Search

The Anolis heterodermus group comprises eight big-headed and short-legged lizard species from the highlands of the northernmost South American Andes. Recent studies revealed unknown lineages within this group that had previously been categorized as a species complex. By widely sampling and applying an integrative taxonomic framework, we (1) assessed the species diversity of the group using a molecular dataset (two mitochondrial and one nuclear markers) along with an inclusive morphological study (scalation, scale configuration and ornamentation, morphometrics, and dewlap and body colour patterns); and (2) we inferred the evolutionary relationships within this species group. Our analyses confirmed the formerly reported differentiation between populations of those high-altitude lizards, and we identified several unknown evolutionary lineages. Our results provided evidence for the existence of nine distinct, independently evolving evolutionary lineages in the heterodermus group. As a result, we described two morphologically and genetically highly distinct lineages as species new to science (A. quimbayasp. nov. and A. tequendamasp. nov.). We redescribed A. heterodermus and erected as a valid species Anolis richteri, a previously described synonym of A. heterodermus. A taxonomic key for the identification of species of the Phenacosaurus clade was presented. The identification of two additional poorly-known lineages suggested that the diversity of this group of lizards is still unknown; therefore, it is necessary to establish measurements for the group´s conservation, as well as to perform fieldwork and revision of herpetological collections to identify possible hidden diversity within the group.

Anolis riparius, new species Holotype. UCR 5579 (Fig 6) collected on 7 September 2009 by Douglas Robinson and his students; an adult male from Pacuarito river, Pacuarito 10 Km S-SW of Pérez Zeledón, 9.31390 N, - 83.77220 W, 880 masl, San José Province, Costa Rica. Paratypes (all from Costa Rica: San José Province). Adult males: SMF 82183–82184 (collected 9 October 2002 by Axel Fläschendräger) from road between Platanillo and San Isidro, 9.31056 N; - 83.77500 W, ca. 850 masl; SMF 92428 (collected 15 February 2010 by Gunther Köhler) from 1 km N Cedral 9.35789 N, - 83.56094 W, 1425 masl; UCR 7893 (collected 24 August 1979 by Douglas Robinson) from I.85 Km NE Alfombra, 9.3167 N, - 83.7722 W, ca. 930 masl; MCZ-R 18171 (collected 15 December 2007 by Steve Poe and Mason J. Ryan) from Alfombra, 12 Km S-SW of Pérez Zeledón (9.31670 N, - 83.77220 W, 930 masl); MSB 95201 (collected on 10 January 2009 by Mason J Ryan and Ian Latella) from Alfombra, 12 Km S-SW of Pérez Zeledón (9.31670 N, - 83.77220 W, 930 masl). Adult females: SMF 82185–82186 (collected 9 October 2002 by Axel Fläschendräger) from road between Platanillo and San Isidro (ca. 850 masl); SMF 83093–83094 (collected 9 October 2002 by Axel Fläschendräger) from near Platanillo (ca. 850 masl); SMF 92429 (collected 15 February 2010 by Gunther Köhler) from 1 km N Cedral (9.35789 N, - 83,56094 W, 1425 masl); UCR 5580 (same data of the holotype); UCR 15959 (collected 3 March 2001 by Mason J Ryan) from Mollejones (9.22930 N, - 83.64200 W, 800 masl); UCR 16162 (collected 2 July 2001 by Mason J Ryan) from Alfombra, 12 Km S-SW of Pérez Zeledón (9.31670 N, - 83.77220 W, 930 masl); MCZ R-186143 (collected 15 December 2007 by Steve Poe and Mason J Ryan) from Alfombra, 12 Km S-SW of Pérez Zeledón (9.31670 N, - 83.77220 W, 930 masl); MSB 95200 (collected 15 December 2007 by Steve Poe and Mason J Ryan) from Alfombra, 12 Km S-SW of Pérez Zeledón (9.31670 N, - 83.77220 W, 930 masl); UCR 16638 (collected 15 March 2002 by Franklin Aguilar) from Fila Piedras Blancas area (9.50130 N, - 83.91280 W, 900 masl) in the Zona Protectora Los Santos in the Río Savegre basin. Diagnosis. Anolis riparius sp. nov. and A. aquaticus are the only semiaquatic Middle American anoles that have a large orange-red dewlap with yellow in males (Fig. 6B). Anolis riparius sp. nov. differs from A. aquaticus in possessing smaller dorsal scales of the head and body (e.g., 15–19 scales across the snout between the second canthals in A. riparius sp. nov. versus 7–14 in A. aquaticus, Fig. 5B), and is phylogenetically distinct (see below). Anolis riparius sp. nov. is distinguished from the other Middle American semiaquatic anoles as follows: from A. robinsoni sp. nov. by male dewlap color (chocolate brown with ill-defined brick red horizontal stripes in A. robinsoni sp. nov.); from A. lionotus and A. poecilopus by male dewlap color (solid yellow-orange in A. lionotus and A. poecilopus), lack of postcloacal scales in males (usually present in A. lionotus and A. poecilopus), and possession of zero to three enlarged rows of middorsal scales (a broadband of 10–24 enlarged middorsal scale rows in A. poecilopus and A. lionotus); from A. barkeri by smaller size (maximum SVL 73 mm in A. riparius sp. nov., 91 mm in A. barkeri), presence of distinctly expanded toe pads (ratio width of expanded pads / width of distal phalanx 1.8–2.2 in A. riparius sp. nov. versus 1.4–1.6 in A. barkeri), and presence of a single row of middorsal caudal scales (double row in A. barkeri). Description of the holotype (Figure 6). Adult male as indicated by dewlap and everted hemipenes SVL 73.3 mm; HL 20.1 mm; HL/SVL 0.27; HW 10.7 mm; EOH 1.64 mm; IL 1.45 mm; IL/EOH.88; SLS-I 0.1; AGL 31.26 mm; FL 18.34 mm; T4L 15.95 mm; T4W 1.54 mm; TL 135.00 mm, tail complete; TL/SVL 1.84; TH 5.994 mm and TW 3.42 mm. 18 scales across the snout between second canthals; two scales separate the nasal opening from rostral scale; ten postrostral scales between supralabials; 12 supralabial scales from rostral scale to level of middle of eye; four scales separating supraorbital semicircles; 2 rows of scales separate subocular scales from supralabials; one slightly elongate superciliary scale; nine scales separating interparietal scale from supraorbital semicircles; four enlarged scales in supraocular disk; eight loreal scales in column just anterior to eye; 12 postmental scales posteriorly in contact with mental scale between infralabials; 15 scales in the loreal region; 13 rows of single scales in the dewlap (21–48 scales per row, rows somewhat irregular); seven enlarge middorsal scale row; 16 dorsal scales in 5% of SVL; 12 ventral scales in 5% of SVL; 220 scales around midbody; 15 expanded lamellae under fourth toe; 23 small middorsal caudal scales before the first large caudal scale (Fig. 6D). Preoccipital, enlarged infralabial, tail crest, middorsal, postcloacal scales absent; supraocular disc presents with small scales. Frontal region of head concave; scales in supraocular disc unicarinate; rostral scale with very weak cleft and overlaps mental scale; ear opening vertically ovoid; dorsal edge of ear lacks ornamentation; mental scale completely divided posteriorly and with its posterior edge convex; dewlap extends well on to chest with anterior insertion at level of anterior portion of the eye and without protruding scales at distal edge; dorsal scales strongly keeled and uniform in size; ventral scales in diagonal rows keeled and larger than dorsal scales; lateral scales homogeneous; tail is compressed and triangular in cross-section with the base taller than wide; middorsal caudal scales in single row and its size is less than three times than the adjacent scales (Fig. 6D); the longest toe of adpressed limb reaches anterior to eye and, supradigital scales keeled and multicarinate. Color in Life (based on field notes and color photographs; Fig. 6A and 6B). Dewlap yellow with orange-red horizontal streaks. Dorsal ground color olive to chestnut brown with transverse olive-green bars across dorsum down flanks extending to tail. A dirty cream-colored line extends posteriorly from the labial scales down the side of the body. Scattered small greenish spots are present on the dorsum. The dorsum and tail are marked with olive-green transverse bars. The limbs are marked with pale green to yellowish transverse bars with small punctuations. Variation. Size of reproductive males (69.6 ± 5.3, 65.8–73.3 mm) was larger than females (58.0 ± 6.0, 49.1–65.1 mm). Table 1 shows variation in the lepidosis characters of Anolis riparius sp. nov.. Individuals exhibited little variation in coloration. Although some individuals were dark, the amount and distribution of the light bands and dots were similar among all specimens. Hemipenis morphology. The completely everted hemipenis of SMF 92428 (Fig. 7B) is a stout bilobed organ. The sulcus spermaticus is bordered by well-developed sulcal lips and opens into two broad concave areas, one on each lobe. A small asulcate ridge is present. The apex is strongly calyculate, truncus with transverse folds. Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective taken directly from Latin (riparius = of stream banks) about the riparian habitat of this species. Distribution. Anolis riparius sp. nov. is known from streams in the riparian gallery forests of the Pacuar, Guabo, and Savegre river basins (Fig. 1) from 100 to 1450 masl. This species inhabits lowland and premontane tropical wet forest life zones. Ecology. Little is known about the ecology and life history of Anolis riparius sp. nov. but it seems to share lifehistory traits with A. aquaticus and A. robinsoni sp. nov.. What follows is based mainly on field observations by MJR from Alfombra and additional unnamed streams of the Rio Guabo watershed. This species may be common in small order and headwater streams but absent from some other streams within a watershed. During the day this species may be found perched on rocks and boulders along streams and can jump into the water or crawl into interstitial cracks between rocks and boulders when pursued. At night these lizards are found sleeping on moss mats, fern fronds, and other large leafy riparian vegetation, especially near the splash zone around boulders. We have also found juveniles and adults sleeping on vertical rock walls and boulders in and next to waterfalls. We have observed these lizards sleeping from 0.5 to 2.0 meters above the ground. At Alfombra on 21 December 2007 MJR and SP found a congregation of seven gravid females on the same fern-covered boulder. One meter from the sleeping females was a cluster of 6 loosely aggregated eggs that were stuck to the moss on the same large boulder. Morphological comparisons of the two new species and Anolis aquaticus . Anolis aquaticus is the smallest species in this complex. It has fewer scales for all traits except for the number of scales between the suboculars and supralabials (Table 1 ). Anolis aquaticus has relatively larger dorsal scales, whereas A. robinsoni sp. nov. and A. riparius sp. nov. have small, granular dorsal scales that result in a higher number of total of scales around the body (more than 160, whereas A. aquaticus has 160 or fewer). The number of scales between the second canthals is close to half in number in A. aquaticus relative to the other species (Table 1, Fig. 4B, 5B, 6B), indicating the larger size of the scales in A. aquaticus. The number of small middorsal caudal scale varies between 0 to 10 in A. aquaticus (Fig. 5C) while the other species has more than 20 small middorsal caudal scales (Fig. 4D and 4D). However, the most striking feature separating one of the three species of this group is the color of the male dewlap. The red and yellow dewlap of A. aquaticus and A. riparius sp. nov. (Fig. 5A and 6B) contrasts with the dark brown dewlap of A. robinsoni sp. nov. (Fig. 4B). We did not find any difference in hemipenes morphology among A. aquaticus, A. riparius sp. nov., and A. robinsoni sp. nov. (Fig. 7).

Anolis robinsoni, new species Holotype. UCR 2463 (Fig. 4) collected 15 March 1969 by Oscar Blanco, an adult male from Palma stream bridge 5.1 km south of Santa Marta de Santiago de Puriscal, 9.79230 N, - 84.39530 W, ca. 800 masl, San José Province, Costa Rica. Paratypes ( all from Costa Rica: San José Province ). Adult males: SMF 92437 (collected 27 March 2010 by Gunther Köhler) from Zona Protectora El Rodeo (Universidad para la Paz), 9.90392 N, - 84.28169 W, ca. 825 masl; SMF 92438 (collected 27 March 2010 by Gunther Köhler) from Zona Protectora El Rodeo (Universidad para la Paz), 9.90355 N, - 84.28192 W, ca. 780 masl; UCR 2464 (same data of the holotype); UCR 16048 (collected 28 October 2001 by Mason J Ryan, Robert Puschendorf and Brian Kubicki) from the west slope of the Cerros de Escazú, Río Jaris (9.88460 N, - 84.27650 W, 500 ca. masl), close to the Zona Protectora El Rodeo (Universidad para la Paz); MCZ R-186162 (collected 27 December 2007 by Steve Poe and Mason J. Ryan) from Quebrada La Palma in Alto Palma de Puriscal (9.78890 N, - 84.39440 W, ca. 1000 masl). Adult females: SMF 92439, 92450–51 (collected 27 March 2010 by Gunther Köhler) from Zona Protectora El Rodeo (Universidad para la Paz), 9.90364 N, - 84.28182 W, ca. 820 masl; UCR 2558 (collected 15 March 1969 by Oscar Blanco and Douglas Robinson) and MCZ R-186161 (collected 27 December 2007 by Steve Poe and Mason J. Ryan) both of them from Quebrada La Palma in Alto Palma de Puriscal (9.78890 N, - 84.39440 W, ca 1000 masl). Diagnosis. Anolis robinsoni sp. nov. is a semiaquatic anole that is distinguished from all other Anolis of Central America by male dewlap coloration (chocolate brown with ill-defined brick red horizontal streaks, Fig. 4B). The only other species with which A. robinsoni sp. nov. might be confused in the field are the other Middle American semiaquatic anoles A. aquaticus, A. lionotus, A. poecilopus, and A. barkeri. Anolis lionotus and A. poecilopus are easily distinguished from A. robinsoni sp. nov. by male dewlap color (dull orange-yellow in these species, chocolate brown with ill-defined brick red horizontal streaks in A. robinsoni sp. nov.), presence of enlarged postcloacal scales in most males (absent in A. robinsoni sp. nov.), and presence of a longitudinal zone of 10–24 enlarged middorsal scales (0–3 scales enlarged in A. robinsoni sp. nov.). Anolis aquaticus may be distinguished from A. robinsoni sp. nov. by male dewlap color (orange-red with yellow in A. aquaticus, Fig. 5A) and possession of larger dorsal scales of the head and body (e.g., 15–20 scales across the snout between second canthals in A. robinsoni sp. nov. (Fig. 4C), 7–14 in A. aquaticus; Fig. 5B, Table 1) and the size of the middorsal caudal row scales relative to adjacent scales (no more than two times in A. robinsoni sp. nov. (Fig. 4D), more than three times in A. aquaticus (Fig 5C). Anolis barkeri is most easily distinguished from A. robinsoni sp. nov. by its larger size (maximum SVL 91 mm in A. barkeri, 74 mm in A. robinsoni sp. nov.), lack of distinctly expanded toe pads (ratio width of expanded pads/width of distal phalanx 1.8–2.2 in A. robinsoni sp. nov. versus 1.4–1.6 in A. barkeri), and presence of a double row of middorsal caudal scales (single row in A. robinsoni sp. nov.). Description of the holotype (Fig. 4). Adult male as indicated by dewlap and everted hemipenes; SVL 63.9 mm; HL 17.5 mm; HL/SVL 0.28; HW 10.1 mm; EOH 2.36 mm; IL 1.18 mm; IL/EOH 0.50; SLS-I 0.18 mm mm; AGL 23.1 mm; FL 16.6 mm; T4L 15.1 mm; T4W 1.42 mm; TL 10.4 mm, tail complete; TL/SVL 0.38; T4L 15.1 mm and T4W 1.42 mm. 18 scales across the snout between second canthals; two scales separate the nasal opening from rostral scale; nine postrostral scales between supralabials; nine supralabial scales from rostral scale to level of middle of eye; six scales separating supraorbital semicircles; one rows of scales separate subocular scales from supralabials; two slightly elongate superciliary scale; eight scales separating interparietal scale from supraorbital semicircles; 12 enlarged scales in supraocular disk; 11 loreal scales in column just anterior to eye; 11 postmental scales posteriorly in contact with mental scale between infralabials; 16 scales in the loreal region; 19 rows of single scales in the dewlap (10–42 scales per row, rows somewhat irregular); 2 middorsal scale rows slightly larger than adjacent scales; 16 dorsal scales in 5% of SVL; 12 ventral scales in 5% of SVL; 220 scales around midbody; 23 expanded lamellae under fourth toe; 26 small middorsal caudal scales before the first large caudal scale (Fig. 4D). Preoccipital, enlarged infralabial, tail crest, middorsal, and postcloacal scales absent; supraocular disc presents small scales. Frontal region of head concave; scales in supraocular disc unicarinate; rostral scale with weak cleft and overlaps mental scale; ear opening vertically ovoid; dorsal edge of ear lacks ornamentation; mental scale partially divided posteriorly and with its posterior edge convex; dewlap extends well on to chest with anterior insertion at level of anterior portion of the eye and without protruding scales at distal edge; dorsal scales small, keeled with two middorsal scale rows slightly larger than adjacent scales; ventral scales in diagonal rows, keeled and larger than dorsal scales; lateral scales homogeneous; tail is compressed and triangular in cross-section with the base taller than wide; middorsal caudal scales in single row and its size is less than three times than the adjacent scales (Fig. 4D); the longest toe of adpressed limb reaches anterior to eye and, supradigital scales keeled and multicarinate. Color in life (male based on field notes and color photographs; Fig. 4A and 4B). The dewlap of males in life is chocolate brown with lighter orange-brown bars located centrally. The dorsal ground color is olive to chestnut brown with transverse olive–green bars across dorsum down flanks extending to tail. The head is uniformly dark or light brown. A cream-colored line extends posteriorly from the labial scales down the side of the body. Scattered small greenish spots are present on the dorsum. Scales on the tip of the snout with black pigmentation. The dorsum and tail are marked with olive–green transverse bars and the limbs marked with pale green to yellowish transverse bars with small punctuations. Variation. Anolis robinsoni sp. nov. showed variation in the SVL of reproductive males (58.6 ± 11.0, 42.1–73.8 mm). Table 1 shows the variation in lepidosis. The gular region of females is white with brown streaks. Females have a small brown to black dewlap. Transverse, dorsal olive-green bands of males varied between 7–8, with 10–12 tail bands; females had 7–8 olive–green dorsal transverse bars with 9–11 tail bands. In life, the dorsal coloration of both sexes may vary with transverse bands darker when cold or stressed (e.g., when held in hand). Hemipenis morphology. The almost completely everted hemipenis of SMF 92438 (Fig. 7A) is a stout bilobed organ. The sulcus spermaticus is bordered by well-developed sulcal lips opening into two broad concave areas, one on each lobe. A small asulcate ridge is present. The apex is strongly calyculate, truncus with transverse folds. Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of the late Douglas C. Robinson, who contributed enormously to the herpetological knowledge of Costa Rica through extensive field collections and by inspiring a generation of Costa Rican biologists. He received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University in 1968 and studied the Mexican semiaquatic anole, Anolis barkeri. Distribution. Anolis robinsoni sp. nov. is known from the riparian gallery forests of the Río Candelaria basin (Fig. 1), the foothills of the Montañas de Turrubares in the northwestern section of the Cordillera de Talamanca, and Río Jaris along the western border of the Zona Protectora El Rodeo. These areas are within the Tropical Wet and Humid Premontane forest life zones (Holdridge 1967). Anolis robinsoni sp. nov. has been found at elevations between 500 and 1100 masl. Ecology. Most of the following observations are from Márquez–Baltán (1994) and Márquez et al. (2005) from Quebrada La Palma. During the day this species is found on bare rocks and boulders along streams with dense canopy cover. At night it is found sleeping on moss and vegetation on boulders near the splash zones of small and medium waterfalls. Both sexes and juveniles were found no more than two meters from the edge of a stream. The operational sex ratio is approximately equal proportions of males to females (Márquez et al. 2005), and males share territories with one to three females. The estimated population density varied from 100 to 200 individuals per hectare and population size fluctuated monthly with a peak during the dry season. Reproduction occurs throughout the year with a lull in the wet season (May to November). Females lay 1 egg per clutch in cracks and interstitial spaces of boulders in streams. Up to 6 eggs have been found together suggesting that this species lays eggs in communal nest sites. Incubation times ranged between 75–82 days, and hatchlings are approximately 25 mm SVL (Márquez et al. 2005).

