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This study aimed to prepare a novel radiopharmaceutical for the detection of brain disorders at early stages in susceptible patients.Promazine hydrochloride was labeled with 125I by direct electrophilic substitution reaction with high labeling yields of 92.6 ± 3.24 %. The labeling yield and in vitro stability of 125I-promazine were determined by paper electrophoresis, paper chromatography (PC) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro studies showed that the highest radiochemical yield of 125I-promazine (92.6±3.24%) was stable up to 6 h. Biodistribution studies showed that maximum uptakes of 125I-promazine in the brain of mice was 5.4 ± 0.18 % injected dose/g after 30 min post-injectionwhich is higher than that of 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD (2.25 and 4.7 %, respectively), so this confirms the high specificity and selectivity of this radiotracer for brain and could be used for brain imaging instead of the commercially available 99mTc-HMPAOand 99mTc-ECD.

Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper is widely used as a substrate for cellulose-based immunoassays. The immobilized proteins are used to capture target biomarkers for detection. However, alternative paper substrates may facilitate mass production of immunoassays as diagnostic tests. Here, we assessed the physical characteristics and protein immobilization capabilities of different commercial papers. Some substrates fulfilled our design criteria, including adequate flow rate and sufficient protein immobilization for efficient target capture. This study demonstrates that a variety of paper substrates can be bioactivated and used to capture target biomarkers, enabling development of affordable diagnostic tests from a range of starting materials.

Chromatography is a Physical separation technique in which mixture is dissolved in a mobile phase and carried through a structure holding another material called stationary phase. The separation of components depends on differential partitioning between mobile and stationary phase. Literature survey reveals that paper chromatography has been used from ancient times, especially in countries like United State for separation of organic and inorganic components. Paper chromatography is a type of analytical tool which is used for separation of colored componentsusing paper fibers (stationary phase) and solvent (mobile phase) in the atmosphere. Further, investigation should be made to make new advancement in the field of chromatography separation involving identification of types of paper used and gel permeation process.

Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (catalpa) the family Bignoniaceae – a tree, which originates from North America. Catalpa bark contains resins and tannins. Monoterpene glycosides were found in the leaf. Catalpa seeds contain up to 30% of eleostearic acid. Decoctions are made of the bark of the tree. They serve as a gastric agent and have an anthelmintic effect. Decoction of the bark exhibits bronchodilator action, is used in the complex treatment of cancer. The leaves are used to treat skin diseases. The infusion of fruits has anti-herpetic and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of the work is to investigate biologically active compounds of the leaves of catalpa bignini. The object of the study was the leaves of common catalpa harvested in the summer of 2018 in Sevastopol. Chemical identification reactions and methods of chromatographic analysis were used to determine the major groups of biologically active substances of the leaves of the catalpa (chromatographic paper Filtrak FN No. 4, Munktell, Czech Republic). Chromatography was performed in pre-selected solvent systems: n-butanol‒acetic acid‒water (BAW) (4:1:2) ‒ I direction and 15% acetic acid ‒ II direction. Identification reactions were performed with aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts of catalpa leaves. The qualitative composition of the phenolic compounds was investigated by paper chromatography. The content of the sum of phenolic compounds, hydroxycyclic acids and flavonoids was determined by the spectrophotometric method. Based on the held reactions and chromatographic analysis, by the characteristic fluorescence in the filtered UV light before and after treatment with chromogenic reagents and the values of Rf in the raw material the presence of the following groups of biologically active substances were determined: flavonoids, phenol glycosides, hydroxycoric acids. According to the chromatographic analysis, at least 9 substances of phenolic nature have been detected in the alcohol-aqueous extracts. For the first time, the presence of the following groups of biologically active substances: hydroxycoric acids, phenologic glycosides, flavonoids was determined in the leaves of catalpa. Quantitative content of natural compounds in the leaves of common catalpa: the sum of phenolic compounds (4,76 ± 0,04%), of hydroxycoric acids (3,42 ± 0,02%), of flavonoids (1,88 ± 0,02%). The results of the study will be used in the development of the draft quality control methods for medicinal plant raw materials.

Representatives of Iris genus ( Iridaceae ) are widespread in almost all continents. According to the literature data, Iris species accumulate secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, xanthones, coumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, saponins, tannins, vitamins, organic acids. The aim of this work was the establishment of the qualitative and quantitative composition of hydroxycinnamic acids in the raw materials of iris hybrid varieties, as well as to establish the antimicrobial activity of the dry extracts and isolation of individual compounds. Materials and methods. The objects of study were the leaves and rhizomes of the standard dwarf bearded iris (SDB). The substances were isolated by column chromatography, nature was established by physical and physicochemical methods of analysis (UV-, IR spectroscopy, TLC). Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method in vitro . Results. Hydroxycinnamic acids were identified in the iris raw materials by paper chromatography. The spectrophotometric method established of the hydroxycinnamic acid content in the recalculation on chlorogenic acid – was from 0.79 % to 2.83 %. The dry extracts of the leaves and rhizomes of I. hybrida “Little Dream” at a 1 % concentration have shown moderate inhibitory activity for Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. For the first time from the rhizomes of Iris hybrida “Indian Pow Waw” were isolated caffeic, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, ferulic acids by the column chromatography and their structures were determined by spectral methods. Conclusions. The content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the samples varies from 0.79 % to 2.83 %. The antimicrobial activity of the dry extracts of I. hybrida “Little Dream” leaves and rhizomes was established. For the first time from the rhizomes of Iris hybrida “Indian Pow Waw” were isolated 4 derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid. The results of the study show the prospects for the use of cultivated varieties of irises as a source of hydroxycinnamic acids.

