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The undeclared blending of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) with refined pomace olive oils (RPOO) is a well-known fraudulent practice. Despite the efforts made, it still remains a highly challenging authenticity issue to deal with. The present paper presents a fast fingerprint aroma technique, namely gas chromatography–olfactometry-mass spectrometry, which were tested as rapid screening tools for the detection of this adulteration.To overcome the lack of real adulterated samples was used to prepare EVOO mixtures with RPOO at different percentages. Besides, the quality indices was used as good markers to detect the illicit blends from the authentic oils such as K232 with 4% RPOO, K270 with 3% RPOO, and the variation of specific extinction (ΔK) of the adulterated EVOO with 10% RPOO. The addition of > 20% RPOO to EVOO would not be detected by the amount of TC18:1, fatty acids, and peroxide value. Moreover, using the sum of octadecadienoic and octadecatrienoic TFA isomers (TC18:2 + TC18:3) was confirmed to be good purity indices for the adulteration with 10 and 20% of RPOO. However, the main triglyceride found in oils samples were SOL + POO, OOL + LnPP, and OOO + PoPP as expected from the high oleic acid and low contents in linoleic and linoleic acid. Regarding volatile composition, thirty-four relevant aroma compounds and twenty-one key odorants were quantified in EVOO, RPOO, and EVOO adulterated with 1–20% of RPOO.

The hand-held LC-DAD/ESI–MS/MS approach was employed, for the first time, for the quantification of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) adulteration with refined pomace olive oil (RPOO). The total polyphenols (TP) and sterols were quantified according to their chemical methods, with more reliable methods required in this field to avoid undue dependence on chlorophylls, carotenoids contents and antioxidant activity (DPPH assays), which were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. Some differences concerning the antioxidant activity and the TP content were observed. Actually, Chemlali EVOO activity was the most pronounced (13.84 ± 0.21%) and it contained the highest TP content (284.54 ± 4.27 mg/kg). Indeed, a correlation between antioxidant activity, TP and oxidative stability was established herewith. The metabolomics data were elaborated with the help of chemometric tools i.e. principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). This approach allowed the estimation of the best discrimination markers for EVOO authenticity evaluation (i.e. Hydroxytyrosol quinone, oxidized hydroxytyrosol, 3,4-DHPEA-EA, p-HPEA (tyrosol), p-coumaric acid, luteolin, decarboxymethyl 10-hydroxyoleuropein aglycon, β-sitosterol apparently; campesterol, stigmasterol, ∆-7-stigmastenol and ∆-7-avenasterol).

Olive oils may provide health benefits, including the prevention of coronary heart diseases, cancers, and the modification of immune and inflammatory responses. These benefits mainly originate from...

Carrot is an important food in human nutrition. The effects of different microwave (MW) powers on the aroma, phenolic and antioxidant properties of MW-dried and powdered carrot samples were investigated. Fresh carrot samples (Daucus carota ‘Nantes’) were dried using seven different MW power levels of 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 W (0.50, 0.67, 0.83, 1.00, 1.17, 1.33 and 1.50 W/g, respectively). The aroma compounds of the carrot samples were extracted by purge and trap method and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC[sbnd]MS). In fresh samples, terpenes were identified as the dominant aroma group and a significant reduction was found in the amount of these compounds depending on the applied MW power level. Terpinolene, (E)-?-bisabolene, elemicin and myristicin were identified as dominant terpenes. In the dried samples, aldehydes, furans, alcohols, acids and pyrazines were determined as major components depending on the applied MW power levels. Hexanal, 3-methyl-butanal, acetic acid and hexanoic acid were dominant in the dried samples. For the determination of the phenolic compounds, the method of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC[sbnd]MS/MS) was employed. As a result of the analysis, a total of seven phenolic compounds, two of which were more dominant (3-caffeoylquinic acid and di-caffeic acid derivative) were identified. The total phenolic content of the carrot samples dried with lower MW power level of 150 and 200 W (0.50 and 0.67 W/g) was found to be relatively better preserved. When both aroma and phenolic compounds were evaluated, it was observed that they were better preserved in the carrot samples dried with low MW power levels (150 and 200 W). © 2019 Institution of Chemical Engineers

The aim of this work is to study the content of phenolic compounds in P lentiscus leaves and their antioxidant effect. After extracting the phenolic compounds, fractionation by liquid/liquid partit...