Chaves, Gerardo, Ryan, Mason J., Bolaños, Federico, Márquez, Cruz, Köhler, Gunther, Poe, Steven (2023): Two new species of semiaquatic Anolis (Squamata: Dactyloidae) from Costa Rica. Zootaxa 5319 (2): 249-262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5319.2.6

Anolis sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837 — Non-native; Established. Agama Sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837: 149–152. Syntypes (7): MNHN 2430, 2430A, 2430B, 6795, 6795A 6797, 6797A, by original designation (see Brygoo [1989: 90]); MCZ 2172 also considered a syntype (see McCranie & Ģnther [2015: 166]) based on Underwood & Stuart (1959: 17) who noted “? Cotype M.C.Z. 2172, received from the Jardin des Plantes” (see Brygoo [1989: 90]). Type locality: “habite l’île de Cuba ” (= Cuba), restricted to “the city of La Habana, Habana ” (= Havana, La Habana Province, Cuba) by Ruibal (1964: 490). Brown Anole (Figure 11D) Singapore records. Norops sagrei —H.H. Tan & K.K.P. Lim, 2012: 359–362 (Gardens by the Bay).—K.W.C. Leong & K.K.P. Lim, 2015: 123, 124 (Marina Bay South Gardens).—Woo & Wee, 2015: 61 (Clover Rise [Bishan]).—H.H. Tan & Zhou, 2016: 171–172 (Gardens by the Bay).—C.L.Y. Tan et al., 2017: 48 (Singapore Botanic Gardens).—A. Tay, 2019c: 82 (Thomson Road).—H. Cai & Z. Wu, 2020: 147 (Jurong Lake Gardens).—A. Tay & J. Lim, 2021: 1 (Bah Soon Pah Road; Thomson Road; Toa Payoh Central).— E.K. Chua, 2022: 88 (Satay by the Bay [= Gardens by the Bay). Anolis sagrei —E. S. C. Goh & R.W.X Seah. 2020: 190 (Kovan area, Tampines Road [compound of Horizon Floral & Design Pte Ltd]).—J. Chua, 2021: 1 (Marina Bay).—N.T.-L. Lim, 2022: 1 (Keat Hong Close).—A. Tay, 2022: 1 (Seletar West Farmway 7). Remarks. Anolis sagrei is a recently introduced and established species being first brought in as stowaways with ornamental plants at Gardens by the Bay in 2012 (Tan & Lim 2012). Native to the Bahamas, Swan Island, and Cuba (Nicholson et al. 2012), A. sagrei has been introduced to at least nine countries (Global Invasive Species Database 2019a).At the time of discovery, numerous adult and hatchling individuals were recorded, and courtship behaviour was observed (Tan & Lim 2012). Since the ornamental plants were in place by October 2011, A. sagrei was likely already reproducing and increasing in numbers, especially since it has a short breeding cycle capable of causing a marked surge in population size (Norval et al. 2012). Report of a single individual in Bishan, a locality 15 km north of Gardens by the Bay on 9 March 2015 (Woo & Wee 2015), SBG on 14 April 2017 (Tan et al. 2017), Hort Park in July 2017 (ZRC.2.7280), Toa Payoh on 3 June 2021 (Tay & Lim 2021), and Choa Chu Kang on 30 April 2022 (Lim 2022) suggests that A. sagrei may be expanding its range throughout Singapore; however, only a single individual was observed at each location. Furthermore, individuals photographed at plant nurseries along Thomson Road on 23 May 2019 and 5 March 2021 (Tay 2019c; Tay & Lim 2021), Bah Soon Pah Road on 6 February 2021 (Tay & Lim 2021), and Seletar West Farmway 7 on 12 December 2022 (Tay 2022) hint that more stowaways are being introduced. This indeed may be the case as an established population has now been detected at JLG (Cai & Wu 2020), which underwent renovation in 2018 and 2019 that included wide-scale planting, and one individual was photographed at a nursery in Kovan on 28 October 2020 (Goh & Seah 2020). In other parts of the world where A. sagrei was introduced, it is considered an invasive species because it outcompetes competitors and greatly decimates arthropod populations (Huang 2008; Meshaka 2011). At first it was believed that A. sagrei’s impact on native species would be minimal as it was restricted to Gardens by the Bay, which is built on reclaimed land. However, if A. sagrei is indeed expanding its range throughout Singapore, then it may soon begin competing with native species. Occurrence. Established populations are restricted to Gardens by the Bay, Marina Bay South, and Jurong Lake Gardens, with a few isolated records from elsewhere. Common. Singapore conservation status. Not Applicable. Conservation priority. None, non-native species. IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2020]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Hort Park: ZRC.2.7280 (Jul-2017); Marina Bay South Gardens: ZRC.2.6988 (18-Oct-2012), ZRC.2.7024 (31-May-2013). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): No specimens. Singapore localities. Bishan—Bah Soon Pah Road—Gardens by the Bay—Hort Park—Keat Hong Close— Kovan—Jurong Lake Gardens—Marina Bay South—Seletar West Farmway 7—Singapore Botanic Gardens—Thomson Road—Toa Payoh.

Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E.Y., Lim, Kelvin K.P. (2023): Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution. Zootaxa 5287 (1): 1-378, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1

Anolis sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837 — Non-native; Established. Agama Sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837: 149–152. Syntypes (7): MNHN 2430, 2430A, 2430B, 6795, 6795A 6797, 6797A, by original designation (see Brygoo [1989: 90]); MCZ 2172 also considered a syntype (see McCranie & Ģnther [2015: 166]) based on Underwood & Stuart (1959: 17) who noted “? Cotype M.C.Z. 2172, received from the Jardin des Plantes” (see Brygoo [1989: 90]). Type locality: “habite l’île de Cuba ” (= Cuba), restricted to “the city of La Habana, Habana ” (= Havana, La Habana Province, Cuba) by Ruibal (1964: 490). Brown Anole (Figure 11D) Singapore records. Norops sagrei —H.H. Tan & K.K.P. Lim, 2012: 359–362 (Gardens by the Bay).—K.W.C. Leong & K.K.P. Lim, 2015: 123, 124 (Marina Bay South Gardens).—Woo & Wee, 2015: 61 (Clover Rise [Bishan]).—H.H. Tan & Zhou, 2016: 171–172 (Gardens by the Bay).—C.L.Y. Tan et al., 2017: 48 (Singapore Botanic Gardens).—A. Tay, 2019c: 82 (Thomson Road).—H. Cai & Z. Wu, 2020: 147 (Jurong Lake Gardens).—A. Tay & J. Lim, 2021: 1 (Bah Soon Pah Road; Thomson Road; Toa Payoh Central).— E.K. Chua, 2022: 88 (Satay by the Bay [= Gardens by the Bay). Anolis sagrei —E. S. C. Goh & R.W.X Seah. 2020: 190 (Kovan area, Tampines Road [compound of Horizon Floral & Design Pte Ltd]).—J. Chua, 2021: 1 (Marina Bay).—N.T.-L. Lim, 2022: 1 (Keat Hong Close).—A. Tay, 2022: 1 (Seletar West Farmway 7). Remarks. Anolis sagrei is a recently introduced and established species being first brought in as stowaways with ornamental plants at Gardens by the Bay in 2012 (Tan & Lim 2012). Native to the Bahamas, Swan Island, and Cuba (Nicholson et al. 2012), A. sagrei has been introduced to at least nine countries (Global Invasive Species Database 2019a).At the time of discovery, numerous adult and hatchling individuals were recorded, and courtship behaviour was observed (Tan & Lim 2012). Since the ornamental plants were in place by October 2011, A. sagrei was likely already reproducing and increasing in numbers, especially since it has a short breeding cycle capable of causing a marked surge in population size (Norval et al. 2012). Report of a single individual in Bishan, a locality 15 km north of Gardens by the Bay on 9 March 2015 (Woo & Wee 2015), SBG on 14 April 2017 (Tan et al. 2017), Hort Park in July 2017 (ZRC.2.7280), Toa Payoh on 3 June 2021 (Tay & Lim 2021), and Choa Chu Kang on 30 April 2022 (Lim 2022) suggests that A. sagrei may be expanding its range throughout Singapore; however, only a single individual was observed at each location. Furthermore, individuals photographed at plant nurseries along Thomson Road on 23 May 2019 and 5 March 2021 (Tay 2019c; Tay & Lim 2021), Bah Soon Pah Road on 6 February 2021 (Tay & Lim 2021), and Seletar West Farmway 7 on 12 December 2022 (Tay 2022) hint that more stowaways are being introduced. This indeed may be the case as an established population has now been detected at JLG (Cai & Wu 2020), which underwent renovation in 2018 and 2019 that included wide-scale planting, and one individual was photographed at a nursery in Kovan on 28 October 2020 (Goh & Seah 2020). In other parts of the world where A. sagrei was introduced, it is considered an invasive species because it outcompetes competitors and greatly decimates arthropod populations (Huang 2008; Meshaka 2011). At first it was believed that A. sagrei’s impact on native species would be minimal as it was restricted to Gardens by the Bay, which is built on reclaimed land. However, if A. sagrei is indeed expanding its range throughout Singapore, then it may soon begin competing with native species. Occurrence. Established populations are restricted to Gardens by the Bay, Marina Bay South, and Jurong Lake Gardens, with a few isolated records from elsewhere. Common. Singapore conservation status. Not Applicable. Conservation priority. None, non-native species. IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2020]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Hort Park: ZRC.2.7280 (Jul-2017); Marina Bay South Gardens: ZRC.2.6988 (18-Oct-2012), ZRC.2.7024 (31-May-2013). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): No specimens. Singapore localities. Bishan—Bah Soon Pah Road—Gardens by the Bay—Hort Park—Keat Hong Close— Kovan—Jurong Lake Gardens—Marina Bay South—Seletar West Farmway 7—Singapore Botanic Gardens—Thomson Road—Toa Payoh., Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 96-97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7960319, {"references":["Brygoo, E. R. (1989) Les types d'Iguanides (Reptiles, Sauriens) du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Catalogue. Bulletin du Museum nationale d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Series 4 A, 11 (3, Supplement), 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 288302","Chua, J. (2021) Biodiversity Record: Golden gliding snakes at Marina Bay. Nature in Singapore, 14 (e 2021120), 1 - 2.","Lim, N. T. - L. (2022) Biodiversity Record: A brown anole at Choa Chu Kang. Nature in Singapore, 15, e 2022047.","Global Invasive Species Database. (2019 a) Species profile: Norops sagrei. Available from: http: // www. iucngisd. org / gisd / speciesname / Norops + sagrei (accessed 14 January 2021)","Cai, H. & Wu, Z. (2020) Brown anoles at Jurong Lake Gardens. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2020, 147 - 148.","Goh, E. S. C. & Seah, R. W. X. (2020) Observation of a brown anole at the Kovan area. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2020, 190.","Huang, S. - C., Norval, G. & Tso, I. - M. (2008) Predation by an exotic lizard, Anolis sagrei, alters the ant community structure in betelnut palm plantations in southern Taiwan. Ecological Entomology, 33 (5), 569 - 576. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2008.00995. x","Meshaka, Jr., W. E. (2011) A runaway train in the making: The exotic amphibians, reptiles, turtles, and crocodilians of Florida. Herpetological Conservation & Biology, 6, 1 - 101."]}

We describe a new species of Anolis lizard from the Pacific slopes of the Andes of southwestern Ecuador at elevations between 372–1,000 m. The new species belongs to the Dactyloa clade and may be distinguished from other Anolis by size, external anatomy, mitochondrial DNA divergence, and dewlap color. Based on phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, we found that the new species is sister to A. fraseri in a clade composed primarily of large Dactyloid species. The new species is known from a protected area in southern Ecuador, Buenaventura Reserve, which suggests that at least some its populations are well protected.

Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Proposed standard English name: Star anoles Proposed standard Spanish name: Anolis de las estrellas Holotype. QCAZ 14595 (Figs 1, 2, 3), adult female, Ecuador, El Oro province, Buenaventura Reserve, 3.654 S, 79.777 W, WGS 84, 417 m, 30 January 2016, collected by Andrea Narváez, Sebastián Valverde, Keyko Cruz, and David Reyes. Paratypes (N=12, Figs 3, 4). ECUADOR: El Oro: QCAZ 14317 (adult female), 14318 (juvenile female), 14431 (juvenile female), 14432 (adult female), 13.2 km SW Piñas on highway, 3.662 S, 79.760 W, 754 m, 11 January 2016, collected by Fernando Ayala, Steven Poe, and Chris Anderson; QCAZ 14596 (adult male), same collection data as holotype; QCAZ 14597 (juvenile male), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.650 S, 79.780 W, 372 m; QCAZ 14660 (female hatchling), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.653 S, 79.766 W, 578 m, 30 January 2016; DHMECN 4132 (juvenile male), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.645 S, 79.763 W, 800 m, 7 February 2006, collected by Mery Juiña; DHMECN 7687 (adult male), same collection data as DHMECN 4132, 18 January 2010, collected by Marco Reyes-Puig, and Michael Harvey; DHMECN 11543 (juvenile male), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.667 S, 79.766 W, 1,000 m, 31 December 2014, collected by Juan Carlos Sánchez, Karem López, Luis Oyagata, and Paúl Guerrero; JMG 0484 (adult male), 0485 (adult female), Buenaventura Lodge, 3.653 S, 79.768 W, 520 m, 6 January 2017, collected by Paulina Romero. Diagnosis. The new species belongs to the Megaloa clade of the latifrons series of Dactyloa (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013; Prates et al. 2020) based on the phylogenetic tree presented in this study. Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. differs from most species of the punctatus, heterodermus, and nasofrontalis series (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013; Prates et al. 2020) in having relatively smaller head scales; from the roquet series (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013) in possessing supraorbital semicircles separated from each other and the interparietal separated from the supraorbital semicircles; and from the aequatorialis series (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013; Prates et al. 2020) in having wider toepads and larger dorsal head scales. The new species is most similar in external morphology to the other members of the latifrons series (A. agassizi Stejneger 1900, A. apollinaris Boulenger 1919, A. brooksi Barbour 1923, A. casildae Arosemena, Ibáñez & de Sousa 1991, A. danieli Williams 1988, A. fraseri, A. frenatus Cope 1899, A. ginaelisae Lotzkat, Hertz, Bienentreu & Köhler 2013, A. ibanezi Poe, Latella, Ryan & Schaad 2009b, A. insignis Cope 1871, A. kathydayae Poe & Ryan 2017, A. kunayalae, A. latifrons Berthold 1846, A. limon Velasco & Hurtado-Gómez 2014, A. maculigula Williams 1984a, A. maia Batista, Vesely, Mebert, Lotzkat & Köhler 2015, A. microtus Cope 1871, A. mirus Williams 1963, A. parilis, A. princeps Boulenger 1902, A. propinquus Williams 1984b, A. purpurescens Cope 1899, A. savagei Poe & Ryan 2017, and A. squamulatus Peters 1863). Anolis nemonteae can readily be distinguished from A. agassizi, A. apollinaris, A. casildae, A. frenatus, A. ginaelisae, A. ibanezi, A. latifrons, A. limon, A. maculigula, A. maia, A. princeps, A. purpurescens, and A. squamulatus by having shorter legs not reaching ear when adpressed against body (legs reaching to ear or beyond when adpressed against body); from A. purpurescens, A. ibanezi, A. maia and A. limon further by having a green-brown dorsal background (green); from A. danieli and A. propinquus by lacking elongated superciliaries (one elongated superciliary); from A. brooksi, A. insignis, A. microtus, A. savagei, and A. kathydayae, all from Costa Rica and Panama, by possessing weakly keeled ventral scales (smooth); from A. ginaelisae (Panama) by lacking enlarged postcloacal scales in males (present); from A. kunayalae, A. mirus and A. parilis by having a wide toe pad on fourth toe (narrow toe pad), subdigital pad under phalanx III projecting above the proximal end of phalanx IV (subdigital pad continuous or indistinct), 21–23 lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe (11–15 lamellae), and distal phalanx including claw equal or smaller than phalanges II and III combined (longer distal phalanx; see Fig. 1 of Williams 1963). Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. is most similar morphologically to A. fraseri in having a large body size (SVL> 85 mm), a green-brown dorsal background, reddish brown iris, smooth head scales, weakly keeled ventral scales, and 21–23 (18–24 in A. fraseri) lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe. The new species can be distinguished from A. fraseri (character states in parentheses) by having a creamish white dewlap skin with black blotches longitudinally arranged along yellow stripes in females (female dewlap orangish yellow anteriorly, without black blotches); bluish white dewlap skin with yellowish white scales and gold apicogorgetal scales in males (creamish white skin with yellow or greenish white scales; Fig. 5); dark brown dots on neck laterally and dorsally (neck dots absent, large dark blotches might be present; Figs 3 and 5); 7–11, mean = 9.29±1.25 SD scales between second canthals, (6–10, 7.72±1.02, z = 2.737, p = 0.006); 3–4, 3.29±0.49 scales between supraorbital semicircles (2–4, 2.68±0.57, z = -2.281, p = 0.023), 7–10, 8.86±1.07 supralabials counted to a point below center of eye (7–9, 7.69±0.55, z = 2.845, p = 0.004); 21–23, 21.71±0.95 lamellae under phalanges II–III of fourth toe (18–23, 20.32±1.09, z = -2.799, p = 0.005), snout length/SVL, 0.116–0.122, 0.119±0.002 (0.112–0.133, 0.123±0.005, t = 2.664, p = 0.013) interparietal length/SVL, 0.016–0.028, 0.023±0.004 (0.011–0.027, 0.018±0.004, t = -2.750, p = 0.011), humerus length/ SVL, 0.131–0.184, 0.159±0.016 (0.155–0.204, 0.171±0.011, t = 2.380, p = 0.025), foot length/SVL 0.259–0.282, 0.272±0.009 (0.262–0.310, 0.287±0.014, t = 2.627, p = 0.014), and fourth toe length/SVL 0.151–0.177, 0.162±0.009 (0.168–0.203, 0.181±0.010, t = 4.287, p Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. differs from A. fraseri in lacking enlarged postcloacals in males (present, sometimes inconspicuous), and genetic distances between these species range between 0.03–0.05 (ND2) and 0.05–0.06 (COI). In addition to the above diagnostic traits, the unique male and female dewlap color patterns of A. nemonteae sp. nov. distinguish it from all other Ecuadorian Anolis of the Megaloa clade (Fig. 5). Description of the holotype (scores for paratypes in parentheses). Snout to vent length 92.4 mm (88.4−115.2 mm); tail length 191.5 mm (200.6−263.1 mm); head length 23.9 mm (23.6−31.3 mm); head width 14.7 mm (14.8−16.9 mm); head height 11.9 mm (12.1−14.4 mm); snout length 11.3 mm (10.4−13.4 mm); interorbital length 4.8 (4.4−5.8 mm); interparietal length 2.3 mm (1.8−2.9 mm); ear height 2.1 mm (1.7−2.5 mm); femur length 22.6 mm (20.5−27.4 mm); tibia length 18.6 mm (17.1−22.7 mm); foot length 25.6 mm (24.2−29.8 mm); humerus length 17.0 mm (13.5−19.2 mm); ulna length 13.3 mm (11.6−16.0 mm); hand length 14.5 mm (13.7−16.5 mm); fourth toe length 16.4 mm (14.3−19.2 mm); fourth toe width 1.8 mm (1.9−2.6 mm); dewlap length 28.8 mm (29.5−49.9 mm); and dewlap height 9.8 mm (6.3−15.2 mm). Head scales in supraocular disc and frontal region smooth (smooth or rugose); eleven (7−10) scales between second canthals; seven (6−9) scales bordering the rostral posteriorly; circumnasal separated by one (1−2) scale from rostral; supraorbital semicircles separated by three (3−4) scales; supraocular disc with four (3–4) enlarged scales; supraocular edge continuous; superciliaries in two series: first series without rectangular superciliary anteriorly (sometimes present) followed by gradually smaller scales, and second series with squarish scales; five (6−7) loreal rows;>15 loreal scales; midsnout without parallel scale rows (absent or weakly present); rostral with smooth dorsal edge; frontal region of head with a depression; rostral even with mental (even or slight overlapping); interparietal larger (smaller or larger) than ear opening, separated by three (1−3) scales from semicircles; ear oval with normal edge; transparent scales in lower eyelids absent; preoccipital scale absent; suboculars in contact with supralabials; ten (7−9) supralabials counted up to a point below center of eye; six (5−7) postmentals; no enlarged sublabials in contact with infralabials; mental divided partially; mental extending farther back posteriorly than rostral along edge of mouth (even or rostral extending farther than mental or mental extending farther back posteriorly than rostral); and posterior edge of mental straight (straight or slight concave). Low nuchal crest formed by continuous series of small conical scales; low middorsal crest formed by continuous series of triangular scales (crest present in adults of both sexes); dorsal scales slightly keeled anteriorly and smooth posteriorly (smooth or keeled anteriorly and keeled or smooth posteriorly); two (absent or two) vertebral rows slightly larger than flank scales; eight (9−11) middorsal scales in a longitudinal segment representing 5% of SVL; flank scales smooth (smooth, rugose or weakly keeled), homogeneous in size, and barely separated by skin; ventral scales smaller than dorsals (ventrals larger than dorsals), slightly keeled, subimbricate, with round posterior edge (round or rectangular), and arranged in diagonal rows; ten (7−9) midventral scales in a longitudinal segment representing 5% of SVL; inconspicuous axillary pocket present (present or absent). Toepads slightly overlapping distal phalanx in all toes; twenty-one (22−23) lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe; supradigitals with multiple keels; tail crest absent; tail round (round or laterally compressed), with a single row of middorsal scales; insolitus tail (Poe 2004) absent; enlarged postcloacal scales absent (in males and females); hindlimb reaching posterior to ear when adpressed against body. Nuchal and dorsal folds present; dewlap large, extending posteriorly behind forelimbs (in males and females), with five (4−6) longitudinal rows of four (3–5) elongate scales each, smaller than ventrals, and separated by naked skin. Inter- and intraspecific variation in morphological characters in Anolis nemonteae is presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Color in life. Holotype, adult female QCAZ 14595 (Fig. 3A, B, C, undisturbed color pattern): dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail pale yellowish green; dorsum of body with three broad, dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks; dorsal surfaces of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; palpebral scales yellowish green; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail cream; iris pale reddish brown; throat lining black; tongue yellow; edge of mouth including jaw hinges white; dewlap skin cream with black blotches, mostly arranged more or less longitudinally along yellow stripes (Fig. 5B); scales of dewlap yellowish white. mean and standard deviation are given. When stressed, adult females QCAZ 14594 and JMG0485 (Fig. 3D) turned dorsal background of head, body, limbs and tail yellowish brown or dark brown, respectively. Juvenile female QCAZ 14431 (Fig. 3E, stressed specimen): general color pattern similar to holotype, but dewlap skin dirty white with broad yellow stripes and elongate black blotches; gorgetals, sternals and marginals yellowish white; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail grayish cream with brown dots. Hatchling female QCAZ 14660 (Fig. 3F, stressed specimen): general color pattern similar to female QCAZ 14594, but dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail pale brown; dorsum of body with four dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks. Adult male QCAZ 14596 (Fig. 3G, H, I, undisturbed color pattern): dorsum of body, limbs, and tail brown; dorsum of head light grayish turquoise with orange and red spots; dorsum of body with four broad, dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks, of which the two posteriormost merge ventrally; second anteriormost broad band bordered anteriorly by yellowish cream line; dorsum of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; palpebral scales yellow; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail cream; iris reddish brown; throat lining black; tongue yellow; edge of mouth including jaw hinges white; dewlap skin solid bluish white with yellowish white scales and golden apicogorgetals (Fig. 5A). When stressed, adult male JMG 0484 (Fig. 3J, K) turned background of body, limbs, and tail light brown. Color in preservative. In preservative, the holotype (QCAZ 14595) has a light brown background (Figs 1, 2); otherwise, the color patterns in life (see above) and preservative are similar. Adult male QCAZ 14596 (Fig. 4 A, B, left side): dorsum of body, limbs, and tail brown; dorsum of body with four dark brown transverse broad bands extending onto flanks; dorsum of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, and limbs grayish cream; tail dark brown with cream base; dewlap skin solid white with cream scales. Adult males JMG 0484 and DHMECN 7687 (Fig. 4 A, B, center and right side): general color pattern similar to male QCAZ 14596, but vertebral region of dorsum with dark brown spots; dorsum of DHMECN 7687 with three brown transverse bands of which the second one is bordered anteriorly by a cream stripe, which is discontinuous medially, where each half projects anteriorly. Adult female JMG 0485 (Fig. 4 C, D, center): dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail brown; dorsum of body with three broad, dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks; vertebral region of dorsum with dark brown spots; dorsum of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail dirty cream; dewlap skin creamish white with black blotches; scales of dewlap creamish white. Adult female QCAZ 14432 (Fig. 4 C, D, right side) differs from JMG 0485 in having faint dorsal transverse bands and small dark brown spots on limbs ventrally. Female hatchling QCAZ 14660 (Fig. 4 C, D, left side) differs in having four dark brown transverse bands (discontinuous medially) on ventral aspect of head and dark brown transverse bands ventrally on limbs. Hemipenis. Partially everted hemipenis small (7.3 mm total length, 2.9 mm truncus length) and slightly bilobate; sulcus spermaticus unforked, bordered by well-developed lips and opening into a single, smooth apical area; lobes with small calyces on asulcate side; fleshy projection on lobular crotch (crotch flap) on asulcate surface; truncus with transverse and lateral folds (Fig. 6). Distribution and natural history. Anolis nemonteae occurs on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador, El Oro province, between 372−1,000 m (Fig. 7). This species occurs in the Evergreen Foothills Montane Forest of Catamayo-Alamor (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador 2013). Specimens of Anolis nemonteae were collected mainly in secondary forest and along the edge of roads (Fig. 8). All individuals were found at night between 20:00 and 01:00 h sleeping horizontally on branches of trees, or leaves of bananas or Panama hat plants, 2.5–6.9 m above ground. A male and a female (JMG 0484, 0485) were found sleeping on banana leaves 10 m away from each other, 2.5 m above the ground. Anolis nemonteae occurs in sympatry with A. binotatus Peters 1863 and A. fasciatus at the type locality (Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2013, Garzón et al. 2019). A captive female (QCAZ 14594 [tissue sample], SVL = 93.21 mm) that was subsequently released laid one egg (22.3 x 14.4 mm) on 30 January 2016. The egg was incubated in perlite at 19°C and 85% of relative humidity. After an incubation period of 129 days, a female (Fig. 3F; QCAZ 14660, SVL = 32.9 mm, weight = 2.3 g) hatched. Conservation. The known distribution area of Anolis nemonteae has suffered from dramatic deforestation (Tapia-Armijos et al. 2015). However, most individuals of A. nemonteae were collected within the Buenaventura Reserve, which suggests that at least some of its populations are well protected. Because of the small known distribution (Fig. 7) and lack of additional data, we suggest assigning A. nemonteae to the Data Deficient category according to IUCN (2012) guidelines. Etymology. The specific epithet nemonteae is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Nemonte Nenquimo, indigenous activist who led a successful campaign and legal action that protected 500,000 acres of Amazonian rainforest and Waorani territory from oil extraction in Ecuador. Nemonte means ‘many stars’ in Wao Tereo language. Nemonte Nenquimo’s work has been recognized worldwide. In 2020, she was awarded the prestigious Goldman Prize and was listed among the 100 most influential people of the year by the Time Magazine. Here we honor Nemonte Nenquimo for her braveness and determination to protect natural forests and their inhabitants. Phylogenetic relationships. Data partitions and models of evolution are presented in Table 4. Both ML and Bayesian analyses positioned Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. within a clade highly congruent with the Megaloa clade of Castañeda & de Queiroz (2013) with maximum support (Fig. 9). The difference to the Megaloa clade as originally defined is that Anolis ibanezi, A. kunayalae, and A. parilis were also included (Fig. 9). As expected, A. ginaelisae and A. maia, both described more recently, were also included in this clade (Lotzkat et al. 2013, Batista et al. 2015). Both ML and Bayesian tree topologies for the Megaloa clade are identical, except for the sister species of A. maculigula (A. casildae and A. apollinaris, respectively). The sister species of A. nemonteae sp. nov. is A. fraseri (PP = 0.98, BS = 65), and together they form a clade sister to A. parilis (PP = 1, BS = 84). Interspecific genetic distances among sampled species of the Megaloa clade range from 0.02 (A. fraseri / A. parilis, A. latifrons / A. princeps) to 0.23 (A. latifrons /

Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Proposed standard English name: Star anoles Proposed standard Spanish name: Anolis de las estrellas Holotype. QCAZ 14595 (Figs 1, 2, 3), adult female, Ecuador, El Oro province, Buenaventura Reserve, 3.654 S, 79.777 W, WGS 84, 417 m, 30 January 2016, collected by Andrea Narváez, Sebastián Valverde, Keyko Cruz, and David Reyes. Paratypes (N=12, Figs 3, 4). ECUADOR: El Oro: QCAZ 14317 (adult female), 14318 (juvenile female), 14431 (juvenile female), 14432 (adult female), 13.2 km SW Piñas on highway, 3.662 S, 79.760 W, 754 m, 11 January 2016, collected by Fernando Ayala, Steven Poe, and Chris Anderson; QCAZ 14596 (adult male), same collection data as holotype; QCAZ 14597 (juvenile male), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.650 S, 79.780 W, 372 m; QCAZ 14660 (female hatchling), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.653 S, 79.766 W, 578 m, 30 January 2016; DHMECN 4132 (juvenile male), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.645 S, 79.763 W, 800 m, 7 February 2006, collected by Mery Juiña; DHMECN 7687 (adult male), same collection data as DHMECN 4132, 18 January 2010, collected by Marco Reyes-Puig, and Michael Harvey; DHMECN 11543 (juvenile male), Buenaventura Reserve, 3.667 S, 79.766 W, 1,000 m, 31 December 2014, collected by Juan Carlos Sánchez, Karem López, Luis Oyagata, and Paúl Guerrero; JMG 0484 (adult male), 0485 (adult female), Buenaventura Lodge, 3.653 S, 79.768 W, 520 m, 6 January 2017, collected by Paulina Romero. Diagnosis. The new species belongs to the Megaloa clade of the latifrons series of Dactyloa (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013; Prates et al. 2020) based on the phylogenetic tree presented in this study. Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. differs from most species of the punctatus, heterodermus, and nasofrontalis series (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013; Prates et al. 2020) in having relatively smaller head scales; from the roquet series (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013) in possessing supraorbital semicircles separated from each other and the interparietal separated from the supraorbital semicircles; and from the aequatorialis series (Castañeda & de Queiroz 2013; Prates et al. 2020) in having wider toepads and larger dorsal head scales. The new species is most similar in external morphology to the other members of the latifrons series (A. agassizi Stejneger 1900, A. apollinaris Boulenger 1919, A. brooksi Barbour 1923, A. casildae Arosemena, Ibáñez & de Sousa 1991, A. danieli Williams 1988, A. fraseri, A. frenatus Cope 1899, A. ginaelisae Lotzkat, Hertz, Bienentreu & Köhler 2013, A. ibanezi Poe, Latella, Ryan & Schaad 2009b, A. insignis Cope 1871, A. kathydayae Poe & Ryan 2017, A. kunayalae, A. latifrons Berthold 1846, A. limon Velasco & Hurtado-Gómez 2014, A. maculigula Williams 1984a, A. maia Batista, Vesely, Mebert, Lotzkat & Köhler 2015, A. microtus Cope 1871, A. mirus Williams 1963, A. parilis, A. princeps Boulenger 1902, A. propinquus Williams 1984b, A. purpurescens Cope 1899, A. savagei Poe & Ryan 2017, and A. squamulatus Peters 1863). Anolis nemonteae can readily be distinguished from A. agassizi, A. apollinaris, A. casildae, A. frenatus, A. ginaelisae, A. ibanezi, A. latifrons, A. limon, A. maculigula, A. maia, A. princeps, A. purpurescens, and A. squamulatus by having shorter legs not reaching ear when adpressed against body (legs reaching to ear or beyond when adpressed against body); from A. purpurescens, A. ibanezi, A. maia and A. limon further by having a green-brown dorsal background (green); from A. danieli and A. propinquus by lacking elongated superciliaries (one elongated superciliary); from A. brooksi, A. insignis, A. microtus, A. savagei, and A. kathydayae, all from Costa Rica and Panama, by possessing weakly keeled ventral scales (smooth); from A. ginaelisae (Panama) by lacking enlarged postcloacal scales in males (present); from A. kunayalae, A. mirus and A. parilis by having a wide toe pad on fourth toe (narrow toe pad), subdigital pad under phalanx III projecting above the proximal end of phalanx IV (subdigital pad continuous or indistinct), 21–23 lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe (11–15 lamellae), and distal phalanx including claw equal or smaller than phalanges II and III combined (longer distal phalanx; see Fig. 1 of Williams 1963). Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. is most similar morphologically to A. fraseri in having a large body size (SVL> 85 mm), a green-brown dorsal background, reddish brown iris, smooth head scales, weakly keeled ventral scales, and 21–23 (18–24 in A. fraseri) lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe. The new species can be distinguished from A. fraseri (character states in parentheses) by having a creamish white dewlap skin with black blotches longitudinally arranged along yellow stripes in females (female dewlap orangish yellow anteriorly, without black blotches); bluish white dewlap skin with yellowish white scales and gold apicogorgetal scales in males (creamish white skin with yellow or greenish white scales; Fig. 5); dark brown dots on neck laterally and dorsally (neck dots absent, large dark blotches might be present; Figs 3 and 5); 7–11, mean = 9.29±1.25 SD scales between second canthals, (6–10, 7.72±1.02, z = 2.737, p = 0.006); 3–4, 3.29±0.49 scales between supraorbital semicircles (2–4, 2.68±0.57, z = -2.281, p = 0.023), 7–10, 8.86±1.07 supralabials counted to a point below center of eye (7–9, 7.69±0.55, z = 2.845, p = 0.004); 21–23, 21.71±0.95 lamellae under phalanges II–III of fourth toe (18–23, 20.32±1.09, z = -2.799, p = 0.005), snout length/SVL, 0.116–0.122, 0.119±0.002 (0.112–0.133, 0.123±0.005, t = 2.664, p = 0.013) interparietal length/SVL, 0.016–0.028, 0.023±0.004 (0.011–0.027, 0.018±0.004, t = -2.750, p = 0.011), humerus length/ SVL, 0.131–0.184, 0.159±0.016 (0.155–0.204, 0.171±0.011, t = 2.380, p = 0.025), foot length/SVL 0.259–0.282, 0.272±0.009 (0.262–0.310, 0.287±0.014, t = 2.627, p = 0.014), and fourth toe length/SVL 0.151–0.177, 0.162±0.009 (0.168–0.203, 0.181±0.010, t = 4.287, p Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. differs from A. fraseri in lacking enlarged postcloacals in males (present, sometimes inconspicuous), and genetic distances between these species range between 0.03–0.05 (ND2) and 0.05–0.06 (COI). In addition to the above diagnostic traits, the unique male and female dewlap color patterns of A. nemonteae sp. nov. distinguish it from all other Ecuadorian Anolis of the Megaloa clade (Fig. 5). Description of the holotype (scores for paratypes in parentheses). Snout to vent length 92.4 mm (88.4−115.2 mm); tail length 191.5 mm (200.6−263.1 mm); head length 23.9 mm (23.6−31.3 mm); head width 14.7 mm (14.8−16.9 mm); head height 11.9 mm (12.1−14.4 mm); snout length 11.3 mm (10.4−13.4 mm); interorbital length 4.8 (4.4−5.8 mm); interparietal length 2.3 mm (1.8−2.9 mm); ear height 2.1 mm (1.7−2.5 mm); femur length 22.6 mm (20.5−27.4 mm); tibia length 18.6 mm (17.1−22.7 mm); foot length 25.6 mm (24.2−29.8 mm); humerus length 17.0 mm (13.5−19.2 mm); ulna length 13.3 mm (11.6−16.0 mm); hand length 14.5 mm (13.7−16.5 mm); fourth toe length 16.4 mm (14.3−19.2 mm); fourth toe width 1.8 mm (1.9−2.6 mm); dewlap length 28.8 mm (29.5−49.9 mm); and dewlap height 9.8 mm (6.3−15.2 mm). Head scales in supraocular disc and frontal region smooth (smooth or rugose); eleven (7−10) scales between second canthals; seven (6−9) scales bordering the rostral posteriorly; circumnasal separated by one (1−2) scale from rostral; supraorbital semicircles separated by three (3−4) scales; supraocular disc with four (3–4) enlarged scales; supraocular edge continuous; superciliaries in two series: first series without rectangular superciliary anteriorly (sometimes present) followed by gradually smaller scales, and second series with squarish scales; five (6−7) loreal rows;>15 loreal scales; midsnout without parallel scale rows (absent or weakly present); rostral with smooth dorsal edge; frontal region of head with a depression; rostral even with mental (even or slight overlapping); interparietal larger (smaller or larger) than ear opening, separated by three (1−3) scales from semicircles; ear oval with normal edge; transparent scales in lower eyelids absent; preoccipital scale absent; suboculars in contact with supralabials; ten (7−9) supralabials counted up to a point below center of eye; six (5−7) postmentals; no enlarged sublabials in contact with infralabials; mental divided partially; mental extending farther back posteriorly than rostral along edge of mouth (even or rostral extending farther than mental or mental extending farther back posteriorly than rostral); and posterior edge of mental straight (straight or slight concave). Low nuchal crest formed by continuous series of small conical scales; low middorsal crest formed by continuous series of triangular scales (crest present in adults of both sexes); dorsal scales slightly keeled anteriorly and smooth posteriorly (smooth or keeled anteriorly and keeled or smooth posteriorly); two (absent or two) vertebral rows slightly larger than flank scales; eight (9−11) middorsal scales in a longitudinal segment representing 5% of SVL; flank scales smooth (smooth, rugose or weakly keeled), homogeneous in size, and barely separated by skin; ventral scales smaller than dorsals (ventrals larger than dorsals), slightly keeled, subimbricate, with round posterior edge (round or rectangular), and arranged in diagonal rows; ten (7−9) midventral scales in a longitudinal segment representing 5% of SVL; inconspicuous axillary pocket present (present or absent). Toepads slightly overlapping distal phalanx in all toes; twenty-one (22−23) lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe; supradigitals with multiple keels; tail crest absent; tail round (round or laterally compressed), with a single row of middorsal scales; insolitus tail (Poe 2004) absent; enlarged postcloacal scales absent (in males and females); hindlimb reaching posterior to ear when adpressed against body. Nuchal and dorsal folds present; dewlap large, extending posteriorly behind forelimbs (in males and females), with five (4−6) longitudinal rows of four (3–5) elongate scales each, smaller than ventrals, and separated by naked skin. Inter- and intraspecific variation in morphological characters in Anolis nemonteae is presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Color in life. Holotype, adult female QCAZ 14595 (Fig. 3A, B, C, undisturbed color pattern): dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail pale yellowish green; dorsum of body with three broad, dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks; dorsal surfaces of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; palpebral scales yellowish green; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail cream; iris pale reddish brown; throat lining black; tongue yellow; edge of mouth including jaw hinges white; dewlap skin cream with black blotches, mostly arranged more or less longitudinally along yellow stripes (Fig. 5B); scales of dewlap yellowish white. mean and standard deviation are given. When stressed, adult females QCAZ 14594 and JMG0485 (Fig. 3D) turned dorsal background of head, body, limbs and tail yellowish brown or dark brown, respectively. Juvenile female QCAZ 14431 (Fig. 3E, stressed specimen): general color pattern similar to holotype, but dewlap skin dirty white with broad yellow stripes and elongate black blotches; gorgetals, sternals and marginals yellowish white; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail grayish cream with brown dots. Hatchling female QCAZ 14660 (Fig. 3F, stressed specimen): general color pattern similar to female QCAZ 14594, but dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail pale brown; dorsum of body with four dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks. Adult male QCAZ 14596 (Fig. 3G, H, I, undisturbed color pattern): dorsum of body, limbs, and tail brown; dorsum of head light grayish turquoise with orange and red spots; dorsum of body with four broad, dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks, of which the two posteriormost merge ventrally; second anteriormost broad band bordered anteriorly by yellowish cream line; dorsum of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; palpebral scales yellow; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail cream; iris reddish brown; throat lining black; tongue yellow; edge of mouth including jaw hinges white; dewlap skin solid bluish white with yellowish white scales and golden apicogorgetals (Fig. 5A). When stressed, adult male JMG 0484 (Fig. 3J, K) turned background of body, limbs, and tail light brown. Color in preservative. In preservative, the holotype (QCAZ 14595) has a light brown background (Figs 1, 2); otherwise, the color patterns in life (see above) and preservative are similar. Adult male QCAZ 14596 (Fig. 4 A, B, left side): dorsum of body, limbs, and tail brown; dorsum of body with four dark brown transverse broad bands extending onto flanks; dorsum of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, and limbs grayish cream; tail dark brown with cream base; dewlap skin solid white with cream scales. Adult males JMG 0484 and DHMECN 7687 (Fig. 4 A, B, center and right side): general color pattern similar to male QCAZ 14596, but vertebral region of dorsum with dark brown spots; dorsum of DHMECN 7687 with three brown transverse bands of which the second one is bordered anteriorly by a cream stripe, which is discontinuous medially, where each half projects anteriorly. Adult female JMG 0485 (Fig. 4 C, D, center): dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail brown; dorsum of body with three broad, dark brown transverse bands extending onto flanks; vertebral region of dorsum with dark brown spots; dorsum of limbs and tail with dark brown transverse bands; flanks of neck and body with dark brown spots; ventral aspect of head, body, limbs, and tail dirty cream; dewlap skin creamish white with black blotches; scales of dewlap creamish white. Adult female QCAZ 14432 (Fig. 4 C, D, right side) differs from JMG 0485 in having faint dorsal transverse bands and small dark brown spots on limbs ventrally. Female hatchling QCAZ 14660 (Fig. 4 C, D, left side) differs in having four dark brown transverse bands (discontinuous medially) on ventral aspect of head and dark brown transverse bands ventrally on limbs. Hemipenis. Partially everted hemipenis small (7.3 mm total length, 2.9 mm truncus length) and slightly bilobate; sulcus spermaticus unforked, bordered by well-developed lips and opening into a single, smooth apical area; lobes with small calyces on asulcate side; fleshy projection on lobular crotch (crotch flap) on asulcate surface; truncus with transverse and lateral folds (Fig. 6). Distribution and natural history. Anolis nemonteae occurs on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador, El Oro province, between 372−1,000 m (Fig. 7). This species occurs in the Evergreen Foothills Montane Forest of Catamayo-Alamor (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador 2013). Specimens of Anolis nemonteae were collected mainly in secondary forest and along the edge of roads (Fig. 8). All individuals were found at night between 20:00 and 01:00 h sleeping horizontally on branches of trees, or leaves of bananas or Panama hat plants, 2.5–6.9 m above ground. A male and a female (JMG 0484, 0485) were found sleeping on banana leaves 10 m away from each other, 2.5 m above the ground. Anolis nemonteae occurs in sympatry with A. binotatus Peters 1863 and A. fasciatus at the type locality (Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2013, Garzón et al. 2019). A captive female (QCAZ 14594 [tissue sample], SVL = 93.21 mm) that was subsequently released laid one egg (22.3 x 14.4 mm) on 30 January 2016. The egg was incubated in perlite at 19°C and 85% of relative humidity. After an incubation period of 129 days, a female (Fig. 3F; QCAZ 14660, SVL = 32.9 mm, weight = 2.3 g) hatched. Conservation. The known distribution area of Anolis nemonteae has suffered from dramatic deforestation (Tapia-Armijos et al. 2015). However, most individuals of A. nemonteae were collected within the Buenaventura Reserve, which suggests that at least some of its populations are well protected. Because of the small known distribution (Fig. 7) and lack of additional data, we suggest assigning A. nemonteae to the Data Deficient category according to IUCN (2012) guidelines. Etymology. The specific epithet nemonteae is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Nemonte Nenquimo, indigenous activist who led a successful campaign and legal action that protected 500,000 acres of Amazonian rainforest and Waorani territory from oil extraction in Ecuador. Nemonte means ‘many stars’ in Wao Tereo language. Nemonte Nenquimo’s work has been recognized worldwide. In 2020, she was awarded the prestigious Goldman Prize and was listed among the 100 most influential people of the year by the Time Magazine. Here we honor Nemonte Nenquimo for her braveness and determination to protect natural forests and their inhabitants. Phylogenetic relationships. Data partitions and models of evolution are presented in Table 4. Both ML and Bayesian analyses positioned Anolis nemonteae sp. nov. within a clade highly congruent with the Megaloa clade of Castañeda & de Queiroz (2013) with maximum support (Fig. 9). The difference to the Megaloa clade as originally defined is that Anolis ibanezi, A. kunayalae, and A. parilis were also included (Fig. 9). As expected, A. ginaelisae and A. maia, both described more recently, were also included in this clade (Lotzkat et al. 2013, Batista et al. 2015). Both ML and Bayesian tree topologies for the Megaloa clade are identical, except for the sister species of A. maculigula (A. casildae and A. apollinaris, respectively). The sister species of A. nemonteae sp. nov. is A. fraseri (PP = 0.98, BS = 65), and together they form a clade sister to A. parilis (PP = 1, BS = 84). Interspecific genetic distances among sampled species of the Megaloa clade range from 0.02 (A. fraseri / A. parilis, A. latifrons / A. princeps) to 0.23 (A. latifrons /, Published as part of Ayala-Varela, Fernando, Valverde, Sebastián, Poe, Steven, Narváez, Andrea E., Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. & Torres-Carvajal, Omar, 2021, A new giant anole (Squamata: Iguanidae: Dactyloinae) from southwestern Ecuador, pp. 295-317 in Zootaxa 4991 (2) on pages 298-311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5092205, {"references":["Castaneda, M. R. & de Queiroz, K. (2013) Phylogeny of the Dactyloa clade of Anolis lizards: new insights from combining morphological and molecular data. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 345 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.3099 / 0027 - 4100 - 160.7.345","Prates, I., Melo-Sampaio, P., de Queiroz, K., Carnaval, A., Rodrigues, M. & Drummond, L. (2020) Discovery of a new species of Anolis lizards from Brazil and its implications for the historical biogeography of montane Atlantic Forest endemics. Amphibia-Reptilia, 41 (1), 87 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685381 - 20191179","Stejneger, L. (1900) Descriptions of two new lizards of the genus Anolis from Cocos and Malpelo Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 36, 161 - 163.","Boulenger, G. A. (1919) Descriptions of two new lizards and a new frog from the Andes of Colombia. Procedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1919, 79 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1919. tb 02114. x","Barbour, T. (1923) Notes on reptiles and amphibians from Panam. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 129, 1 - 16.","Arosemena, F. A., Ibanez, D. R. & De Sousa, F. (1991) Una nueva especie de Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) del grupo latifrons de Fortuna, Panam. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 39 (2), 255 - 262.","Williams, E. E. (1988). New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. V. Anolis danieli, a new species of the latifrons species group and a reassessment of Anolis apollinaris Boulenger, 1919. Breviora, 489, 1 - 25.","Cope, E. D. (1899) Contributions to the herpetology of New Granada and Argentina, with descriptions of new forms. Philadelphia Museum of Science Bulletin, 1, 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 54674","Lotzkat, S., Hertz, A., Bienentreu, J. - F. & Kohler, G. (2013) Distribution and variation of the giant alpha anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the genus Dactyloa in the highlands of western Panama, with the description of a new species formerly referred to as D. microtus. Zootaxa, 3626 (1), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3626.1.1","Poe, S., Latella, I. M., Ryan, M. J. & Schaad, E. W. (2009 b) A new species of Anolis lizard (Squamata, Iguania) from Panama. Phyllomedusa, 8 (2), 81 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 8 i 2 p 81 - 87","Cope, E. D. (1871) Ninth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, 23, 200 - 224.","Poe, S. & Ryan, M. J. (2017) Description of two new species similar to Anolis insignis (Squamata: Iguanidae) and resurrection of Anolis (Diaphoranolis) brooksi. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 11 (2), 1 - 16.","Berthold, A. A. (1846) Uber verschiedene neue oder seltene Reptilien aus Neu-Granada und Crustaceen aus China. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen 3, 3 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5485","Velasco, J. A. & Hurtado-Gomez, J. P. (2014) A new green anole lizard of the Dactyloa clade (Squamata: Dactyloidae) from the Magdalena river valley of Colombia. Zootaxa, 3785 (2), 201 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3785.2.4","Williams, E. E. (1984 a) New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. III. Two new semiaquatic anoles from Antioquia and Choco, Colombia. Breviora, 478, 1 - 22.","Williams, E. E. (1963) Studies on South American anoles. Description of Anolis mirus, new species from Rio San Juan, Colombia, with comment on digital dilation and dewlap as generic and specific characters in the anoles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 129, 463 - 480.","Boulenger, G. A. (1902) Descriptions of new batrachians and reptiles from northwestern Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 9 (49), 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930208678538","Williams, E. E. (1984 b) New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. II. Anolis propinquus, another new species from the cloud forest of western Colombia. Breviora, 477, 1 - 7.","Peters, W. C. H. (1863) Uber einige neue Arten der Saurier-Gattung Anolis. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1863, 135 - 149.","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Yanez-Munoz, M. H., Morales, M., Reyes-Puig, M. & Meza-Ramos, P. A. (2013) Reserva Biologica Buenaventura: entre la transicion humeda tropical y la influencia tumbesina. In: MECN, Jocotoco & Ecominga (Eds.), Herpetofauna en areas prioriotarias para la conservacion: El sistema de Reservas Jocotoco y Ecominga. Serie de Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN), Fundacion para la Conservacion Jocotoco, Fundacion Ecominga, Quito-Ecuador, Monografia 6, pp. 62 - 76.","Tapia-Armijos, M. F., Homeier, J., Espinosa, C. I., Leuschner, C. & de la Cruz, M. (2015) Deforestation and forest fragmentation in south Ecuador since the 1970 s - Losing a hotspot of biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 10 (11), e 0142359. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133701","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, vi + 34 pp.","Batista, A., Vesely, M., Mebert. K., Lotzkat, S. & K ohler, G. (2015) A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region. Zootaxa, 4039 (1), 57 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4039.1.2","Fleishman, L. J, Leal, M. & Persons, M. H. (2009) Habitat light and dewlap color diversity in four species of Puerto Rican anoline lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 195, 1043 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00359 - 009 - 0478 - 8","Torres-Carvajal, O., Ayala-Varela, F., Lobos, S., Poe, S. & Narvaez, A. (2018) Two new Andean species of Anolis lizard (Iguanidae: Dactyloinae) from southern Ecuador. Journal of Natural History, 52, 1067 - 1089. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1391343"]}

A combined approach based on karyology and DNA taxonomy allowed us to characterize the taxonomic peculiarities in 10 Mesoamerican lizard species, belonging to six genera and five families, inhabiting two Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico: La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve, and Montes Azules Biosphere. The karyotypes of four species, Phyllodactylus sp. 3 ( P. tuberculosus species group) (2n = 38), Holcosus festivus (Lichtenstein et von Martens, 1856) (2n = 50), Anolis lemurinus Cope, 1861 (2n = 40), and A. uniformis Cope, 1885 (2n = 29–30) are described for the first time, the last one showing a particular X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y condition. In Aspidoscelis deppii (Wiegmann, 1834) (2n = 50) and Anolis capito Peters, 1863 (2n = 42), we found a different karyotype from the ones previously reported for these species. Moreover, in A. capito , the cytogenetic observation is concurrent with a considerable genetic divergence (9%) at the studied mtDNA marker (MT-ND2), which is indicative of a putative new cryptic species. The skink Scincella cherriei (Cope, 1893), showed high values of genetic divergence (5.2% at 16S gene) between the specimens from Montes Azules and those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, comparable to the values typical of sister species in skinks. A lower level of genetic divergence, compatible with an intraspecific phylogeographic structure, has been identified in Lepidophyma flavimaculatum Dumeril, 1851. These new data identify taxa that urgently require more in-depth taxonomic studies especially in these areas where habitat alteration is proceeding at an alarming rate.

We characterize the amphibian and reptile fauna from four habitats of the Andean region of the department of Santan­der, Colombia. Eight species were recorded, including four amphibians and four reptiles. The family Hylidae was represented by two species and had the greatest abundance of individuals at 241. Among reptiles, the family with the greatest diversity was the Colubridae, with two species, but the Dactyloidae had the greatest abundance, with seven individuals. The grassland habitat exhibited the greatest diversity, with five species found, and it was the habitat with the greatest abundance of individuals, with 242 individuals obtained. The habitat with the least diversity and abundance was cropland, which had no species recorded.&nbsp

A new species ofAnolislizard from the Andean slopes of southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, from between 1187 and 2353 m in elevation, is described. The new species can be distinguished from otherAnolisin squamation, cranial osteology, hemipenial morphology, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The new species is sister toAnolisaequatorialis, and it is suggested that previous records ofA.aequatorialisin Colombia correspond to the new species described herein.

In a tour-de-force for anole biology, Poe et al. (2017) provide the most complete phylogenetic analysis of members of the family Dactyloidae yet attempted. The contribution is remarkable in the completeness of sampled taxa and breath of included characters. It is equally remarkable in the concordance of their consensus tree with the topology of previous phylogenetic inferences. Thus, the creation of a near-complete data matrix of extant taxa demonstrates that an asymptote in tree topological stability likely was reached in previous studies with more limited sampling (e.g. Alfoldi 2011, Jackman et al. 1999, Nicholson et al. 2012). Such a result provides hope that major lineages within the anole radiation can be examined consistently by scientists interested in parsing evolutionary patterns emerging within and among them.

Prince Maximilian of Wied made important collections of reptiles and other vertebrate animals during pioneering expeditions to Brazil and North America. These were purchased for the American Museum in 1869. The present paper emphasizes Brazilian materials collected in 1815–1817. Prince Maximilian (aka Wied, Neuwied, and Prince Max) published extensively on this collection, especially in the Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien (“Contributions to the natural history of Brazil, 1825–1833”)—a meticulous account of the species collected—and in Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens (“Illustrations of the natural history of Brazil, 1822–1832”). The unnumbered folio plates of the Abbildungen are so important, and so difficult to access, that the herpetological ones are resized and reprinted herein. These hand-colored plates are rare (only 300 of each were produced) and are reproduced herein “as is” with arbitrary plate numbers 1–56; this numbering approximates the organization of the present ...

