department in the COB was included), title of reference, authors, year of publication, source title, volume/issue, and publication type. The results were analyzed collectively as well as for each department. This study also determined how often OA journal titles were chosen as the outlet for publication. Only 24% of published works by COB authors during this time frame are OA. This research also revealed the dismal results that none of the 100 most-cited journals were OA. It is to libraries' financial advantage that more authors use OA publishing for their works as well as their places for cited research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the study is to present a comprehensive review and citation analysis of publication data in the interrelated disciplines of "Business Ethics," "Corporate Governance," and "Corporate Social Responsibility." The publication data was obtained from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science SSCI (Social Science Citation Index) and Elsevier Scopus for bibliometric and citation analysis. The data covers a time span of 2003–2023 for WoS and 1999–2023 for Scopus, with 306 documents for WoS and 347 documents for Scopus after suitable filtrations. The study further evaluates the differences in citation counts across Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar (GS) for the common top 30 most cited articles based on the WoS and Scopus datasets. The most cited articles in the field are all relatively recent and published in high-impact journals. This suggests that this area is a growing and dynamic field of research. The findings of the study revealed publication trends, prominent journals, leading articles, the most productive countries, and the comparative citation analysis that has garnered significant contributions to the literature. The research publication is an excellent resource for researchers, scholars, and practitioners interested in learning about and contributing to this field. Furthermore, the study will lay the groundwork for future studies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predatory publishing is the unethical and dishonest behavior of publishers who take advantage of researchers by charging them too much money and not providing good editing and peer-review services. Scholars, publishers and policymakers are seeking solutions to combat predatory publishing, which has become a major academic problem. This research paper provides a bibliometric analysis of the citation patterns and trends in the predatory publishing literature. The study analyzed the 100 top-cited papers on predatory publishing and provided insight into the types of documents, journals, authors, and countries that contributed to this field. The average citation per paper in the top 100 selected publications was 53.67. Open-access publications received a significantly higher average citation per paper than subscription-based papers. "Article" was the major type of document published, followed by "Notes," "Reviews" and "Editorials." Nature and Learned Publishing were the journals that contained the highest number of top-cited articles. J. Beall and D. Moher authored the highest number of papers, while A. Grudniewicz had the highest average citation per paper. USA and Canada were the top countries in these top-cited publications. This study will be beneficial to the all the stakeholders who may be interested in this area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, all the scientific publications of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) from 1980 to 2020 are studied using bibliometric analysis and scientific network visualization. This research applied quantitative research using bibliometrics and visualization of scientific publications. The research population included all the scientific publications of IUSM on the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from 1980 to 2020. Data from the WOSCC were extracted via the advanced search by searching the Iran University of Medical Sciences in the affiliation field. Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer were used for data analysis. First, the frequency distribution of the scientific publications was identified. Then, the level of international collaborations was analyzed. Finally, the citation clusters of researchers' scientific publications and keyword co-occurrence were examined. IUMS had 9950 documents indexed in the WOSCC. Malekzadeh jointly ranked first as the most prolific author. The Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, with 207 articles, has the highest number of articles. All highly-cited papers were published in high-level Q1 journals. The highest collaboration rate at a national level was with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Internationally, IUMS's researchers had the highest collaboration with authors from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, respectively. Term clustering demonstrated five main clusters: pharmacological studies, epidemiological studies, general & and internal medicine, meta-analysis and systematic review, and Immunological studies. The methods and techniques of bibliometrics and visualization are optimal for depicting and analyzing the scientific status of researchers, publications, journals, universities, countries, and even the world. The current study can be a model for analyzing bibliometric indices of other universities and research institutes in Iran and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to address the disciplinary variations in Journal Impact Factor (JIF), enabling its reasonable application in the evaluation of journals across diverse disciplines. To achieve this, the study utilized journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports and considered papers from eight distinct disciplines as the research subjects. The citations of papers within each academic field were transformed into normal distributions, each with a different base logarithm. Subsequently, the logarithm-corrected impact factor (IFlog) for each journal was calculated. Category normalization for the IFlog (cnIFlog) was conducted by dividing each journal's IFlog by the logarithmic correction aggregate impact factor of the discipline to which it belongs and the superiorities of cnIFlog in the evaluation of academic journals across different disciplines were demonstrated empirically. The results showed that taking different base logarithms could convert the citations of the journal papers into an approximately normal distribution. The IFlog of the eight disciplines' journals was normally distributed, and the IFlog1.5, IFln, IFlog5, and IFlog10 of the journals were 100% positively related (r=1.000, P=0.000) both in the same and different disciplines. Compared with the impact factor (IF2018), average impact factor percentile (aJIFP), journal index of PR8 (JIPR8), IFlog and relative impact factor (rIF2018), and other indicators, cnIFlog1.5 exhibits the least variation among the journals from the eight different fields. In comparison to aJIFP and JIPR8, it demonstrates the highest correlation, ideal discrimination, and stability. It is concluded that cnIFlog1.5 is an ideal journal evaluation indicator in same or different disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following academic globalization, successful integration into the international research community is a fundamental interest for all participating countries. The success of these internationalization processes, however, are often under scrutiny, and the results are rarely unequivocal. This holds true for Central and Eastern Europe, which usually is described as a semiperipheral region of global knowledge production. Analyzing the publication and citation indices of 365 Hungarian social scientists in one national (Hungarian Scientific Bibliography) and two global (Scopus, Google Scholar) databases, we explicate the current international impact of Hungarian academic research while exploring pivotal factors behind the major differences between databases. Our results indicate that Hungarian scholars lag behind their peers in neighboring countries, necessitating effective policy measures. To this end, the analysis recommends the use of standardized global publication databases instead of national datasets, while still acknowledging the shortcomings