Preparation of medicinal plants for experimental purposes is an initial step and key in achieving quality research outcome. It involves extraction and determination of quality and quantity of bioactive constituents before proceeding with the intended biological testing. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate various methods used in the preparation and screening of medicinal plants in our daily research. Although the extracts, bioactive fractions, or compounds obtained from medicinal plants are used for different purposes, the techniques involved in producing them are generally the same irrespective of the intended biological testing. The major stages included in acquiring quality bioactive molecule are the selection of an appropriate solvent, extraction methods, phytochemical screening procedures, fractionation methods, and identification techniques. The nitty-gritty of these methods and the exact road map followed solely depends on the research design. Solvents commonly used in extraction of medicinal plants are polar solvent (e.g., water, alcohols), intermediate polar (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane), and nonpolar (e.g., n-hexane, ether, chloroform). In general, extraction procedures include maceration, digestion, decoction, infusion, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, superficial extraction, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-assisted extractions. Fractionation and purification of phytochemical substances are achieved through application of various chromatographic techniques such as paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, compounds obtained are characterized using diverse identification techniques such as mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, different methods described above can be grouped and discussed according to the intended biological testing to guide young researchers and make them more focused.

Chromatography is an important biophysical process, allowing the components of a mixture to be isolated, classified and extracted for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Proteins can be purified based on features such as size and shape, total charge, surface hydrophobic groups and stationary phaset binding ability. Four separation strategies based on molecular characteristics and form of interaction Four separation techniques based on molecular characteristics and form of interaction use ion exchange mechanisms, surface adsorption, partition, and exclusion of the size. Column chromatography is one of the most common methods of protein purification Chromatography is based on the theory of separation of fluid stationary phase (stable phase) when traveling with the support of a mobile phase. The variables that are involved in this separation process include adsorption (liquid-solid), partition (liquid-solid), and affinity or variations between their molecular weights. Due of these variations, certain components of the mixture stay in the stationary phase longer, and travel gradually in the chromatography system, while others move rapidly through the mobile phase, leaving the system faster. Based on this method, three components form the basis of the chromatography technique. Stationary phase: is a phase consisting of a "solid" phase or a "solid surface adsorbed layer" Mobile phase: is a phase consisting of a "liquid" or a "gaseous part." Separate molecules which form the interaction between stationary phase, mobile phase and substances contained in the mixture are the basic component that is successful in separating molecules from the partition-based chromatography methods are very effective in separating small molecules and distinguishing them as amino acids, carbohydrates and fatty acids. In the separation of macromolecules as nucleic acids and proteins, however, affinity chromatography’s (i.e. ion-exchange chromatography) are more efficient. Paper chromatography is used in protein separation and protein synthesis studies; gas-liquid chromatography is used to isolate alcohol, ethanol, lipid, and amino groups, and to analyze enzymatic interactions, while molecular-sieve chromatography is used in particular to evaluate molecular protein weights. Agarose gel chromatography is used to purify RNA, DNA particles, and viruses. The chromatography stationary phase is a solid phase or liquid phase that is sprayed on a solid phase surface. A gaseous or liquid phase is a mobile phase which flows through the stationary phase. If the mobile phase is liquid, it is called liquid chromatography, and if it is gas, it is called gas chromatography. of gases and mixtures of volatile liquids, and solid material, gas chromatography is used. Liquid chromatography is used in particular for thermal unstable and non-volatile materials. The purpose of applying chromatography, which is used as a quantitative analysis tool apart from its separation, is to record a sufficient separation within an acceptable time interval. Various chromatography methods have been developed to that end. Some of these have chromatography on columns, thin layer chromatography (TLC), paper chromatography, gas chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, liquid high pressure chromatography, and affinity chromatography.

The use of synthetic stimulants, including designer cathinones, remains a significant concern worldwide. Thus, the detection and identification of synthetic cathinones in biological matrices is of paramount importance for clinical and forensic laboratories. In this study, distribution of mephedrone and its metabolites was investigated in fingerprints. Following a controlled human mephedrone administration (100 mg nasally insufflated), two mass spectrometry-based methods for fingerprint analysis have been evaluated. The samples deposited on triangular pieces of chromatography paper were directly analysed under ambient conditions by paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) while those deposited on glass cover slips were extracted and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS method was 5-6 times more sensitive than PS-MS but required sample preparation and longer analysis time. Mephedrone was detected in 62% and in 38% of all post-administration samples analysed by LC-MS/MS and PS-MS, respectively. Nor-mephedrone was the only metabolite detected in 3.8% of all samples analysed by LC-MS/MS. A large inter- and intra-subject variation was observed for mephedrone which may be due to several factors, such as the applied finger pressure, angle and duration of contact with the deposition surface and inability to control the 'amount' of collected fingerprint deposits. Until these limitations are addressed, we suggest that the sole use of fingerprints can be a useful diagnostic tool in qualitative rather than quantitative analysis, and requires a confirmatory analysis in a different biological matrix.

