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Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between subfoveal choroidal thickness and plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine level and the severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 68 cases, including 15 patients without diabetic retinopathy, 17 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 20 healthy patients (control group), were enrolled in this study. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured manually using the enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scanning program, and plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine level was measured using a commercial micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: The subfoveal choroidal thickness values and plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine levels were significantly different between the four groups (p

Purpose: To assess choroidal changes using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: Thirty-two patients with moderate COVID-19 and 34 healthy subjects were included in the study. Choroidal thickness was measured at 3 points as follows: at the subfovea, 1500 mm nasal to the fovea, and 1500 mm temporal to the fovea. The total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and choroidal vascular index were measured with Image-J. All the measurements were performed during the disease and at 4 months after remission. Results: In the patient group, the subfoveal, nasal, and temporal choroidal thicknesses were decreased as compared with those in the controls, but without statistically significant differences (p=0.534, p=0.437, and p=0.077, respectively). The mean total choroidal, stromal, and luminal areas and choroidal vascular index were statistically significantly decreased in the patient group (p

Objective: To evaluate the choroidal thickness (CT) in healthy Brazilian subjects using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to compare with choroidal thickness measured in Brazilian patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and high myopia. Methods: A retrospective analysis of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images of 181 Brazilian subjects. A total of 74 eyes were included in the normal control group, 50 eyes in the nvAMD group, 44 eyes in the DME group and 13 eyes in the high myopia group. CT was measured from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to the choroid/sclera junction at the fovea and at 500 μm intervals temporal and nasal to the fovea. All measurements were performed by two independent observers and were averaged for analysis. The statistical analysis and comparison were performed using Mann Whitney (unpaired t-test). Results: Seventy-four eyes from 74 patients with a mean age of 51.4 years were analyzed in the normal group with a mean nasal, subfoveal and temporal choroidal thickness measurements were 301.30 ± 12.86 μm, 311.61 ± 12.62 μm and 309.28 ± 12.28 μm respectively. All groups with disease demonstrated a statistically significant choroidal thinning when compared with matched-aged normal eyes. The mean reduction in the nvAMD group compared to normal were 60.65 μm nasally, 59.77 μm temporally and 56.59 μm at subfoveal position. In the DME group, the subfoveal reduction was 51.10 μm, 63.03 μm and 46.30 μm, nasally and temporally. The patients with high myopia presented the greatest reduction in CT compared to normal eyes, with a mean reduction of 159.9 nasal, 159.98 subfoveal and 154.65 at temporal. Conclusions: The present study evaluated choroidal thickness in Brazilian subjects, with intense miscegenation. The results demonstrated a statistically significant decrease of the choroidal thickness in all subtypes of chorioretinal disease. The small sample size in this study was a limitation. Additional research with a larger study population to better understand these findings. Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a espessura da coróide (EC) de indivíduos brasileiros saudáveis utilizando tomografia de coerência ótica do domínio espectral (TCO-DE) e compará-la à espessura da coroide de pacientes brasileiros com edema macular diabético (EMD), degeneração macular neovascular relacionada à idade (DMRI) e miopia alta. Metodologia: Análise retrospectiva de imagens de tomografia de coerência ótica de domínio espectral (TOC-DE) de 181 indivíduos brasileiros. Um total de 74 olhos foram incluídos no grupo controle normal; 50, no grupo DMRI; 44, no grupo EMD; e 13, no grupo com miopia alta. A EC foi medida a partir da borda posterior do epitélio pigmentar da retina (EPR) até a junção coróide/esclera na fóvea e de intervalos de 500 μm, temporal e nasal, à fóvea. Todas as medidas foram realizadas por dois observadores independentes e as médias foram calculadas para análise. A análise estatística e a comparação das ECs foram realizadas usando o teste Mann Whitney (teste t não pareado). Resultados: Setenta e quatro olhos de 74 pacientes com idade média de 51,4 anos foram analisados no grupo normal, o qual apresentou espessura coróide nasal, subfoveal e temporal média igual a 301,30 ± 12,86 µm, 311,61 ± 12,62 µm e 309,28 ± 12,28 µm, respectivamente. Todos os grupos com doença demonstraram afinamento de coroide estatisticamente significativo quando comparados a olhos normais pareados por idade. A redução média de EC no grupo DMRI em comparação ao normal foi de 60,65 μm por via nasal, 59,77 μm por via temporal e 56,59 μm na posição subfoveal. O grupo EMD apresentou redução de EC igual a 51,10 μm em posição subfoveal, 63,03 μm por via nasal e 46,30 μm por via temporal. Pacientes com miopia alta apresentaram a maior redução de EC em relação aos olhos normais; os valores de redução média obtidos foram 159,9 por via nasal, 159,98 em posição subfoveal e 154,65 por via temporal. Conclusões: O presente estudo avaliou a espessura da coróide de indivíduos brasileiros com intensa miscigenação. Os resultados demonstraram reducção estatisticamente significativa da espessura da coróide em todos os subtipos de doença coriorretiniana. O pequeno tamanho da amostra foi uma limitação deste estudo. Pesquisas adicionais com população maior de estudo deveriam ser realizadas para ajudar a entender melhor esses achados.