of the latter in research assessment protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the existing gender disparities in library and information science research. The current study aims to analyze research articles from the Annals of Library and information studies journal from a gender perspective. The study looked at the author's position in relation to their gender, various patterns of collaboration, and if this has affected citations. This study also attempts to determine the male and female authors' research interests as the first author. The data were gathered from the Scopus database between 2011 and 2019 and were quantified using bibliometrics. Six distinct authorship patterns were recognized. The findings reveal men in first and last author positions constitute the highest research articles and citations indicating male authors to be more influential compared to females. Additionally, the study findings have provided an overview of the current state of women in library and information science research and highlighted areas where improvements can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of citations a paper receives reflects its impact on the scientific community. We aimed to identify and explore the characteristics of the most cited papers on total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). Methods: Web of Science Core Collection Expanded Science Citation Index (1900 to present) was searched and papers on TAPVC were reviewed. Articles were ranked by the number of citations and the 100 most cited papers were analyzed. Results: The 100 most cited papers were published between 1952 and 2018 with a mean number of citations of 52 (range 26 to 148). The 1990s was the most productive decade. All articles except one were written in English. The 100 most cited articles were published in 24 journals, led by Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (21 articles), followed by Annals of Thoracic Surgery (20 articles), and Circulation (16 articles). The United States of America contributed most of the 100 most cited papers (60 articles). Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto led the list of citation classics with six papers. Christopher A. Caldarone, John W. Kirklin, and P. E. F. Daubeney were the most productive authors with 3 articles each. More than half of the papers were cohort studies (51 articles). Surgery, radiology and etiology were the main topics. Thirty-one articles were funded by public foundations, and none received support from commercial companies. Conclusions: The bibliometric analysis gives a historical perspective on scientific progress in the field of TAPVC and lays the foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing or obsolescence describes the process of declining use of a particular publication over time and can affect the results of a citation analyses as the length of citation window can change rankings. Obsolescence may not only vary across fields but also across subfields or sub-disciplines. The aim of this study is to determine the sub-disciplinary differences of obsolescence on a larger scale allowing for differences over time as well. The study presents the results of an analysis of 82,759 references across 53 healthcare and health policy topics. The references in this study are extracted from systematic reviews published from 2012 to 2016. The analyses of obsolescence include median citation age and mean citation age. This study finds that the median citation age and the mean citation age differ considerably across groups. For the latter indicator, an analysis of the confidence intervals confirms these differences. Using the subfield categorisation from Cochrane review groups, we found larger differences across subfields than in the citing half-lives published by Journal Citation Reports. Obsolescence is important to consider when setting the length of the citation windows. This study emphasises the vast differences across health sciences subfields. The length of the citation period is thus highly important for the results of a bibliometric evaluation or study covering fields with very varying obsolescence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a common occurrence and contributes to human rights abuses of both men and women globally. It therefore requires investigation from different perspectives to shed light on its depth and breadth. While research in the domain is increasing, the status, nature and extent of this research are not readily known, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which has been identified as the region worst hit by this atrocity. This study appraises research publications on GBV in SSA from 1996 to 2020 with a view to determining the performance of researchers, institutions, and countries in terms of GBV research productivity and scientific impact in the domain. This is largely a quantitative study that applies content analysis through bibliometric means to analyse GBV publications indexed in Scopus database from 1996 to 2020. Using the publication count technique, the study focuses largely on publication of the research by author, institutional, and source as well a citation analysis to determine citation counts and research impact. The data were processed and analysed with Microsoft Excel, and VOSviewer. Findings reveal a growing research pattern in the domain, with higher research performance in terms of usage and visibility coming from the leading research countries and institutions in SSA. The same countries and institutions produce higher citations and research impact. While there have been concerns of growing GBV in the developing countries, productivity of the countries to add to global gender-based research is equally minimal, suggesting low investment in and priority of GBV research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serials being important to students and researchers as they contain the most current and relevant information that can be used for academic and research purposes needs to be assessed periodically to determine if they are still relevant to the users. This study therefore examines the analysis of serials citations in graduate-students' theses as a practical instrument for effective management of serials in academic libraries using theses submitted from 2013 to 2021 in Library and information Science of four government owned universities in eastern region of Nigeria as case in point. The study was meant to provide answers to three research questions which formed the guide while a descriptive survey design was applied with a population of 203 which stood as the total number of masters' degree theses produced by the four universities within the period under study. The main instruments used in collecting data for this study were the researcher-designed checklists with which 8445 serials citations were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics of mode, mean and range and data presented in tables, charts and graphs using frequencies and percentile. The outcome of the study revealed that journals with 76% citations were the most cited against conference proceedings/reports with 20% and the least cited being government publications with only .5% citations. It was further established that multi authorship is the most cited authorship pattern in the graduates' theses whereas the average age of serials cited were within the age bracket of 0 - 18. The conclusion drawn is that with the most cited type(s) of serials, serials titles, ages of serials and preferred authorship pattern known through citations analysis of serials in research reports, the university librarian is better placed as to knowing which serials to select, acquire and how to have them organized for easy accessibility and retrieval by users as well as the amount of money to be earmarked for their acquisitions which invariably will bring about prudent management of the library budget in this period of shrinking budget for academic libraries. The study therefore recommended among other things that for effective application of serials citations analysis as a functional tool for effective serial management, staff of serials unit most partner documentation unit as to ensuring proper citations analysis of serials submitted to the library by every department as this can be used as a guide for the unit to identify the core serials for selections, acquisitions and also as a guide for total serials collections maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, it is aimed to determine the historical development of the use of humor in organizations in the context of management discipline with the bibliometric analysis method and to guide those who work in this field in the future by creating a conceptual framework. For this purpose, articles published in the Web of Science database and scanned in different indexes on the use of humor in organizations until 2022 were analyzed by the bibliometric method. 