PubMedID: 28946268 Volatile, aroma-active, and phenolic compounds of pistachio oil obtained from cv. Uzun were investigated in the current study. To obtain a representative aromatic extract, three of the most widely used extraction methods were compared using a representative test; the solvent-assisted flavour extraction (SAFE) aromatic extract from pistachio oil was found to be the most representative. A total of 50 aroma compounds were determined in pistachio oil and it was found that terpenes, aldehydes, and alcohols were the most abundant volatile compounds. Applying GC-MS-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) resulted in a total of 14 aroma-active areas being detected in the extract of pistachio oil. In the phenolic fraction obtained by the LC-ESI-MS/MS method, a total of 12 phenolic compounds was found in the pistachio oil, of which seven compounds were reported for the first time. Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside and protocatechuic acid were the most dominant phenolic compounds. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

PubMedID: 28862440 Raw red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and its cooked samples, obtained from steam and oven cooking, were subjected to aroma and key odorant analysis for the first time using GC-MS-O. The extraction of the aroma compounds was carried out by the direct solvent extraction-solvent assisted flavor evaporation (DSE-SAFE) method. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relations between cooking processes and fish aroma compounds. By applying the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), 8 and 13 aroma-active compounds were detected in raw and cooked fish samples, respectively. The most prominent differences between raw and cooked fish samples were as follows: 3-hydroxybutan-2-one, 2,3-octadienone, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, linalool, ?-butyrolactone, 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2H-furan-5-one and pyrrolidin-2-one were only detected in cooked samples while hexanal and 2-phenoxyethanol in only raw fish samples. GC-MS-O results clearly indicated that cooking process results in the development of characteristics and pleasant aroma of red mullet samples due to the lipid oxidation. The most dominant aroma-active compound in the cooked fish samples was the 1-octen-3-ol which is responsible for the mushroom-like odor. © 2017 American Chemical Society. FYL-2016-5484 *E-mail: sselli@cu.edu.tr. Phone: + (90) 322 338 6173. Fax: + (90) 322 338 6614. ORCID Serkan Selli: 0000-0003-0450-2668 Funding We thank the Cukurova University Research Fund (No.: FYL-2016-5484) for its financial support. Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.

In this study, quality parameters of clarified (CPJ) and unclarified pomegranate juices (UPJ) of “Hicaz” variety (obtained from industrial-scale fruit juice production plant) were investigated regarding general compositions (sugar, organic acid, color parameters, etc.), phenolic content and also antioxidant capacity. The predominant anthocyanin was detected as cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside followed by cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin pentoxide, pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside. Cyanidin pentoxide was detected for the first time in this study in pomegranate juices in Turkey. During production, a decrease was observed in anthocyanins up to 39%. Fourteen colorless phenolic compounds were identified as primary ellagic acid, punicalagin-?, and punicalagin-ß. The most significant decrement in phenolic compounds was observed in clarification/filtration steps of CPJ and separation step of UPJ while an increase was detected after pressing. However, the reduction of phenolic content of CPJ was higher than UPJ during production. This decrease was probably related to the effect of clarification agents, filtration, and evaporation processes. Practical applications: Pomegranate juices have high nutritional value and health benefits with its rich content of phenolic compounds. Processing steps of unclarified and clarified pomegranate juices production could lead to differences in phenolic compounds and other bioactive properties. This study contributes valuable information for industrial production of pomegranate juices. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This research was made possible through the financial support from the Adana Alparslan T?rke??Science and Technology University by means of the thesis project, LTP-17332002. The authors acknowledge Goknur Food Company, Kozan for providing pomegranate juices.

Infusion-induced changes in the phenolics, antioxidant and colour propeties of St John’s wort (genus, Hypericum; specie, Hypericum perforatum L.) teas were studied for the first time. SJW teas prepared as three different infusions and coded as three (3 min), six (6 min) and twelve minutes (12 min). Investigation of phenolic compounds were performed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 18 phenolics including six chlorogenic acids, three phenolic acids, seven flavonoids and two naphtodianthrones were detected. It is worth noting that the phenolic profiles of St John’s wort teas were similar. However, the quantities of phenolic compounds individually and totally changed significantly for different infusion times. The highest total concentration was detected in 12 min (60.03 mg/L), followed by 6 min (54.81 mg/L) and 3 min (33.07 mg/L). The main difference for different infusion times was the hyperoside found as the most abundant phenolic only in 3 min samples. However, for 6 min and 12 minin infusions, chlorogenic acid was the most dominant phenolic compound. Similar to phenolics, antioxidant capacity of tea infusions showed an increasing trend with the extension of infusion time. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Sunflower oils obtained after frying potatoes for different times (1, 5, and 10) and non-fried oils were analyzed. In total, 43 aroma substances were identified by GC-MS analyses and aldehydes were detected as the main chemical group. The concentration of aldehydes increased with the frying process and among them, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-heptenal, and hexanal were found to be the major aroma compounds. High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, coupled with mass in tandem mode, were employed for quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds. Rutin was the major phenolic compound in sunflower oils followed by chlorogenic acid, and they constituted the largest proportion of the total phenolic content in all oil samples. The concentration of phenolic compounds of sunflower oil revealed essential changes during several thermal processes and underwent degradation during heating. Only about 2% of its initial content presented after 10 frying process. Practical applications: The present study explores the effects of the deep-fat frying process on aroma and phenolic compositions of sunflower oil. The cooking technique plays a significant role in the expanding global food industry. The findings of the research could be helpful for standardizing and preserving the taste, aroma, and nutritional value of the used oils and foods. Additionally, for the researchers, this study would give insight for identification and qualification phenolic and aroma compounds of sunflower oil. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The aroma and aroma-active compounds of astragalus and citrus honeys were determined by GC-MS-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). The honey extracts were obtained by two different extraction techniques including liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE), and compared to determine the more representative odour aromatic honey extract. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract (40 g honey with 22 mL water) obtained by LLE was the most similar of honey odour. The amount of aroma compounds of citrus honey (14391.6 µg kg-1) was higher than astragalus honey (4270.1 µg kg-1). Terpenes and acids in citrus honey and esters and aldehydes in astragalus honey were the most dominant aroma compounds. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used to determine the aroma-active compounds of honey samples. By application of AEDA on the aromatic extracts isolated by LLE, 12 aroma-active compounds in astragalus honey and 23 in citrus honey could be detected within a flavour dilution (FD) factor range of 8–128. On the basis of the FD factor, phenylethyl alcohol in both honeys was the most powerful key compound and was described as the flowery odour. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