Purpose: To assess the reproducibility of retinal and choroidal measurements in the macular and peripapillary areas using swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Methods: A total of 63 eyes of 63 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease were evaluated using a three-dimensional protocol of swept-source optical coherence tomography. The following layers were analyzed: full retinal thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and choroid. The coefficient of variation was calculated for every measurement. Results: In the macular area, the mean coefficients of variation of retinal thickness, ganglion cell layer + thickness, and choroidal thickness were 0.40%, 0.84%, and 2.09%, respectively. Regarding the peripapillary area, the mean coefficient of variation of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 2.78. The inferior quadrant showed the highest reproducibility (coefficient of variation= 1.62%), whereas the superonasal sector showed the lowest reproducibility (coefficient of variation= 8.76%). Conclusions: Swept-source optical coherence tomography provides highly reproducible measurements of retinal and choroidal thickness in both the macular and peripapillary areas. The reproducibility is higher in measurements of retinal thickness versus choroidal thickness. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade das medições da retina e da coroide nas áreas macular e peripapilar utilizando a tomografia de coerência ótica com fonte de varredura pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Métodos: Um total de 63 olhos de 63 pacientes com doença de Parkinson idiopática foram avaliados usando um protocolo 3D de tomografia de coerência ótica de fonte Triton Swept. Foram analisadas as seguintes camadas: espessura retiniana total, camada de fibras nervosas da retina, camada de células ganglionares e coróide. O coeficiente de variação foi calculado para cada medição. Resultados: Na área macular, os coeficientes médios de variação da espessura da retina, da camada de células ganglionares + espessura e da espessura da coróide foram de 0,40%, 0,84% e 2,09%, respectivamente. Em relação à área peripapilar, o coeficiente médio de variação da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina foi de 2,78%. O quadrante inferior apresentou a maior reprodutibilidade (coeficiente de variação= 1,62%), enquanto o setor superonasal apresentou a menor reprodutibilidade (coeficiente de variação= 8,76%). Conclusões: A tomografia de coerência ótica de fonte Triton Swept fornece medições altamente reprodutíveis da espessura da retina e da coroide nas áreas macular e peripapilar. A reprodutibilidade é maior nas medidas da espessura da retina versus a espessura da coróide.

Purpose: To compare retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with Behçet's disease with and without ocular involvement as well as to evaluate the correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and choroidal thickness among patients with Behçet's disease. Methods: This was a prospective interventional study investigating erythrocyte sedimentation as well as choroidal and retinal thickness among patients with Behçet's disease. Patients who were diagnosed based on The International Criteria for Behçet's Disease with (Group A) or without (Group B) ocular involvement and a matched control group (Group C) participated in the study. Optical coherence tomography measurements and blood tests were performed on the same day. Retinal and choroidal thickness were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), and central macular thickness, central subfoveal choroidal thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography. Results: Average erythrocyte sedimenta­tion values were 9.89 mm/h in Group A, 16.21 mm/h in Group B, and 3.89 mm/h in Group C; average central subfoveal choroidal thickness values were 350.66, 331.74, and 325.95 mm, respectively. Average central macular thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness values of patients in Groups A, B and C were 226.39 and 225.97mm; 234.11 and 92.00 mm; and 97.58 and 99.84 mm, respectively. No significant difference was seen between Group A and B patients in central subfoveal choroidal thickness, central macular thickness, or retinal nerve fiber layer thickness values. Central macular thickness was statistically significantly thinner in Groups A and B than in Group C (p=0.016). Group A had thinning in the nasal quadrant of the retinal and general retinal nerve fiber layers when compared with those in Group C (p=0.010 and 0.041, respectively). A connection could not be established between the erythrocyte sedimentation, central subfoveal cho­roidal thickness, central macular thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the patients with Behçet's disease. Conclusion: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is typically used to test for activation of Behçet's disease and assess treatment response. In our study, we could not establish a connection between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and central subfoveal choroidal thickness, central macular thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with systematically active Behçet's disease without ocular involvement.

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging at baseline and 6 months after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with DME who underwent intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF (bevacizumab or ranibizumab) in a pro re nata (PRN) regimen. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was compared between values obtained at baseline and at 6-month follow-up visits. Results: Thirty-nine eyes (15 females, 24 males) from 39 patients were enrolled (mean age, 62.43 ± 8.7 years; range, 44-79 years). Twenty-three and 16 eyes were treated with ranibizumab and bevacizumab respectively. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 2.28 ± 1.27 (range, 1-5). Mean nasal, subfoveal, and temporal choroidal thickness (CT) measurements at baseline were 234.10 ± 8.63 µm, 246.89 ± 8.94 µm, and 238.12 ± 8.20 µm, respectively, and those at 6 months post-treatment were 210.46 ± 8.00 µm, 215.66 ± 8.29 µm, and 212.43 ± 8.14 µm, respectively. Significant differences in CT were observed between baseline and the 6-month follow-up at all measured points (p=0.0327). Conclusions: Over a 6-month period, the use of intravitreal anti-VEGF was associated with significant thinning of the choroid in patients with DME. The clinical significance of a thinner choroid in DME is currently unknown; however, it may contribute to long-term adverse effects on choroidal and retinal function, representing an area requiring future investigation.