306 articles focusing on the field of management were examined in the keywords, abstract, and title areas. To answer the questions created for the research, various productivity indicators were examined and citation analysis, co-citation, and co-word analysis were performed within the scope of bibliometric analysis. It has been found that the interest in the field of management for studies on the use of humor in organizations has increased in the last 15 years. The fact that the number of publications originating from Turkey is 4 can be considered as an indication that the field of humor use in organizations is open to development in our country. It has also been determined that social media, the leader's use of humor, entertainment at work, status, and content analysis are current issues in the field of "use of humor in organizations". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at examining the global trends in digital library research based on data extracted from the Scopus database at the global, national, institutional and individual levels. Using performance indicators like total citations, the number of publications, h-index, total link strength the study aims to evaluate the prolific authors, organizations, countries, chronological growth of literature, document forms, most prolific journals, application of Lotkas's law to evaluate the author productivity and analysis of keywords to know the trending topics of research in Digital Libraries. The study uses VOSviewer to prepare the network map of organizational and country co-authorship analysis with clustering technique and MS-Excel for graphical and statistical analysis. The core findings are like the most productive year is 2019 and the number of publications increased rapidly from the starting year of data collection 2016. The results reveal that the USA is the most productive country in terms of the number of publications and impact with the University of Illinois the first rank in the list of prolific institutions. B Gipp from the University of Wuppertal is the most productive author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sprawl generates an unprecedented transformation in land use; therefore, by not recognizing its dynamics and impact on sustainable planning, it develops without much control or planning, causing alterations in natural ecosystems, biodiversity, dispersion of inhabitants in the periphery, among others. The factors that influence urban sprawl were identified and analyzed, as well as the methodological approaches and research instruments worldwide. A systematic literature review method was used that included a citation frequency index using quartiles (Q). The results showed ten factors affecting urban sprawl; the four main factors being: urban planning (Q1), land use (Q1), urban growth and urbanization (Q2). Three research approaches were identified: quantitative, qualitative and mixed, the most commonly used research tools are remote sensing, GIS, statistical methods, and predictive models. Although the review shows a hierarchy of factors that influence urban expansion, it is necessary to consider the great influence of the market in the dynamics of expansion and related neoliberal policies, factors implicit in these processes with differential degrees of incidence in the territories, but common worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study highlights the distribution citations in global Synthetic Biology research output during 2005-2019. The primary data for the analysis were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection database. This study illustrates various vital aspects like – yearwise distribution of citations, relative growth rate and doubling time of citations, citation per paper, citation pattern, distribution of cited and non-cited publications, and highly cited publications in Synthetic Biology. The results revealed that the publications on Synthetic Biology attracted a reasonably good number of citations during the period under evaluation. A total of 12012 publications received 329631citations with an average number of citations per publication value of 27.44. Around 90.27 percent of total publications was received at least one or more citations. There among 1169 (9.73%) publications did not have any citations. It was found that the relative growth rate of citations decreased steadily. At the same time, the value of doubling the time of citations was increased during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full understanding of the development and re-production of IPE is only possible with an appreciation of its disciplinary politics. This institutionalises four aspects of academic inquiry: (a) what is considered admissible work in the field, (b) how work should be conducted and where it should be published (c) where the field's legitimate boundaries are, and (d) 'external relations' with cognate disciplines. Academic gatekeepers in positions of disciplinary influence shape perceptions about appropriate conduct within the field, what constitutes its core, and what lies outside its realm. Disciplinary political definitions of the field's nature and limits are manifest in the writing of texts introducing students to IPE. Particularly important are origin stories, which are always partly about directing and coordinating scholarly activity in the present and for the future. Disciplinary history entails forgetting certain events, scholars and works that do not fit the prevailing chronology, marginalising or excluding some topics, debates and questions from the core of the field. We evidence our claims about the boundary work done in narrating IPE's origins through bibliometric mapping and network analysis of IPE citation patterns and practices. We find that IPE is a narrower, more blinkered field than it typically presents itself to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patents with non-patent literature (NPL) references indicate how the link between science and technology interact. Using topic modeling, this paper investigated the thematic relationship between patents and their cited articles in the field of Nanotechnology. For this purpose, patents in the field of nanotechnology (IPC Class: B82) were obtained from the United States Patent and Trademark Office from 1985 to 2019. Then, NPL references listed in "Other References" section of the patents was extracted and abstract of the NPL references was retrieved from Scopus database. R software, topic modeling, and Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm were used to analyze the data. Results showed that most of the subclasses in Nanotechnology use few NPL references and are more dependent on patents. In total, NPL references account for only 36% of patent citations. The topics of the NPL references in this field (nanotechnology) belonged to six categories: Physics, Electricity, Chemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Nanotechnology. Consequently, it seems that nanotechnology patents are more technology-driven, and a medium to low relationship exists between science and nanotechnology. The topic modeling of NPL references uncovered that nanotechnology patents have been more influenced by non-nano scientific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eponyms are linguistic phenomena present in scientific language in various fields of science. Aiming to contribute to new themes and objects of study in the field of Information Science, this article addresses theoretical and methodological aspects of eponymy in science and the relationship between eponyms and the analysis of citations in scientific texts. The methodology of critical review of the Sociology of Science and Information Science literature was