The adulteration of herbal medicines by dexamethasone or prednisolone is regarded as a serious problem in many communities. Herein, a novel platform for the separation and quantification of both target steroids in herbal medicines based on electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) has been created. The ePAD was composed of Whatman SG81 chromatography paper, 3D-printed devices and a commercial screen-printed electrode. Whatman SG81 silica-coated paper was used for the separation of dexamethasone and prednisolone based on the difference in their partition coefficients during the flow of the mobile phase. The optimal mobile phase was composed of 60% ethyl acetate in cyclohexane and required 7 min for separation. The separated steroids on the paper were then quantified by electrochemical detection using differential pulse voltammetry, in which the 3D-printed devices facilitated the measurement. Analytical detection ranges of 10–500 μg mL−1 were obtained for both dexamethasone and prednisolone (r2 = 0.988 and 0.994, respectively). The limits of detection for dexamethasone and prednisolone were 3.59 and 11.98 μg mL−1, respectively, whereas the limits of quantification were 6.00 and 20.02 μg mL−1, respectively. The amounts of both target steroids derived from real herbal medicine samples determined by the proposed method were comparable to those obtained with assays using standard high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, a simple evaporation step can be used to increase the concentration of the samples before analysis. These ePADs are simple, low-cost, rapid, and very promising for on-site quantitative detection.

In the present study, Ginkgo biloba leaves were extracted with methanol 80% and fractionated by sequential extraction with petroleum ether (Fr-l), ethyl ether (Fr-II) and ethyl acetate (Fr-III) separately. Fraction III was co-chromatographed after hydrolyzed with 7% sulphuric acid with 3 solvent systems. Paper chromatography on Whatman cellulose chromatography papers 3 CHR with benzene, acetic acid and water (125: 72: 3) as mobile phase enabled good separation of quercetin at 0.6 RF and kaempferol at 0.78 RF. In the present study, quercetin and kaempferol were isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves grown in Egypt and characterized by various spectral studies. The ethanolic extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for the identification of major phenolics and flavonoids. Eleven components were detected. Most flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves are the derivatives of quercetin, and kaempferol. The results were obtained from UV and FTIR indicated for the molecular structure of quercetin and kaempferol. The mass spectrum of kaempferol and quercetin was observed at m/z 286.8 and 302.9, respectively. The results of the present study established the presence of biologically active phytochemicals in the Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results also suggested that the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract contain significant amounts of quercetin and kaempferol. Thus, it may be concluded that the Ginkgo biloba leaves have great potential for producing healthy and highly nutritive products.

Aspirin, one of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs, was labeled with 125I with a labeling yield of 85.5% under the following conditions: pH 9, 100 mg of the substrate, 50 µg of Chloramine-T, 5–15 min, room temperature. The radiochemical yield of 125I-aspirin was determined by paper chromatography and electrophoresis, and the radiochemical purity was determined by HPLC.125I-aspirin was stable for at least 3 h. Biodistribution of 125I-aspirin in normal and tumor-bearing mice was studied. The uptake of 125I-aspirin in tumor sites makes it promising as a new radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging.

Nicotine is a class of alkaloids that are found in plants with the family name Solanaceae, such as tobacco (Nicotiana). This plant is widely used as a raw material for making cigarettes. The separation of nicotine in the urine of active smokers has a very important role in forensic chemistry. A purification technique using column chromatography was developed to separate impurities from the extracted nicotine. Moringa leaves have high adsorption properties so that they can be used as a filler in chromatography columns. This study aims to separate nicotine from the urine of active smokers using Moringa leaves as a filler in the chromatography column. Experimental methods have been developed in this work. The preparation and extraction process begins with collecting Moringa leaves, cleaning, drying, then activating at 5000C for 4 hours. The urine preparation of active smokers is done by taking 50 ml of urine and then adding 50 ml of chloroform solvent. The process of separating nicotine from urine was carried out by column chromatography using active moringa leaves as fillers in the chromatography column as much as 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g. The separation was followed by maceration of the electrosynthetic coupling for 120 minutes for further separation. The pH is maintained at 9 in order to obtain optimal results. The extracted nicotine was tested using Cyanogen bromide to produce an orange precipitate, paper chromatography was developed and produced Rf values in the range 0.45 - 0.46. Nicotine analysis was continued using UV spectroscopy and resulted in nicotine levels in the variation of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g moringa leaves, respectively 0.55 ppm, 1.75 ppm, 3.82 ppm, 3.34 ppm, and 2.59 ppm.

