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Salariopsis burcuae, new species (Figs. 3–7) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D9EB2F7D-2C08-4E0C-8494-EBC9658B593B Holotype. FFR 4260, 88.3 mm SL; Türkiye: Adana prov.: Körkün River at Hacılı, 37.2947 35.1539. Paratype. FFR 4261, 5, 44–83 mm SL; FSJF 4114, 4, 49–64 mm SL; same data as holotype. Additional materials. FFR 4256, 2, 63–66 mm SL; Türkiye: Adana prov.: Çakıt River at Salbaş, 37.1031, 35.1094.— FFR 4259, 2, 47–49 mm SL; Türkiye: Antalya prov.: stream Kargı at Türkler, 36.6219, 31.8047.— FSJF 2281, 5, 32–74 mm SL; Türkiye: stream Ilıca at Ilıca, 36.8190 31.3528.— FSJF 2420, 1, 34– 34 mm SL; Türkiye: stream Çakırca at Çakırca west of Iznik, 40.4625 29.6746.— FSJF 2453, 17, 45–66 mm SL; Türkiye: stream Çakıt, south of Salbaş, the lower part of Pozantı Stream, 37.0961, 35.1170.— FSJF 2652, 4, 34–54 mm SL; Syria: River Nahr al Kabir at Safkoon, 35.6561, 35.9972.— FSJF 2710, 5, 62–69 mm SL; Syria: Nahr al Marqiya at road bridge, 35.0306 35.9050.— FSJF 3076, 2, 60–68 mm SL; Türkiye: Göksu at Hamam, 2 km west of Mut, 36.6313 33.3674.— FSJF 3113, 8, 44–76 mm SL; Türkiye: Köprüçay at Belkıs, 3 km east of Serik, 36.9140 31.1609.— FSJF 4114, 1, 55 mm SL; Türkiye: Adana prov.: Eğlence about 1 km north of Torunsolaklı, 37.3188 35.2197. New material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 3560; Türkiye: Adana prov.: Körkün River at Hacılı, 37.295 35.1539. (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696248).— FSJF-DNA 2571; Israel: Amnun Beach, Lake Tiberias, 32.8910 35.5943 (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696262, OQ696263).— FSJF-DNA 1155; Syria: Nahr al Marqiya at road bridge, 35.0306 35.9050 (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696265, OQ696266).— FFR-DNA 398; Türkiye: Adana prov.: Çakıt at Salbaş, 37.1031 35.1094 (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696252, OQ696252).— FFR-DNA 4259; Türkiye: Antalya prov.: stream Kargı, 36.6249 31.8131, (GenBank accession number: OQ696254). Diagnosis. Salariopsis burcuae is distinguished from other species of Salariopsis by having a short, usually branched (often simple in juveniles) cirrus above the eye (vs. simple in juvenile and adult S. atlantica and S. economidisi), not reaching to, or rarely overlapping the 9 th circum-orbital sensory pore (vs. overlapping, usually reaching much beyond in S. fluviatilis), many tiny black dots on the cheek not organised in rows or bands (vs. yellowish band between eye and operculum with a broad diagonal band of tiny black dots in S. fluviatilis, 3–5 rows of black dots in S. economidisi, no black dots in S. atlantica), and 20–28 teeth in the upper and 16–20 teeth in the lower jaw (vs. 13–15 and 14–16 in S. atlantica). The new species is also distinguished from its congeners by the possession of 13–15 dorsal simple rays (vs. 12–13). Description. See Figures 3–7 for general appearance and Table 3 for morphometric data. Small to medium sized species. Body compressed laterally, deepest at dorsal-fin origin. Section of head triangular, flattened on ventral surface. Caudal peduncle short and compressed, 0.9–1.4 times deeper than long. Male with 2–3 glandular shaped tissue between first anal ray and anus. Posteriormost gland attached to first anal-fin ray. Supraocular tentacle branched. Lateral line incomplete, with 5–19 simple pores and 5–8 short bi-pore tubes. Dorsal fin with 13–15 simple and 13–16 segmented rays. First segmented dorsal-fin ray 1.4–1.9 times longer than first simple dorsal-fin ray. Maximum depth of simple-ray portion approximately equal to segmented-ray portion, usually shallower in female; posterior membranous attachment on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle anterior to caudal-fin base. Anal fin with 2 simple and 16–17 segmented rays, posterior membranous attachment on ventral edge of caudal peduncle anterior to caudal-fin base. Pectoral-fin with 1 simple 12–14 segmented rays. Pelvic-fin with (2) 3 segmented rays. Anterior nostril with a short end along posterior margin, never developed as supraocular tentacle. Supratemporal canal with (2) 3 pores. Preoperculo-mandibular canal with 10–11 pores. Circumorbital canal with 10–11 pores. Upper jaw with 18–27 teeth, posterior 2 on each side caniniform. Lower jaw with 15–18 teeth, posterior 2 on each side caniniform. Both sexes with a fleshy ridge or crest on head in individuals larger than 30 mm SL. Adult male larger than 30 mm SL with a well-developed crest, Adult female larger than 30 mm SL with a sharp ridge only. ...Continued on the next page Coloration. Background pale yellowish brown. Pattern highly variable, following the basal pattern described below. A midlateral row of 6–8 dark-brown blotches, more or less rectangular, horizontally elongated, irregularly shaped, alternating with 5–6 dark brown saddles along dorsal body contour and on base of dorsal fin. In some individuals, an intermediate row of horizontally elongated, irregular, dark brown spots or blotches or intermediate, irregularly shaped and set blotches forming a marbled or mottled pattern. Surface of lateral myomeres usually darker, rarely paler, than surface of myosepts resulting in a pattern of parallel edges of triangles. Many tiny black dots on upper flank. An upper and lower, pale-yellowish blotch at caudal peduncle. Head with four yellowish band. First from tip of snout to eye, two bands from eye to head-crest, one from eye to lower part of opercule. Bands except one from tip of snout to eye as well as head around eye and behind covered with many tiny black dots, not organised in rows. A large yellowish blotch at corner of mouth and adjacent, posterior part of upper lip, and one additional yellowish blotch on anterior part of lower jaw. A short additional yellowish band on lower jaw, all these without minute dots. Cirrus yellowish. Dorsal fin with dark blotches or band along base. A black botch between anterior two spines, conspicuous in female and juveniles, faint to indistinct in male. Anal fin plain greyish brown, with a white distal and a dark brown subdistal bands. Caudal fin with a dark brown blotch continuing mid-lateral row on flank; 3–4 vertical rows of dark brown spots on rays, usually with red or pink distal colouration. Pectoral-fin rays hyaline or tessellated and a few black spots equivalent to those on head and flank. Pelvic hyaline. Etymology. The species is named after Burcu Yoğurtçuoğlu, the wife of the first author, in gratitude for her profound inspiration, as well as admirable patience and support towards her husband’s endless travels to explore fishes. Her understanding, despite the occasional unintentional neglect due to her husband‘s tireless dedication to his work, have been invaluable to his achievements in ichthyology.