adopted, through the analysis of classics from the literature of these two areas and of other studies on eponymy through data collection in the Portal de Periódicos Capes. The results pointed out the origin, function and limitations of eponyms in scientific texts, the controversies about their use in medical-scientific communication, the female underrepresentation in eponyms of various sciences, the relationship between eponyms and citations, and the occurrence of obliteration. by incorporation into eponymic texts. It was concluded that the study of eponyms contributes to broadening the understanding of scientific recognition in science, but that its presence in scientific texts is challenging for bibliometric studies due to the occurrence of the phenomenon of obliteration by incorporation and the difficulties related to its identification and extraction in scientific databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose-The study aims to analyse the resources used in the citations of 571 research publications of University of Mysore and Karnatak University in the field of physics and prepares the list of core journal, leading publishers and prolific authors. For any research and academic institutional libraries, books and journals are considered as key resources. As the resources are more and diverse, collection building is a tough task for librarians. Citation analysis is one of the best methods to list the most used resources by the users. The paper highlights the extent of use of different sources in the research publications of chemistry. Also the obsolescence of cited literature was examined in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1970s, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used new methods of computer modelling to simulate global dynamic processes. The outcome of their work was a series of projections of the depletion of natural resources worldwide, with potentially dire consequences for the environment and the economy. Their report on their modelling and its projections was issued as a book in 1972, entitled The Limits to Growth. It created an immediate debate among scholars, policy makers, and other educated readers, and publications citing The Limits to Growth over its lifespan are voluminous. It continues to be cited 50 years after it was issued. The long citation period and the varied responses over time pose challenges for the book historian seeking to characterise the reception of the book. This article explores the ways in which book historians can use readily available citation analysis and visualisation tools to deepen understanding of a book's reception beyond the qualitative methods typically used in the secondary literature. The Web of Science's citation indexing and the HathiTrust collection's fulltext searching capability are used to identify articles and books that have cited or referred to The Limits to Growth. Examples of the visualisations generated from the search results in each are included as illustrations of simple, accessible tools that the lone book historian can use when the scale of his or her work does not require the kind of computational analytics created to parse big textual data in digital humanities projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study distinguishes the academic influence of different papers published in journals of the same subject or field based on the modification of the journal impact factor. Design/methodology/approach: Taking SSCI journals in library and information science (LIS) as the research object, the authors first explore the skewness degree of the citation distribution of journal articles. Then, we define the paper citation ratio as the weight of impact factor to modify the journal impact factor for the evaluation of papers, namely the weighted impact factor. The authors further explore the feasibility of the weighted impact factor in evaluating papers. Findings: The research results show that different types of skewness exist in the citation distribution of journal papers. Particularly, 94% of journal paper citations are highly skewed, while the rest are moderately skewed. The weighted impact factor has a closer correlation with the citation frequency of papers than the journal impact factor. It resolves the issue that the journal impact factor tends to exaggerate the influence of low-cited papers in journals with high impact factors or weaken the influence of high-cited papers in journals with low impact factors. Originality/value: The weighted impact factor is constructed based on the skewness of the citation distribution of journal articles. It provides a new method to distinguish the academic influence of different papers published in journals of the same subject or field, then avoids the situation that papers published in the same journal having the same academic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We systematically evaluated the global research trends in robotic application on the spine through bibliometric analysis and mapping knowledge domains. A systematic literature search was performed of the PubMed and Web of Science, including the Science Citation Index Expanded, databases. The number, countries, journals, and authors of the publications, total citations, average publication year, and institution sources were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, the Online Analysis Platform of Bibliometrics, and VOSviewer. The hotspots were analyzed and visualized using VOSviewer. We identified a total of 2135 publications. The United States ranked first in the number of publications (n = 824; 38.63%) and frequency of citations (n = 29,075). Northwestern University had the highest number of publications (n = 67) and Harvard University the highest number of citations (n = 4198). The Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation published the largest number of reports (n = 73), and the most frequently cited journal was Nature (n = 3844 citations). The research hotspots were divided into 3 categories analyzed by VOSviewer: rehabilitation, basic science, and surgery. According to the average publication year, the most recent hotspot was radiation exposure, and the earliest hotspot was radiosurgery. The number of studies of robotic application on the spine has continued to increase. The United States was the greatest contributor to robotic applications on the spine. Robot-assisted rehabilitation for neurological and orthopedic lesions is still a major research hotspot. The range of robotic applications on the spine has expanded from assisted rehabilitation to assisted rehabilitation and surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this article, the ideas and methods behind the "patent-paper citation" are scrutinised by following the intellectual and technical development of approaches and ideas in early work on patentometrics. The aim is to study how references from patents to papers came to play a crucial role in establishing a link between science and technology. Design/methodology/approach: The study comprises a conceptual history of the "patent paper citation" and its emergence as an important indicator of science and technology interaction. By tracing key references in the field, it analyses the overarching frameworks and ideas, the conceptual "hinterland", in which the approach of studying patent references emerged. Findings: The analysis explains how interest in patents – not only as legal and economic artefacts but also as scientific documents – became evident in the 1980s. The focus on patent citations was sparked by a need for relevant and objective indicators and by the greater availability of databases and methods. Yet, the development of patentometrics also relied on earlier research, and established theories, on the relation between science and technology. Originality/value: This is the first attempt at situating patentometrics in a larger societal and scientific context. The paper offers a reflexive and nuanced analysis of the "patent-paper citation" as a theoretical and historical construct, and it calls for a broader and contextualised understanding of patent references, including their social, legal and rhetorical function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present bibliometric study of the Health Information and Libraries Journal was conducted using Web of Science SCIE. Total 727 documents were retrieved, including 481 articles, seven early access articles, three proceedings papers, 25 bibliography and related items, ten book reviews, eight article corrections, 130 editorial materials, and 63 reviews. The outcome parameters were the number of publications, citations, top countries, authors, organizations/institutions, and citation analysis, impact factor, most frequent author keywords were presented as visualisation map, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To date, no study has used bibliometric analysis to review the most influential articles in lumbar spinal stenosis. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the characteristics and the level of evidence of the 100 most cited articles on lumbar spinal stenosis Methods The Thomson Reuters Web of Science was accessed to find the 100 most cited articles on lumbar spinal stenosis. For each article, we recorded the number and density of citations, authors, country, journals and years, department, level of evidence, type of study, and if it was part of any multicenter studies. Results Until January 2017, the 100 most cited articles accumulated 11,136 citations (average: 259.05/y), ranging individually between 442 and 50 (average: 111.36). The first reference was published in 1974 in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. Therapeutic studies (n = 40), the 1990s (n = 46), United States as country of origin (n = 51), Harvard University as institution (n = 16), Katz JN as author (n = 10), and Spine as journal (n = 48) have the hegemony. Many were multicenter (n = 42) and using level 2 evidence (n = 49). There is an inverse relationship between citation index and long-standing studies, maintenance of those most cited, and a temporary advance toward better levels of evidence. Conclusion This bibliometric analysis reveals a good level of evidence in the published clinical series and includes 100 articles useful for the approach of lumbar spinal stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide an analysis of the VjVjN construction in Taiwanese, which is obligatorily accompanied by a negative evaluative reading on the post-verbal noun. Based on observations including the citation tone on the final syllable of the reduplicative verb form and the form's relative positions with modals and manner adverbs, we suggest that the verb has moved to a higher position without leaving the vP. Also based on the indispensability of the post-verbal noun and the fact that the post-verbal noun cannot be preposed, we propose that an uninterpretable evaluative feature moves from the NP to the edge of the DP phase and then to that of the vP phase, in order to value the head of the Eval(uative)P (based on Pesetsky & Torrego (2007)). Ostensibly, this construction with a very long-distance dependency poses a problem for phase theory (Chomsky 2001, 2008), but the problem can be solved by Move-F in a relaying-style scheme to accomplish the Agree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The rate of case report/series (CR/S) acceptance by the high impact journals is steadily declining mainly due to low citations. The aim of this study is primarily to investigate the bibliometric aspects of CR/S in the field of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) and secondarily to guide prospective authors as to which type of CR/S have better chances of acceptance and citation in the current publication climate. Methods: Bibliometric and citation analysis of CR/S published in Science Citation Index (SCI) journals of ORL covering the years of 2012-2016 was conducted. Results: There were 1332 (8.9%) CR/S among 14900 publications in 11 SCI ORL journals published between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2016. The most common published field and subject were the 'pediatric ORL' (33.2%) and 'rare cases/conditions' (47.1%) respectively. 'General ORL' (5.13) and 'treatment' (4.93) categories had the highest citations. Only 10% of CR/S had ≥10 citations. The mean citation counts were positively correlated with impact factors of journals (r=0.131, p<0.001), mean number of authors (r=0.151, p<0.001), mean number of cases (r=0.192, p<0.001), mean number of references (r=0.315, p<0.001) and mean number of Web of Science visits (r=0.291, p<0.001). Conclusion: Although CR/S provides low citation rates in ORL SCI journals, they may serve important topics in terms of diagnosis, treatment, or complications. The findings and the main discussions of this study may direct the rationale for the consistent publication of CR/S in the evidence-based medicine era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the different attributes of authorship pattern in the literature published by Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET). For this purpose data is collected from Scopus database for the period from 2005 to 29.02.2020. A sum total of 591 papers were published during the period considered which is indexed in the Scopus database. The study aims to find out the pattern of publication, growth rate of publication, authorship pattern, collaborative index, collaborative coefficient, modified collaborative coefficient and co-authorship index etc. From the study it is found that the year 2019 was the most productive year with 86 publications followed by 2017 and 2015 with 68 and 67 publications respectively. The analysis indicates multiple authorship pattern is dominating in the publication of CIPET. Three authored publication is the highest number of publication which is 235 articles. The annual growth rate is maximum 450% in the year 2006. Highest collaborative index 3.84 is recorded in the year 2017. The DC is highest 1 in the years 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011-13, 2016-17 and 2020. Highest CC 0.57 is observed in the year 2007. Highest CAI is observed in single authorship i.e. 1196.36 in the year 2007. A total of 6945 citations were shared by 591 articles during the period 2005 to 29.02.2020. Highest number of citation 1101 is recorded in the year 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Bibliometric analysis is one of the profound instruments to measure the research output quantitatively based on geometrical and statistical evaluation. The objective of the current study is to provide structural overview of the voluminous research work done so far via bibliometric analysis to access the significance of this tool in academic research. Methods A bibliometric analysis is performed by extracting 842 documents from Scopus database in CSV form from 2000 till April 5, 2021. The retrieved data analyzed via Vos viewer reveals about the significantly contributing authors, countries, author keywords, cited references, total link strength, and co-occurrence of author keywords using bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis. Results In year 2009, publication of bibliometric articles reached its apex with a publication count of 34 articles. China has published maximum number of bibliometric documents (37.76%) and has produced 114 collaborative documents with 38 countries with a citation count of 2018. Recent bibliometric articles included keywords such as Vos viewer, Covid 19, Co-authorship, and Co-occurrence analysis. Conclusion Data presented in the study can be useful for comparing the use of bibliometric analysis in diverse subject areas and also focusses on the subject areas that are not yet explored through bibliometric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bradford's Law states that for a given subject area the scattering of literature can be divided into three zones. The first zone (Zone 1)also called as core zone consists of very few number of sources (journals) with highest number of citations, the second zone (Zone 2) consists of moderate number of sources (journals) with a few number of citations and the third zone (Zone 3) consists of highest number of sources (journals) with seldom citations. The present study tests the applicability of Bradford's Law using 606 articles that were collected from the Scopus database for the period from 1988 to 29.02.2020. The 606 articles comprises of 7630 citations scattered in 226 journals. The journal distribution pattern does not comply with the Bradford's law. However, when Leimkuhler's Model was employed the dataset