Purpose: To (a) determine the normative values for optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters such as central macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and choroidal thickness in healthy children; (b) investigate the relationships of these parameters with axial length, central corneal thickness, refractive errors, and intraocular pressure; and (c) determine interexaminer agreement for choroidal thickness measurements. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 healthy children aged 8-15 years underwent detailed ophthalmological examination and OCT measurements. Choroidal thickness was measured at three separate locations by two independent examiners. Results: The mean global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 98.75 ± 9.45 μm (79.0-121.0). The mean central macular thickness was 232.29 ± 29.37 μm (190.0-376.0). The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness obtained by examiner 1 was 344.38 ± 68.83 μm and that obtained by examiner 2 was 344.04 ± 68.92 μm. Interexaminer agreement was between 99.6%-99.8% for choroidal thickness at three separate locations. Central macular thickness increased with axial length (r=0.245, p=0.007). Choroidal thickness increased with age (r=0.291, p=0.001) and decreased with axial length (r=-0.191, p=0.037). Global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness decreased with axial length (r=-0.247, p=0.007) and increased with central corneal thickness (r=0.208, p=0.022). Global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness positively correlated with choroidal thickness (r=0.354, p

Purpose: Optic coherence tomography (OCT) evaluation of the choroid, retina, and retinal nerve fiber layer after uncomplicated yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser capsulotomy. Methods: OCT analysis of retinal and choroidal structures was performed in 28 eyes of 28 patients following routine examinations before and 24 h, 72 h, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after YAG laser capsulotomy. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: Data collected before YAG capsulotomy and at the above mentioned follow-up visits are summarized as follows. Mean central subfoveal choroidal thickness before YAG capsulotomy was 275.85 ± 74.78 µm; it was 278.46 ± 83.46 µm, 283.39 ± 82.84 µm, 280.00 ± 77.16 µm, 278.37 ± 76.95 µm, and 278.67 ± 76.20 µm after YAG capsulotomy, respectively. Central macular thickness was 272.14 ± 25.76 µm before YAG capsulotomy; it was 266.53 ± 26.47 µm, 269.14 ± 27.20 µm, 272.17 ± 26.97 µm, 270.91 ± 26.79 µm, and 273 ± 26.63 µm after YAG capsulotomy, respectively. Mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness before YAG was 99.89 ± 7.61 µm; it was 98.50 ± 8.62 µm, 98.14 ± 8.69 µm, 99.60 ± 8.39 µm, 99.60 ± 8.39 µm, and 99.60 ± 8.35 µm after YAG capsulotomy, respectively. No observed change was statistically significant. No significant changes were observed with regard to mean intraocular pressure. Conclusions: After YAG laser capsulotomy, no statistically significant changes were found in choroidal, retinal, and optical nerve fiber layer thicknesses, although slight thickness changes in these structures were observed, particularly during the first days. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliação da coroide, retina e a camada de fibras nervosas da retina por meio de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) após capsulotomia por YAG laser não complicada. Método: Vinte e oito olhos de 28 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo. Estruturas da retina e coroide foram analisados usando ACT nos exames de rotina antes da capsulotomia posterior por YAG laser e 24 horas, 72 horas, 2 semanas, 4 semanas e 12 semanas após YAG. Os resultados foram avaliados através do programa SPSS. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo, pré YAG e às visitas de acompanhamento acima, podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma. A espessura média de coroide subfoveal central antes do YAG foi 275,85 ± 74,78 m; após YAG foi 278,46 ± 83,46 µm, 283,39 ± 82,84 µm, 280,00 ± 77,16 µm, 278,37 ± 76,95 µm, e 278,67 ± 76,20 µm, respectivamente. A espessura macular central foi 272,14 ± 25,76 mm antes YAG; e 266,53 ± 26,47 µm, 269,14 ± 27,20 µm, 272,17 ± 26,97 µm, 270,91 ± 26,79 µm, e 273 ± 26,63 µm, respectivamente. Espessura média da camada de fibras nervosas da retina antes do YAG foi 99,89 ± 7,61 mm; e 98,50 ± 8,62 µm, 98,14 ± 8,69 µm, 99,60 ± 8,39 µm, de 99,60 ± 8,39 µm, 99,60 ± 8,35 µm, respectivamente. Nenhuma das alterações observadas foram estatisticamente significativas. As médias da pressão intraocular, também não mostraram alterações significativas. Conclusões: Não houve mudanças significativas foram encontradas na coroide, camada de fibras nervosas da retina espessuras e ópticos, após a capsulotomia por YAG laser, embora houvesse, especialmente nos primeiros dias, discretas alterações de espessura nas estruturas mencionadas.

Background To correlate retina-choroidal anatomy as assessed via swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) with retinal function as determined by best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). Methods Thirty-three eyes from 33 patients including 16 with neovascular AMD (nvAMD) and 17 controls were included. Patients were included in the present study after a complete ophthalmologic examination, including BCVA, slit-lamp study, intraocular pressure measurement, dilated fundus examination after tropicamide instillation, SD-OCT, SS-OCT, fundus photographs and mfERG. Age, sex, BCVA, number of anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in the nvAMD group, were recollected. Outer retinal and choroidal thickness were determined at the fovea and 500 μm temporal, superior, nasal and inferior. First-order response from mfERG was collected. P1 amplitude was recorded in R1, R2 and the average of R1 + R2. The measurements recollected from the SS-OCT, mfERG and BCVA were compared. Results Better BCVA was found with thicker outer retina foveal thickness (r = 0.349; P = 0.047), with thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (r = 0.443; P = 0.010), and with higher amplitude in P1 at R1 (r = 0.346; P = 0.037). Outer retina foveal thickness did not correlate with P1 amplitude at R1 (r = 0.072; P = 0.692), R2 (r = 0.265; P = 0.137) either with the average P1 amplitude at R1 + R2 (r = 0.253; P = 0.156). A thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness was related with higher amplitude in P1 at R1 (r = 0.383; P = 0.028), R2 (r = 0.409; P = 0.018) and the average of R1 + R2 (r = 0.419; P = 0.015). Conclusions Choroidal thickness demonstrated a positive correlation with retinal function in the sample studied, so a thicker choroid is related to a better retinal function measured with mfERG and BCVA.