Salariopsis renatorum, new species (Figs. 8–11) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B7534639-E2A4-47CE-8513-C51289ECA4DA Holotype. FFR 4262, 61 mm SL; Türkiye: Kahramanmaraş prov.: Aksu at Pazarcık, 37.5390 37.3480. Paratype. FFR 4267, 4, 51–66 mm SL; FSJF 4118, 8, 41–69 mm SL; same data as holotype.—FFR 4265, 2, 57–62 mm SL; Türkiye: Kahramanmaraş prov.: Tekir River at Çağlayan, 36.7060 27.1358. Additional materials. FFR 4264, 5, 41–69 mm SL; FSJF 4119, 9, 41–54 mm SL; Türkiye: Osmaniye prov.: Karasu River at Günyazı, 37.0672 35.9662.— FFR 4263, 2, 51–53 mm SL; Türkiye: Hatay prov.: stream Haçahmetli at Hüyük 36.3691 35.9134. New material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 3527; Türkiye: Hatay prov.: stream Hacahmetli at Arsuz, 36.3691 35.9134 (GenBank accession number: OQ696237).— FSJF-DNA 3539: Türkiye; Kahramanmaraş prov.: Aksu at Pazarcık, 37.5390 37.3480 (GenBank accession number: OQ696242).— FSJF-DNA 3553, 3565, 3568, 3569, 3571, 3574, 3583: Türkiye: Osmaniye prov.: Karasu at Günyazı, 37.0672 35.9662, (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696229, OQ696243, OQ696232, OQ696230, OQ696231, OQ696228, OQ696233).— FFR-DNA 4253; Türkiye: Osmaniye prov.: Karasu at Toprakkale, 37.0605 36.1122 (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696256, OQ696267, OQ696273).— FSJF-DNA 4250; Türkiye: Kahramanmaraş prov.: Aksu at Pazarcık, 37.5390 37.3480 (GenBank accession numbers: OQ696271, OQ696272). Diagnosis. Salariopsis renatorum is distinguished from other species in Salariposis by having black lateral-line pores (vs. yellowish or whitish) (Fig 12). It is further distinguished by having an unbranched cirrus above the eye (vs. branched in S. fluviatilis and S. burcuae), no black dots on the cheek and the upper part of the back (vs. present in S. economidisi, S. fluviatilis and S. burcuae), and 15–25 teeth in the upper and 15–21 teeth in the lower jaw (vs. 13–15 and 14–16 in S. atlantica, 25–30, and 20–27 in S. economidisi). It is further distinguished from S. burcuae by having a shorter snout (snout length 25–30% HL vs. 30–34), and 11–13 simple dorsal-fin rays (vs. 13–15). Description. See Figures 8–11 for general appearance and Table 4 for morphometric data. Small to medium sized species. Body compressed laterally, deepest at dorsal-fin origin. Section of head triangular, flattened on ventral surface. Caudal peduncle short and compressed, 1.1–1.5 times deeper than long. Male with 2–3 glandular shaped tissue between first anal ray and anus. Posteriormost gland attached to first anal-fin ray. Supraocular tentacle simple. Lateral line incomplete, with 16–21 simple pores and 2–10 short bi-pore tubes. Dorsal fin with 11–13 simple and 15–18 segmented rays. First segmented dorsal-fin ray 1.2–1.6 times longer than first simple dorsal-fin ray. Depth of spinous portion approximately equal to segmented-ray portion, usually shallower in female; posterior membranous attachment on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle anterior to caudal-fin base. Anal fin with 2 simple and 14–17 segmented rays, posterior membranous attachment on ventral edge of caudal peduncle anterior to caudal-fin base. Pectoral-fin with 1 simple 12 segmented rays. Pelvic-fin with (2) 3 segmented rays. Anterior nostril with a short point along posterior margin, never developed as supraocular tentacle. Supratemporal canal with (2) 3 pores. Preoperculo-mandibular canal with 11–13 pores. Circum-orbital canal with 8–10 and preopercular canal with 7–8 pores. Upper jaw with 16–23 teeth, posterior 2 on each side caniniform. Lower jaw with 15–20 teeth, posterior 2 on each side caniniform. Both sexes with a fleshy ridge of crest on head in specimens larger than 30 mm SL.Adult male larger than 30 mm SL with a well-developed crest, adult female larger than 30 mm SL with sharp ridge only. Coloration. Background pale yellowish brown. Pores of the lateral line black. Pattern highly variable, following the basal pattern described below. No midlateral row of dark-brown blotches. 5–6 dark brown saddles along dorsal body contour and on base of dorsal fin. Surface of lateral myomeres usually darker, rarely paler, than surface of myosepts resulting in a pattern of parallel edges of triangles. No black dots on upper flank or on head. Lateral-line pores black. An upper and lower, pale-yellowish blotch at caudal peduncle. Head with five yellowish band, usually less distinct than in other Salariopsis. First from tip of snout to eye, usually very wide, fused with band on opposite site; snout yellowish without interruption. Two bands from eye to head-crest, two from eye to lower part of opercule. A large yellowish blotch at corner of mouth and adjacent, posterior part of upper lip, and one additional yellowish blotch on anterior part of lower jaw. A short additional yellowish band on lower jaw. Cirrus yellowish. Dorsal fin with dark blotches or band along base, rays usually tessellate, with whitish margin and wide, reddish or pink distal band. A black blotch between anterior two spines, conspicuous in female and juveniles, faint to indistinct in male. Anal fin plain greyish brown, with a white or yellow distal and dark brown subdistal bands. Caudal-fin base with a dark brown blotch; 3–6 vertical rows of dark brown spots on rays, usually red or pink. Pectoral-fin rays tessellated and a few black spots equivalent to those on head and flank. Pelvic hyaline. Etymology. Freely formed on “ renātus ”, perfect participle of the Latin verb “ renāscor ” signifying rejuvenation, renewal, or rebirth. The type locality of the species is situated in Pazarcık, which acted as the central location for the devastating earthquakes that impacted several Turkish cities, along with some Syrian regions, on February 6, 2023. These seismic events led to the loss of over 60,000 lives with a significant number of individuals injured and a substantial amount of structural damage. The species name is emblematic of the concepts of regeneration and revival, honouring the hope and resilience demonstrated by the communities impacted by these calamitous events. Additionally, the name is dedicated in memory of Gözde Bayırlı, a cousin of BY, as well as her family and all others who lost their lives during this tragic earthquake. Treated as a genitive plural., Published as part of Yoğurtçuoğlu, Baran, Kaya, Cüneyt, Atalay, Mustafa Altuğ, Ekmekçi, Fitnat Güler & Freyhof, Jörg, 2023, Two new freshwater blennies from the Eastern Mediterranean basin (Teleostei: Blenniidae), pp. 85-104 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on pages 96-100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8090403