PubMedID: 28764557 This research was conducted to identify the aroma and aroma-active compounds of Berberis crataegina for the first time. Volatile profile of B. crataegina was obtained using the purge and trap extraction method with dichloromethane. Gas chromatography was coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) allowed the quantitative and qualitative detection of 22 compounds in the sample. Aldehydes were the main chemical group in the sample and followed by aromatic alcohols and lactone. Aroma extract dilution analysis was implemented for the specification of key odourants of B. crataegina. In total, eight key odourants were detected in the extract of the sample, using GC–MS–Olfactometry and aldehydes were the leading chemical group. The key odourants, found to be contributing to the overall aroma in B. crataegina, were nonanal (FD = 1024; green, flowery), hexanal (FD = 512; green) and linalool (FD = 256; flowery, rose) because of high FD factors. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The present study was designed to characterize the volatile, aroma-active and phenolic compounds of wild thyme. Volatile components of T. serpyllum were extracted by use of the purge and trap technique with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction method gave highly representative aromatic extract of the studied sample based on the sensory analysis. A total of 24 compounds were identified and quantified in Thymus serpyllum. Terpenes were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the sample. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the first time for the determination of aroma-active compounds of Thymus serpyllum. In total, 12 aroma-active compounds were detected in the aromatic extract by GC-MS-Olfactometry and terpenes were the most abundant compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis. 18 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the T. serpyllum. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin and rosmarinic acid were the most abundant phenolics in this herb. © 2015, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).

The effects of principal extraction conditions on the extraction rates of 10 selected volatile compounds (isoamyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, 2-nonanone, ethyl octanoate, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, butanoic acid, phenethyl alcohol, phenol, ?-decalactone, and decanoic acid) with the headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for the analysis of white-brined cheese with two different fibers (CAR/PDMS and DVB/CAR/PDMS) were investigated. Optimum conditions were determined by using response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that boiling points of volatile compounds significantly affected the effectivity of fibers. CAR/PDMS fiber was more suitable in isolation of the volatile compounds with low boiling point and suggested to be used in the SPME analysis of volatile compounds in white-brined cheese. The optimum condition for CAR/PDMS fiber was found to be as 56.20 °C, 84.92 min, and 549 min-1, for extraction temperature, time, and agitation speed, whereas it was calculated to be as 54.75 °C, 85.60 min, and 250 min-1 for DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, respectively. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

European Biotechnology Congress -- MAY 25-27, 2017 -- Dubrovnik, CROATIA WOS: 000413585400076 …

Pistachio hull is a good source of natural phenolics and antioxidants. Thanks to these bioactive molecules, the use of pistachio hull as nutritional ingredients in foods has attracted the interest of the food industry. In this study, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, and volatile compounds were measured in the hull of two cultivars of pistachio, Uzun and Ohadi. LC-ESI-MS/MS method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis; 11 compounds were identified and quantified in the samples in which the major phenolic compound was gallic acid. The aroma composition of the pistachio hulls was isolated by SAFE (solvent-assisted flavor evaporation) method with dichloromethane and analyzed by GC–MS. Aroma compounds, including terpenes, acids, alcohols, phenols, and benzenes, were identified in both types of hulls, numbering 22 in the Uzun variety and 20 in the Ohadi. A significant linear correlation was confirmed between total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of hull extracts. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of early (EHVOO) and late harvest (LHVOO) dates on phenolic composition of virgin olive oils (VOO) from the Ayvalik (Edremit) variety. Liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector and ion spray mass spectrometry in the tandem mode (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) with negative ion detections was used for identification of phenolic compounds in the VOOs. A total of 14 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in VOOs, including phenolic alcohols (2), phenolic acids (4), secoiridoids (5), and flavonoids (3). Secoiridoids followed by phenolic alcohols and flavonoids were the most abundant compounds of the VOOs. Among secoiridoids 3.4-DHPEA-EDA and 3.4-DHPEA-EA were the most dominant compounds. The antioxidant capacity of VOOs was determined by two different methods, including DPPH and ABTS. The antioxidant capacity of LHVOO was found to be higher than that of EHVOO. Additionally, significant linear correlation was confirmed between the phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of VOOs. © 2016, European Union.