Anolis urraoi sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 3, 4) Proposed standard English name: Urrao anole Proposed standard Spanish name: Anolis de Urrao Holotype. MHUA-R 12733; adult male, from departament of Antioquia, Urrao municipality, paddock on the banks of R��o Penderisco: 6.314253, -76.138528, 1822 m, collected by B. Rend��n-Valencia and F.A. Grisales-Mart��nez on 31 August, 2014 (Figs 1, 3; Table 1). Paratypes. n = 38: males = 21, females = 17 (all from Antioquia, Colombia. Table1). MHUA-R 12519-20-21, Urrao municipality, Corregimiento La Encarnaci��n, vereda El Maravillo, Finca La Luc��a, 6,51669, -76,1484, 2120 m, collected on 2012 by J.M. Daza; MHUA-R 12521, 12523, 12525, 12526, 12528, 12529, 12530, 12532, 12535, 12536, 12539, 12540, 12541, 12544, 12545, Urrao municipality, Corregimiento La Encarnaci��n, vereda El Maravillo, 6.52133, -76.14022, 2156 m, collected on 2012 by J.M. Daza; MHUA-R 12731-32, Urrao municipality, in the urban area, paddock on the banks of river Penderisco, 6.314434, -76.138444, 1816 m, collected on 31 August, 2014 by B. Rend��n-Valencia and F.A. Grisales-Mart��nez; CSJ 455, 467, 814, 819, 822-23, 837, 839, Urrao municipality, Las Orquideas National Park, vereda Calles, collected by M.A. Serna and H. Echeverri; CSJ 635; 703,815, 843, 848, 856, 858-59, 1028, 1074-75, Urrao municipality, La Magdalena, collected by M.A. Serna and H. Echeverri. Diagnosis. An small brown-greenish Anolis assigned to the Anolis fuscoauratus group by phylogenetic evidence presented in this study (see phylogenetic results) and by having the following combination of morphological characters described by Williams (1976) and Ayala & Williams (1988): 1) Head with small frontal depression and keeled scales not enlarged (similar in size to the dorsal scales); 2) small dorsal scales, uniform and usually keeled (smaller than ventral scales); 3) smooth ventral scales (sometimes with a low keeling); 4) broad and well-defined toes lamellae; 5) less than 20 lamellae on phalanges II and III of the fourth toe; and 6) round and slender tail without ridge. Because the Anolis fuscoauratus group is not recognized in the most comprehensive phylogeny to date (i.e., Poe et al. 2017), for our taxonomic account we compared the new taxon with species closely related or distributed in the same biogeographic regions (e.g., Central America, Pacific lowlands and the northern Andes). Anolis urraoi sp. nov. differs from other species in the A. fuscoauratus group from Central America by having a male dewlap bright orange anteriorly and light rose color on the posterior third or half. In contrast, males of Anolis elcopeensis Poe, Scarpetta & Schaad 2015, Anolis gruuo K��hler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista 2007, Anolis carpenteri Echelle, Echelle & Fitch 1971 and Anolis polylepis Peters 1874 all have orange dewlap; Anolis kemptoni Dunn 1940 and Anolis pseudokemptoni K��hler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista 2007 have red-orange anterior and pink posterior male dewlap; Anolis fortunensis Arosemena & Ib����ez 1993 has red anterior and orange posterior male dewlap; Anolis monteverde K��hler 2009 yellow ocher to orange yellow in the basal portion and reddish-orange in the distal portion of the male dewlap; Anolis altae Dunn 1930 with a more or less uniformly reddish-orange male dewlap; Anolis limifrons Cope 1862 with a dull white with a small basal orange blotch male dewlap, Anolis apletophallus K��hler & Sunyer 2008 with a uniformly dull white, almost uniformly orange male dewlap; Anolis tenorioensis K��hler 2011 with a dark red with brown blotches male dewlap. Furthermore, these species have a geographic distribution in the mid-highlands of lower Central America and A. urraoi sp. nov. is distributed in northwestern Andes in South America. Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is distinguished from the South America members of A. fuscoauratus group by male dewlap and meristic patterns. A. urraoi sp. nov. have a male dewlap bright orange anteriorly and light rose color on the posterior third or half (vs. A. tolimensis with solid reddish-orange male dewlap; A. antonii with a reddishorange anterior and pink posterior male dewlap; A. mariarum with orange-red anterior and yellow posterior / orange-red anterior and pink posterior male dewlap; A. maculiventris with orange peripherally and red medially male dewlap; A. medemi with pink anterior and orange posterior male dewlap; A. trachyderma Cope 1875 with a reddish-orange with black scales male dewlap; A. fuscoauratus with solid pink male dewlap; A. bocourti Cope 1875 and A. scapularis Boulenger 1908 have a white male dewlap (the validity of this species has been questioned and it has been considered as a synonym of A. fuscoauratus, see Poe & Ya��ez-Miranda 2008) (Figure 4). Anolis urraoi sp. nov. have three to four scales between supraocular semicircles (vs. A. antonii one scale), 10 to 18 scales across the snout in the second canthal (vs. A. mariarum eight to 10 scales; A. tolimensis nine to 10 scales; A. maculiventris 10 to 14 scales), six or eight loreal rows (vs. A. antonii five); ventral scales slightly to strongly keeled (vs. ventral scales smooth to faintly keeled in A. tolimensis, A. antonii, and A. mariarum). Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is distributed in the northwestern Andes on the western slope of the Cordillera Occidental between 1700 and 2220 m meters above sea level. In contrast A. medemi is distributed in the Gorgona Island on the Pacific coast of Colombia; A. maculiventris in the Pacific lowlands and foothills of the Cordillera Occidental; A. fuscoauratus in the Magdalena river valley and the Amazonian region; A. trachyderma, A. bocourti, and A. scapularis in the Amazonian region. Additional characteristics from the Andean fuscoauratoid group are described in the table 2. Description of external morphology (holotype in parenthesis): Morphological dimensions are shown in Table 1. Head. Snout scales strongly keeled; keeling can be uni- or multicarinate; moderate prefrontal depression; shallow parietal depression. Circumnasal separated from the rostral scale by upper prenasal, lower prenasal; 6-7 (7) internasal scales; 6-8 (7) postrostral scales; distinct canthal ridge; usually 10-17 (11) scales between second canthals. Supraocular scales weakly keeled; one complete row of circumorbital scales to two rows of circumorbital scales with one incomplete; 3-4 (3) scales between supraorbital semicircles; 4-5 (4) scales between supraorbital semicircles and interparietal plate. Scales anterior to ear opening slightly larger than posterior; 6-8 (6) loreal scale rows; 40-65 (42) loreal scales; three subocular scales in narrow contact with three supralabial scales. Supralabials scales elongated with 6-7 (6) supralabial scales to level below center of eye; six (6) infralabial scales to level below center of eye; the first pair of sublabials is identical with the outer pair of postmentals; slightly enlarged outer postmental scales with 6-8 (6). Trunk. Dorsal scales keeled-conical; subimbricate scales with rounded posterior margins the 7-10 (9) median rows moderately enlarged; 80-106 (88) dorsal scales between levels of axilla and groin; lateral body scales homogeneous conical without axillary depression; ventral scales slightly to strongly keeled, subimbricate scales with mostly rounded posterior margins, some slightly mucronate; 58-71 (60) ventral scales between levels of axilla and groin. Dewlap. Dewlap large-sized, the anterior insertion is below level of eye, the posterior insertion onto chest; lateral scales subequal to ventrals in 8-10 (8) rows descending posteriorly, each a single scale wide; edge scales small, imbricate, keeled, closely peaked (Figure 4). Limbs. Limb scales unicarinate dorsally, granular posteriorly and ventrally; supradigital scales strongly keeled; 13-16 (14) lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe; subdigital pad is clearly dilated, while the width of the subdigital scales of the distal phalanx does not show dilatation. Tail. Tail slender, cylindrical or very slightly compressed, somewhat swollen at the base in males, all scales keeled, median dorsal scales slightly enlarged; postcloacal scales not differentiated. Hemipenis. Preserved males did not have well everted hemipenis and detailed description of relevant characters could not be recovered. In general, the hemipenis in Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is small, tubular and slightly bifurcated distally. Color in life. Some specimens are brown with a black stripe on the back, while others have a greenish color. The colors are somewhat sexually dimorphic (see below). Females: Head dark greenish brown to black; a brown or yellow crossbar between eyes sometimes present. Body brown or yellow-brown to yellowish or olive green, usually black or very dark brown middorsally, occasionally interrupted with brown spots; sides brown or yellow-brown, occasionally with darker vertical shadows or small rufous spots. In some females a slender light brown vertebral stripe is bordered laterally by thin dark brown lines extending from head to tail. Gular and belly regions white, usually maculate, with dark brown spots or striations. Legs brown, sometimes with narrow pale crossbands. Tail brown, usually with broad alternating dark brown and yellow brown bands, ventrally white on proximal third. Males: Head and body similar to females, more often greenish brown, black or dark brown middorsal region usually broader than in females, sometimes crossed with this greenish bands. Sides brown, tan or yellowish green, sometimes with small white spots. Gular and belly areas cream, infrequently spotted or striated with dark brown. Dewlap is bright orange anteriorly and light rose color on the posterior third or half, longitudinal rows of white scales. 1 Based on the description of A. antonii Boulenger 1908 and specimen photographs. 2 Based on the description of A. mariarum Barbour 1932 and fresh specimens from the type locality (see Appendix 1). 3 Based on fresh specimens from the type locality (see Appendix 1). 4 Based on series type. Color in preservative. Preserved specimens dark brown or black middorsally (dark area broader in males), flanks with light brown, but in some few specimens, flanks are covered with a light orange or green (although this last condition is very rare). However, this green coloration in life is lost in preservative. Fore and hind legs may have light crossbars. No dark shoulder or occipital spot. Belly white or brownish white, darker toward sides, speckled (especially in females) with brown spots. Gular region in females white or white speckled with brown spots or vermiculations. Dewlap pale, often yellowish in anterior half, sometimes pale pink posteriorly, scale rows usually pigmented. Geographic distribution. Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is known from Urrao municipality, Antioquia department, in the northwestern Andes of Colombia between 1700 and 2220 m of elevation (Figure 5). Ecological Notes. Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is very common in the type locality. Specimens were collected mainly in open areas with shrubs and fences near human buildings, along sidewalks and roadways, and along the banks of the Penderisco river. The habitat is similar where other congeners are commonly found (e.g., A. mariarum and A. tolimensis). Males are commonly seen on bushes and stakes (up to 3 meters high) performing display, while females are usually elusive and occupying low perches. Individuals of the type series (MHUA-R 12731-32-33) were found between 10:00 and 11:00 in a sunny day (October 31, 2014) (Figure 6). Phylogenetic results. Anolis mariarum, A. antonii, and A. tolimensis form a monophyletic clade with a strong support (99%; Figure 7) related to A. altae from Costa Rica. By contrast, A. urraoi sp. nov. is more related to forms from the Pacific lowlands as A. medemi (Figure 7) and probably A. maculiventris (not included in this analysis). Also, this other clade is related with species from Central America (i.e., Anolis kemptoni and Anolis sp. JGP2014, see Phillips et al. 2015). Although we did not have an extensive sampling within the large A. fuscoauratus group (see Poe et al. 2017 for a complete phylogeny of all known anole species), the apparent geographic disjunction between the sister species A. urraoi sp. nov. and A. medemi is most likely the result of lack of samples of species distributed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Central America. Morphometric analysis. The PCA based on SVL and residual traits shown that Andean fuscoauratoid species tend to be grouped by body size (SVL) and shape traits (Figure 8). The loadings of each trait are shown in the Table 3. In the first PC axis, the SVL and ED exhibited the highest loads. In the second PC axis, the TL exhibited the highest load (Table 3). Although the overlap between all forms is very high, Anolis urraoi sp. nov. tend to separate in the morphospace from the rest of species in the second PC axis (hindlimb dimensions). The discriminant analysis revealed that specimens from A. urraoi sp. nov., A. mariarum, A. antonii, and A. tolimensis were assigned correctly to each species with a high probability (p-value> 0.5). Some specimens assigned tentatively to A. mariarum from Frontino National Park (at Western Cordillera from the Andes) seems to overlap strongly with A. urraoi sp. nov., A. antonii, and A. mariarum (Figure 8). Etymology. The specific name urraoi refers to the locality where the new species was found, the Urrao municipality, a town on the northwestern Andes in Antioquia., Published as part of Grisales-Mart��nez, Freddy A., Velasco, Juli��n A., Bol��var, Wilmar, Williams, Ernest E. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of some poorly known Anolis species from the Andes of Colombia with the description of a nomen nudum taxon, pp. 213-230 in Zootaxa 4303 (2) on pages 216-223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4303.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/840902, {"references":["Williams, E. E. (1976) South American anoles; the species groups. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 29, 259 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 1 - 2 p 1 - 176","Ayala, S. C. & Williams, E. E. (1988) New or problematic Anolis from Colombia, VI. Two fuscoauratoid anoles from the Pacific lowlands, A. maculiventris Boulenger, 1898 and A. medemi, a new species from Gorgona Island. Breviora, 490, 1 - 16.","Poe, S., Nieto-Montes de Oca, A., Torres-Carvajal, O., de Queiroz, K., Velasco, J. A., Truett, B., Gray, L. N., Ryan, M. J., Kohler, G., Ayala-Varela, F. & Latella, I. (2017) A Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, and Taxonomic study of all Extant Species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae). Systematic Biology. [published online]","Poe, S., Scarpetta, S. & Schaad, E. W. (2015) A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 9 (1), 1 - 13.","Kohler, G., Ponce, M., Sunyer, J. & Batista, A. (2007) Four new species of anoles (Genus Anolis) from the Serrania de Tabasara, West- Central Panama (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Herpetologica, 63 (3), 375 - 391.","Echelle, A. A., Echelle, A. F. & Fitch, H. S. (1971) A new anole from Costa Rica. Herpetologica, 27 (3), 354 - 362.","Peters, W. C. H. (1874) Uber neue Saurier (Spaeriodactylus, Anolis, Phrynosoma, Tropidolepisma, Lygosoma, Ophioscincus) aus Centralamerica, Mexico und Australien. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 738 - 747.","Dunn, E. R. (1940) New and noteworthy herpetological material from Panama. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 92, 105 - 122.","Arosemena, F. A. & Ibanez, R. (1993) Una especie nueva de Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) del grupo fuscoauratus de Fortuna, Panama. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 41 (2), 267 - 272.","Kohler, G. (2009) New Species of Anolis Formerly Referred to as Anolis altae from Monteverde, Costa Rica (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Journal of Herpetology, 43 (1), 11 - 20.","Dunn, E. R. (1930) Notes on Central American Anolis. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 12, 15 - 24.","Cope, E. D. (1862) Contributions to Neotropical saurology. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 176 - 188.","Kohler, G. & Sunyer, J (2008) Two new species of anoles formerly referred to as anolis limifrons (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Herpetologica, 64 (1), 92 - 108.","Kohler, G. (2011) A new species of anole related to Anolis altae from Volcan Tenorio, Costa Rica (Reptilia, Squamata, Polychrotidae). Zootaxa, 3120, 29 - 42.","Cope, E. D. (1875) Report on the Reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the middle and upper Amazon and western Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (8), 159 - 183","Boulenger, G. A. (1908) Descriptions of new batrachians and reptiles discoverd by Mr. M. G. Palmer in south-western Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 (2), 515 - 522.","Poe, S. & Yanez-Miranda, C. (2008) Another New Species of Green Anolis (Squamata: Iguania) from the Eastern Andes of Peru. Journal of Herpetology, 42 (3), 564 - 571. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 264.1","Barbour, T. (1932) New Anoles. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 12, 97 - 102","Phillips, J. G., Deitloff, J., Guyer, C., Huetteman, S. & Nicholson, K. E. (2015). Biogeography and evolution of a widespread Central American lizard species complex: Norops humilis, (Squamata: Dactyloidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15 (1), 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 015 - 0391 - 4"]}

Anolis urraoi sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 3, 4) Proposed standard English name: Urrao anole Proposed standard Spanish name: Anolis de Urrao Holotype. MHUA-R 12733; adult male, from departament of Antioquia, Urrao municipality, paddock on the banks of Río Penderisco: 6.314253, -76.138528, 1822 m, collected by B. Rendón-Valencia and F.A. Grisales-Martínez on 31 August, 2014 (Figs 1, 3; Table 1). Paratypes. n = 38: males = 21, females = 17 (all from Antioquia, Colombia. Table1). MHUA-R 12519-20-21, Urrao municipality, Corregimiento La Encarnación, vereda El Maravillo, Finca La Lucía, 6,51669, -76,1484, 2120 m, collected on 2012 by J.M. Daza; MHUA-R 12521, 12523, 12525, 12526, 12528, 12529, 12530, 12532, 12535, 12536, 12539, 12540, 12541, 12544, 12545, Urrao municipality, Corregimiento La Encarnación, vereda El Maravillo, 6.52133, -76.14022, 2156 m, collected on 2012 by J.M. Daza; MHUA-R 12731-32, Urrao municipality, in the urban area, paddock on the banks of river Penderisco, 6.314434, -76.138444, 1816 m, collected on 31 August, 2014 by B. Rendón-Valencia and F.A. Grisales-Martínez; CSJ 455, 467, 814, 819, 822-23, 837, 839, Urrao municipality, Las Orquideas National Park, vereda Calles, collected by M.A. Serna and H. Echeverri; CSJ 635; 703,815, 843, 848, 856, 858-59, 1028, 1074-75, Urrao municipality, La Magdalena, collected by M.A. Serna and H. Echeverri. Diagnosis. An small brown-greenish Anolis assigned to the Anolis fuscoauratus group by phylogenetic evidence presented in this study (see phylogenetic results) and by having the following combination of morphological characters described by Williams (1976) and Ayala & Williams (1988): 1) Head with small frontal depression and keeled scales not enlarged (similar in size to the dorsal scales); 2) small dorsal scales, uniform and usually keeled (smaller than ventral scales); 3) smooth ventral scales (sometimes with a low keeling); 4) broad and well-defined toes lamellae; 5) less than 20 lamellae on phalanges II and III of the fourth toe; and 6) round and slender tail without ridge. Because the Anolis fuscoauratus group is not recognized in the most comprehensive phylogeny to date (i.e., Poe et al. 2017), for our taxonomic account we compared the new taxon with species closely related or distributed in the same biogeographic regions (e.g., Central America, Pacific lowlands and the northern Andes). Anolis urraoi sp. nov. differs from other species in the A. fuscoauratus group from Central America by having a male dewlap bright orange anteriorly and light rose color on the posterior third or half. In contrast, males of Anolis elcopeensis Poe, Scarpetta & Schaad 2015, Anolis gruuo Köhler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista 2007, Anolis carpenteri Echelle, Echelle & Fitch 1971 and Anolis polylepis Peters 1874 all have orange dewlap; Anolis kemptoni Dunn 1940 and Anolis pseudokemptoni Köhler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista 2007 have red-orange anterior and pink posterior male dewlap; Anolis fortunensis Arosemena & Ibáñez 1993 has red anterior and orange posterior male dewlap; Anolis monteverde Köhler 2009 yellow ocher to orange yellow in the basal portion and reddish-orange in the distal portion of the male dewlap; Anolis altae Dunn 1930 with a more or less uniformly reddish-orange male dewlap; Anolis limifrons Cope 1862 with a dull white with a small basal orange blotch male dewlap, Anolis apletophallus Köhler & Sunyer 2008 with a uniformly dull white, almost uniformly orange male dewlap; Anolis tenorioensis Köhler 2011 with a dark red with brown blotches male dewlap. Furthermore, these species have a geographic distribution in the mid-highlands of lower Central America and A. urraoi sp. nov. is distributed in northwestern Andes in South America. Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is distinguished from the South America members of A. fuscoauratus group by male dewlap and meristic patterns. A. urraoi sp. nov. have a male dewlap bright orange anteriorly and light rose color on the posterior third or half (vs. A. tolimensis with solid reddish-orange male dewlap; A. antonii with a reddishorange anterior and pink posterior male dewlap; A. mariarum with orange-red anterior and yellow posterior / orange-red anterior and pink posterior male dewlap; A. maculiventris with orange peripherally and red medially male dewlap; A. medemi with pink anterior and orange posterior male dewlap; A. trachyderma Cope 1875 with a reddish-orange with black scales male dewlap; A. fuscoauratus with solid pink male dewlap; A. bocourti Cope 1875 and A. scapularis Boulenger 1908 have a white male dewlap (the validity of this species has been questioned and it has been considered as a synonym of A. fuscoauratus, see Poe & Yañez-Miranda 2008) (Figure 4). Anolis urraoi sp. nov. have three to four scales between supraocular semicircles (vs. A. antonii one scale), 10 to 18 scales across the snout in the second canthal (vs. A. mariarum eight to 10 scales; A. tolimensis nine to 10 scales; A. maculiventris 10 to 14 scales), six or eight loreal rows (vs. A. antonii five); ventral scales slightly to strongly keeled (vs. ventral scales smooth to faintly keeled in A. tolimensis, A. antonii, and A. mariarum). Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is distributed in the northwestern Andes on the western slope of the Cordillera Occidental between 1700 and 2220 m meters above sea level. In contrast A. medemi is distributed in the Gorgona Island on the Pacific coast of Colombia; A. maculiventris in the Pacific lowlands and foothills of the Cordillera Occidental; A. fuscoauratus in the Magdalena river valley and the Amazonian region; A. trachyderma, A. bocourti, and A. scapularis in the Amazonian region. Additional characteristics from the Andean fuscoauratoid group are described in the table 2. Description of external morphology (holotype in parenthesis): Morphological dimensions are shown in Table 1. Head. Snout scales strongly keeled; keeling can be uni- or multicarinate; moderate prefrontal depression; shallow parietal depression. Circumnasal separated from the rostral scale by upper prenasal, lower prenasal; 6-7 (7) internasal scales; 6-8 (7) postrostral scales; distinct canthal ridge; usually 10-17 (11) scales between second canthals. Supraocular scales weakly keeled; one complete row of circumorbital scales to two rows of circumorbital scales with one incomplete; 3-4 (3) scales between supraorbital semicircles; 4-5 (4) scales between supraorbital semicircles and interparietal plate. Scales anterior to ear opening slightly larger than posterior; 6-8 (6) loreal scale rows; 40-65 (42) loreal scales; three subocular scales in narrow contact with three supralabial scales. Supralabials scales elongated with 6-7 (6) supralabial scales to level below center of eye; six (6) infralabial scales to level below center of eye; the first pair of sublabials is identical with the outer pair of postmentals; slightly enlarged outer postmental scales with 6-8 (6). Trunk. Dorsal scales keeled-conical; subimbricate scales with rounded posterior margins the 7-10 (9) median rows moderately enlarged; 80-106 (88) dorsal scales between levels of axilla and groin; lateral body scales homogeneous conical without axillary depression; ventral scales slightly to strongly keeled, subimbricate scales with mostly rounded posterior margins, some slightly mucronate; 58-71 (60) ventral scales between levels of axilla and groin. Dewlap. Dewlap large-sized, the anterior insertion is below level of eye, the posterior insertion onto chest; lateral scales subequal to ventrals in 8-10 (8) rows descending posteriorly, each a single scale wide; edge scales small, imbricate, keeled, closely peaked (Figure 4). Limbs. Limb scales unicarinate dorsally, granular posteriorly and ventrally; supradigital scales strongly keeled; 13-16 (14) lamellae under phalanges II and III of fourth toe; subdigital pad is clearly dilated, while the width of the subdigital scales of the distal phalanx does not show dilatation. Tail. Tail slender, cylindrical or very slightly compressed, somewhat swollen at the base in males, all scales keeled, median dorsal scales slightly enlarged; postcloacal scales not differentiated. Hemipenis. Preserved males did not have well everted hemipenis and detailed description of relevant characters could not be recovered. In general, the hemipenis in Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is small, tubular and slightly bifurcated distally. Color in life. Some specimens are brown with a black stripe on the back, while others have a greenish color. The colors are somewhat sexually dimorphic (see below). Females: Head dark greenish brown to black; a brown or yellow crossbar between eyes sometimes present. Body brown or yellow-brown to yellowish or olive green, usually black or very dark brown middorsally, occasionally interrupted with brown spots; sides brown or yellow-brown, occasionally with darker vertical shadows or small rufous spots. In some females a slender light brown vertebral stripe is bordered laterally by thin dark brown lines extending from head to tail. Gular and belly regions white, usually maculate, with dark brown spots or striations. Legs brown, sometimes with narrow pale crossbands. Tail brown, usually with broad alternating dark brown and yellow brown bands, ventrally white on proximal third. Males: Head and body similar to females, more often greenish brown, black or dark brown middorsal region usually broader than in females, sometimes crossed with this greenish bands. Sides brown, tan or yellowish green, sometimes with small white spots. Gular and belly areas cream, infrequently spotted or striated with dark brown. Dewlap is bright orange anteriorly and light rose color on the posterior third or half, longitudinal rows of white scales. 1 Based on the description of A. antonii Boulenger 1908 and specimen photographs. 2 Based on the description of A. mariarum Barbour 1932 and fresh specimens from the type locality (see Appendix 1). 3 Based on fresh specimens from the type locality (see Appendix 1). 4 Based on series type. Color in preservative. Preserved specimens dark brown or black middorsally (dark area broader in males), flanks with light brown, but in some few specimens, flanks are covered with a light orange or green (although this last condition is very rare). However, this green coloration in life is lost in preservative. Fore and hind legs may have light crossbars. No dark shoulder or occipital spot. Belly white or brownish white, darker toward sides, speckled (especially in females) with brown spots. Gular region in females white or white speckled with brown spots or vermiculations. Dewlap pale, often yellowish in anterior half, sometimes pale pink posteriorly, scale rows usually pigmented. Geographic distribution. Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is known from Urrao municipality, Antioquia department, in the northwestern Andes of Colombia between 1700 and 2220 m of elevation (Figure 5). Ecological Notes. Anolis urraoi sp. nov. is very common in the type locality. Specimens were collected mainly in open areas with shrubs and fences near human buildings, along sidewalks and roadways, and along the banks of the Penderisco river. The habitat is similar where other congeners are commonly found (e.g., A. mariarum and A. tolimensis). Males are commonly seen on bushes and stakes (up to 3 meters high) performing display, while females are usually elusive and occupying low perches. Individuals of the type series (MHUA-R 12731-32-33) were found between 10:00 and 11:00 in a sunny day (October 31, 2014) (Figure 6). Phylogenetic results. Anolis mariarum, A. antonii, and A. tolimensis form a monophyletic clade with a strong support (99%; Figure 7) related to A. altae from Costa Rica. By contrast, A. urraoi sp. nov. is more related to forms from the Pacific lowlands as A. medemi (Figure 7) and probably A. maculiventris (not included in this analysis). Also, this other clade is related with species from Central America (i.e., Anolis kemptoni and Anolis sp. JGP2014, see Phillips et al. 2015). Although we did not have an extensive sampling within the large A. fuscoauratus group (see Poe et al. 2017 for a complete phylogeny of all known anole species), the apparent geographic disjunction between the sister species A. urraoi sp. nov. and A. medemi is most likely the result of lack of samples of species distributed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Central America. Morphometric analysis. The PCA based on SVL and residual traits shown that Andean fuscoauratoid species tend to be grouped by body size (SVL) and shape traits (Figure 8). The loadings of each trait are shown in the Table 3. In the first PC axis, the SVL and ED exhibited the highest loads. In the second PC axis, the TL exhibited the highest load (Table 3). Although the overlap between all forms is very high, Anolis urraoi sp. nov. tend to separate in the morphospace from the rest of species in the second PC axis (hindlimb dimensions). The discriminant analysis revealed that specimens from A. urraoi sp. nov., A. mariarum, A. antonii, and A. tolimensis were assigned correctly to each species with a high probability (p-value> 0.5). Some specimens assigned tentatively to A. mariarum from Frontino National Park (at Western Cordillera from the Andes) seems to overlap strongly with A. urraoi sp. nov., A. antonii, and A. mariarum (Figure 8). Etymology. The specific name urraoi refers to the locality where the new species was found, the Urrao municipality, a town on the northwestern Andes in Antioquia.

Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Ayala-Varela, Fernando P., Lobos, Simón E., Poe, Steven, Narváez, Andrea E. (2017): Two new Andean species of Anolis lizard (Iguanidae: Dactyloinae) from southern Ecuador. Journal of Natural History 52 (13-16): 1067-1089, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1391343, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1391343

Anolis fuscoauratus D’Orbigny, 1837 Anolis fuscoauratus D’Orbigny in Duméril and Bibron 1837: 110. Material examined. Table 2., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203, {"references":["Dumeril AMC, Bibron G (1837) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 4. Libr. Encyclopedique Roret, Paris, 570 pp."]}

Anolis sulcifrons Cope, 1899: Figure 8E Anolis sulcifrons Cope 1899: 6. Material examined. Table 2., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203, {"references":["Cope ED (1899) Contributions to the herpetology of New Granada and Argentina, with descriptions of new forms. Philadelphia Museums Science Bulletin 1: 1 - 19."]}

Anolis auratus Daudin, 1802: Figure 8C Anolis auratus Daudin 1802: 89. Material examined. Table 2., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203, {"references":["Daudin FM (1802) Histoire Naturelle, Generale et Particuliere des Reptiles, Vol 4. F. Dufart, Paris, 426 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60678"]}

Anolis vittigerus Cope, 1862 Anolis vittigerus Cope 1862: 179. Material examined. Table 2., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203, {"references":["Cope ED (1862) Catalogues of the reptiles obtained during the explo- rations of the Parana, Paraguay, Vermeio and Uraguay Rivers, by Capt. Thos. J. Page, U. S. N.; and of those procured by Lieut. N. Michler, U. S. Top. Eng., Commander of the expedition conducting the survey of the Atrato River. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 346 - 359."]}

Anolis tropidogaster Hallowell, 1956: Figure 8F Anolis tropidogaster Hallowell 1956: 224., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203

Anolis aff. granuliceps: Figure 8D Material examined. Table 2., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203

Although the evolutionary importance of meiotic recombination is not disputed, the significance of interspecies differences in the recombination rates and recombination landscapes remains under-appreciated. Recombination rates and distribution of chiasmata have been examined cytologically in many mammalian species, whereas data on other vertebrates are scarce. Immunolocalization of the protein of the synaptonemal complex (SYCP3), centromere proteins and the mismatch-repair protein MLH1 was used, which is associated with the most common type of recombination nodules, to analyze the pattern of meiotic recombination in the male of two species of iguanian lizards, Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832 and Deiroptyx coelestinus (Cope, 1862). These species are separated by a relatively long evolutionary history although they retain the ancestral iguanian karyotype. In both species similar and extremely uneven distributions of MLH1 foci along the macrochromosome bivalents were detected: approximately 90% of crossovers were located at the distal 20% of the chromosome arm length. Almost total suppression of recombination in the intermediate and proximal regions of the chromosome arms contradicts the hypothesis that “homogenous recombination” is responsible for the low variation in GC content across the anole genome. It also leads to strong linkage disequilibrium between the genes located in these regions, which may benefit conservation of co-adaptive gene arrays responsible for the ecological adaptations of the anoles.

Anolis auratus Daudin, 1802 Type-locality. Tropical America, restricted by Schmidt (1939) to Suriname. Pertinent taxonomic references. Daudin (1802 b), Wiegmann (1834), Dum��ril & Bibron (1837), Berthold (1840), Fitzinger (1843), Gray (1845), Hallowell (1856), O���Shaughnessy (1869 a, b), Peters (1869), Boulenger (1885, 1896), Schmidt (1939), Hoogmoed (1973), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), K��hler (2000), Poe (2004), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis auratus occurs in southern Central America, in Panama and Nicaragua, and in northern South America, in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia (Fig. 1). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amap��, Par��, Amazonas, and Roraima. Anolis auratus is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal. In Brazilian Amazonia it inhabits areas of open vegetation along the Amazon River, and natural and perianthropic enclaves of open vegetation in the states of Amap�� and Roraima, where it is found on the ground, on grasses, low vegetation, shrubs, and on small trees (Cunha 1981 a; Vitt & Carvalho 1995; Mesquita et al. 2006 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Schmidt, K. P. (1939) A new lizard from Mexico with a note on the genus Norops. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series, 24, 7 - 10.","Daudin, F. M. (1802 b) Histoire naturelle, generalle et particuliere des reptiles. Tome IV. F. Dufart, Paris, 397 pp.","Wiegmann, A. F. A. (1834) Herpetologia Mexicana seu descriptio amphibiorum Novae Hispaniae quae itineribus comitis de Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil. Schiede in Museum Zoologicum Beroli-nense pervenerunt. Pars prima, Saurorum species amplectens, adiecto Systematis Saurorum Pro-dromo, additisque multis in hunc amphibiorum ordinem observationibus. C. G. Luderitz, Berlin, 54 pp.","Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. (1837) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome IV. Librairie Encyclopedique Roret, Paris, 570 pp.","Berthold, A. A. (1840) Ueber verschiedene neue oder seltene Amphibienarten. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, 1, 47 - 72.","Fitzinger, L. I. (1843) Systema reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumuller et Seidel, Wien, 106 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum / Edward Newman, London, 289 pp.","Hallowell, E. (1856) Notes on reptiles in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 221 - 238.","O'Shaughnessy, A. W. E. (1869 a) Notes on lizards of the group Anolis. The characters and synonymy of Norops. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 183 - 192. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936908695916","O'Shaughnessy, A. W. E. (1869 b) On Norops auratus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 274 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936908696049","Peters, W. C. H. (1869) Note on Anolis auratus, Daudin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 273 - 274. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936908696048","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17, 16 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939608680317","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4, 1 - 419.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Cunha, O. R. (1981 a) Lacertilios da Amazonia. VII - Lagartos da regiao norte do Territorio Federal de Roraima, Brasil. (Lacertilia; Gekkonidae, Iguanidae, Scincidae e Teiidae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 107, 1 - 25.","Vitt, L. J. & Carvalho, C. M. C. (1995) Niche partitioning in a tropical wet season: lizards in the Lavrado area of Northern Brazil. Copeia, 1995, 305 - 329. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446894","Mesquita, D. O., Costa G. C. & Colli, G. R. (2006 a) Ecology of an Amazonian savanna lizard assemblage in Monte Alegre, Para State, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology, 1, 61 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 1808 - 9798 (2006) 1 [61: EOAASL] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Anolis tandai ��vila-Pires, 1995 Type-locality. E of Porto Urucu (Petrobr��s station RUC��� 2), Rio Urucu, Amazonas state, Brazil. Main taxonomic references. ��vila-Pires (1995), Glor et al. (2001), D���Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis tandai is endemic to southwestern Amazonia, delimited by the Tapaj��s river basin (both sides) and the Ucayali River, in southern Amazon River, and by the lower Negro River and Jarup�� River, in northen Amazon River, occurring in Brazil and Peru (Fig. 6). In Brazil it is known from the states of Par��, Amazonas, Acre, Rond��nia, and Mato Grosso. Anolis tandai is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary forests, where it is usually found on leaf litter, and occasionally on vegetation (on fallen trunks, and on trunks and branches of trees�����vila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 2001)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107."]}

Anolis scypheus Cope, 1864 Type-locality. Unknown. Pertinent taxonomic references. Guichenot (1855), Cope (1864), Boulenger (1885), Cunha (1961), Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Duellman (1978), Dixon & Soini (1986), Savage & Guyer (1991), ��vila-Pires (1995), Glor et al. (2001), D���Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis scypheus is endemic to western Amazonia, occurring in Brazil (state of Amazonas), Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 6). In Brazil, it is known only from the Japur�� river basin, state of Amazonas. Anolis scypheus is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary forests, where it is usually found on the ground, and occasionally on lower vegetation (tree trunks, fallen trunks, lianas and shrubs), lower than 2 meters high (Duellman 1978; Vitt & Zani 1996 b,c; Whitworth & Beirne 2011)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of Tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166 - 181.","Guichenot, A. (1855) Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pendant. In: Castelnau, F. L. L., Expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para; Executee par ordre du Gouvernement Francais pendant les annees 1843 a 1847, sous la direction du Compt. P. Bertrand, Paris, pp. 1 - 18.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Cunha, O. R. (1961) Lacertilios da Amazonia. II. Os lagartos da Amazonia brasileira, com especial referenda aos representados na colecao do Museu Goeldi. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 39, 1 - 189.","Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1991) Nomenclatural notes on anoles (Sauria: Polychridae): stability over priority. Journal of Herpetology, 25, 365 - 366. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564601","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Whitworth, A. & Beirne, C. (2011) Reptiles of the Yachana Reserve. Global Vision International, Exeter, 127 pp."]}

Anolis phyllorhinus Myers & Carvalho, 1945 Type-locality. Borba, lower Rio Madeira, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Pertinent taxonomic references. Myers & Carvalho (1945), Williams (1965, 1979), ��vila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues et al. (2002), Nicholson et al. (2012), Casta��eda & de Queiroz (2013), Prates et al. (2014). Distribution and habitat. Anolis phyllorhinus is endemic to southern Amazonia, occurring in the Madeira��� Tapaj��s interfluvium, in Brazil (Fig. 5), where it is known from the states of Par��, Amazonas, and Mato Grosso. It is arboreal and diurnal, inhabits the border of primary terra firme forest, in sunny places, where it is found on all structural habitats, from the ground to the canopy of high and large trees; although the majority of specimens collected were first seen 1���5 meters above the ground on tree trunks (Rodrigues et al. 2002)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Myers, G. S. & Carvalho, A. L. (1945) A strange new leaf-nosed lizard of the genus Anolis from Amazonia. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 43, 1 - 44.","Williams, E. E. (1965) South America Anolis (Sauria, Iguanidae): two new species of the punctatus group. Breviora, 233, 1 - 15.","Williams, E. E. (1979) South American anoles: the species groups. 2. The proboscis anoles (Anolis laevis group). Breviora, 449, 1 - 19.","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Prates, I., Rodrigues, M. T., Melo-Sampaio, P. R. & Carnaval, A. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian anole lizards (Dactyloa): taxonomic implications, new insights about phenotypic evolution and he timing of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 258 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.10.005"]}

Anolis brasiliensis Vanzolini & Williams, 1970 Type-locality. Barra do Tapirap��s, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Pertinent taxonomic references. Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Cunha et al. (1985), Savage & Guyer (1991), ��vila-Pires (1995), D���Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis brasiliensis is typical from open areas of central Brazil (Fig. 1), and it is known from the states of Par��, Tocantins, Maranh��o, Piau��, Cear��, Mato Grosso, Goi��s, Minas Gerais, S��o Paulo, and in the Distrito Federal. In the Brazilian Amazonia it occurs on open vegetation enclaves at southern Par�� and northern Mato Grosso states. The occurrence in Santa Cruz do Arari, Maraj�� Island, is considered doubtful (specimen CHUNB 08803). The Em��lio Goeldi Museum has a great collection from the Maraj�� Island, and for decades has been inventorying the region and do not found the species. The other reason is the large geographic distance to the closest known record in the Amazonian border with Cerrado. Anolis brasiliensis is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits gallery forest, igap�� (seasonally flooded forest), and savanna areas nearby forests, where it is mainly found on the leaf litter and on tree trunks (rarely more than one meter above ground���Vanzolini & Williams 1970; Vitt et al. 2008 b)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Cunha, O. R., Nascimento, F. P. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1985) Os repteis da area de Carajas, Para, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata). I. Publicacoes Avulsas: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 40, 9 - 92.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1991) Nomenclatural notes on anoles (Sauria: Polychridae): stability over priority. Journal of Herpetology, 25, 365 - 366. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564601","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Vitt, L. J., Shepard, D. B., Vieira, G. H. C., Caldwell, J. P., Colli, G. R. & Mesquita, D. O. (2008 b) Ecology of Anolis nitens brasiliensis in cerrado woodlands of Cantao. Copeia, 2008, 144 - 153. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CP- 06 - 251"]}

Anolis ortonii Cope, 1868 Type-locality. Rio Napo or upper Rio Mara��on, Ecuador / Peru. Pertinent taxonomic references. Cope (1868), Bocourt (1870, 1873), Boulenger (1885), Cunha (1961), Vanzolini (1972), Hoogmoed (1973), Duellman (1978), Gasc (1981), Cunha et al. (1985), Dixon & Soini (1986), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), Frost et al. (2001 a), Glor et al. (2001), Poe (2004), K��hler (2007), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis ortonii is widespread in the Amazonia, and in central���northern portion of the Atlantic Forest, occurring in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (Fig. 4). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amap��, Par��, Maranh��o, Amazonas, Roraima, Acre, Rond��nia and Mato Grosso (Amazonian region), Para��ba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, and Esp��rito Santo (Atlantic Forest). Anolis ortonii is arboreal and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme forests, most commonly seen in sunny areas (natural clearings, forest edge and in some perianthropic situations���Cunha et al. 1985; ��vila-Pires 1995). It is also found in inundated areas around rivers (Vitt et al. 2008 a), on lichen-covered rocks in dry forest (Barrio-Amor��s & Brewer-Car��as 2008), and dry restinga forest (coastal vegetation���Freire 1996; Couto-Ferreira et al. 2011). Anolis ortonii is usually found on lower parts of tree trunks and on logs, and occasionally on shrubs, tree branches, and on the ground (Duellman 1978; ��vila-Pires 1995; Schl��ter et al. 2004; Whitworth & Beirne 2011)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Cope, E. D. (1868) An examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador and the upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20, 96 - 140.","Bocourt, M. F. (1870) Description de quelques sauriens nouveaux originaires de l'Amerique meridionale. Nouvelles Archives du Museum D'Histoire Naturelle De Paris, 6, 11 - 18.","Bocourt, M. F. (1873) Etudes sur les reptiles et les batraciens. In: Dumeril, A., Bocourt, M. F. & Mocquard, F. (1870 - 1909) (Eds.), Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de Ia Faune de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Recherches Zoologiques. Troisieme partie, 1 re section. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, pp. 33 - 860.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Cunha, O. R. (1961) Lacertilios da Amazonia. II. Os lagartos da Amazonia brasileira, com especial referenda aos representados na colecao do Museu Goeldi. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 39, 1 - 189.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1972) Miscellaneous notes on the ecology of some Brazilian lizards (Sauria). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 26, 83 - 115.","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4, 1 - 419.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Gasc, J. P. (1981) Quelques nouvelles donnees sur la repartition et l'ecologie des sauriens en Guyane francaise. Revue d'Ecologie, La Terre et la Vie, 35, 273 - 325.","Cunha, O. R., Nascimento, F. P. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1985) Os repteis da area de Carajas, Para, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata). I. Publicacoes Avulsas: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 40, 9 - 92.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Frost, D. R., Etheridge, R., Janies, D. & Titus, T. A. (2001 a) Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of Polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania). American Museum Novitates, 3343, 1 - 38. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2001) 343 2.0. CO; 2","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Vitt, L. J., Magnusson, W. E., Avila-Pires, T. C. S. & Lima, A. P. (2008 a) Guia de lagartos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia central = Guide to the lizards of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, central Amazonia. Attema Design Editorial, Manaus, 176 pp.","Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Brewer-Carias, C. (2008) Herpetological results of the 2002 expedition to Sarisarinama, a tepui in Venezuelan Guayana, with the description of five new species. Zootaxa, 1942, 1 - 68.","Couto-Ferreira, D., Tinoco, M. S., Oliveira, M. L. T., Browne-Ribeiro, H. C., Fazolato, C. P., Silva, R. M., Barreto G. S. & Dias, M. A. (2011) Restinga lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) at the Imbassai Preserve on the northern coast of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 3, 1990 - 2000. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11609 / JoTT. o 2800.1990 - 2000","Schluter, A., Icochea, J. & Perez, J. M. (2004) Amphibians and reptiles of the lower Rio Llullapichis, Amazonian Peru: updated species list with ecological and biogeographical notes. Salamandra, 40, 141 - 160.","Whitworth, A. & Beirne, C. (2011) Reptiles of the Yachana Reserve. Global Vision International, Exeter, 127 pp."]}