In this work, a low-cost, disposable, and portable lab-on-paper device is proposed to simultaneously quantify total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in 15 min; the assay requires no pre-treatment of the samples. The lab-on-paper device fabrication has been carried out employing a xurography-based benchtop microfabrication technology using low-cost materials as chromatography paper and polymeric sheets. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic compounds' represents a nutritional added value, nevertheless, the high lipidic content hinders their direct and rapid analysis, resulting in an extremely challenging sample. The realized lab-on-paper allows to perform the dual TPC and AOC determination in three simple steps: (i) sample loading, (ii) analytes transport to the analysis spot, and (iii) double colorimetric analysis exploiting the growth of AuNPs and AgNPs on paper mediated by phenolic compounds. Signal acquisition is achieved using a standard digital camera. The dual colorimetric assay is able to detect phenolic compounds in the 25-500 mg L-1 range with limits of detection ≤6 mg L-1 and good reproducibility (RSDs ≤11%). Direct analysis of EVOO samples (n = 30) correlated well (r > 0.92) with conventional spectrophotometric methods for TPC and AOC determination.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and increasing every year, including in Indonesia. Promethium-149 (149Pm) is one of beta-emitting (Eβ-max of 1.07 MeV and T1/2 of 2.21 days) radiolanthanides that can be used for therapeutic application. Radioisotope of 149Pm can be produced with high specific activity that was suitable for labeling of biomolecule as a targeted radiopharmaceutical for cancer therapy. Radiochemical separation of 149Pm from irradiated of neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) target with 98.4% neodymium-148 (148Nd) isotope enrichment has been carried out based on extraction chromatography method using LN (Eichrom) resin column. The target material was irradiated at Bandung TRIGA 2000 reactor. Radiochemical purity the final product of 149PmCl3 radioisotope was determined using paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis methods. Radionuclide purity of 149PmCl3 solution was determined using a gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with HP-Ge detector and a multichannel analyzer (MCA). The results show that the optimum condition on separation of 149Pm from irradiated of Nd2O3 target with 98.4% 148Nd isotope enrichment was obtained using 1.5N HNO3 solution at temperature of 80 °C as mobile phase. The yield of 149Pm obtained from the separation was 97.8 ± 2.1%. The final product of 149PmCl3 radioisotope has physico-chemical characteristic that meet the requirements for nuclear medicine applications with radiochemical purity and radionuclide purity of 99.7 ± 0.2% and 99.9 ± 0.1%, respectively. The solution of 149PmCl3 was clear, with the pH of 1 and stable for 1.5 weeks at room temperature.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its halogenated analogs tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) are common environmental contaminants and a method for their simultaneous determination is urgently needed. A paper-based analytical device (PAD) was prepared using a metal-organic framework of UiO-66-NH2 coated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using TBBPA as a template. The maximum adsorption capacity was 120.94 mg g−1 and the imprinting factor was 4.07. The selective recognition ability of this PAD enabled the effective separation of TBBPA, TCBPA and BPA based on paper chromatography. Subsequently, the PAD cut into segments were used individually to determine the presence of target chemicals using a highly sensitive fluorescent method. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, UiO-66-NH2 acts as a photocatalyst to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that degrade TBBPA, TCBPA or BPA in the imprinted cavities and the fluorescent signal of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) added as a ROS probe enabled the indirect determination of target chemicals. This method could determine BPA and its halogenated analogs in dust samples simultaneously with detection limits ranging from 0.14 to 0.30 ng g−1. The intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) was ≤6.8% and interday RSD was ≤8.1%. The recoveries ranged from 91.0 to 105.6% with RSD values that were ≤7.5%. The results stemmed from this method were consistent with those obtained from LC-MS/MS. It is an environmentally-friendly approach due to the degradation of target pollutants and possesses many advantages such as high selectivity, low cost and easy-to-fabrication.

This chapter shows that secondary metabolites have been valuable, occasionally even indispensable, in classifications that are expected to be unequivocal and stable. Gross separations were originally introduced using paper chromatography or chemical paper tests, but these have not been used recently in chemotaxonomy except in a few simple diagnostic tests. Gas chromatography (GC) has mostly been used for volatile chemical compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the method of choice for most nonvolatile secondary metabolites. HPLC using gradient elution on reversed-phase material allows a good separation of a large range of secondary metabolites with different polarities, and Ultra Violet (UV) and fluorescence detectors can be used to detect small amounts of most compounds with a chromophore. Diode array detection is particularly relevant in connection with HPLC but can also be used with micellar capillary electrophoresis (MCE). Certain secondary metabolites fluoresce strongly and so can be detected in very low amounts with a fluorescence detector.

Rhenium-188 is prospectively effective for both diagnosis and radiotherapy as it appropriately emits gamma rays and beta particles. Lacosamide (LCM) is a newly approved antiepileptic medication for focal drug-resistant epilepsy. Rhenium-188 was separated with high elution yield and high purity using the new 188W/188Re generator based on the ZrSiW gel matrix. 188Re-LCM was prepared with high radiochemical yield and high purity. Biodistribution of 188Re-LCM in normal Swiss albino mice was investigated to determine its utility as a potential brain therapy agent. The 188W/188Re generator was used to obtain 188Re based on the ZrSi188W gel matrix, and the chemical, radiochemical, and radionuclidic purity of the obtained 188Re was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), a paper chromatography technique, and high-purity germanium (HPGe) detection, respectively, to assess its validity for LCM labeling. Various factors, such as the pH, reaction time, and LCM quantity, were therefore studied in order to improve the yield and purity of 188Re-LCM, as determined by various chromatographic techniques such as electrophoresis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 188Re was obtained with a high elution yield (75 ± 3%) and a low 188W breakthrough (0.001 ± 0.0001%). The maximum radiochemical yield of 188Re-LCM (87.5 ± 1.8%) was obtained using 50 μl LCM (4 mM), 250 μl stannous chloride (4.4 mM) at pH 4, 100 μl 188Re (37 MBq), within 30 min, at room temperature (25 ± 3 °C), as determined by TLC, electrophoresis, and HPLC techniques. Biodistribution analysis showed that 188Re-LCM was primarily localized in the brain (5.1%) with a long residence time (240 min).