Objectiu: L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és el de avaluar el gruix de la coroide i de la Capa de Cèl.lules ganglionars mitjançant SD-OCT (Tomografia de Coherència Òptica de domini espectral) entre pacients diabètics amb o sense Edema Macular Diabètic (EMD) i evaluar-ne els canvis durant 2 anys. Metodologia: Es van reclutar 80 pacients diabetics tipus 2 (DM2) que es van separar en 2 grups homogenis segons si tenien EMD o no. El grup control estava compost de 82 ulls de 41 pacients amb DM2 amb una edat mitjana de 63 anys (66% homes I 34% dones). Aquests pacients presentaven un nivell maxim de 35 en l’escala ETDRS I no tenien EMD. El grup estudi estava compost de 76 ulls de 39 pacients amb DM2 amb EMD, amb una edat mitjana de 65 anys (56% homes, 44% dones). Aquest grup es va tractor amb laser argó, corticoids I/o fotocoagulació laser segons les guies de pràctica clínica. Tots els pacients es van estudiar Durant 2 anys. Resultats: El gruix choroidal subfoveolar no va mostrar diferències estadísticament significatives entre ambdós grups (t-student= -0,288, p=0,724). Un total de 292 mesures del gruix choroidal es van dur a terme Durant un període de 2 anys I l’anàlisi temporal realitzat amb amb un Model Aditiu General (GAM) no mostra diferencies estadisticament significatives entre ambdós grups. El gruix de la Capa de Cèl.lules Ganglionars es va mesurar en 80 pacients del grup control I 76 del grup estudi. Els resultats mostren un aprimament d’aquesta capa en el grup estudi amb una significancia estadística (t=3,16; p= 0,00263). Del total de 446 mesures al llarg de 2 anys l’anàlisi GAM mostra un clar aprimament de la capa de Cel.lules ganglionars en el grup amb edema durant el període de 2 anys tot I ser tractats amb antiVEGF, corticoids o laser. Es van estudiar les variables sistèmiques següents: glicèmia, Hemoglobina glicada, LDL, Colesterol, Triglicèrids I Pressió Sistòlica I Pressió Diastòlica). No es van detectar diferències estadísticament significatives entre els grups excepte en la Pressió Sistòlica, la qual era superior al grup amb edema macular (t= -2,125; p= 0,037) I de forma mantinguda durant els 2 anys Conclusions: El gruix coroideu subfoveal no va mostrar diferències estadísticament significaves entre ambdós grups, en canvi el gruix de cèl.lules ganglionars estava aprimat en el grup estudi tot I que la tendència era a l’augment de gruix en un I alter grup. Els pacient amb EMD tendeixen a tenir una Pressió Arterial Sistòlica superior als pacients diabetics sense edema., Purpose: To compare subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and ganglion cells layer (GCL) thickness between diabetic patients with and without diabetic macular edema (DME) and evaluate their changes during 2 years. Methods: 80 patients were enrolled in the study segregated in two homogenous groups of type 2 diabetic patients with and without DME. Control Group was made of 41 patients with a mean age of 63 (66% men- 34% women). They had no DME and a maximum level of 35 of the ETDRS scale. Study Group was made of 39 patients with DME, with a mean age of 65 (56% men-44% women). The later group was treated with anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti-VEGF), intravitreal corticoids and/or Laser treatment according the guidelines of Clinical Practice. Both eyes per patient were studied and both groups were followed during 2 years. Results: Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness (SFCT) was measured in 80 eyes of Control patients and 68 Study eyes, results showed no statistical difference between both groups (t-student= -0,288, p=0,724). A total of 292 measurements of SFCT were performed during the 2-year period of the Study and the General Additive Method (GAM) could not find any difference between both groups. Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) Thickness was measured in 80 Control eyes and 76 Study eyes and thinner GCL was detected in the later group with statistical significance (t=3,16; p= 0,00263). A total of 446 measurements of GCL Thickness were performed during the 2-year period and the GAM showed a clear thinning of GCL in Study patients even though they were being treated with anti-VEGF, corticoids or laser. Systemic variables were also studied (Blood Sugar, HbA1c, LDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure), no statistically significance was found between groups with the exception of Systolic Blood Pressure, this being higher in the Study group (t= -2,125; p= 0,037) and sustainable during the whole period. Conclusions: No difference was found in SFCT between both groups, even after the two-year period. Ganglion Cell Layer Thickness was thinner in the Study Group with a tendency of increasing thickness in both groups. Patients with DME tend to have a higher Systolic Blood Pressure.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a expressão do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) na coroide e esclera, utilizando um modelo experimental de hipercolesterolemia. MÉTODO: Coelhos New Zealand foram organizados em dois grupos: O grupo dieta normal (GN), composto por 8 coelhos (8 olhos), recebeu ração padrão para coelhos, durante 4 semanas; e o grupo hipercolesterolêmico (GH), composto por 13 coelhos (13 olhos), recebeu dieta rica em colesterol a 1% por 8 semanas. Foi realizada a dosagem sérica de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, HDL colesterol, glicemia de jejum no início do experimento e no momento da eutanásia. Ao final da 8ª semana para o GH e 4ª semana para o GN foi realizada a eutanásia dos animais e os olhos foram submetidos à análise imuno-histoquímica com os anticorpos RAM-11 e VEGFR-1. RESULTADOS: Observou-se significativo aumento do colesterol total e triglicerídeos do GH em relação ao GN (p