Oxynoemacheilus shehabi, new species (Figs 2–6) Holotype. ZFMK ICH 124181, 46.3 mm SL; Syria: Orontes at Al Qusayr, 34.5086 36.5389. Paratypes. ZFMK ICH-125126-28, 3, 41.5–47.6 mm SL; same data as holotype. Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF DNA-1227; same data as holotype (GenBank accession numbers: KJ553795, KJ554073) Diagnosis. Oxynoemacheilus shehabi is distinguished from O. hamwii and O. namiri, the two other species of Oxynoemacheilus known from the Orontes, by possessing a very slender caudal peduncle (caudal-peduncle depth 1.8–2.4 times in its length vs. 1.2–1.4 in O. namiri; 1.4–1.9 in O. hamwii), a suborbital groove in male (vs. absent in O. namiri), and a complete lateral line terminating on the caudal-fin base (vs. incomplete, terminating behind the dorsal-fin base, or on the caudal-fin base in some individuals in O. namiri). It is further distinguished from O. hamwii by possessing two, usually indistinct, black blotches or spots at the caudal-fin base (vs. one bold central blotch or no bold black blotch on the caudal-fin base, often an irregularly-shaped black bar at the caudal-fin base), and the flank with 5–7 irregularly shaped bars (vs. flank in juveniles with a midlateral series of horizontally elongate blotches, adults with a brown marbled pattern). See below to distinguish O. shehabi from other species of the O. persa species group. Description. See Figures 2–6 for general appearance and Table 2 for morphometric data. Small-sized and slender species. Body deepest at about midline between nape and dorsal-fin origin. Body width greatest at pectoral-fin base. Section of head roundish, flattened on ventral surface, slightly convex in interorbital space, convex on snout. Snout pointed. Caudal peduncle compressed laterally, 1.8–2.4 times longer than deep. Pelvic axillary lobe present, its tip attached to flank. Pelvic-fin origin below first or second branched dorsal-fin ray. Anal-fin origin at about vertical of midline between dorsal and caudal-fin origins. Pectoral fin reaching to approximately 70–90% of distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin reaching anus, or reaching to genital papillae; reaching vertical of tip of last dorsal-fin ray or slightly anterior to that point. Anus about 50–70% of an eye diameter anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin not reaching caudal-fin base. No dorsal or ventral adipose crest on caudal peduncle. Largest known individual 48 mm SL, expected to grow larger. Dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays, outer margin concave. Anal fin with 5½ branched rays, outer margin straight or slightly concave. Pectoral fin with 9 branched rays, outer margin straight. Pelvic fin with 7 branched rays, outer margin straight or slightly convex. Caudal fin deeply emarginate with 9+8 branched rays. Flank and back covered by cycloid scales, scales irregularly set on back. Lateral line complete, terminating at caudal-fin base. Anterior nostril opening at end of a low, ovoid, flap-like tube. Posterior tip of anterior nostril overlapping posterior nostril when folded backwards. One central pore and one lateral pore on each side of supratemporal head canal, 3–4 + 8–10 pores in infraorbital canal, 6–7 pores in supraorbital canal, and 9–10 pores in mandibular canal. A long suborbital groove in male. Mouth small, arched. Lips thick without furrows, lower lip thicker than upper lip. A median interruption in lower lip. Upper lip with a small and short median incision in one individual, absent in others. Processus dentiformis narrow and rounded. Lower jaw rounded, without median notch. Barbels long; inner rostral barbel reaching base of maxillary barbel, outer reaching to or slightly beyond anterior margin of eye. Maxillary barbel reaching beyond vertical through posterior margin of eye, almost to posterior eye-margin. Coloration. Body with yellowish or pale brown background and dark-brown pattern in live and preserved individuals. Preserved individuals with a dark-grey, narrow inner-axial stripe, absent in life. Dorsal head and upper part of cheek brown, without pattern. Ventral surface of head yellowish without pattern. Flank with 5–7 dark-brown bars, thinner than interspaces. Flank bars irregularly shaped and set, extending to middorsal saddles and meeting contralaterals. Shape of flank bars usually interrupted in shape and size at lateral midline, dissociated in blotches on predorsal part of flank in two individuals. Back with 1–2 predorsal saddles, one saddle at dorsal-fin origin and one at posterior dorsal-fin base, and 2–3 saddles behind dorsal fin, all saddles thinner than interspaces. Flank above lateral midline with short, very narrow, brown lines, often oriented along myosepts. One dark-brown blotch at lower caudal-fin base, a second, much smaller blotch at uppermost caudal-fin base, both indistinct in preserved individuals. Posteriormost upper and lowermost