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Instrumentation for gas chromatography (GC) comprises well-defined components, each of which contributes to the overall chromatographic performance. Most of these components have reached a mature level of technical development after nearly 50 years of development. Nonetheless, advances are occurring in an evolutionary, not revolutionary, manner with sample handling and in refinements of detectors. One area of dramatic advance in GC instrumentation is the development of small, sophisticated, portable gas chromatographs. Each component of a gas chromatograph (columns excepted) is discussed below where principles and recent developments are emphasized.