Purpose: To evaluate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) changes after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) therapy for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: In this retrospective study, we assessed the medical records of patients with CSC who received IVB (IVB group) or who were observed without intervention (control group). SFCT was measured using EDI-OCT. The main outcome measure was the change in SFCT. Results: Twenty-one eyes were included in the IVB group and 16 eyes were included in the control group. All patients showed resolution of neurosensory detachment and improvement in vision. In the IVB group, the mean SFCT was 315 μm at baseline, which decreased to 296 μm at the most recent visit. In the control group, the mean SFCT was 307 μm at baseline, which decreased to 266 μm at the most recent visit. Although there was a significant decrease in the mean SFCT for the control group, the decrease was not significant for the IVB group (41 vs 19 μm, p=0.003 vs p=0.071). Conclusions: SFCT decreased in both groups with remission of the disease. However, the decrease was significantly greater in the control group. In terms of anatomic and functional outcomes, IVB injection is not promising. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações da espessura da coroide subfoveal (SFCT) após terapia com bevacizumab (IVB) para coriorretinopatia serosa central (CSC) usando tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral com profundidade aprimorada (EDI-OCT). Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram avaliados prontuários de pacientes com CSC que receberam IVB (grupo IVB) ou que foram apenas observados, sem intervenção (grupo controle). SFCT foi medido por meio de EDI-OCT. O desfecho principal avaliado foi a mudança na SFCT. Resultados: Houve 21 olhos no grupo IVB e 16 olhos no grupo de controle. Todos os pacientes apresentaram resolução de descolamento neurossensorial e melhora na visão. No grupo IVB, a SFCT media foi 315 μm no início e diminuiu para 296 μm na visita mais recente. No grupo controle, a SFCT média foi 307 μm no início e diminuiu para 266 μm na visita mais recente. Embora tenha havido uma diminuição significativa na SFCT média para o grupo controle, a diminuição não foi significativa para o grupo IVB (41 μm contra 19 μm, p=0.003 vs p=0.071). Conclusões: A SFCT diminuiu em ambos os grupos após a remissão da doença. Contudo, a diminuição foi significativamente maior no grupo de controle. Em termos de resultados anatômicos e funcionais, a injeção de IVB não foi promissora.

Purpose: To evaluate variations in choroidal thickness (CT) during the water drinking test (WDT) in emmetropic eyes (EE) and highly myopic eyes (ME) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Clinical trial performed at a tertiary care hospital comprising 30 randomly selected eyes. The WDT and SD-OCT macular scans were performed 10 and 45 min after water ingestion in 15 myopic and 15 EE of 15 healthy patients in each group. Primary study outcomes were average macular CT measured by SD-OCT and intraocular pressure (IOP) during the WDT. Results: The mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.15 ± 0.24 D in emmetropic and -7.1 ± 1.75 D in ME (p

We present a case of silent polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a patient with angioid streaks. PCV was detected during a routine ophthalmic examination and confirmed by fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography. After 2 years of follow-up, the PCV remained silent without any complications. We report this rare coexistence and review literature on this topic. RESUMO Nós apresentamos um relato de vasculopatia polipoidal de coroide (PCV) em paciente com estrias angióides. Vasculopatia polipoidal de coroide detectada em exame oftalmológico de rotina e confirmado por angiofluoresceinografia, angiografia com indocianina verde e tomografia de coerência óptica. Após 2 anos de seguimento a vasculopatia polipoidal de coroide permaneceu quiescente, sem qualquer complicação. Nós relatamos esta coexistência rara e apresentamos revisão da literatura.

Purpose: To investigate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with pre-eclampsia using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: A sample of 73 pregnant women was studied over 28 weeks of gestation. The sample was divided into two groups: one comprising pre-eclamptic pregnant women (n=32), and the other comprising healthy pregnant women (n=41). The SFCT was determined for all patients using EDI-OCT during pregnancy and at the third month of the postpartum period. Results: The SFCTs in pre-eclamptic pregnant women were 351.97 ± 22.44 and 332.28 ± 20.32 µm during the pregnancy and postpartum periods (p