PubMedID: 28964371 The aim of the present research is to evaluate the chemical characterization of main compounds from Tunisian monocultivar extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (‘Chemlali’, ‘Chétoui’, ‘Zalmati’ and ‘crossbreeding Chemlali by Zalmati’) extracted after the addition of different amounts (0% and 3%) of olive leaves. As expected for extra virgin olive oil, the main sterols found in all analyzed samples were ß-sitosterol, ?-5-avenasterol, campesterol and clerosterol. Stigmasterol, 24-methylene-cholesterol, cholesterol, campestanol, sitostanol, ?-7-stigmastenol, ?-5,24-stigmastadienol, and ?-7-avenasterol were also found in all samples, but in lower amounts. Most of these compounds were significantly affected by the cultivars but not to be affected by added leaves at 3% to olives prior to the extraction process. The obtained results revealed that 14 phenolic compounds belonging to different phenolic types were characterized and quantified by an effective HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method. In all the studied olive oil samples, dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), oleuropein aglycon (3,4-DHPEA-EA), and ligstroside aglycon (p-HPEA-EA) were the most abundant compounds. In addition, EVOO from ‘Chétoui’ cultivar extracted with 3% of olive leaves presented the highest amount of individual phenolic compounds. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

The aroma profile of shade-dried aerial part from Iranian dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) plants was analyzed by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID). For the first time in these aromatic plants, the solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) extraction method with dichloromethane was used prior to GC–MS. A total of 40 and 26 aroma compounds was identified in dill and savory. Dill contained 271.52 µg/g total amount of aroma compounds, which included terpenes (28), aldehydes (3), alcohol (1), acids (3), volatile phenols (3), ketone (1) and norisoprenoid (1). Savory possessed 10,547.16 µg/g total amount of aroma compounds, including terpenes (20), alcohol (1) and volatile phenols (5). Of all aroma compounds detected in both plants, terpenes were quantitatively the most dominant aroma volatiles. In the overall aroma volatiles, ?-phellandrene (160.0 µg/g) together with sabinene (26.5 µg/g), d-carvone (16.2 µg/g), dl-limonene (12.3 µg/g) and dill ether (7.8 µg/g) in dill and ?-terpinene (6236.83 µg/g) along with carvacrol (3239.19 µg/g), ?-pinene (267.08 µg/g), ?-thujene (219.36 µg/g) and ß-bisabolene (130.8 µg/g) in savory were the major compounds. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

WOS: 000396939400001 PubMed ID: 28231089 The present research was planned to characterize the aroma composition of important members of the Lamiaceae family such as Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha asiatica. Aroma components of the S. officinalis, L. angustifolia and M. asiatica were extracted with the purge and trap technique with dichloromethane and analyzed with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. A total of 23, 33 and 33 aroma compounds were detected in Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha asiatica, respectively including, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons and terpenes. Terpene compounds were both qualitatively and quantitatively the major chemical group among the identified aroma compounds, followed by esters. The main terpene compounds were 1,8-cineole, sabinene and linalool in Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha asiatica, respectively. Among esters, linalyl acetate was the only and most important ester compound which was detected in all samples.

WOS: 000382579700002 PubMed ID: 28231141 Ayvalik is an important olive cultivar producing high quality oils in Turkey. In the present study, volatile and phenolic compositions of early-harvest extra virgin olive oil (cv. Ayvalik) were determined. The solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique was used for the extraction of volatile components. The aromatic extract obtained by SAFE was representative of the olive oil odor. A total of 32 aroma compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, esters, and an acid, were identified in the olive oil. Aldehydes and alcohols were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the oil sample. Of these, six volatile components presented odor activity values (OAVs) greater than one, with (Z)-3-hexenal (green), hexanal (green-sweet) and nonanal (fatty-pungent) being those with the highest OAVs in olive oil. A total of 14 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector and ion spray mass spectrometry. The major phenolic compounds were found as 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, 3,4-DHPEA-EA and p-HPEA-EDA.

WOS: 000388819600003 Aroma, aroma-active compounds and fatty acid profiles of Iranian olive oil obtained from the cv. Mari were investigated for the first time in the current study. Aroma extracts were isolated from the oil by using a purge and trap extraction system and their compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). A total of 35 aroma compounds comprising alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, ketones, terpenes and volatile phenols were identified and quantified in the assayed samples. Aldehydes were present at the highest levels, followed by ketones and alcohols. (E)-2-Hexenal was quantitatively (1589 A mu g kg(-1)) the main aroma compound in the analyzed oils, followed by hexanal and (E)-2-heptenal. The aroma-active volatiles were elucidated in the aromatic extract by applying aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The results of AEDA revealed 17 aroma-active compounds. Under these condition it was possible to completely identify 16 of these compounds. Regarding to the flavor dilution (FD) factor, the most potent odorants with the highest FD factor were (E)-2-hexenal (512), followed by hexanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, (E)-2-decenal and one unknown compound (LRI = 1871). The fatty acid profile of the tested oils was composed of thirteen compounds. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (76.01 %) followed by palmitic acid.