Detection of mycotoxins by conventional methods such as ELISA or LC-MS can be expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, paper-based biosensors can be effectively used for on-site analysis, due to their low cost and easy detection procedures. Nevertheless, even when the application of colorimetric methods on paper enhance the simplicity and affordability of multiple determinations, the signal intensity and final readout can be affected by a limited color uniformity. In this work, Ellman’s method for the quantification of aflatoxin B1 was utilized as a model colorimetric assay on paper, in which the test zones were modified with chitosan-immobilized enzyme (AChE). A comparison of the cross-linking effect of genipin on two chitosans of varying molar mass and degree of acetylation, exhibited a greater signal enhancement from the sample with a higher degree of acetylation and molecular weight.

Cetirizine as general OTC anti-allergic drug was evaluated through paper chromatography. Twelve cetirizine compositions were analysed wherein each tablet and syrups were six in number. Seven solvent systems were experimented from which chloroform and methanol in ratio 50:50 proved to be best solvent system for both cetirizine tablet and syrup compositions. Other solvent system that showed clear separation of spots were n-hexane, toluene and diethyl ether in ratio 65:25:10 and acetone and methanol in ratio 90:10 for tablet and syrup preparations respectively. Iodine fuming technique and UV radiations were also utilized for visualising some unidentified and invisible spots during the examination procedures.

We develop a capillary-paper spray (CPS) ion source which allows for sample separation in the capillary and enables rapid and sensitive paper spray (PS) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of biofluids. The CPS employs a glass capillary to load liquid analytes, vertically standing at the rear of the PS. To further reduce the matrix effect, a nitrocellulose filter membrane is placed between the glass tube and chromatography paper to absorb proteins and other macromolecules, which is beneficial for the detection of the small molecules. Compared with the normal PS method, the CPS method markedly improves spray stability and prolongs analysis duration, and also generates significantly better signal intensities during the analysis of drugs, thus indicating its potential for clinical use. As a proof of concept, quantitative analysis of drugs (metformin hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride) in serum is performed.

Cellulose is an important component of green plants cell wall and other organisms. Cellulose from plants is mainly used to produce paper. Because of the widespread use of paper throughout the world, it causes the use of wood in large quantities that involves cutting down trees which can lead to negative impacts on ecosystems. Many research studied to find other raw materials that could replace wood and some focused on coconut coir because it contains high amount of cellulose which is enough to use in manufacturing. Coconut pulp is also the residue from coconut. It has 59 % cellulose. This makes it possible to use coconut pulp in paper industry. Paper for chromatography uses fiber from wood as an important component too. So, the purpose of this study was to identify whether cellulose from coconut pulp can replace the original material of chromatography paper. The procedure started from extracted impurity from coconut pulp and used the remaining for making chromatographic paper. Washed coconut pulp and removed residue coconut milk. Boiled clean coconut pulp for 10 minutes and dried in oven at 60 degree Celsius. Remove the residue fat with hexane. Drained hexane and dried in oven at 60 degree Celsius. Extracted cellulose by the soda process. Cellulose yield was 50.85%. Used extracted cellulose as raw material for making chromatographic paper. Tried different amount of cellulose per area of sieve to find the suitable for making paper. The appropriate paper area per extracted cellulose weight was about 81.25 cm2/g. Then trailed the paper used as stationary phase for color separation. The appropriate condition of mobile phase in chromatographic technique (ethyl-methyl ketone, acetone and water) to separate standard colors was also studied. The appropriate ratio of mobile phase which could separate standard solutions was 7:3:3, respectively. The results show that this paper was effective in serving as a stationary phase. This paper has the potential to be developed to use as a substitute material in Bio manufacturing.

Alpha-mangostin (AM) is a natural compound that has the greatest activity in breast cancer. Radiolabeling AM with technetium-99 m (Tc-99m) has a function as breast cancer radiotracer. This study is aimed to identify the purity of Tc-99m-labeled AM. The identification method was conducted by a validated radio-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to confirm the chemical purity of the compound when the thin layer of chromatography and paper chromatography were used to find out the radiochemical purity (RCP). The validated radio-HPLC method obtained was C18 column with methanol:water (90:10) as the mobile phase and ultraviolet (243 nm) tandem radioactive detector (Gabi Star). The result showed that the RCP was 70.6% ± 2.87%. The analytical method met the validation criteria according to ICH Q2 (R1); thus, it could be applied in the identification. Unfortunately, the 99mTc-AM identification using radio-HPLC showed that the expected complex was not yet formed perfectly because of chemical impurities.