São apresentados dois casos de descolamento de coróide em olhos com endoftalmite submetidos a enucleação. O estudo anatomopatológico permitiu identificar a presença de tecido vascular e nervoso interpondo-se entre a esclera e coróide deslocada, como havia sido evidenciado pela ecografia.Two cases of endophthalmitis with choroidal detachment submitted to enucleation are presented. The histopathologic study allowed the identification of vascular and nervous tissue between the choroid and sclera, as it was seen on ultrasound examination.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar experimentalmente, através de exames histológicos e histomorfométricos, as alterações degenerativas da esclera e coróide desencadeadas precocemente pela dieta hipercolesterolêmica. MÉTODOS: Coelhos New Zealand foram organizados em dois grupos: GC (grupo controle), composto por 6 coelhos (6 olhos), recebeu dieta normal por 6 semanas; G1, composto por 12 coelhos (12 olhos), tratado previamente com ração colesterol a 1% (Sigma-Aldrich) por 2 semanas e a partir do 14º dia com ração colesterol a 0,5% (Sigma-Aldrich). Os olhos foram submetidos à análise histológica, avaliados com corante de hematoxilina-eosina e ao exame morfométrico. A análise histomorfométrica foi realizada no setor posterior, adjacente ao disco óptico, e na periferia. RESULTADOS: O GC apresentou espessura média da esclera e coróide na periferia de 228,61 ± 31,71 micrômetros, enquanto na região posterior de aproximadamente 246,07 ± 25,66 micrômetros. No G1, observou-se espessura média da esclera e coróide na periferia de aproximadamente 303,56 ± 44,21 micrômetros, enquanto na região posterior de aproximadamente 295,59 ± 62,59. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa da espessura da esclera e coróide entre os grupos na região periférica (pPURPOSE: To demonstrate experimentally, by means of histological and histomorphometric examinations, the sclera and choroid degenerative alterations, which take place at an early stage due to a hypercholesterolemic diet. METHODS: New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups: CG (control group) of 6 rabbits (6 eyes) received a regular diet for 6 weeks; G1, of 12 rabbits (12 eyes), was first fed a 1% cholesterol diet (Sigma-Aldrich) for 2 weeks and then from the 14th day on a 0.5% cholesterol diet (Sigma-Aldrich). The eyes underwent a histological analysis, stained with hematoxiline-eosine, and a morphometric examination. The histomorphometric analysis was performed in the posterior region, adjacent to the optic disk, and in the peripheral region. RESULTS: The CG presented a mean sclera and choroid thickness of 228.61 ± 31.71 micrometers in the peripheral region, while the thickness in the posterior region was approximately 246.07 ± 25.66 micrometers. In G1, these values were 303.56 ± 44.21 micrometers in the peripheral region and 295.59 ± 62.59 in the posterior region. There was a statistically significant difference in the sclera and choroid thickness between the groups in the peripheral region (p

Acredita-se que a disfunção do epitélio pigmentado da retina é a principal causa de muitas doenças debilitantes da retina das quais a degeneração macular relacionada com a idade é a mais comum. Nesta doença a disfunção das células do epitélio pigmentado da retina leva a um comprometimento secundário dos fotorreceptores com perda visual grave. O epitélio pigmentado da retina e membrana de Bruch sofrem dano acumulativo com o tempo o qual induz à degeneração macular relacionada com a idade em indivíduos susceptíveis. Nos últimos 20 anos, uma grande quantidade de pesquisas tem sido conduzida na área de transplante do epitélio pigmentado da retina. A técnica tem como objetivo, restaurar a anatomia sub-retiniana e restabelecer a interação crítica entre o epitélio pigmentado da retina e o fotorreceptor, o qual é fundamental para a visão. O transplante autólogo do epitélio pigmentado da retina tem sido usado em alguns casos de degeneração macular relacionada com a idade através de duas técnicas: epitélio pigmentado da retina em suspensão e transplante de espessura total do epitélio pigmentado da retina-coróide. Apesar da viabilidade desta técnica, pesquisas buscando uma fonte de células para repor epitélio pigmentado da retina autólogo como células-tronco embrionárias, células-tronco derivadas da medula óssea e derivadas do cordão umbilical continuam em andamento. A combinação do transplante de células com outras modalidades de tratamento como transferência de genes permanecem como excitante perspectiva futura.Retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction is believed to be the main cause of many debilitating retinal diseases of which age-related macular degeneration is the most common. In this disease, the retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction leads to photoreceptors damage causing severe vision loss. The retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane suffer cumulative damage over lifetime, which is thought to induce age-related macular degeneration in susceptible individuals. In the past 20 years, a huge amount of research has been conducted in the area of transplantation of RPE. This technique aims to restore the subretinal anatomy and reestablish the critical interaction between the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor, which is fundamental to sight. Retinal pigment epithelial transplantation has been performed with two different techniques: retinal pigment epithelial suspension and autologous full-thickness retinal pigment epithelial-choroid transplantation in some cases of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Despite the feasibility of this technique, search for a cell source to replace autologous retinal pigment epithelium such as embryonic stem cells, marrow-derived stem cells and umbilical cord-derived cells continues. The combination of cell transplantation with other modalities of treatment such as gene transfer remains an exciting future prospect.