caudal peduncle with a pale yellowish, unpigmented blotch. Dorsal and pectoral fins with many, small brown blotches on rays, forming 1–3 narrow bands. Caudal fin with many small brown blotches on rays, forming 3–7 bands. Pectoral, anal and pelvic fins with dark-brown blotches on rays; anal fin hyaline or with few blotches. Distribution. Oxynoemacheilus shehabi was collected from the upper Orontes in Syria. As the species has not been found in the lower Orontes in Turkey, it is expected to be endemic to the southern headwaters of this river. Etymology. The species is named for Adwan Shehab, one of Syria’s most active and renowned zoologists, who hosted and logistically enabled our team during our field-work in Syria in 2008, when the type material of the species was collected. On 16 th of February 2015, Adwan was killed in the streets of Dara’a as a result of the still ongoing bloody conflict in Syria (Amr 2015). A noun in genitive. Remarks. Oxynoemacheilus shehabi is distinguished from other species of Oxynoemacheilus in the O. persa species group by a combination of characters, none of them unique. It belongs to a group of species (O. argyrogramma, O. euphraticus, O. hanae, O. karunensis, O. kurdistanicus, O. marunensis, O. persa, and O. “ seyhanicola ”) in which males have a suborbital groove (vs. absent in O. chomanicus, O. kentritensis, O. zagrosensis, and O. zarzianus) and a deeply emarginate or forked caudal fin (vs. slightly emarginate or truncate in O. chomanicus, O. kentritensis, O. zagrosensis, and O. zarzianus). The new species is related to a fish identified as O. seyhanicola from the lower Seyhan. This species was described based on a single individual diagnosed by lacking scales, having a long and pointed snout and a series of large, midlateral blotches (Erk’akan et al. 2007). Geiger et al. (2014) published sequences of two groups of fishes identified as O. seyhanicola, which were very different to each other, both also shown in Fig. 1. Both populations have scales on the flank but we would need to re-examine the type of O. seyhanicola to verify that there are really no scales. Obviously two species are involved in O. seyhanicola. One of these is related to O. shehabi, while the other is related to O. evreni from the Ceyhan and O. hamwii from the Orontes. We distinguish O. shehabi from those O. “ seyhanicola ” (Fig. 7) being closely related to O. shehabi and not from those related to O. evreni and O. hamwii. Further research is needed to resolve the identity of O. seyhanicola and we cannot fully exclude that a third species might be involved. Oxynoemacheilus shehabi is distinguished from O. persa and O. “ seyhanicola ” by possessing 5–7 bars, irregularly shaped and set, extending to the middorsal saddles and meeting the contralaterals (vs. flank with a midlateral series of large blotches, disconnected from saddles on the back in O. “ seyhanicola ” and most individuals of O. persa; blotches sometimes vertically elongated in O. persa, some individuals with 3–5 bars on flank behind the dorsal-fin base), two, usually indistinct, black blotches or spots at caudal-fin base (vs. two very large blotches, usually fused to an irregularly shaped bar in O. persa); a well-developed pelvic axillary lobe fully attached to the body (vs. no lobe or lobe rudimentary in O. persa); caudal peduncle 1.8–2.4 times longer than deep (vs. 1.5–1.8 in O. “ seyhanicola ”). The new species is distinguished from O. argyrogramma and O. marunensis by possessing 5–7 irregularly shaped bars on the flank, dissociated into large blotches on the anterior flank in a few individuals (vs. marbled or mottled colour pattern on flank in O. argyrogramma, mottled with a midlateral series of blotches in O. marunensis). Further, the caudal peduncle is more slender in O. shehabi (caudal peduncle depth 1.8–2.4 times longer than deep vs. 1.5–1.8 in O. argyrogramma, 1.4–1.9 in O. marunensis). The two black blotches or spots on the caudal-fin base are small and indistinct in O. shehabi (vs. prominent in life and preserved fishes in O. argyrogramma and O. marunensis) and it has no, or only a very short, incision in the upper lip (vs. a deep median incision in O. argyrogramma). Oxynoemacheilus shehabi is distinguished also from O. euphraticus and O. kurdistanicus by possessing two, usually indistinct, black blotches or spots at the caudal-fin base (vs. very prominent in live and preserved fishes), no, or only a very shallow incision in the upper lip (vs. a deep median incision), and possessing 5–7 irregularly shaped bars on flank (vs. flank pattern irregularly mottled or marbled on flank in front of dorsal fin and with more than 7 bars on the flank behind the dorsal-fin base in O. euphraticus). Oxynoemacheilus shehabi is further distinguished from O. kurdistanicus by having a more slender caudal peduncle (caudal-peduncle depth 8–9% SL vs. 9–11). It is distinguished from O. hanae by possessing 5–7 irregularly shaped bars on the flank (vs. a midlateral series of dark-brown roundish or ovoid blotches), confluent with saddles on the back (vs. blotches on the flank not confluent with saddles on the back); mid-lateral blotches reaching down to the ventral side of the caudal peduncle (vs. not reaching), and caudal peduncle 1.8–2.4 times longer than deep (vs. 1.4–1.8). The new species is distinguished from O. karunensis by possessing a well-developed pelvic axillary lobe, fully attached to the body (vs. lobe absent or rudimentary, shallow and knob-shaped); 5–7 bars on flank (vs. a series of dark-brown roundish or ovoid blotches along mid-lateral flank), bars reaching down to ventral side of caudal peduncle (vs. not reaching), and flank bars confluent with saddles on back (vs. mid-lateral blotches usually not confluent with saddles on back, but often overlapping).