This research was undertaken to evaluate the phenolic compositions and antioxidant capacities of strawberry cultivars (Camarosa, Seyhun, and Osmanli) grown in Turkey. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and coulometric array detectors were used to characterize and quantify organic acids and phenolic compounds. Four organic acids (citric, malic, shikimic, and ascorbic acids) were determined. The major organic acid was found as citric acid. A total of 18 phenolic compounds, anthocyanins (6), phenol acids (4), ellagitannins (3), flavan-3-ol (1), and flavonol (4), were identified and quantified in strawberry cultivars. The total content of phenolics in strawberry cultivars ranged from 39.96 (Seyhun) to 73.87 (Camarosa) mg/100g of fw. Antioxidant activities of strawberry cultivars were measured by using the DPPH • (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and the highest antioxidant activity (AE) was observed for Camarosa (194.70×10 -3), followed by Osmanli (151.71×10 -3), and Seyhun (100.21×10 -3). © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

PubMedID: 21186818 Aroma and aroma-active compounds of wild grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) was representative of grey mullet odor. A total of 50 aroma compounds were identified and quantified in grey mullet. Aldehydes were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in grey mullet. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the determination of aroma-active compounds of fish sample. A total of 29 aroma-active compounds were detected in aromatic extract of grey mullet, of which 24 were identified. On the basis of the flavor dilution (FD) factor, the most powerful aroma active compounds identified in the extract were (Z)-4-heptenal and nonanal, which were described as the strong cooked fish and green-fruity odor, respectively. © 2010 American Chemical Society.

Turkish Nigella sativa L. seed extracts were used to detect the aroma and key odorant compounds of the spice using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Volatile compounds were extracted by the purge and trap extraction (PTE) method. A total of 32 volatile compounds consisting of different chemical classes acids (13), alcohols (7), phenols (3), terpene (1), esters (2), ketones (2), aldehyde (1), lactone (1) and hydrocarbons (2) were determined. The amounts of volatile compounds were found to be 21,544 &micro, g kg&minus, 1. The application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed the presence of 13 odor-active compounds alcohols (2), carboxylic acids (4), phenols (2), terpene (1), ketone (1), hydrocarbon (1) and unknown compounds (2) in Nigella sativa L. extract. Flavor dilution (FD) factors of key odorants ranged between 4 and 1024, while odor activity values (OAV) were in the range of 1.0 to 170.8. Acetoin was the only aroma-active ketone detected in Nigella sativa L. seed extracts. It had the strongest aroma (FD = 1024) and provided a buttery odor. This compound represented the most abundant compound of overall aroma profile with a concentration of 9394 &micro, 1, followed by isobutanoic acid (FD = 512 with a concentration of 218 &micro, 1) and contributed a powerful aroma and a cheesy characteristic odor.

The odour-active and off-odour components of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with olfactometry and mass spectrometry. A microwave assisted distillation followed by solvent extraction (MAD-SE) method for isolation of volatiles in rainbow trout has been developed. Sensory analysis shows that the aromatic extract obtained by this method was representative of rainbow trout odour. A total of 34 and 32 odorous components were separated in DB-5 and DB-Wax column, respectively, and 29 and 27 of these compounds were identified. Among them, nonanal (green, floral), (E,E)-2,4-octadienal (green, cucumber), 2-methylisoborneol (musty), and geosmin (earthy) were the most important contributors to the aroma because they were perceived by all eight panellists in aromatic extracts by Gas chromatography-olfactometry. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. We thank all of the members of our sensory panel, who devoted a lot of their precious time to the sensory assessment of rainbow trout extracts. Serkan Selli is also grateful to Conseil Regional of Pays de Loire for a Post-Doc Grant. Special thanks are also to the Cécile Marzin, Michèle Moreau and Catherine Fillonneau for technical assistance.

Organic acids, sugars, phenolic compositions and antioxidant capacities of orange juice and orange wine obtained from the cv. Kozan of Turkey were determined. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods were used to identify and quantify of these compounds. Three organic acids (citric, malic and ascorbic acids) and three sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) were determined. The major organic acid was found as citric acid. With regard to sugars, sucrose was present in the largest amounts for orange juice and wine. A total of 13 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in orange juice and wine, including hydroxybenzoic acids (2), hydroxycinnamic acids (5), and flavanones (6). Hesperidin, narirutin and ferulic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in orange juice and wine. Antioxidant activities of orange juice and wine were measured using the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and the antioxidant capacity of orange juice was found to be higher than that of orange wine. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The authors would like to thank the University of Cukurova for financial support to this research project (Project no. ZF-2006-BAP-18).