OBJETIVO: Conhecer os efeitos do diabetes e o impacto de seu tratamento medicamentoso em curto e longo prazo sobre os vasos da coróide e membrana de Bruch. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 30 ratos Wistar, divididos em 3 grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC), grupo diabético (GD) e grupo diabético tratado (GT), estudados 1 mês (momento M1) e 12 meses (momento M2) após o início do experimento. O diabetes foi induzido por aloxana endovenosa, na dose de 42 mg/kg. O GT foi tratado com hipoglicemiante oral (acarbose) e insulina subcutânea. Após o sacrifício, os olhos foram preparados para exame ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, interessando a ultra-estrutura da membrana de Bruch e os vasos da coróide. RESULTADOS: O exame ultra-estrutural da coróide dos ratos diabéticos mostrou depósitos na membrana de Bruch, acúmulo de vesículas, glicogênio e corpos densos no citoplasma das células endoteliais. O grupo mais afetado foi de ratos diabéticos de 12 meses (GDM2). Os animais com menor intensidade de alterações foram os ratos tratados por 12 meses (GTM2). CONCLUSÃO: Os ratos diabéticos desenvolveram alterações degenerativas na membrana de Bruch e vasos da coróide. Estas alterações foram mais evidentes nos animais submetidos à doença crônica, mas também ocorreram agudamente. O tratamento a curto prazo não foi capaz de evitar os processos degenerativos. A longo prazo, o tratamento inibiu a progressão destes processos.PURPOSE: To evaluate the diabetic alterations and the impact of short and long-term medical treatment on them. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (GC), diabetic (DG), and treated diabetic (TG) and the observations were made 1 month (M1) and 12 months (M2) after diabetes induction. Diabetes was induced by intravenous alloxan (42 mg/kg). The treated group received acarbose orally and insulin by subcutaneous injection. Eyes were prepared for transmission electron microscopy, specifically for ultrastructure of the Bruch membrane and choroidal vessels. RESULTS: Ultrastructural examination of the diabetic rat coroid showed deposits in the Bruch membrane and accumulation of vesicles, glycogen and dense bodies in endothelial cell cytoplasm. The most affected group was that of the diabetics on month 12 (GDM2). The treated diabetics showed the least alterations on month 12 (GTM2). CONCLUSION: Diabetic rats develop degenerative alterations in the Bruch membrane and choroidal vessels. These alterations are more evident in animals submitted to chronic disease, but they are also present in acute disease. Degenerative processes were not avoided with short-term treatment. Long-term treatment inhibited the progress of these processes.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:45:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0004-27492007000300009.pdf: 848585 bytes, checksum: fdd3bc873efffcdb751bda76bc312302 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:45:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0004-27492007000300009.pdf: 848585 bytes, checksum: fdd3bc873efffcdb751bda76bc312302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0004-27492007000300009.pdf: 848585 bytes, checksum: fdd3bc873efffcdb751bda76bc312302 (MD5) S0004-27492007000300009.pdf.txt: 30507 bytes, checksum: 886b3231f673c6562a1a39f43aca1a92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:36:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0004-27492007000300009.pdf: 848585 bytes, checksum: fdd3bc873efffcdb751bda76bc312302 (MD5) S0004-27492007000300009.pdf.txt: 30507 bytes, checksum: 886b3231f673c6562a1a39f43aca1a92 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0004-27492007000300009.pdf: 848585 bytes, checksum: fdd3bc873efffcdb751bda76bc312302 (MD5) S0004-27492007000300009.pdf.txt: 30507 bytes, checksum: 886b3231f673c6562a1a39f43aca1a92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 OBJETIVO: Conhecer os efeitos do diabetes e o impacto de seu tratamento medicamentoso em curto e longo prazo sobre os vasos da coróide e membrana de Bruch. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 30 ratos Wistar, divididos em 3 grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC), grupo diabético (GD) e grupo diabético tratado (GT), estudados 1 mês (momento M1) e 12 meses (momento M2) após o início do experimento. O diabetes foi induzido por aloxana endovenosa, na dose de 42 mg/kg. O GT foi tratado com hipoglicemiante oral (acarbose) e insulina subcutânea. Após o sacrifício, os olhos foram preparados para exame ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, interessando a ultra-estrutura da membrana de Bruch e os vasos da coróide. RESULTADOS: O exame ultra-estrutural da coróide dos ratos diabéticos mostrou depósitos na membrana de Bruch, acúmulo de vesículas, glicogênio e corpos densos no citoplasma das células endoteliais. O grupo mais afetado foi de ratos diabéticos de 12 meses (GDM2). Os animais com menor intensidade de alterações foram os ratos tratados por 12 meses (GTM2). CONCLUSÃO: Os ratos diabéticos desenvolveram alterações degenerativas na membrana de Bruch e vasos da coróide. Estas alterações foram mais evidentes nos animais submetidos à doença crônica, mas também ocorreram agudamente. O tratamento a curto prazo não foi capaz de evitar os processos degenerativos. A longo prazo, o tratamento inibiu a progressão destes processos. PURPOSE: To evaluate the diabetic alterations and the impact of short and long-term medical treatment on them. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (GC), diabetic (DG), and treated diabetic (TG) and the observations were made 1 month (M1) and 12 months (M2) after diabetes induction. Diabetes was induced by intravenous alloxan (42 mg/kg). The treated group received acarbose orally and insulin by subcutaneous injection. Eyes were prepared for transmission electron microscopy, specifically for ultrastructure of the Bruch membrane and choroidal vessels. RESULTS: Ultrastructural examination of the diabetic rat coroid showed deposits in the Bruch membrane and accumulation of vesicles, glycogen and dense bodies in endothelial cell cytoplasm. The most affected group was that of the diabetics on month 12 (GDM2). The treated diabetics showed the least alterations on month 12 (GTM2). CONCLUSION: Diabetic rats develop degenerative alterations in the Bruch membrane and choroidal vessels. These alterations are more evident in animals submitted to chronic disease, but they are also present in acute disease. Degenerative processes were not avoided with short-term treatment. Long-term treatment inhibited the progress of these processes. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Cirurgia UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Morfologia UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Bioestatística Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Cirurgia UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Morfologia UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Bioestatística