Anolis meridionalis Boettger, 1885 Type-locality. Paraguay, restricted by neotype designation by Motte & Cacciali (2009) to Colonia Ybycui, Estancia Ybycui (about 5 km NE of principal house), Departamento Canindey��, Paraguay. Pertinent taxonomic references. Boettger (1885 a, b), Boulenger (1895, 1903), Griffin (1917), Amaral (1932), Hellmich (1960), Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Frost et al. (2001 a), Poe (2004), Langstroth (2006), Motte & Cacciali (2009), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis meridionalis is widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado and Pantanal, occurring in Brazil and Bolivia (Fig. 2). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Maranh��o, Piau��, Bahia, Tocantins, Rond��nia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goi��s, Minas Gerais, S��o Paulo, and in the Distrito Federal. It was described from Paraguay, from where there are some recent records (Langstroth 2006; Motte & Cacciali 2009). In Amazonia it occurs in enclaves of open vegetation in northwestern Mato Grosso and southern Rond��nia states, in Brazil, and in northern Bolivia. Anolis meridionalis is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits open grassy habitats (Nogueira et al. 2009), gallery forests (Langstroth 2006), rocky outcrops (Uetanabaro et al. 2007), seasonally flooded open areas (Chaco���Souza et al. 2010), and perianthropic areas (Vaz-Silva et al. 2007), where it is found on the ground, and on lower vegetation (lower than 1 meter high���Vitt 1991 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Motte, M. & Cacciali, P. (2009) Descripcion de un neotipo para Anolis meridionalis Boettger, 1885 (Sauria: Polychrotidae). Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 23, 19 - 24.","Boettger, O. (1885 a) Liste von Reptilien und Batrachiern aus Paraguay. Zeitschrift fur Naturwiss, 58, 213 - 248.","Boettger, O. (1885 b) Berichtigung der liste von reptilien und batrachiern aus Paraguay. Zeitschrift fur Naturwiss, 58, 436 - 437.","Boulenger, G. A. (1895) Description of a new Anolis from Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 15, 522 - 523. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939508680213","Boulenger, G. A. (1903) List of the batrachians and reptiles collected by M. A. Robert at Chapada, Matto Grosso, and presented by Mrs. Percy Sladen to the British Museum. (Percy Sladen Expedition to Central Brazil). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1903, 69 - 70.","Griffin, L. E. (1917 a) A list of the South American lizards in the Carnegie Museum, with descriptions of four new species. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 2, 304 - 320.","Amaral. A. (1932) Estudos sobre lacertilios neotropicos. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 7, 53 - 74.","Hellmich, W. (1960) Die Sauria der Grand Chaco und seiner Randgebiete. Abhandlungen Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 101, 1 - 131.","Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Frost, D. R., Etheridge, R., Janies, D. & Titus, T. A. (2001 a) Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of Polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania). American Museum Novitates, 3343, 1 - 38. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2001) 343 2.0. CO; 2","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Langstroth, R. P. (2006) Notas sobre Anolis meridionalis Boettger, 1885 (Squamata: Iguania: Polychrotidae) en Bolivia y comentarios sobre Anolis steinbachi. Kempffiana, 2, 154 - 172.","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Uetanabaro, M., Souza, F. L., Landgref-Filho, P., Beda, A. F. & Brandao, R. A. (2007) Anfibios e repteis do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 7, 279 - 289. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032007000300030","Vaz-Silva, W., Guedes, A. G., Azevedo-Silva, P. L., Gontijo, F. F., Barbosa, R. S., Aloisio, G. R. & Oliveira, F. C. G. (2007) Herpetofauna, Espora hydroelectric power plant, state of Goias, Brazil. Check List, 3, 338 - 345."]}

Anolis brasiliensis Vanzolini & Williams, 1970 Type-locality. Barra do Tapirapés, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Pertinent taxonomic references. Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Cunha et al. (1985), Savage & Guyer (1991), Ávila-Pires (1995), D’Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis brasiliensis is typical from open areas of central Brazil (Fig. 1), and it is known from the states of Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and in the Distrito Federal. In the Brazilian Amazonia it occurs on open vegetation enclaves at southern Pará and northern Mato Grosso states. The occurrence in Santa Cruz do Arari, Marajó Island, is considered doubtful (specimen CHUNB 08803). The Emílio Goeldi Museum has a great collection from the Marajó Island, and for decades has been inventorying the region and do not found the species. The other reason is the large geographic distance to the closest known record in the Amazonian border with Cerrado. Anolis brasiliensis is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits gallery forest, igapó (seasonally flooded forest), and savanna areas nearby forests, where it is mainly found on the leaf litter and on tree trunks (rarely more than one meter above ground—Vanzolini & Williams 1970; Vitt et al. 2008 b).

FAMILY DACTYLOIDAE Fitzinger 1843, 16 (2 genera, 40 species, 19 endemic species, 1 introduced species). McCranie & K��hler (2015) monographed 39 species of anoles occurring in Honduras. McCranie & K��hler were not aware of the publication reporting Norops wermuthi from Honduras until it was too late to add comments of substance to their work (July 2013, the note reporting N. wermuthi from Honduras carries the date June 2013). Fitzinger proposed this family name as Dactyloae. Wagler (1830, 149) had previously used that name and spelling, but apparently not with the intention to create a family. Anolis Daudin 1802, 50 (1 species) Anolis allisoni Barbour 1928, 58 Norops Wagler 1830, 149 (39 species, 19 endemic species, 1 introduced species) Norops amplisquamosus (E) McCranie, Wilson & Williams 1992, 209 Norops beckeri (Boulenger 1882, 921) Norops bicaorum (E) K��hler 1996 b, 21 Norops biporcatus (Wiegmann 1834, 47) Norops capito (Peters 1863, 142) Norops carpenteri (Echelle, Echelle & Fitch 1971, 355) Norops crassulus (Cope 1865, 173). More than one species is likely represented among N. crassulus in Honduras (McCranie & K��hler 2015). Norops cupreus (Hallowell 1861, 481) Norops cusuco (E) McCranie, K��hler & Wilson 2000, 214 Norops heteropholidotus (Mertens 1952, 89) Norops johnmeyeri (E) (Wilson & McCranie 1982, 133) Norops kreutzi (E) McCranie, K��hler & Wilson 2000, 218 Norops laeviventris (Wiegmann 1834, 47) Norops lemurinus (Cope 1861, 213) Norops limifrons (Cope 1862, 178) Norops loveridgei (E) (K. Schmidt 1936, 47) Norops morazani (E) (Townsend & Wilson 2009, 63) Norops muralla (E) K��hler, McCranie & Wilson 1999, 285 Norops nelsoni (E) (Barbour 1914, 287). McCranie (2011 a) considered this a full species and not a subspecies (but without documentation) of N. sagrei (Cocteau in A.M.C. Dum��ril & Bibron 1837 [p. 149]). Powell & Henderson (2012) also listed this Honduran endemic as a full species. Sol��s et al. (2014), without comment, continued to list this species as N. sagrei. McCranie & K��hler (2015) treated N. nelsoni as a full species. In addition, significant color differences in male dewlap and female head pattern occur between the Big and Little Swan Island populations (pers. observ.). The significance of those color patterns remains unknown. Norops ocelloscapularis (E) K��hler, McCranie & Wilson 2001, 248 Norops oxylophus (Cope 1875, 123). Sol��s et al. (2014), without comment listed this species as N. lionotus (Cope 1861 [p. 210]). McCranie (2009) had listed this species as N. oxylophus. Norops lionotus occurs in Panama to the south of N. oxylophus (see comments in McCranie & K��hler 2015). Norops petersii (Bocourt 1873, 79 in A.H.A. Dum��ril et al. 1870���1909) Norops pijolense (E) McCranie, Wilson & Williams 1993, 393. Several authors have used the unjustified emendation N. pijolensis, including McCranie (2009) and Sol��s et al. (2014). McCranie & K��hler (2015) briefly discussed that point. Norops purpurgularis (E) McCranie, Cruz & Holm 1993, 386 Norops quaggulus (Cope 1885, 391) Norops roatanensis (E) K��hler & McCranie 2001, 240 Norops rodriguezii (Bocourt 1873, 62 in A.H.A. Dum��ril et al. 1870���1909) Norops rubribarbaris (E) K��hler, McCranie & Wilson 1999, 280 Norops sagrei (I) (Cocteau 1837, 149 in A.M.C. Dum��ril & Bibron, 1837). Sol��s et al. (2014) failed to credit Cocteau with the name N. sagrei, although that fact has been well documented in the recent literature (i.e. Nicholson et al. 2012). Systematic studies combining genetic and morphological data of the N. sagrei complex populations in Central America, including Caribbean island populations, are needed. Norops sminthus (E) (Dunn & Emlen 1932, 26) Norops tropidonotus (Peters 1863, 135) Norops uniformis (Cope 1885, 392) Norops unilobatus (K��hler & Vesely 2010, 217) Norops utilensis (E) K��hler 1996 a, 24 Norops wampuensis (E) McCranie & K��hler 2001, 228 Norops wellbornae (Ahl 1939, 246) Norops wermuthi K��hler & Obermeier 1998, 129 Norops yoroensis (E) McCranie, Nicholson & K��hler 2002, 466 Norops zeus (E) K��hler & McCranie 2001, 236. Townsend et al. (2012) said genetic data indicates this is a complex of more than one species., Published as part of Mccranie, James R., 2015, A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed, pp. 352-386 in Zootaxa 3931 (3) on pages 367-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3931.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/240338, {"references":["McCranie, J. R. & Kohler, G. (2015) The anoles (Reptilia: Squamata: Dactyloidae: Anolis: Norops) of Honduras. Systematics, distribution, and conservation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Special Publication Series, 1, 1 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3099 / 0027 - 4100 - 14.1.1","Wagler, J. (1830) Naturliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Saugthiere und Vogel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J. G. Cotta Buchhandlung, Munchen, vi + 354 pp.","McCranie, J. R. (2011 a) The Snakes of Honduras. Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contributions to Herpetology, 26, i - x, 1 - 714, plates 1 - 20.","Powell, R. & Henderson, R. W. (2012) Swan Islands, In: Powell, R. & Henderson, R. W. (Eds.), Island lists of West Indian amphibians and reptiles. Bulletin Florida Museum of Natural History, 51, pp. 91 - 92. [page range: 85 - 166]","Solis, J. M., Wilson, L. D. & Townsend, J. H. (2014) An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology, 1, 123 - 144, 1 plate.","McCranie, J. R. (2009) Amphibians and Reptiles of Honduras. Listas Zoologicas Actualizadas Universidad de Costa Rica Museo de Zoolgia UCR, San Pedro, Costa Rica. Available from: http: // museo. biologia. ucr. ac. cr / Listas / LZAPublicaciones. htm (accessed 13 February 2015)","Nicholson, K. E., Crother, B. I., Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 108.","Dunn, E. R. & Emlen, J. T. Jr. (1932) Reptiles and amphibians from Honduras. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 84, 21 - 32.","Kohler, G. & Vesely, M. (2010) A revision of the Anolis sericeus complex with the resurrection of A. wellbornae and the description of a new species (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Herpetologica, 66, 207 - 228. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 07 - 074 R 1.1"]}

Anolis bombiceps Cope, 1876 Type-locality. Nauta, Peru. Pertinent taxonomic references. Cope (1876), Boulenger (1885), Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), D���Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis bombiceps is endemic to northwestern Amazonia, restricted to the upper Negro and Amazon river basins, and the interfluvium Coari���Tef��, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 1). In Brazil, it is only known from the state of Amazonas. D���Angiolella et al. (2011) reported the species in central Brazilian Amazonia (S��o Sebasti��o do Uatum��), based on MZUSP 17439, but, this is a specimen of Anolis planiceps. Anolis bombiceps is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary (closed canopy) terra firme forest, where it is found on the ground or occasionally climbing the vegetation (rarely more than three meters above ground���Dixon & Soini 1975, 1986)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Cope, E. D. (1876) Report on the Reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the middle and upper Amazon and western Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 159 - 183.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1975) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Part 1. Lizards and amphisbaenians. Milwaukee Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology, 4, 1 - 58.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp."]}

Anolis chrysolepis Dum��ril & Bibron, 1837 Type-locality. La Mana, French Guiana. Pertinent taxonomic references. Dum��ril & Bibron (1837), Gray (1845), Boulenger (1885), Cunha (1961), Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Hoogmoed (1973), Dixon & Soini (1986), Savage & Guyer (1991), ��vila-Pires (1995), Myers (2008), D���Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis chrysolepis is endemic to northeastern Amazonia (Guiana region), occurring in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela (Fig. 2). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amap��, Par��, Roraima, and Amazonas. Anolis chrysolepis is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme and swampy forests, where it is found on the leaf litter, and occasionally on leafs and stems (rarely more than one meter above ground���Hoogmoed 1973; Gasc 1981; Hoogmoed & ��vila-Pires 1991; ��vila- Pires 1995; Ribeiro-J��nior et al. 2006; 2008)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. (1837) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome IV. Librairie Encyclopedique Roret, Paris, 570 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum / Edward Newman, London, 289 pp.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Cunha, O. R. (1961) Lacertilios da Amazonia. II. Os lagartos da Amazonia brasileira, com especial referenda aos representados na colecao do Museu Goeldi. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 39, 1 - 189.","Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4, 1 - 419.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1991) Nomenclatural notes on anoles (Sauria: Polychridae): stability over priority. Journal of Herpetology, 25, 365 - 366. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564601","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Myers, C. W. (2008) Anolis chrysolepis Dumeril & Bibron, 1837 (Reptilia, Squamata): proposed precedence over Draconura nitens Wagler, 1830. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 65, 205 - 213.","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Gasc, J. P. (1981) Quelques nouvelles donnees sur la repartition et l'ecologie des sauriens en Guyane francaise. Revue d'Ecologie, La Terre et la Vie, 35, 273 - 325.","Hoogmoed, M. S. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1991) Annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of Petit Saut, Sinnamary River, French Guiana. Zoologische Mededelingen, 65, 53 - 88.","Ribeiro-Junior, M. A., Gardner, T. A. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (2006) The effectiveness of glue traps to sample lizards in a tropical rainforest. South American Journal of Herpetology, 1, 131 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 1808 - 9798 (2006) 1 [131: TEOGTT] 2.0. CO; 2","Ribeiro-Junior, M. A., Gardner, T. A. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (2008) Evaluating the effectiveness of herpetofaunal sampling techniques across a gradient of habitat change in a tropical forest landscape. Journal of Herpetology, 42, 733 - 749. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 097 R 3.1"]}

Anolis fuscoauratus D���Orbigny, 1837 Type-locality. Chile, corrected by D���Orbigny (1847) to Rio Mamor��, between Loreto and the confluence of Rio Sara, Moxos province, Bolivia. Pertinent taxonomic references. D���Orbigny (1837, 1847), Peters (1863), Boulenger (1885), Thominot (1887), Roux (1929), Shreve (1947), Cunha (1961), Peters & Donoso-Barros (1970), Hoogmoed (1973), Duellman (1978), Cunha et al. (1985), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), Frost et al. (2001 a), Glor et al. (2001), Poe (2004), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis fuscoauratus is widespread in the Amazonia and central-northern portion of the Atlantic Forest. It occurs in southern Panama (Central America), Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (South America���Fig. 3). In Brazil it is known from Amap��, Par��, Maranh��o, Amazonas, Roraima, Acre, Rond��nia, Mato Grosso (Amazonian region), Cear��, Para��ba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Esp��rito Santo (Atlantic Forest). Anolis fuscoauratus is arboreal and diurnal. In Amazonia it inhabits primary and secondary terra firme forests, v��rzea and igap��, where it is found on the vegetation (tree trunks, fallen trunks, lianas and shrubs) between 1���3 meters above ground, agilely moving across a variety of heights, and occasionally on the ground (Hoogmoed 1973; Duellman 1978; Cunha et al. 1985; Martins 1991; ��vila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 2003 b; Schl��ter et al. 2004; Ribeiro-J��nior et al. 2006; Vitt et al. 2008 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Peters, W. C. H. (1863) Uber einige neue Arten der Saurier-Gattung Anolis. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1863, 135 - 149.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Thominot, A. (1887) Description de trois especes nouvelles d'Anolis et d'un amphisbaenien. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, 11, 182 - 190.","Roux, J. (1929) Sur deux Reptiles nouveaux du Venezuela. Verhandlungen dem Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 40, 29 - 34.","Shreve, B. (1947) On Venezuelan reptiles and amphibians collected by Dr. H. G. Kugler. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 99, 519 - 537.","Cunha, O. R. (1961) Lacertilios da Amazonia. II. Os lagartos da Amazonia brasileira, com especial referenda aos representados na colecao do Museu Goeldi. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 39, 1 - 189.","Peters, J. A. & Donoso-Barros, R. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: part II. Lizards and amphisbaenians. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 297, 1 - 293. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.297.1","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4, 1 - 419.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Cunha, O. R., Nascimento, F. P. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1985) Os repteis da area de Carajas, Para, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata). I. Publicacoes Avulsas: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 40, 9 - 92.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Frost, D. R., Etheridge, R., Janies, D. & Titus, T. A. (2001 a) Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of Polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania). American Museum Novitates, 3343, 1 - 38. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2001) 343 2.0. CO; 2","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Martins, M. (1991) The lizards of Balbina, Central Amazonia, Brazil: a quantitative analysis of resource utilization. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 26, 179 - 190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650529109360851","Vitt, J. L., Avila-Pires, T. C. S., Zani, P. A., Sartorius, S. S. & Esposito, M. C. (2003 b) Life above ground: ecology of Anolis fuscoauratus in the Amazon Rain Forest, and comparisons with its nearest relatives. Canadienne de Zoologie, 18, 142 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 02 - 230","Schluter, A., Icochea, J. & Perez, J. M. (2004) Amphibians and reptiles of the lower Rio Llullapichis, Amazonian Peru: updated species list with ecological and biogeographical notes. Salamandra, 40, 141 - 160.","Ribeiro-Junior, M. A., Gardner, T. A. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (2006) The effectiveness of glue traps to sample lizards in a tropical rainforest. South American Journal of Herpetology, 1, 131 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 1808 - 9798 (2006) 1 [131: TEOGTT] 2.0. CO; 2","Vitt, L. J., Magnusson, W. E., Avila-Pires, T. C. S. & Lima, A. P. (2008 a) Guia de lagartos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia central = Guide to the lizards of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, central Amazonia. Attema Design Editorial, Manaus, 176 pp."]}

Anolis philopunctatus Rodrigues, 1988 Type-locality. INPA ���WWF Reserves (2206 -Dimona), 90 km NW Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Pertinent taxonomic references. Rodrigues (1988), ��vila-Pires (1995), Nicholson et al. (2012), Casta��eda & de Queiroz (2013), Prates et al. (2014). Taxonomic remarks. The taxonomic status of Anolis philopunctatus is controversial. Casta��eda & de Queiroz (2013) presented a phylogenetic analysis of the Dactyloa clade based on morphological data and recovered A. philopunctatus outside the punctatus group, but related to the latifrons group. On the other hand, Prates et al. (2014) based on genetic data, found it closely related to Anolis punctatus (nested within A. punctatus clade), and considered the name A. philopunctatus as a synonym of A. punctatus. Here I prefer to maintain A. philopunctatus as a valid species until we have a comprehensive analysis of morphological and genetic variation of Anolis philopunctatus. Distribution and habitat. Anolis philopunctatus is endemic to central Amazonia, with distribution delimited by the Amazon, Negro and Trombetas Rivers (southwestern Guiana region���Fig. 5), until now only in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is also present in the Anavilhanas archipelago, in the lower Negro River. Anolis philopunctatus is arboreal and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme forest, where it is found on trunks of large trees, 2���6 meters above ground (Rodrigues 1988)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Rodrigues, M. T. (1988) A new anole of the punctatus group from central Amazonia (Sauria, Iguanidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36, 333 - 336.","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Prates, I., Rodrigues, M. T., Melo-Sampaio, P. R. & Carnaval, A. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian anole lizards (Dactyloa): taxonomic implications, new insights about phenotypic evolution and he timing of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 258 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.10.005"]}