Coffee is currently the second largest commodity on the world market today, and there is great concern about the quality of the beans exported from producer countries to Europe and USA. Practices such as using blends of different species and adding low-cost raw materials, such as chicory, corn, and soybean, impair the sensory and functional characteristics of the drink made from roasted and ground coffee beans. There is a need to adopt more efficient analytical methods than the microscopy technique currently used. The first chromatographic method used to determine fraud was reported in 1958. This method used paper chromatography to differentiate between coffee and chicory based on the free reducing sugars. As of the 1980s, different methods involving high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography were developed in order to demonstrate geographic authenticity, distinction between species, occurrence of adulteration, and the presence of defective beans by determining the monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, tocopherols, fatty acids, volatiles, diterpenes, sterols, and phenolic substances, among others. As far as the authors know, there are no papers published in the literature that have compiled such an extensive set of information about these chromatographic methods as here. Over the last 2 years, there has been a trend to develop analytical methods for ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to confirm fraud in coffee, due to high sensitivity and selectivity.

Clofazimine (CFZ), a riminophenazine derivative and a crucial drug in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy, has been reintroduced clinically to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. CFZ holds both antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. But, due to its highly hydrophobic, polar and photosensitive nature, it is challenging to extract and quantify the drug from different biological fluids and its pharmaceutical formulations. This has also hampered the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the CFZ. This article accentuates various analytical methods viz. Identification methods, titrimetric methods, spectrometric methods such as colorimetric, fluorometric, mass spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy, Chromatographic methods like paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the estimation of CFZ in bulk, biological fluids and its pharmaceutical formulations.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-targeted131I-containing nanoliposomes for the treatment of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe nanoparticle liposomes designated RGD-131I-tyrosine peptide chain (TPC)-L and131I-RGD-L were prepared. The emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to encapsulate the polypeptide into liposomes. The quantity of entrapped polypeptide was measured using UV spectrophotometry. The labeling rates, radiochemical purities, and total radioactivities were measured using paper chromatography. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTS assay and flow cytometry. Therapeutic efficacy was monitored using a mouse xenograft model of cervical cancer.ResultsThe labeling efficiency, radiochemical purity, and specific radioactivity of RGD-131I-TPC-L were greater than those of131I-RGD-L. The cytotoxicity test indicated that late apoptosis of cells treated with RGD-131I-TPC-L and131I-RGD-L was higher than that of cells treated with Na131I. The therapeutic effect of RGD-131I-TPC-L was better than that of31I-RGD-L in the mouse model.ConclusionsThe specific activity of liposome-encapsulated RGD-131I-TPC-L was higher than that of131I-RGD-L, which labeled liposomes directly. Moreover, the RGD-131I-TPC-L liposomes were more effective for killing xenografted tumor cells.

Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), the causative agent of anthrax disease, is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium which can be used as a threatening bioterrorism agent. We developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-on-a-chip biosensors for rapid, sensitive analysis of B. anthracis spores based on two-dimensional, cross-flow chromatography. In order to establish optimal assay conditions, a polyclonal antibody and four monoclonal antibodies against B. anthracis were raised and examined to characterize their analytical sensitivity as well as specificity. The biosensor results showed that a monoclonal antibody pair not only offered a relatively low detection limit for B. anthracis compared to other antibody combinations, but also displayed no cross-reactivity with other microorganisms belonging to the Bacillus genus. For detection of ELISA enzyme signal (e.g., horseradish peroxidase), chemiluminescent detection in combination with cooled charge-coupled device enhanced the sensor performance in terms of assay time, compared to that achieved by colorimetry. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor was able to detect a minimum threshold of 5×103 and 5×102 spores/mL for two different B. anthracis strains, NCCP 12860 (Sterne) and NCCP 10666 (Haman #1), respectively. Furthermore, the chemiluminometric sensor was minimally affected by the presence of potential interferents in samples such as baby powder, skim milk, and sucrose, indicating its potential utility for the analysis of bioterrorism agents directly in the field.

Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleoside essential for the synthesis of RNA and biomembranes, was radiolabeled with 99mTc to obtain a potential tumor imaging agent. The maximal radiochemical yield of about 96.5%, as determined by paper chromatography and instant thin-layer chromatography, was reached under the following optimum conditions: 1 mg of uridine, 20 μg of SnCl2·2H2O as reducing agent, 20 mg of mannitol as a stabilizer, and pH 8. 99mTc-uridine is stable in vitro at room temperature for up to 6 h post labeling. The biodistrbution study in tumor-bearing mice shows high target-to-nontarget ratio. These results match with the high docking score of the complex on uridine phosphorylase enzyme. 99mTc-uridine shows promise as a tumor imaging agent.

The literature data analysis has shown that phytopolysaccharides are perspective sources for study and development of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and can be used as new medicines or biologically active additives in future. Therefore, the obtained polysaccharide complex from the root bulbs of Dahlias “Ken's Flame” species is perspective for the further research and isolation of new pharmaceutical ingredients and substances. Methods. The polysaccharide complex was obtained from the Dahlia’s tubers of “Ken's Flame” species. Paper chromatography method was used to identify monosaccharides of the polysaccharide complex. Quantitative determination of fructose in the complex was carried out by adsorption spectrophotometry using α-naphthol. Results. Fructose and glucose were identified by standard paper chromatography after acidic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide complex in selected standard conditions. For the quantitative determination of fructose, the Dyshe reaction was used: with α-naphthol in acidic medium. The influence of boric acid and urea supplements on the optical absorption of fructose and glucose in the given reaction was studied. The polysaccharide complex hydrolysis kinetics was studied; conditions for reaction of fructose with α-naphthol in acidic medium were selected. Conclusions. The standard conditions for the hydrolysis of the inulin complex were determined, followed by the identification of monosaccharides: fructose and glucose by paper chromatography method. The method of determination of fructose with α-naphthol in acidic medium for a polysaccharide complex obtained from the Dahlia’s tubers of “Ken's Flame” species was developed. Experimental studies devoted to the inulin complex (IC) identification using chromatography, determined conditions for the reaction of fructose with α-naphthol in acidic medium, as well as conditions for IC hydrolysis, and IC standardization are presented in the article