Astyanax varii, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2C8775FD-4CA7-4D0B-8C9D- C338A88DFEC2 Figs. 1���3; Tab. 1 Astyanax sp. 6.��� Camelier, Zanata (2014):686, tab. 1 [listed; species from the Northeastern Mata Atl��ntica freshwater ecoregion]. Astyanax sp.��� Barreto et al. (2018): 1158 [citation; co-occurence with Nematocharax varii]. Holotype. MZUSP 121062, 41.4 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Ubaitaba, rio Coric�� in Fazenda Progresso, near the road BR- 330, lower rio de Contas basin, 14��14���50���S 39��22���39���W, 65 m above sea level (a.s.l.), 13 Feb 2008, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger, P. Camelier & A. B. A. G��es. Paratypes. All specimens from Brazil, Bahia, rio de Contas basin. MCP 54205, 10, 31.9���40.3 mm SL; UFBA 8405, 16, 22.2���41.4 mm SL, 2 c&s 35.1 -36.7 mm SL, rio ��gua Suja on road BA-148, border between Aba��ra and Jussiape, upper rio de Contas basin, 13��22���7.8���S 41��40���01���W, 545 m a.s.l, 18 Jun 2017, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger & G. V. Oliveira. MZUSP 112058, 6, 21.4 ���34.0 mm SL, rio Gongogi on the border between Itajib�� and Ibicu�� municipalities, lower rio de Contas basin, 14��21���16.5���S 39��46���23.9���W, 164 m a.s.l, 13 Aug 2012, J. L. O. Birindelli, F. C. P. Dagosta & M. V. Loeb. MZUSP 125529, 10, 30.3���44.3 mm SL; UFBA 4515, 14, 26.2���41.3 mm SL, collected with the holotype. MZUSP 125530, 24, 34.1���40.3 mm SL; NUP 21946, 10, 26.0��� 36.8 mm SL; UFBA 8380, 49, 22.8 ���41.0 mm SL, 2 c&s 34.5���41.0 mm SL, Jussiape, Caraguata��, rio ��gua Suja at Balne��rio Rio da Barra, upper rio de Contas basin, 13��24���14.5���S 41��38���7.8���W, 529 m a.s.l., 18 Jun 2017, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger & G. V. Oliveira. UFBA 8450, 4, 24.8���39.5 mm SL, rio ��gua Suja, on road BA-148, between Aba��ra and Jussiape, upper rio de Contas basin, 13��24���35.4���S 41��37���60���W, 531 m a.s.l., 5 Mar 2017, A. M. Zanata & R. Burger. UFBA 7046, 3, 28.8���33.2 mm SL, D��rio Meira, rio Gongogi under bridge in D��rio Meira, lower rio de Contas basin, 14��26���12���S 39��54���13.4���W, 180 m a.s.l., 12 Dec 2011, A. M. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. O. Birindelli, R. Burger & B. Sardeiro. Diagnosis. Astyanax varii can be distinguished from most congeners, except A. brachypterygium Bertaco & Malabarba, A. brucutu, A. cremnobates Bertaco & Malabarba, A. epiagos, A. eremus Ingenito & Duboc, A. gymnogenys Eigenmann, A. rupestris Zanata, Burger & Camelier, A. taeniatus (Jenyns), A. totae Haluch & Abilhoa, and A. varzeae Abilhoa & Duboc, by having the distal margin of third infraorbital distinctly separated from vertical and horizontal limbs of preopercle (Fig. 2), leaving a broad area without superficial bones (vs. margins of the third infraorbital close to the limbs of preopercle, with narrow or no space between the two bones). The new species differs from the aforementioned species by having three horizontal series of scales from the lateral line to the pelvic-fin origin (vs. four or more series of scales) and by having small bony hooks on all fins of mature males (vs. bony hooks absent or not present on all fins of mature males). Astyanax varii also differs from the species listed above by having highest body depth approximately at vertical through dorsal-fin origin (vs. body deepest on a vertical through middle or posterior portion of pectoral fin in A. brachypterygium, A. cremnobates, A. epiagos, A. eremus, A. gymnogenys, A. rupestris, A. totae, and A. varzeae), five horizontal series of scales from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (vs. six or more in A. brachypterygium, A. brucutu, A. cremnobates, A. eremus, A. rupestris, A. totae, A. taeniatus, and A. varzeae), 14 horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 15 or more in A. brachypterygium, A. eremus, A. gymnogenys, and A. totae), and 34���37 pored lateral line scales (vs. 38 or more in A. eremus, A. gymnogenys, and A. taeniatus). Description. Morphometric data of the holotype and paratypes are given in Tab. 1. Body compressed and elongate; highest body depth approximately at vertical through dorsalfin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils; straight to slightly convex from latter point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight to slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight and posteroventrally slanted from dorsal-fin origin to adipose fin and slightly concave or nearly straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head usually straight to slightly convex from anterior tip of dentary to isthmus. Ventral body profile slightly convex from isthmus to anal-fin origin; straight and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base and nearly straight to slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Head somewhat pointed to rounded anteriorly in lateral profile. Mouth terminal; upper jaw similar in length anteriorly or slightly longer than lower jaw. Posterior terminus of maxilla extending beyond vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Infraorbital series moderately developed; ventral margin of third infraorbital falling distinctly short from horizontal limb of preopercle and leaving a relatively broad area without superficial bones (Fig. 2). Number of infraorbitals variable, with 4(1) or 6(2) ossifications. One specimen with four elements on one side of head (UFBA 8380, 41.0 mm SL) apparently presenting infraorbitals 1 and 2 as independent elements, 3+4+5 fused resulting in one element, and infraorbital 6 independent. Supraorbital absent. Premaxillary teeth in two rows (Fig. 3). Outer row with 2(1), 3*(24), or 4(5) teeth bearing 3 or 5 cusps. Inner row with 5*(30) teeth usually bearing 7 cusps, rarely 5; second tooth the largest, with 7 cusps; last tooth with 5 or 7 cusps; symphyseal tooth of inner series asymmetrical, with 1 or 2 cusps on anteromedial side, one larger central cusp and three smaller on lateral side. Maxilla with 2(7), 3*(17), or 4(6) teeth bearing 5 to 7 cusps. Dentary with 8(8), 9(7), 10*(15), or 11(5) teeth decreasing gradually in size and number of cusps posteriorly; symphyseal tooth symmetrical with 7 cusps, followed by teeth with 5 or 6 cusps and posteriormost teeth with 3 cusps. Scales cycloid; circuli conspicuous anteriorly but absent on exposed area of scales; few parallel radii extending to posterior margin of scale. Lateral line slightly decurved ventrally, with 34(3), 35(7), 36*(17), or 37(2) perforated scales, continuous from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(30). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 3*(30). Scales along middorsal line between tip of supraoccipital process and origin of dorsal fin 9(3), 10(8), 11*(15), or irregular (4). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 14*(29). Base of anteriormost anal-fin rays with single scale row composed of 4 or 5 scales. Axillary scale absent. Caudal fin not scaled. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9*(30). Distal margin of dorsal fin straight or slightly rounded. Dorsal-fin origin located approximately at middle of standard length and posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Base of last dorsal-fin ray aligned with analfin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 9 th (3) or 10 th (1) vertebra. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays iii(23), 17(3), 18*(7), 19(15), or 20(5). Distal margin of anal fin concave. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 16 th (2) or 17 th (2) vertebra. Pectoral-fin rays i(30), 10(1), 11*(15), or 12(13). Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,7*(30); tip of pelvic fin not reaching first anal-fin insertion. Caudal fin forked, lobes pointed, similar in size. Principal caudal-fin rays 9+9(1), 9+10(2), or 9+11(1). Nine(1) or 11(3) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays and 7(1) or 10(3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Total vertebrae 35(3) or 36(1). Precaudal vertebrae 15(3) or 16(1); caudal vertebrae 19(1) or 20(3). Supraneurals 4(2) or 5(2). Branchiostegal rays 4(2). First gill arch with 5(4) gill rakers on epibranchial, 8(4) on hypobranchial and ceratobranchial, and 1(4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial. Color in alcohol. Overall ground color pale yellow or light brown (Fig. 1a). Guanine restricted to infraorbitals, preopercle, and opercle. Dorsal part of head moderately dark anteriorly and usually darker on posterior half; presence of two large black rounded blotch on posterior part of head in some specimens. Small melanophores sparsely distributed throughout maxilla. Infraorbitals poorly pigmented, with few melanophores close to orbit; infraorbitals four to six more pigmented, with large melanophores sparsely distributed. Opercle with sparse melanophores, usually more concentrated on its dorsal half; ventral third usually without dark pigmentation. Concentration of melanophores on opercle usually resembling a vertically elongated blotch, somewhat similar to the humeral blotch. Ventral portion of head pale or with a few diminute scattered melanophores on anteriormost portion. Middorsal line of body distinctly darkened. Humeral region with a conspicuous vertically elongated humeral blotch, formed by underlying and superficial melanophores; blotch over two or three scales on horizontal series immediately above lateral line, tapering ventrally and occupying one scale below lateral line. Humeral blotch bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by clearer areas. Dark broad midlateral stripe extending from the rear of clear area posterior to humeral blotch to caudal peduncle. A dark rounded blotch, with inconspicuous borders, present on caudal peduncle in most specimens; blotch when present, partially merged with the stripe. Two or three dorsalmost longitudinal scale series of flank usually with dark small chromatophores concentrated along their posterior margins, resulting in reticulate pattern; center of scales clearer, with few sparse larger melanophores; some specimens darker overall and reticulate pattern substituted by a more homogeneous dark pigmentation on scales. In some specimens with more defined reticulate pattern, the dark margins of scales are narrower along lateral line and one to three horizontal series of scales below it. Remaining scales along flank with sparse melanophores; dark lines usually present along myosepts above anal-fin base. Abdominal region clear. All fins darkened in some degree, with sparse melanophores concentrated on margins of rays; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins somewhat darker than pectoral and pelvic fins. Adipose fin with scattered small melanophores. Color in life. Color pattern similar to the described in alcohol (Fig. 1b). Overall ground color yellow. Iris, infraorbitals, and opercle silvery. Humeral blotch faint or not discernible. Dark midlateral stripe more conspicuous on posterior half of body, extending to middle caudalfin rays. Unpaired fins yellowish at least on its proximal half. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline or poorly pigmented. Adipose fin yellowish. Sexual dimorphism. Mature males of Astyanax varii have variable presence of hooks on fins and the examined mature females have no bony hooks on any of the fins. Some mature males possess tiny bony hooks on all fins (e.g., UFBA 4515, 29.1���34.3 mm SL), but most mature males have hooks restricted to the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. Anal fin of mature males with one to six hooks distributed up to the tenth first branched ray; hooks more numerous and larger on the anterior branched rays and always distally located on the posterior branch of rays. When present in the dorsal fin, up to six small hooks distributed on the first eight branched rays; hooks always distally located on the posterior branch of ray. Pectoral fins of mature males with up to six tiny hooks on the distal portion of up to the seventh branched ray. Pelvic fins with two or three small hooks on the distal portion of third to the sixth branched rays. When present in the caudal fin, very small hooks restricted to the four centralmost caudalfin rays. No other dimorphic morphological character was observed externally in the