follow the Leimkuhler's model A rank list of core journals is prepared and the "Journal of Applied Polymer Science" ranked the top journal with 923 (12.10%) of total citations followed by Polymer Composites (10.20%), Polymer - Plastics Engineering & Technology and Engineering (6.79%) and Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites (5.45%). The distribution of the journals in three zones was done and the number of citations in each zone is calculated. The citation pattern of publication of Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) has been analysed. The half life of Plastics Engineering & Technology journals is calculated and found to be 8.38 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines global "Quantum Cryptography" research on a set of quantitative and qualitative metrics to understand the status of research in the subject at global, national, institutional, and individual level. The analysis is based on publications data in the subject comprising a total of 10801 publications as indexed in the Scopus database covering the period 1992–2020. The study provides a window to most productive countries, research organizations and authors in the subject, to most popular broad subject areas in research, to top modes of research communication, and in addition it describes the characteristics of highly cited papers. The study maps the most productive countries, organizations, authors, and keywords in the context of collaborative research. The quantum cryptography research registered a 24.76% annual average growth, accrued an average of 23.01 citations per paper (CPP) since their publication, and it contributed a 4.03% of its output as highly cited papers, with an average of 305.46 citations per paper since their publication. Scholarly journals accounted for a 59.61% global publications share. Nearly 29% of the total output on "Quantum Cryptography" resulted from projects funded by 100+ national and international funding agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an intensively researched disease in the developed countries. However, the Indian contribution to global pediatric T1D research is limited. Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of Indian research on pediatric T1D over the past 3 decades. Methods: Articles on pediatric T1D published from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved from Scopus database. Specifically, the data on number of publications, top productive institutions and authors, citation analysis, highly cited articles, international collaboration, and active journals were extracted and presented using appropriate bibliometric indicators. Results: The USA leads the global ranking of 90 countries with 29.29% publications share, followed by the UK, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Australia with 10.77 to 5.48% share. India is ranked 17th and contributed 1.98% to global output. India's publications averaged 9.74 citations per paper (CPP) compared to global average of 23.61. During 1990–2019, Indian research registered an average annual growth of 37.47% compared to global output of 12.45%. The most productive organizations were PGIMER, Chandigarh, and AIIMS, New Delhi, contributing 37 and 26 publications respectively. The most impactful publications were from MDRF, Chennai, and DRC, Chennai, with CPP of 20.36 and 19.56 and relative citation index of 2.09 and 2.01 respectively. Devi Dayal and V. Mohan were the most productive authors with 27 and 13 papers respectively. Conclusions: Indian contribution to global scientific output on pediatric T1D is lagging in quantity and quality compared to developed countries but has shown improvement in recent years. There is a need for Indian researchers to focus on collaborative research in pediatric T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an attempt to carry out the citation analysis of all the journal articles published in the Annals of Library and Information Science from 2010-2019. A total of 7,124 citations appended to 328 papers were published in the journal during the ten-year study period. Average number of citations per article is maximum in 2018. Out of 7,124 citations appended, 1,039 (14.58%) citations appeared in 2010, followed by 873 (12.28%) citations in 2018, and 831 (11.66%) citations in 2013. The findings reveal that a majority of the papers have 16-20 citations (25%), followed by 11-15 (14.93%) citations, and 6-10 (14.02%) citations. The study also depicts that out of the total, 5,081 (71.29%) Web references were used in the article references. The Annals of Library and Information Science is the most preferred journal used by authors during the study period, being cited 476 times. The authorship pattern reveals that two-author citations are in the majority (46.45%). Out of the total authors who contributed a total of 328 papers, 254 (77.43%) were affiliated to the institutions located in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional citation analysis has been greatly criticized because the process of citation accumulation requires considerable time after publication. So, the term "altmetrics" was proposed in 2010 to measure the scientific and social impact of a paper. We performed a search for certain nuclear medicine topics using the altmetrics approach to report the correlation between the altmetrics index and the number of citations. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, we retrieved the articles entitled with a few nuclear medicine keywords that published from 2010 to 2019 in the Web of Science (WoS). The number of 730 original papers included in this study. Altmetrics data were derived via an altmetrics bookmarklet. Statistical analysis was performed to measure the correlation between the altmetrics score and the citation count of nuclear medicine papers. Results: Mendeley and Twitter had the highest score of attention on social media platforms. Demographic information revealed that the most number of tweets and Mendeley's attention in nuclear medicine belonged to the United States (US). Moreover, researchers had the highest rate of shares in Mendeley. The correlation between the altmetrics score and citation index was significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: The authors have to pay more attention to social activities on the web for wide dissemination and proper evaluation of their scientific publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dengue fever is known to be the most widely spreading mosquito-borne infectious disease in the world. It is also the most serious human condition in terms of global morbidity and mortality. The focus of this research was to classify the characteristics of dengue vector-related articles published in terms of author, year publications, paper's origin and citation in the Science Core Collection Web from 2010 to 2020. Methods: Scientific publication data for articles indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) were used and the following characteristics were recorded; area, year of publication, citation per publication, authors, institutions, countries, journals, research categories, and leading article with citation analysis. Results: The results showed that the highest number of dengue vector-related articles were published between 2014 and 2016. The USA was the most productive nation, while Liverpool University, England and the University of California, USA were the main institutions with the highest number of publications. Research articles have been found in a wide range of disciplines, especially in parasitology and tropical medicine. PLOS Neglected Tropical Disease has the highest number of publications reported overall compared to other journals. Citation for the last year and the cumulative number of citations since its publication created a different 'star' of the highly cited paper. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the bibliometric analysis method can be a guide for specific researchers to understand the global dengue vector study panorama and to provide guidance for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Bibliometric analysis is one of the profound instruments to measure the research output quantitatively based on geometrical and statistical evaluation. The objective of the current study is to provide structural overview of the voluminous research work done so far via bibliometric analysis to access the significance of this tool in academic research. Methods A bibliometric analysis is performed by extracting 842 documents from Scopus database in CSV form from 2000 till April 5, 2021. The retrieved data analyzed via Vos viewer reveals about the significantly contributing authors, countries, author keywords, cited references, total link strength, and co-occurrence of author keywords using bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis. Results In year 2009, publication of bibliometric articles reached its apex with a publication count of 34 articles. China has published maximum number of bibliometric documents (37.76%) and has produced 114 collaborative documents with 38 countries with a citation count of 2018. Recent bibliometric articles included keywords such as Vos viewer, Covid 19, Co-authorship, and Co-occurrence analysis. Conclusion Data presented in the study can be useful for comparing the use of bibliometric analysis in diverse subject areas and also focusses on the subject areas that are not yet explored through bibliometric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the current panorama of science evaluation, the limitations of citation indexes to study the social sciences and humanities have been the subject of wide debate. To resolve this situation, different products have been created for use in national contexts, since they cover certain aspects not contained in more international indices. An example is the In-RECS family, where an indicator such as the impact factor of Eugene Garfield is defined, but its contribution lies in the ability to evaluate research in Spain by obtaining citation indicators. This paper thus highlights the need to create new products for research evaluation in general, but particularly in the social sciences and humanities. The context in which different alternatives arise and are developed to evaluate existing journals is presented, along with Dialnet Metrics, a citation index developed by the Dialnet Foundation in collaboration with the EC3 Group and dozens of Spanish universities. Based on an analysis of the citations of source journals from different subject areas, Dialnet Metrics provides indicators to evaluate the research impact at different levels. This bibliometric product enables contextualized analysis at the micro (researchers), meso (journals), and macro (areas and universities) levels. Finally, the content, data volumes, and structure of this citation index are described quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on author co-citation analysis - ACA, particularly presenting a proposal to define the selection of authors. Objectives: a) to compare total citation, citation per citing document and author's cocitation with himself, to define the most appropriate indicator for inclusion of authors; and b) to propose a way to establish a cut-off point for creating of the matrices. Two data sets, retrieved from the Web of Science, were used: set A, composed of 17,992 references from 421 articles; Set B, composed of 5,771 references from 151 articles. The citation per citing document is more appropriate to classify authors than the total number of citations and author's co-citation with himself. To include authors whose citations by citing documents reach approximately 20% proved to be appropriate, but authors cited only once, which constitute absolute dispersion data, should not be included in the calculations. Regarding the data in Set A, 180 authors (20.6% of the sum of citations) and 72 authors (20.1% of the sum of citations) were defined, considering all the positions of the references and the first positions, respectively. It concludes by the validity of the proposal for contextualizing the data analyzed and considering the best distribution of cited authors mentioned in the corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, and Andrea Ghez. Penrose was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for creating a groundbreaking black hole theorem that drew on a half-century of theoretical speculations about singularities in general relativity. Ghez and Genzel share the remaining half of the prize for their research teams' decades of precise observations of the center of the Milky Way, determining from stellar orbits that a supermassive compact object lies at the heart of the galaxy, consistent with predictions for a roughly 4 million solar-mass black hole. This paper describes the science behind the prize, each scientist's career, and concludes with a citation analysis of each laureate that draws on Web of Science and Scopus data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to assess the growth of research publications and citations of engineering colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi based on Scopus database. It is attempted to analyze parameters like the growth of research output among rural and city colleges i.e. geographical distribution of publications, pattern of research communication, share of national and international collaboration across Karnataka and high productivity institutions and top highly published journals and cited papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, publication citation networks are regarded as acyclic, that is, no loops in the network as an earlier published article cannot cite a later published article. However, due to the accessibility of pre-print versions of articles, there might be some loops in a publication citation network. This article presents a descriptive statistic on loops in publication citation networks of computer science and physics by employing a network-based indicator, namely, strongly connected component (SCC). By employing computer science and physics disciplines publications from the Web of Science database as examples, this article examines the count of loops, how the count changes over time and how the count relates to the published year difference between publications within the loop in the citation network. Some common structural patterns are also extracted and analysed; we observe that the two disciplines share the most frequent patterns though there exist some minor differences. Moreover, we find that self-citations in terms of authors, authors' institutions and journals contribute to the formation of loops in publication citation networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sociology of sport has become a burgeoning subdiscipline in the 21st century. To assess knowledge domains and the status quo of the field in Europe and North America, this study uses CiteSpace (a bibliometric visualization software) to analyse 870 academic articles published in the International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Journal of Sport & Social Issues and Sociology of Sport Journal from 2008 to 2018. By mapping/examining core contributors, keywords, high citations/cited authors, major clusters and citation bursts, the findings echo John W. Loy's 'risk of critical mass' calling for various citation analysis approaches. The study expands Jon Dart and Ørnulf Seippel's recent topic model studies on subdisciplinary development in recent decades, contributing to informed discussions of geographical politics and research directions in the field. The scale and scope of this analysis is highly generalizable to assess pre-existing state-of-the-art research on the sociology of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To conduct a bibliometric analysis of papers published by the RELIEVE journal in the last 15 years. Considered papers were indexed by the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), which is a new Web of Science (WOS) database that aims to correct the poor coverage of national journals in some countries. Methods: Data source: 195 RELIEVE articles indexed according to the ESCI. Some 7,408 citations included in these 195 papers were analyzed. A total of 599 relevant citations recorded by the journal were also analyzed. Topics covered by the journal were also studied. For this purpose, author-keywords from the 195 papers were merged and analyzed using the VOSviewer software tool. Results: Papers included an average of 38.19 ± 6.5 citations. The authors and journals cited were mainly Spanish but a significant proportion of foreign impact journals (40%) were