In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of gel beads composed of ionic liquid (IL) and polymer. The IL droplets are kept spherical during the deposition process by placement onto chromatography paper coated with fluoropolymer. The deposition process then occurs in two steps. In the first step, the monomer is absorbed into the IL droplet. In the second step, the initiator radicals are introduced. This sequential deposition process allows polymerization to primarily occur within the liquid droplet and therefore the beads are not attached to the underlying substrate and can be easily removed.

Vitex negundo L. is one of the most important species in traditional system of medicine to cure various ailments. Alkali soluble polysaccharide (ASP) from V. negundo stems was isolated and purified in 0.61% yield. Complete hydrolysis of ASP followed by paper chromatography and GLC analysis indicated the presence of l-rhamnose, l-arabinose, d-xylose, d-galactose and d-glucose in mole percent of 1.28, 2.25, 73.49, 8.08, 8.11 along with 2.48 d-galacturonic acid and 4.27 d-glucuronic acid. Uronic acids were also estimated by spectrophotometric methods using carbazole, m-hydroxydiphenyl and 3, 5-dimethyl phenol (DMP) as colorimetric reagents. Estimation of uronic acids using DMP corroborated the results of GLC analysis. The study evaluated the utility of colorimetric methods for uronic acid estimation in polysaccharide having interferences from neutral sugars especially xylose, glucose and galactose. The analysis also resulted in composition of constituent monosaccharides of ASP and co-relation analysis of uronic acids content. The results may divulge the structural moiety of the polysaccharide responsible for its bio-efficacy.

Blood testing for endogenous small metabolites to determine physiological and biochemical states is routine for laboratory analysis. Here we demonstrate that by combining the commercial direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source with an ion trap mass spectrometer, native cholesterol in its free alcohol form is readily detected from a few hundred nanoliters of human serum loaded onto chromatography paper. Deuterium-labeled cholesterol was used as the internal standard to obtain the absolute quantity of the endogenous cholesterol. The amount of the cholesterol measured by this paper-loaded DART mass spectrometry (pDART-MS) is statistically comparable with that obtained by using commercially available fluorometric-enzymatic assay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Furthermore, sera from 21 participants at three different time points in an ultramarathon were collected to obtain their cholesterol levels. The test requires only very minimal sample preparation, and the concentrations of cholesterol in each sample were acquired within a minute.

A chemically patterned microfluidic paper-based analytical device (C-µPAD) is developed to create fluidic networks by forming hydrophobic barriers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of trichlorosilane (TCS) on a chromatography paper. By controlling temperature, pattern size, and CVD duration, optimal conditions were determined by characterizing hydrophobicity, spreading patterns, and flow behavior on various sized fluidic patterns. With these optimal conditions, we demonstrated glucose assay, immunoassay, and heavy metal detection on well-spot C-µPAD and lateral flow C-µPAD. For these assays, standard curves showing correlation between target concentration and gray intensity were obtained to determine a limit of detection (LOD) of each assay. For the glucose assays on both well-spot C-µPAD and lateral flow C-µPAD, we achieved LOD of 13 mg/dL, which is equivalent to that of a commercial glucose sensor. Similar results were obtained from tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) detection with 3 ng/mL of LOD. For Ni detection, a colorimetric agent was immobilized to obtain a stationary and uniform reaction by using thermal condensation coupling method. During the immobilization, we successfully functionalized amine for coupling the colorimetric agent on the C-µPAD and detected as low as 150 μg/L of Ni. These C-µPADs enable simple, rapid, and cost-effective bioassays and environmental monitoring, which provide practically relevant LODs with high expandability and adaptability.

Kanamycin is an antibiotic, isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus, which is used to treat serious bacterial infections. The fact that the present radioligand 99m Tc-kanamycin used for diagnosis is short-lived, raised a need to label and study kanamycin with one of the most important beta (β) radiation emitting isotope 177 Lu. Labeling yield of 177 Lu-kanamycin was confirmed by different chromatography techniques such as paper chromatography, TLC, HPLC. Several experiments were performed to optimize labeling with changing reaction conditions such as pH, temperature, amount of ligand, and reaction time. In vitro stability analysis was performed incubation with human serum. Electrophoresis analysis was also conducted to determine the charge on 177 Lu-kanamycin. The biodistribution and scintigraphy were performed in normal mice and rabbit, respectively, at different time intervals of postinjection. 177 Lu-kanamycin was prepared with very high yield (~100%), with excellent stability in vivo and in vitro (>99% 6 hr postprep.), at pH 7. Maximum labeling was achieved at less reaction time (15 min), with maximum conjugation of the ligand (12.5 mg) with 177 Lu. Electrophoresis analysis showed net neutral charge. The radioligand showed rapid clearance from body in biodistribution and scintigraphy studies. The preparation 177 Lu-kanamycin could be used as a radio-pharmaceutical for infection imaging purpose, especially when transporting the radioligand to long-range distances.