specimens examined, except by the body size. Females apparently reach larger body sizes than males (largest female observed 53.3 mm SL vs. largest male 37.9 mm SL). Males are completely mature around 29.0 mm SL and females at the same size are completely immature. The smallest mature female examined had 35.0 mm SL. Geographical distribution. Astyanax varii is known from tributaries of rio de Contas basin, Bahia State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. Astyanax varii was collected in three localities of the upper and three of the lower rio de Contas basin, in altitudes ranging from 65 to 545 m a.s.l. (Figs. 5 a���b). The stretches sampled in tributaries of the lower portion of the basin are 5-25 m wide, up to 1.8 m deep, with rocky, muddy, or sandy substrate and bordered by aquatic vegetation and trees. In that localities, A. varii was collected syntopically with 13 species: Apareiodon itapicuruensis Eigenmann & Henn, Astyanax sp., Cetopsorhamdia iheringi Schubart & Gomes, Cyphocharax pinnilepis, Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard), Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski, Poecilia reticulata Peters, Serrapinnus piaba (L��tken), Serrapinnus sp., and Serrasalmus brandti L��tken. In the upper rio de Contas, the species was sampled in three nearby locations in the rio ��gua Suja. One of them is the Balne��rio Rio da Barra (Fig. 5b), an artificial reservoir approximately 100 m long, 30 m wide, and 1.1 m deep on average, which is used mostly as a bathing place. The other sampling points in the rio ��gua Suja are up to 12 m wide and up to 1 m deep, with rocky and sandy-bottomed habitats, moderate water current, and with riparian vegetation mainly composed by grass and sparse trees. In those localities, A. varii was collected syntopically with 16 species: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (L��tken), Apareiodon itapicuruensis, Astyanax aff. lacustris (L��tken), Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier), Characidium sp., Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard), Coptodon sp., Geophagus brasiliensis, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus sp., Megaleporinus brinco, Nematocharax varii, Parotocinclus sp., Poecilia reticulata, and Serrrasalmus brandti. The analysis of stomach contents of two specimens of A. varii revealed the presence of allochthonous and autochthonous items, composed predominantly by filamentous algae and fragments of vascular plants and seeds, organic debris, insect aquatic larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae and Simuliidae) and fragments of unidentified insects. Etymology. The specific name varii is in honor to the ichthyologist Richard P. Vari for his friendship, mentoring, and outstanding contribution to the systematic of South American freshwater fishes. Conservation status. Astyanax varii had been collected in six localities in the upper and lower rio de Contas basin. The main locality sampled in the upper rio de Contas, the Balne��rio Rio da Barra, is an artificial reservoir continually exploited for tourism as a bathing place (Barreto et al., 2018). Permanent anthropic perturbation such as loss of riparian vegetation and dams occurs in the main channel and some tributaries of rio de Contas (Cetra et al., 2010; Sarmento- Soares et al., 2016). Despite some records of threats for the region, such as deforestation, water pollution, and erosion, there are no data about the direct effects of these threats to the populations of A. varii so far. Therefore, with the currently available data, and according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2017), A. varii should be classified as Least Concern (LC)., Published as part of Zanata, Angela Maria, Burger, Rafael, Vita, George & Camelier, Priscila, 2019, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio de Contas basin, Bahia, Brazil, pp. 1-10 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (3) on pages 2-7, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20190061, http://zenodo.org/record/3650282, {"references":["Camelier P, Zanata AM. Biogeography of freshwater fishes from the Northeastern Mata Atlantica freshwater ecoregion: distribution, endemism, and area relationships. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2014; 12 (4): 683 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130228","Barreto SB, Silva AT, Batalha-Filho H, Affonso PRAM, Zanata AM. Integrative approach reveals a new species of Nematocharax (Teleostei: Characidae). J Fish Biol. 2018; 93 (6): 1151 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 13834","Cetra M, Sarmento-Soares LM, Martins-Pinheiro RF. Peixes de riachos e novas Unidades de Conservacao no sul da Bahia. Panam J Aquat Sci. 2010; 5 (1): 11 - 21."]}

Hylarana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882) Series examined. Tadpoles of Hylarana guentheri (ZFMK 86987-86988: n = 18) were collected in PNKB, Cha Noi region, Vietnam by R. Hendrix from June to August 2006. The larvae were collected throughout day and night time in ponds (bomb craters) in a paddy field and at the forest edge at an altitude of about 300 m above sea level. An adult specimen (ZFMK 86372) was collected at night near a forest stream within Cha Noi region of PNKB, Vietnam, at an altitude of about 300 m above sea level. Identification. The adult specimen (Fig. 1 c) largely agreed with the description provided by Ziegler (2002). Sequence congruence between the adult specimen (ZFMK 86372) and tadpoles (ZFMK 86987, 86988; Fig. 2 c) was 100 %. The following larval description is based on a single tadpole in Gosner stage 27 (Fig. 5; for measurements see Table 6). The tadpole specimen used for description and drawing originates from the same water body as the DNA voucher specimen. In this water body, no other Hylarana species were observed. The DNA voucher specimen was destroyed for DNA extraction but examined morphologically before this procedure, and it fully agreed morphologically with the described and drawn specimen in the diagnostic characters (narrow upper jaw sheath, cone-shaped marginal papillae, one submarginal row of papillae, papillae unpigmented, silver-white colour with dark dorsoventral stripe). The identification of the described specimen is therefore well supported. ��� Ke Bang National Park, Cha Noi region, Vietnam (ZFMK 86987-86988); for abbreviations see material and methods. 