The volatile constituents of blood orange wine were determined. Moro variety (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) was used for the production of wine. The fermentation was performed spontaneously at 20C. Volatile components were extracted with dichloromethane, and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 64 volatiles, including higher alcohols (20), esters (13), terpenes (11), acids (7), volatile phenols (6), lactones (2), acetal compounds (2), ketone (1), aldehyde (1) and acetoin (1) were identified in wine. The total amount of volatile compounds was 125.0 mg/L. Higher alcohols and esters were the largest groups and made up more than 86% of the volatiles. © 2007, The Author(s); Journal compilation © 2007, Blackwell Publishing.

WOS: 000248900500045 The effect of the addition of two commercial pectolytic enzymes on the anthocyanin and chemical composition of Okuzgozu wines was studied. A rapid HPLC-diode array detection (DAD) method was developed for the analysis of anthocyanins in wines. Direct injection of filtered wine samples followed by selective detection at 520 nm allowed quantitation of these compounds in red wines. Thirteen anthocyanin compounds were detected in wines and, addition of the two enzyme preparations improved the extraction of anthocyanins. Moreover, the wines treated with enzymes had higher values in total phenolics, tannins, and colour intensity than the control wines. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate and compare the differences in the phenolic composition, antioxidant properties, and fatty acids of virgin olive oils from the Ayvalik, Gemlik, and Memecik olive varieties cultivated in their respective growing areas over two harvest years. The phenolic composition of olive oils was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography analysis. Fourteen phenolic compounds were identified and, among these, the most dominant were elenolic acid, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. For olives from both years, the highest total phenolic content was determined in Memecik followed by Ayvalik and Gemlik. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) methods were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of the olive oil extracts. In both methods, the antioxidant capacity values were higher for oil from cv. Ayvalik. Thirteen fatty acids were identified and quantified in all samples. Oleic acid was the highest concentration and this acid was more dominant in Gemlik oils. © Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. 110O602 The authors thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support for this research project (Project No. 110O602).

WOS: 000347755800119 PubMed ID: 25466106 The present study was designed to determine the phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, aroma profiles and antioxidant properties of Sel-42 and Tainung papayas grown in Turkey. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the samples. The total phenolic content of Sel-42 was clearly higher than that of Tainung. Protocatechuic acid-hexoside, gallic acid-deoxyhexoside, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant phenolics in both cultivars. Aroma composition of papaya was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 46 and 42 aroma compounds, including esters, alcohols, terpenes, lactones, acids, carbonyl compounds, and volatile phenols were identified in the Sel-42 and Tainung, respectively. The significant linear correlation was confirmed between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of papaya extracts. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Orange (Citrus sinensis) is the third common fruit produced in Turkey. Kozan is a native orange cultivar and one of the most important varieties used in the orange juice industry in Turkey. Despite its importance, the flavour components of Kozan orange juice have not been studied before. In this study, the volatile flavour components of orange juice obtained from the cv. Kozan oranges were investigated. Flavour components were extracted by using Amberlite XAD-2 polymeric resin and eluted by pentane/dichloromethane solvent and then analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-four components, including seven esters, two aldehydes, five alcohols, five terpenes, twelve terpenols, and three ketones were identified and quantified. The major flavour components were linalool, limonene, ß-phellandrene, terpinene-4-ol and ethyl 3-hydroxy hexanoate. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ziya Gunata and Jean-Paul Lepoutre from INRA/IPV-Montpellier (France) for their help in GC-MS analysis, and Muharrem Keskin of Clemson University, SC, USA for critical reading. They would also like to thank the University of Cukurova for its financial support of the research project (No. BAP-GM-99/05).

WOS: 000223675500007, The volatile flavour constituents of mandarin wine obtained from clementine (Citrus reticula Blanco) were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and immersion solid-phase microextraction (Im-SPME) coupled to GC-MS. A total of 19 volatiles, including eight esters, four higher alcohols, three monoterpenes and four furfural compounds, were identified in wine. The HS-SPME technique showed a higher sensitivity than Im-SPME. The major constituents found in wine volatiles using HS-SPME were ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl hexanoate and isoamyl acetate, respectively. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Volatile composition of red wines made from cv. Kalecik Karas?, a native grape variety of Vitis vinifera grown in Turkey, was investigated during two vintages. Volatile compounds were extracted with dichloromethane, and then analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seventy-eight aroma compounds were identified. Isoamyl alcohol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, isoamyl acetate, 2-phenyl ethanol and octanoic acid were potent aroma compounds on the basis of gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O) analysis and odour activity values (OAVS). © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The authors would like to thank The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜB I · TAK) for financial support of this research project (Project no. TARP-1858).