This chapter intends to summarize the chemistry, biological activities, methods of identification and quantification, possible interactions, and industrial and pharmaceutical applications of plant lipids. Plant lipids are naturally occurring functional and structural components, which serve as permeable barrier to external environment of cells. The compositions and functions of plant lipids vary depending on the type of plant. However, lipids are complex structures; therefore, there are various ways to define and classify lipids. The plant lipids play major role in energy storage and signaling and include fatty acids (FA), triacylglycerols, phospholipids, waxes, galactolipids, sphingolipids, tocopherols and tocotrienols, carotenoids, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and other compounds. Different procedures of spectroscopy like ultraviolet visible (UV) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy along with liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, column chromatography, and gas chromatography are used to determine the structure of plant lipids molecules. The plant lipids vary in their occurrence, application, and utilization either as food, pharmaceutical, or other industries depending on their specific type. Moreover, the aim of this chapter is to compile the essential role and impact of plant lipids on human life and their application in different industries.

This paper develops a high-performance paper-based fluidic cassette for mass spectrometry (MS) analyzing caffeine and nicotine metabolism in urine and hair samples. The device uses a novel two-dimensional paper chromatography to separate the species in the liquid sample and then analyze the metabolic species via the MS using a specially designed paper spray ionization (PSI) mechanism. The paper-based fluidic chip is produced in the laboratory filter paper with the IR laser for patterning the multifunctional paper for sample chromatography and multiple tip for PSI. To enhance the MS detection performance, an integrated sliding cassette with a pair of pinching electrodes is designed for retarding electrospray at the neighboring tooth and simultaneously focusing the main spray plumb for sample ionization. Numerical and experimental results show that the undesired neighboring electrospray plumbs are significantly retarded by the applying electric field at the pinch electrodes. Successfully detecting the caffeine species in the urine sample and the nicotine/cotinine species in the extracted solution of a heavy smoker's hair are demonstrated with the developed device. The developed paper fluidic cassette has shown its potential in the application of drug abuse prevention.

The objective of this study was to develop instant thin-layer chromatography (ITLC) conditions for the determination of radiochemical purity of 68Ga-DOTATATE in a shorter time period than those stated in the NETSPOT (Advanced Accelerator Applications, Saint-Genis-Pouilly, France; AAA) kit package insert (PI). A faster ITLC system is needed to reduce the 48- to 50-min development time so that more radioactivity is available for single patient use and wait times are shorter in the event of kit failure. Methods: Variations of the PI mobile system were evaluated with microfiber chromatography paper impregnated with silica gel (ITLC-SG). After a more suitable mobile system was identified, evaluation began by attempting to shorten the 10-cm development distance to 7, 8, and 9 cm. Results: Experiments using variations of PI mobile phase showed that increasing the proportion of methanol in the mobile phase decreased development time. Additionally, if the ratio of 1 M ammonium acetate was reduced to 10% or less, retention factor values fall outside specification. Reducing the development distance shortened development time as expected; however, it also affected the resolution aspect of the radiochromatogram. Conclusion: The fastest developing ITLC system, which maintained resolution and peak shape, was methanol:1 M ammonium acetate (80:20 V/V) with ITLC-SG using a development distance of 8 cm.

RATIONALE Accurate measurement of trace compounds in blood samples is important in clinical diagnosis and life science. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry, however, suffers from the matrix effect when dealing with complex samples such as blood. Therefore, it is important to reduce the matrix effects in blood samples. METHODS A low-cost and disposable Teflon tube was used as a platform to precipitate the protein in blood. The analytes are extracted into organic solvent, and the precipitated protein can be adsorbed by the chromatography paper inserted. Therefore, the Teflon tube after precipitation can be directly subjected to paper spray ionization mass spectrometry, achieving one-step analysis of blood. RESULTS High sensitivity and satisfactory stability were achieved for pharmaceuticals, acids, and endogenic metabolites in blood. The absolute signal intensities of characteristic product ions of the tested analytes were 8-20 times higher after protein precipitation than those obtained using paper spray. Detection limits and quantitative performance were evaluated for three drugs: carbamazepine, metformin, and tioconazole. In addition, the limits of detection and quantitation were improved 9-14- and 8-12-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Protein precipitation coupled to paper spray with a tube and then to mass spectrometry was successfully achieved and applied in the one-step analysis of trace compounds in blood samples. The experimental results showed that this method was sensitive, stable, convenient, and economic for the direct analysis of blood.

The present study aimed to develop a protocol for easy removal of β-ODAP neurotoxin by converting it into its isomer α-ODAP (reported to be less toxic) followed by its separation from the protein fraction in pH dependent manner. Use of β-mercaptoethanol prevented aggregate formation and increased solubility of the prepared Lathyrus sativus protein. Validation of ODAP removal by paper chromatography and mass spectrometry indicated the robustness of the protocol. Removal of ODAP and presence of high antioxidants and homoarginine content can enable Lathyrus sativus to be an alternate source of protein, as well as have other health benefits, including benefits for patients with cardiovascular diseases.