also found. The references cited in RELIEVE came almost exclusively from Spanish journals included in WOS in the education and educational research categories. The majority of published papers also came from Spanish institutions (75.6%), particularly the universities of Valencia and Granada. Most citations came from research papers published in Spanish journals. Amongst the research topics to have occupied the pages of RELIEVE, those related to higher education and PISA most stood out. Conclusions: The citations identified reveal appropriate consumption of international scientific literature by the publishing authors. However, these citations also highlighted a strong focus in published research on local issues and, as a consequence, this research is not highly considered by researchers from other countries. At the moment, RELIEVE's presence in ESCI-WOS has not yet been translated into gains regarding reduced research isolation and has failed to mobilize its international incorporation in terms of a more global impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Scientometrics focused on quantitative study aspects of the publications and citation study is an emerging trend and thrust area of scientometrics study and derives the quantitative and qualitative research for describing the result of cited documents. This study depicts the qualitative and quantitative study of journal's contributors, institutions and countries. In this study, A total 1872 publications with 15711 citations analyzed to know the productivity of the Journal 'Scientometrics' during the period from 2015 to 2019. The paper covers the growth rate of publications and citation impact, author's productivity, authorship patterns, and most relevant country-wise & institutions-wise distribution of contributors. Data extracted from Web of Science and Bibiblimetrix R package was used for data analysis and VOSviewer was used for collaboration networks. Sankey diagram was used for interconnecting the relationship between country, authors and keywords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assesses highly cited research works in the area Business, Management and Accounting retrieving data from Scopus database for the period 1998-2017. It found total 49417 publications which received 769676 citations. The study identifies about one third (32.88%) of papers have remained uncited during the period. Among rest, papers' having one citation (10.60%) is higher. It is inferred from the analysis that older publications get more citations. Indian citation distribution is almost similar with global citation distribution pattern. The study identifies Cranfield University of UK has greater impact. International collaboration brings higher citations and Netherlands has higher citation per paper (27.33) due to its international collaborative research. Besides, language may be a barrier of research communication. Clusters and the new is highly cited paper. Out of top ten highly cited research papers, six papers are single authored and two papers have international collaboration. Maximum authors are from USA. Harvard business review is the quality journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this research paper is to present a quantitative analysis of the Criminal Law Literature published from 2010 to 2019. Design/Methodology: The Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science database was used as a source for extracting the data of published documents during the period 2010-2019. The analysis of the published literature was based on the following indicators: research productivity of each country, annual publications, annual citations, highly cited articles, highly cited law journals, most productive institutions in the field of criminal law, and most prolific authors. Research articles, conference proceeding papers, book reviews and editorials are different type of documents included in this study for analysis. Findings: The Finding revealed that 2017 was the most productive years in term of publications in the field of Criminal Law. The study found that the USA is the most productive country. The findings further showed that four universities situated in USA are in the list of top ten most productive universities in the field of Criminal Law. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that last three years are the most productive years in term of research in criminal law. Study also found that the USA is the most productive country in the world in term of research in the field of criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research topics vary in their citation potential. In a metric-wise scientific milieu, it would be probable that authors tend to select citation-attractive topics especially when choosing open access (OA) outlets that are more likely to attract citations. Applying a matched-pairs study design, this research aims to examine the role of research topics in the citation advantage of OA papers. Using a comparative citation analysis method, it investigates a sample of papers published in 47 Elsevier article processing charges (APC)-funded journals in different access models including non-open access (NOA), APC, Green and mixed Green-APC. The contents of the papers are analysed using natural language processing techniques at the title and abstract level and served as a basis to match the NOA papers to their peers in the OA models. The publication years and journals are controlled for in order to avoid their impacts on the citation numbers. According to the results, the OA citation advantage that is observed in the whole sample still holds even for the highly similar OA and NOA papers. This implies that the OA citation surplus is not an artefact of the OA and NOA papers' differences in their topics and, therefore, in their citation potential. This leads to the conclusion that OA authors' self-selectivity, if it exists at all, is not responsible for the OA citation advantage, at least as far as selection of topics with probably higher citation potentials is concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to analyze global trends in the use of methods to assess the contamination of heavy metals (MP) associated with urban road sediment (SV). A systematic literature review was carried out between the years 1995-2018. A citation frequency index was used to establish an order of importance for the detected categories. The results show the following order of importance for the categories detected: metallic enrichment (87.0%) > health risk (55.8%) > environmental risk (35.1%). The global preference methods for each of the categories are the geoaccumulation index (55.8%), hazard quotient (50.6%), and the ecological risk index (31.2%), respectively. These preferences are possibly conditioned by the local existence of information on background concentrations of MP, daily inhalation doses of particles associated with SV, toxicity factors due to ingestion/dermal contact with MP, and emission factors of SV particles. The most relevant MP are Pb (97.4%), Cu (93.5%), and Zn (89,6%). However, Cr-Cd-As are also highlighted for their high ecological and carcinogenic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is aimed to analyze the research productivity of the Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad for a period of twenty years during 2000-2019. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the research performance of IIT(ISM) Dhanbad. For this study, the data was harvested from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS) bibliographical database, and further analysis was done with various prospects to know the high prolific authors and areas of research intrest. 6,962 research papers have been published over 20 years in which 5,201 research publications are in referred research journals, and rest of the research publications are in conferences, symposiums, bulletins, reviews etc. Different analysis and visualization software were used to analyze the data. The paper reveals quantitatively total research productivity of the institution in terms of the number of articles, citations, collaboration, h-index, source journals etc. Findings also indicate the publication pattern, degree of collaboration as well as the nature of the research activities carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]