The use of a pectinase enzyme preparation in winemaking containing relevant glycosidase activities for the hydrolysis of glycosidically bound aroma compounds allowed to increase the levels of volatiles, monoterpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, and benzene derivatives. The highest increase was for the wine obtained from the juice enriched by glycosides through the contact of juice with skin parts of grape berry. Enzyme treatment enhanced the attributes, honey, lime, and smoky. The enzyme-treated wines were highly significantly different from the control wines and preferred to control wines. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effect of skin contact treatment (12 h, 15°C) on free and glycosidically-bound aroma compounds of musts of Muscat of Bornova and Narince used in winemaking was studied. Free and bound aroma compounds were extracted with dichloromethane and Amberlite XAD-2 resin, respectively, and then analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In Muscat of Bornova must, 32 free and 23 bound compounds were identified. Terpenes were the dominant compounds in free and bound fractions. Linalool and trans-linalool oxide pyran in the free fraction, and nerol, geranic acid and geraniol in the bound fraction were the most abundant terpene compounds in this must. In Narince must, 19 free and 12 bound compounds were identified, and C6 compounds were the most abundant. Skin contact treatment significantly increased the total free aroma compounds, particularly terpenes, hexanol, benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu The authors would like to thank The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) for financial support of this research project (Project no. TARP-1858). Thanks are also due to Ziya Gunata, professor of Montpellier II University, and Jean Paul Lepoutre and Jeremie Wirth, of the INRA-IPV Laboratory Montpellier/France, for GC–MS analysis.

PubMedID: 25842335 Aroma and aroma-active compounds of Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. The saffron aromatic extracts were obtained by four different extraction techniques including solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and compared to achieve a representative aromatic extract from saffron. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by SAFE was the most representative of saffron odour. A total of 28 aroma compounds were identified in saffron. Ketones were quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in saffron, followed by aldehydes and acids. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the determination of aroma-active compounds of saffron. A total of nine aroma-active compounds were detected in the aromatic extract. On the basis of the flavour dilution (FD) factor, the most powerful aroma active compounds were safranal (FD = 512), 4-ketoisophorone (FD = 256) and dihydrooxophorone (FD = 128). © 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

The purpose of this study was to determine the most powerful aroma-active compounds of olive oils obtained from Ayvalik (AYV), Gemlik (GEM) and Memecik (MEM) cultivars harvested in 2011, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) with dichloromethane was used for extraction of volatile components. The aroma- active compounds of olive oils were evaluated by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). A total of 14, 12 and 12 aroma-active compounds within the range of ?64-1024 avor dilution (FD) factors were detected in aromatic extracts of olive oils obtained from AYV, GEM and MEM cvs., respectively. The compounds having the highest FD factor (1024) were (Z)-3-hexenol (cut grass, herbal) and ß- sesquiphellandrene ( oral) for AYV oil and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (fruity) for MEM oil. Among these compounds, terpenes were the overwhelmingly largest aroma-active components followed by aldehydes. © 2014 ISEKI-Food Association (IFA). 110O602 The authors thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support for this research project (Project No. 110O602).

Aroma and aroma-active compounds of olive oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) was representative of olive oil odor. A total of 75, 57, and 71 aroma compounds were identified and quantified in olive oils obtained from Ayvalik, Gemlik and Memecik cvs., respectively. Aldehydes and alcohols were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in oil samples. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the determination of aroma-active compounds of olive oils. A total of 28, 24 and 32 aroma-active compounds were detected in aromatic extracts of olive oils obtained from Ayvalik, Gemlik and Memecik cvs., respectively. Based on the flavor dilution (FD) factor, the most powerful aroma active compounds identified in the extracts were guaiacol (olive paste, soapy) for Ayvalik (FD: 1024), 1-penten-3-ol (grassy, green plants) for Gemlik (FD: 512) and hexanal (cut grass), octanal (citrus, lemon) and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (fruity) for Memecik (FD: 1024). © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. National Council for Scientific Research 110O602 The authors thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support for this research project (Project No. 110O602 ).

Volatile and phenolic compositions of olive oil obtained from the cv. Halhali were investigated in the present study. Fruits were harvested at the optimum maturity stage of ripeness and immediately processed with cold press. Simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE) with dichloromethane was applied to the analysis of volatile compounds of olive oil. Sensory analysis showed that the aromatic extract obtained by SDE was representative of olive oil odour. In the olive oil, 40 and 44 volatile components were identified and quantified in 2010 and 2012 year, respectively. The total amount of volatile compounds was 18,007 and 19,178 µg kg-1 for 2010 and 2012, respectively. Of these, 11 compounds in the 2010 and 12 in the 2012 harvest presented odour activity values (OAVs) greater than 1, with 1-octen-3-ol, ethyl-3-methyl butanoate, (E)-2-heptenal and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal being those with the highest OAVs in olive oil. The high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with diode-array detection was used to identify and quantify phenolic compounds of the olive oil. A total of 14 phenolic compounds in both years were identified and quantified in olive oil. The major phenolic compounds that were identified in both years were hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, elenolic acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Antioxidant activity of olive oil was measured using the DPPH and ABTS methods. © 2013 AOCS.