OBJETIVO: Relatar a incidência de endoftalmite infecciosa e não-infecciosa após injeção intravítrea de 4 mg de triancinolona (Kenalog® - 40 mg/ml; 0,1 ml) e avaliar aspectos clínicos relevantes para o diagnóstico diferencial entre estas duas entidades. Desenho: Estudo prospectivo não-concorrente. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários de 121 pacientes (154 injeções) que, consecutivamente, foram submetidos à injeção intravítrea de triancinolona para o tratamento de diversas doenças coriorretinianas. Todas as injeções foram realizadas em centro cirúrgico em condições de assepsia e anti-sepsia, comuns às cirurgias oftalmológicas. RESULTADOS: Nenhum olho apresentou endoftalmite infecciosa. Dois olhos (1,29%/injeção e 1,65%/paciente) apresentaram endoftalmite não-infecciosa caracterizada pela observação, no primeiro dia pós-operatório, de baixa de acuidade visual, hiperemia, hipópio e reação inflamatória no vítreo. Estes dois olhos evoluíram com resolução do quadro inflamatório, após o uso de corticóide tópico e subconjuntival. CONCLUSÕES: Na presente série, nenhum olho apresentou endoftalmite infecciosa. A ocorrência de endoftalmite não-infecciosa após a injeção intravítrea de triancinolona é relativamente rara e, geralmente, pode ser diferenciada da endoftalmite infecciosa por meio da análise criteriosa das suas manifestações clínicas.PURPOSE: To report the incidence of infectious and noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of 4 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog® - 40 mg/ml; 0.1 ml) and to evaluate distinguishing characteristics that may assist the clinician in differentiating these entities. Design: Observational nonconcurrent prospective study. METHODS: Charts of 121 patients (154 injections) who consecutively underwent intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide to treat various chorioretinal diseases were evaluated. All procedures were performed in an operating room with careful antiseptic protocol. RESULTS: Two eyes (1.29%/injection and 1.65%/patient) presented a noninfectious endophthalmitis characterized by decreased vision, hyperemia, hypopyon and vitreous inflammatory reaction, on the first day after the injection. These eyes were treated with topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids with complete resolution of the inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION: In the present case series, no case of infectious endophthalmitis occurred. Despite being relatively rare, noninfectious endophthalmitis can be associated with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone simulating an infectious endophthalmitis. In selected cases, the differential diagnosis can be made solely by clinical evaluation.

OBJETIVO: Relatar a incidência de endoftalmite infecciosa e não-infecciosa após injeção intravítrea de 4 mg de triancinolona (Kenalog® - 40 mg/ml; 0,1 ml) e avaliar aspectos clínicos relevantes para o diagnóstico diferencial entre estas duas entidades. Desenho: Estudo prospectivo não-concorrente. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários de 121 pacientes (154 injeções) que, consecutivamente, foram submetidos à injeção intravítrea de triancinolona para o tratamento de diversas doenças coriorretinianas. Todas as injeções foram realizadas em centro cirúrgico em condições de assepsia e anti-sepsia, comuns às cirurgias oftalmológicas. RESULTADOS: Nenhum olho apresentou endoftalmite infecciosa. Dois olhos (1,29%/injeção e 1,65%/paciente) apresentaram endoftalmite não-infecciosa caracterizada pela observação, no primeiro dia pós-operatório, de baixa de acuidade visual, hiperemia, hipópio e reação inflamatória no vítreo. Estes dois olhos evoluíram com resolução do quadro inflamatório, após o uso de corticóide tópico e subconjuntival. CONCLUSÕES: Na presente série, nenhum olho apresentou endoftalmite infecciosa. A ocorrência de endoftalmite não-infecciosa após a injeção intravítrea de triancinolona é relativamente rara e, geralmente, pode ser diferenciada da endoftalmite infecciosa por meio da análise criteriosa das suas manifestações clínicas. PURPOSE: To report the incidence of infectious and noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of 4 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog® - 40 mg/ml; 0.1 ml) and to evaluate distinguishing characteristics that may assist the clinician in differentiating these entities. Design: Observational nonconcurrent prospective study. METHODS: Charts of 121 patients (154 injections) who consecutively underwent intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide to treat various chorioretinal diseases were evaluated. All procedures were performed in an operating room with careful antiseptic protocol. RESULTS: Two eyes (1.29%/injection and 1.65%/patient) presented a noninfectious endophthalmitis characterized by decreased vision, hyperemia, hypopyon and vitreous inflammatory reaction, on the first day after the injection. These eyes were treated with topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids with complete resolution of the inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION: In the present case series, no case of infectious endophthalmitis occurred. Despite being relatively rare, noninfectious endophthalmitis can be associated with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone simulating an infectious endophthalmitis. In selected cases, the differential diagnosis can be made solely by clinical evaluation.