27 (1.34 �� 0.13) (1. 4 7 (0. 5 5 (4. 7 3 (9. 53 (15. 6 2 (1. 43 (1.45 �� 0.11) (1. 0 2 �� 0.20) �� 0.09) �� 0.67) �� 0.97) �� 2.03) �� 0.16) �� 0.15) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) 28 1.4 1.5 0.5 5.5 11.7 19.0 1.7 1.7 1.0 Colour pattern. Colouration of tadpole in preservative: body glassy-white. Pigmentation is strongest from tip of snout to anterior corner of the eye. Behind the eyes, the body is covered with triangular blotches. Furthermore, the body is covered with densely pigmented blotches in the nares region, laterally in the intestinal coils region and ventrally around the heart. Tail slightly pigmented. Colouration in life: body silver to white, with a short dark stripe from the nostril to the anterior corner of the eye and with a dark fleck behind the eye. Tail fin silver to white with small blotches. Ventral side of body is grey, intestinal spiral is slightly visible. Description in dorsal view: Body is oval shaped (maximum body width 0.64 of body length; body length 0.64 of tail length) with a pointed snout. Eyes of remarkable size (maximum diameter of eye 0.15 of body length), dorsolaterally directed and positioned at the beginning of the second third of the body. Interpupilar distance 0.83 of maximum body width. Nares slightly rimmed, anterolaterally positioned and directed. Nares are closer to the tip of snout than to pupil (rostro-narial distance 0.41 of naro-pupilar distance). Internarial distance 0.51 of interpupilar distance. Tail musculature is of moderate size (width of tail musculature at base 0.37 of maximum body width). Description in lateral view: In lateral view body depressed (maximum body height 0.81 of maximum body width), with pointed snout. Spiracle is tubular-shaped, sinistral, laterally positioned and attached to the body wall. Spiracular opening is round, and closer to the end of body than to the snout. Body length 0.63 of tail length. Height of tail musculature at base 0.97 of tail musculature width. Tail musculature is gradually tapering from the proximal to the distal end. Myotomes of tail are V-shaped and from the second third of the tail onwards separated by broad myosepts. Upper fin of tail situated at the base of tail, slightly convex. Maximum height of lower fin 0.78 of maximum height of upper fin. Vent tube is located ventromedially; the cloacal aperture is dextral in dorsal view. Outer wall of vent tube adhered to lower tail fin. Oral disc. Oral disc anteroventrally positioned, trapezoidal, emarginated (oral disc width 0.38 of maximum body width) and nearly surrounded by marginal cone-shaped papillae. Upper labium with large medial gap without papillae. Marginal papillae of the lower labium elongated. Two or three submarginal papillae situated in the corner of the mouth, one row of submarginal papillae situated at the lower labium under the last keratodont row. Keratodont row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1) or 1 / 3 (1). Upper and lower beaks black, with low and fine serrations. Upper beak is M-shaped, wide with short appendices, lower beak V-shaped. Glandular Zones. Areas with high density of secretory glands are not discernible. Measurements (in mm). BH 3.2 �� 0.2; BL 6.1 �� 1.3; BW 3.9 �� 0.3; ED 0.9 �� 0.1; IND 1.5 �� 0.1; IP 3.2 �� 0.2; LF 0.8 �� 0.1; NP 31 �� 5; NPD 1.3 �� 0.1; ODW 1.5 �� 0.2; RND 0.6 �� 0.1; TAL 9.5 ��1.0; TMH 1.4 �� 0.2; TMW 1.5 �� 0.1; UF 1.0�� 0.2. Variation within the series. Series with 18 tadpoles in stages 25���30. Proportions vary as follows: BW 0.54���1.35 of BL, ED 0.13���0.29 of BL, IP 0.74���0.90 of BW, RND 0.31���0.50 of NPD, IND 0.42���0.60 of IP, TMW 0.30���0.43 of BW, BH 0.71���0.90 of BW, TAL 1.09���2.88 of BL, TMH 0.35���0.53 of BH, TMH 0.42���0.56 of MTH, UF 0.27���0.40 of MTH, LF 0.57���1.33 of UF, ODW 0.29���0.44 of BW. Keratodont row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1) or 1 / 3 (1). General morphology and colouration in stages 25���30 is homogenous within the series. Previous descriptions. In comparison to the data provided by Pope (1931) for larvae from Nodoa, China (at about stage 39) our series differed only slightly. In our tadpoles, tail fins measured about 1.5 of body length, whereas the tail fins measured at least 2.0 of body length in the Chinese larvae. The first keratodont row P 1 of the lower labium is only slightly interrupted according to Pope���s (1931) description for Chinese larvae, whereas P 1 is distinctly interrupted within the tadpoles from Phong Nha ��� Ke Bang, Vietnam. Natural history. Larvae of H. guentheri were collected in a bomb crater next to a rice field in Phong Nha village and in a bomb crater near the forest edge at Cha Noi region between 10 and 14 August 2006. The larvae were found near the shore area in the shallow water on the sandy ground between leaves, plants and in part also waste. Adults were seen near water bodies in anthropogenic areas such as rice fields, grassland, waysides or forest clearings especially throughout or after rain falls in altitudes up to 300 m a.s.l. Sporadical mating calls of males were heard in the dry season but increased with the begin of the rainy season. Spawn was detected as a layer on the water surface of a pond in early July 2006. The yellow-black eggs measured 1.5���2 mm in diameter., Published as part of Gawor, Anna, Hendrix, Ralf, Vences, Miguel, B��hme, Wolfgang & Ziegler, Thomas, 2009, Larval morphology in four species of Hylarana from Vietnam and Thailand with comments on the taxonomy of H. nigrovittata sensu latu (Anura: Ranidae), pp. 1-25 in Zootaxa 2051 on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186587, {"references":["Ziegler, T. (2002) Die Amphibien und Reptilien eines Tieflandfeuchtwald-Schutzgebietes in Vietnam. Natur & Tier Verlag, Munster, 342 pp.","Pope, C. H. (1931) Notes on amphibians of Fukien, Hainan, and other parts of China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 61, 397 - 611."]}