The addition of glycosidic aroma precursors isolated from grapes to reinforce the aroma profile of a dealcoholised white wine has been investigated. Moreover, the use of oenological glycosidases and the effect of storage (30. days) on the evolution of the released aglycones were evaluated. Four types of dealcoholised wines: control (CTR), control with enzyme addition (CTR-E), wine with added aroma precursors (PREC) and wine with enzyme and aroma precursors (PREC-E) were prepared. The analysis of free volatile compounds by HS-SPME-GC-MS and the application of multivariate statistical analysis confirmed differences in the volatile profile between CTR and PREC wines. By applying aroma dilution and olfactometry analysis (AEDA-GC-O), 20 odour notes were detected. The highest dilution factors eliciting floral like odour were found in PREC wines and identified as linalool, geraniol and β-phenylethyl alcohol. Sensory descriptive analysis confirmed higher intensity in Muscat and floral attributes in these wines, which open the possibility to new technological application based on using aroma precursors to enhance the aroma characteristics of wines with low aroma intensity. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd., This work has been funded by CSIC INTRAMURAL Project 201070I036. JJRB and CMG thank CSIC for their respective research contracts. Dr. Selli thanks The Council of Higher Education (YOK) of Turkey for financial support which allowed him to join this research in Spain.

Aroma composition of blood orange juices obtained from Moro and Sanguinello (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) was analyzed by sensory and instrumental analyses. Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane was used for extraction of volatile components. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by liquid-liquid extraction was representative of blood orange juice odour. A total of 83 and 78 aroma compounds, including alcohols, esters, terpenes, terpenols, aldehydes, acids, ketones, volatile phenols, and lactones were identified in the Moro and Sanguinello juices, respectively. Of these, 15 volatile components presented odour activity values (OAVs) greater than 1, with dl-limonene, nootkatone and linalool being those with the highest OAVs in both cultivars. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

The volatile compounds of wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were analyzed by sensory and instrumental analyses. Simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) with dichloromethane were used for extraction of volatile components. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by SDE was representative of sea bream odour. A total of 46 compounds were identified and quantified in sea bream. Aldehydes and alcohols were the most dominant volatiles in sea bream, as they accounted for the largest proportion. Hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, (Z)-4-heptenal, octanal, (E)-2-nonenal, decanal, benzenacetaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 1-octen-3-ol and (E)-1,5-octadien-3-ol were potent aroma compounds on the basis of odour activity values (OAVs). Within these, decanal (OAV: 1110) and (E)-2-nonenal (OAV: 447.5) were the most powerful contributors to the aroma of the sea bream. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.

The anthocyanin composition of rose wine made from cv. Ökü zgözü, a variety of grape native to Turkey, and the effect of maceration time (3, 6, 12, 18, or 24 h) on the anthocyanin content of the wine have been investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used for anthocyanin analysis. Thirteen different anthocyanins, including five glucosides, five acetyl glucosides, and three coumaroyl glucosides were identified and quantified. It was found that an important characteristic of Öküzgözü rose wine was the presence of a large amount of malvidin-3-glucoside and its acylated esters. The total anthocyanin content of the wine increased with increasing maceration time. On the basis of sensory analysis, the most preferred wine was that produced with 3-h maceration, because of its better color and general flavor attributes. © 2007 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag/GWV Fachverlage GmbH.

Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds of the Narince wines and the effect of skin contact treatment (15 °C, 12 h) on aroma composition have been investigated during two vintages. Free and bound aroma compounds were extracted with dichloromethane and Amberlite XAD-2 resin, respectively, and then analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the results obtained in both vintages, Narince wines were characterized by the presence of high level of fermentative aroma compounds (higher alcohols, fatty acids, and esters, respectively), and skin contact treatment increased the total concentration of free and bound volatiles. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The authors would like to thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for financial support for this research project (Project no. TARP-1858).

COST Action 921 on Food Matrices - Structural Organization from Nano- to Macro Scale and Impact on Flavour Release and Perception -- APR 01-02, 2004 -- Brussels, BELGIUM, WOS: 000235121300012, Aroma compounds of strawberry wine were trapped by both headspace (HS) and immersion (IM) solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In the strawberry wine, esters were found to be the major compounds detected by both techniques. When using the HS-SPME technique, eight ester compounds (ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, octyl acetate, methyl decanoate, ethyl-9-decanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl cinnamate and ethyl dodecanoate), and (E)-nerolidol could be identified. Seven esters (amyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl-9-decenoate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl cinnamate) together with (E)-nerolidol, isoamyl alcohol, octanoic acid and decanoic acid were detected by IM-SPME. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., COST

WOS: 000233509000005, Volatile compounds of wines made from Sultaniye grape varieties grown in Denizli-Turkey were investigated. Volatile compounds in wines were extracted by headspace and immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods and identified by GC-MS. According to the results of analyses, esters were mainly responsible for the flavor of Sultaniye wine, and among these, ethyl decanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and 3-methylbutyl acetate were found to be dominant.