Anolis punctatus Daudin, 1802 Type-locality. South America. Pertinent taxonomic references. Daudin (1802 b), Wied-Neuwied (1821), Raddi (1823), Spix (1825), Dum��ril & Bibron (1837), Fitzinger (1843), Gray (1845), O'Shaughnessy (1881), Boulenger (1885), Ahl (1925), Amaral (1933), Myers & Carvalho (1945), Williams (1965, 1982), Hoogmoed (1973), Dixon & Soini (1975, 1986), Duellman (1978), Williams & Vanzolini (1980), Cunha et al. (1985), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), Glor et al. (2001), Poe (2004), Casta��eda & de Queiroz (2011, 2013), Nicholson et al. (2012), Prates et al. (2014). Distribution and habitat. Anolis punctatus is widespread in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest, occurring in Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (Fig. 7). Hoogmoed (1973) and Gasc (1990) reported the species to Suriname and French Guiana, respectively. In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amap��, Par��, Maranh��o, Amazonas, Roraima, Acre, Rond��nia, Mato Grosso (Amazonian region), Para��ba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Esp��rito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and S��o Paulo (Atlantic Forest). Anolis punctatus is arboreal and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme and v��rzea forests (Williams & Vanzolini 1980), where it is usually found on tree trunks (in a variety of heights on trees), as well as on fallen trunks, stems of palms, vines, and on the ground (��vila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 2003 a). According Vitt et al. (2003 a) the species is frequently found in Amazonia close to more open, sunny places, like forest edge, fallen trees, and near river margins., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Daudin, F. M. (1802 b) Histoire naturelle, generalle et particuliere des reptiles. Tome IV. F. Dufart, Paris, 397 pp.","Wied-Neuwied, M. P. (1821) Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817. Vol. II. Heinrich Ludwig Bronner, Frankfurt, 345 pp.","Raddi, G. (1823) Continuazione della descrizione dei Rettili Brasiliani. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Societa Italiana delle Scienze, 19, 58 - 73.","Spix, J. B. von (1825) Animalia nova sive species nova lacertarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII- MDCCCXX jussu et auspicius Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit Dr. J. B. de Spix. Typis Franc Seraph Hubschmanni, Monachii, 26 pp.","Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. (1837) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome IV. Librairie Encyclopedique Roret, Paris, 570 pp.","Fitzinger, L. I. (1843) Systema reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumuller et Seidel, Wien, 106 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum / Edward Newman, London, 289 pp.","O'Shaughnessy, A. W. E. (1881) An account of the collection of lizards made by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador, and now in the British Museum, with descriptions of the new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1881, 227 - 245.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Ahl, E. (1925) Neue Iguaniden aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin. Zoologische Anzeiger, 62, 85 - 88.","Amaral, A. (1933) Estudos sobre lacertilios neotropicos. I. Novos generos e especies de lagartos do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 7, 51 - 75.","Myers, G. S. & Carvalho, A. L. (1945) A strange new leaf-nosed lizard of the genus Anolis from Amazonia. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 43, 1 - 44.","Williams, E. E. (1965) South America Anolis (Sauria, Iguanidae): two new species of the punctatus group. Breviora, 233, 1 - 15.","Williams, E. E. (1982) Three new species of the Anolis punctatus complex from Amazonian and inter-Andean Colombia, with comments on the eastern members of the punctatus species group. Breviora, 467, 1 - 38.","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4, 1 - 419.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1975) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Part 1. Lizards and amphisbaenians. Milwaukee Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology, 4, 1 - 58.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Williams, E. E. & Vanzolini, P. E. (1980) Notes and biogeographic comments on anoles from Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 34, 99 - 108.","Cunha, O. R., Nascimento, F. P. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1985) Os repteis da area de Carajas, Para, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata). I. Publicacoes Avulsas: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 40, 9 - 92.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Prates, I., Rodrigues, M. T., Melo-Sampaio, P. R. & Carnaval, A. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian anole lizards (Dactyloa): taxonomic implications, new insights about phenotypic evolution and he timing of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 258 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.10.005","Gasc, J. P. (1990) Les lezards de Guyane. Chabaud, Paris, 76 pp.","Vitt, L. J, Avila-Pires, T. C. S., Esposito, M. C., Sartorius, S. S. & Zani, P. A. (2003 a) Sharing Amazonian Rain-Forest trees: ecology of Anolis punctatus and Anolis transversalis (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Journal of Herpetology, 37, 276 - 285. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 0022 - 1511 (2003) 037 [0276: SARTEO] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Anolis transversalis Dum��ril, 1851 Type-locality. Am��rique m��ridionale, restricted by Guichenot (1855) to Sarayacu, Peru. Pertinent taxonomic references. Dum��ril (1851), Guichenot (1855), O'Shaughnessy (1880), Williams & Vanzolini (1966), Duellman (1978), Williams (1982), Dixon & Soini (1986), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), Glor et al. (2001), Poe (2004), Casta��eda & de Queiroz (2011, 2013), Nicholson et al. (2012), Prates et al. (2014). Distribution and habitat. Anolis transversalis is endemic to western Amazonia, with its eastern distribution delimited by Negro, Madeira and Aripuan�� Rivers, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 8). Langstroth (2005) reported the species to Bolivia. In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amazonas, Acre, and Rond��nia. Anolis transversalis is arboreal and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme forest, with preference for shaded areas, where it is found on the upper layers of the forest, on tree trunks and high branches of large trees (Duellman 1978; Vitt et al. 2003 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Dumeril, A. M. C (1851) Anolis transversalis. In: Dumeril, A. M. C. & Dumeril, A. H. A. (1851) Catalogue methodique de la collection des Reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Gide et Baudry, Paris, 57 pp.","Guichenot, A. (1855) Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pendant. In: Castelnau, F. L. L., Expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para; Executee par ordre du Gouvernement Francais pendant les annees 1843 a 1847, sous la direction du Compt. P. Bertrand, Paris, pp. 1 - 18.","O'Shaughnessy, A. W. E. (1880) Description of a new species of Anolis, with notice of some other species of that genus from Ecuador. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1880, 491 - 493.","Williams, E. E. & Vanzolini, P. E. (1966) Studies on South American anoles. Anolis transversalis A. Dumeril. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 19, 197 - 204.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Williams, E. E. (1982) Three new species of the Anolis punctatus complex from Amazonian and inter-Andean Colombia, with comments on the eastern members of the punctatus species group. Breviora, 467, 1 - 38.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of Anoles. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 37 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0037: POA] 2.0. CO; 2","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Prates, I., Rodrigues, M. T., Melo-Sampaio, P. R. & Carnaval, A. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian anole lizards (Dactyloa): taxonomic implications, new insights about phenotypic evolution and he timing of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 258 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.10.005","Langstroth, R. P. (2005) Adiciones probables y confirmadas para la saurofauna boliviana. Kempffiana, 1, 101 - 128.","Vitt, L. J, Avila-Pires, T. C. S., Esposito, M. C., Sartorius, S. S. & Zani, P. A. (2003 a) Sharing Amazonian Rain-Forest trees: ecology of Anolis punctatus and Anolis transversalis (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Journal of Herpetology, 37, 276 - 285. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 0022 - 1511 (2003) 037 [0276: SARTEO] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Mccranie, James R. (2015): A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352-386, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3931.3.2

Anolis planiceps Troschel, 1848 Type-locality. Caracas, Venezuela. Pertinent taxonomic references. Troschel (1848), Roze (1958), Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Hoogmoed (1973), Savage & Guyer (1991), ��vila-Pires (1995), Myers & Donnelly (1997), Glor et al. (2001), D���Angiolella et al. (2011), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis planiceps is endemic to northern Amazonia (western of Guiana region), occurring in Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, and Colombia (Fig. 6). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amazonas and Roraima. Anolis planiceps is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme forest, but it is also found in swamp forests and with low density on tepuis (Vitt & Zani 1996 b; Myers & Donnelly 1997; Vitt et al. 2008 a), where it is found on the leaf litter, and occasionally on lower vegetation (Martins 1991; ��vila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 2008 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Troschel, F. H. (1848) Amphibien. In: Schomburgk. M. R., Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840 - 44. Im Auftrage Sr. Majestat des Konigs von Preussen ausgefuhrt. Theil 3. Versuch einer Zusammenstellung der Fauna und Flora von British- Guiana. Leipzig, pp. 645 - 661.","Roze, J. A. (1958) Los reptiles del Chimanta Tepui (Estado Bolivar, Venezuela) colectados por la expedicion botanica del Chicago Natural History Museum. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 2, 299 - 314.","Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam. IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4, 1 - 419.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1991) Nomenclatural notes on anoles (Sauria: Polychridae): stability over priority. Journal of Herpetology, 25, 365 - 366. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564601","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Myers, C. W. & Donnelly, M. A. (1997) A tepui herpetofauna on a granitic mountain (Tamacuari) in the borderland between Venezuela and Brazil: report from the Phipps Tapirapeco expedition. American Museum Novitates, 3213, 1 - 71.","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Vitt, L. J., Magnusson, W. E., Avila-Pires, T. C. S. & Lima, A. P. (2008 a) Guia de lagartos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia central = Guide to the lizards of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, central Amazonia. Attema Design Editorial, Manaus, 176 pp.","Martins, M. (1991) The lizards of Balbina, Central Amazonia, Brazil: a quantitative analysis of resource utilization. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 26, 179 - 190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650529109360851"]}

Anolis dissimilis Williams, 1965 Type-locality. Itahuania, upper Rio Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios Province, Peru. Pertinent taxonomic references. Williams (1965, 1974), Freitas et al. (2013), Prates et al. (2014). Distribution and habitat. Anolis dissimilis is endemic to southwestern Amazonia, restricted to the upper Purus and Madre de Dios river basins, occurring in Brazil and Peru (Fig. 2). In Brazil, it is only known from the state of Acre. It is arboreal and diurnal, inhabits areas with relatively low forest, with bamboo dominated understory (Guadua ssp.) (Icochea et al. 2001; Melo-Sampaio et al. 2013). Freitas et al. (2013) found one individual on guava tree trunk (about 4 m height) in secondary forest. Anolis dissimilis is rarely observed, which may indicate low density and/or reclusive habits., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Williams, E. E. (1965) South America Anolis (Sauria, Iguanidae): two new species of the punctatus group. Breviora, 233, 1 - 15.","Williams, E. E. (1974) South American Anolis: new species related to Anolis nigrolineatus and A. dissimilis. Breviora, 422, 1 - 15.","Freitas, M. A., Machado, D. C., Venancio, N. M., Franca, D. P. F. & Verissimo, D. (2013) First record for Brazil of the odd anole lizard Anolis dissimilis Williams, 1965 (Squamata: Polychrotidae) with notes on coloration. Herpetology Notes, 6, 383 - 385.","Prates, I., Rodrigues, M. T., Melo-Sampaio, P. R. & Carnaval, A. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian anole lizards (Dactyloa): taxonomic implications, new insights about phenotypic evolution and he timing of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 258 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.10.005","Icochea, J., Quispitupac, E., Portilla, A. & Ponce, E. (2001) Assessment of amphibians and reptiles of the lower Urubamba region, Peru. In: Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F. & Campbell, P. (Eds.), Urubamba: The biodiversity of a Peruvian Rainforest. Charter Printing, Alexandria, pp. 129 - 142.","Melo-Sampaio, P. R., Melo, B. L. A. S., Silva, A., Maciel, J. M. L., Nogueira, M., Arruda, S. M., Lima, L., Silva, J. C. & Matos, L. (2013) Anolis dissimilis. Geographic Distribution. Herpetological Review, 44, 473."]}

Ribeiro-Júnior, Marco A. (2015): Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae. Zootaxa 3983 (3): 1-110, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1

Anolis trachyderma Cope, 1876 Type-locality. Nauta, Peru. Pertinent taxonomic references. Cope (1876, 1886), Boulenger (1885), Amaral (1933), Cunha (1961), Vanzolini & Williams (1970), Vanzolini (1972), Duellman (1978), Dixon & Soini (1986), Savage & Guyer (1989), ��vila-Pires (1995), Glor et al. (2001), Nicholson et al. (2012). Distribution and habitat. Anolis trachyderma is endemic to Amazonia, with disjunct distribution in western Amazonia (between the Japur�� and Juru�� river basins), and in eastern Amazonia (restricted to the Tapaj��s���Xingu interfluvium), occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 5) In Brazil it is known from the states of Par��, Amazonas, and Acre. Anolis trachyderma is predominantly terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme and varzea forests, occasionally found at forest edge (Duellman 1978; ��vila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 2002), where it is usually found on the ground, but also on low vegetation and small trees, generally below 2 meters high (Vanzolini 1972; Dixon & Soini 1975; 1986; ��vila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 1999; 2002). According to Vitt et al. (2002) it shows a slight preference for low, damper areas within the forest., Published as part of Ribeiro-J��nior, Marco A., 2015, Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae, pp. 1-110 in Zootaxa 3983 (3) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3983.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234980, {"references":["Cope, E. D. (1876) Report on the Reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the middle and upper Amazon and western Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 159 - 183.","Cope, E. D. (1886) Catalogue of the species of batrachians and reptiles contained in a collection made at Pebas, upper Amazon, by John Hauxwell. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 23, 94 - 103.","Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. 2 nd Edition. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 497 pp.","Amaral, A. (1933) Estudos sobre lacertilios neotropicos. I. Novos generos e especies de lagartos do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 7, 51 - 75.","Cunha, O. R. (1961) Lacertilios da Amazonia. II. Os lagartos da Amazonia brasileira, com especial referenda aos representados na colecao do Museu Goeldi. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia, 39, 1 - 189.","Vanzolini, P. E. & Williams, E. E. (1970) South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 19, 1 - 298. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 19 i 3 - 4 p 125 - 298","Vanzolini, P. E. (1972) Miscellaneous notes on the ecology of some Brazilian lizards (Sauria). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 26, 83 - 115.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.","Savage, J. M. & Guyer, C. (1989) Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 105 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00142","Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1 - 706.","Glor, R. E., Vitt, L. J. & Larson, A. (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2661 - 2668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0962 - 1083.2001.01393. x","Nicholson, K. E, Crother, B. I, Guyer, C. & Savage, J. M. (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, 3477, 1 - 107.","Vitt, L. J., Avila-Pires, T. C. S., Zani, P. A. & Esposito, M. C. (2002) Life in shade: the ecology of Anolis trachyderma (Squamata: Polychrotidae) in Amazonian Ecuador and Brazil, with comparisons to ecologically similar anoles. Copeia, 2002, 275 - 286. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2002) 002 [0275: LISTEO] 2.0. CO; 2","Dixon, J. R. & Soini, P. (1975) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Part 1. Lizards and amphisbaenians. Milwaukee Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology, 4, 1 - 58.","Vitt, L. J., Zani, P. A. & Esposito, M. C. (1999) Historical ecology of Amazonian lizards: implications for community ecology. Oikos, 87, 286 - 294. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3546743"]}

Moreno-Arias, Rafael A., Calderón-Espinosa, Martha L. (2016): Patterns of morphological diversification of mainland Anolis lizards from northwestern South America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (3): 632-647, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12325, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12325

Anolis viridis Wied, 1821 Plate 9 1821 Reise 2: 132. 1824 Isis: 663 (diagnosis and reference to Reise 2). 1824 Abbildungen: Lief. 6 (fig. 1 of composite pl.). 1825 Beitra¨ge: 113. e very good, as is the plate showing a female (see preceding account). The type locality is Morro da Arara (18 ° 069S, 39 ° 489W, Vanzolini, 1992), rendered in the Beitra¨ge as ‘‘Lago ditrara.’’ PRESENT STATUS: Anolis punctatus Daudin, 1802. REMARKS: Both the description in the Reise and that in the Beitra¨ge ar goa d’Arara (the spelling ‘‘ditrara’’ on p. 116 is a typographical error corrected on p. 611). There are no specimens in the collection nor is the species listed in Wied’s 1860 manuscript catalog., Published as part of Vanzolini, Paulo E. & Myers, Charles W., 2015, The Herpetological Collection Of Maximilian, Prince Of Wied (1782 - 1867), With Special Reference To Brazilian Materials, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (395) on page 31, DOI: 10.1206/910.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5400065, {"references":["Vanzolini, Paulo E. 1992. A supplement to the Ornithological Gazetteer of Brazil. Sa t o Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 252 pp."]}

Brown, Rafe M., Siler, Cameron D., Richards, Stephen J., Diesmos, Arvin C., Cannatella, David C. (2015): Multilocus phylogeny and a new classification for Southeast Asian and Melanesian forest frogs (family Ceratobatrachidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 174 (1): 130-168, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12232, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12232

We studied the phylogenetic status, morphological variation, dewlap color variation, and geographic distribution of four poorly known Anolis species nested in the Norops clade, particularly in the A. fuscoauratus group from the Andes of Colombia. In addition, we also describe a nomen nudum species based on morphological and molecular evidence. This nomen nudum taxa differ from other fuscoauratoids species in a combination of dewlap color, meristic traits, and molecular evidence. Our integrative analysis (molecular phylogenetics, morphology, and dewlap color) revealed the non-monophyletic status of these Andean taxa. We also confirmed the occurrence of A. fuscoauratus in the Magdalena valley in Colombia (a trans-Andean region). Our findings show that the evolution of Andean anoles is more complex than previously thought and more research is necessary to understand the diversity in this cryptic group.

Anolis limon sp. nov. (Figure 1 and 2) Holotype. MHUA-R 11760; adult male, from department of Antioquia, Gómez Plata municipality, Vereda La Clara, Hacienda Vegas de la Clara; 6 ° 34 ’ 53 ”N, 75 ° 11 ’ 43 ’’W (1093 m) collected by Wilmar Munera on April 22, 2008 (Figure 1, 2 and 3). Paratypes (all from Colombia). MHUA-R 10053, 11267 collected in department of Antioquia, Yolombo municipality, Normandia, 6 ° 44 ' 6 ''N, 75 ° 4 ' 51 ''W (935 m); MHUA-R 10939 department of Antioquia, Amalfi municipality, vereda San Ignacio, 6 ° 54 ' 43 ''N, 75 ° 4 ' 42 ''W (1000 m); MHUA-R 11020 collected in department of Caldas, Norcasia municipality, vereda El Tigre, 5 ° 33 '32.7''N, 74 ° 52 ' 5,6 ''W (520 m); MHUA-R 11248 collected in department of Antioquia, Anor municipality, vereda El Retiro 6 ° 48 '46.66''N, 75 ° 3 ' 34,34 ''W (1538 m). Diagnosis. An Anolis of the “ Dactyloa ” clade (Savage et al. 1989; Castañeda & de Queiroz 2011, 2013) and the latifrons series (Etheridge 1959; Williams 1976 a) according to the following combination of osteological characters: eight or less septate caudal vertebrae, lack of transverse processes on most or all of the autotomic caudal vertebra and having at least four parasternal chevrons attached to the dorsal ribs. Anolis limon differs from most species of the punctatus and tigrinus groups (Williams 1992) by having relatively smaller head scales; from the laevis species group (Williams 1979) by lacking a soft proboscis; from the roquet species group (Williams 1976 b) by possessing supraorbital semicircles separated from each other, the interparietal separated from the supraorbital semicircles, and a straight posterior border of the mental (Poe 2004); and from the latifrons clade (Castañeda & de Quieroz 2011, 2013) by having a snout-vent length in adults less than 100 mm (Savage 2002). Anolis limon shares intermediate adult body size (65–95 mm SVL), smooth ventral scales, and mostly green dorsal coloration with A. chocorum and A. ibanezi, (see Poe et al. 2009 a), but differs of these both species in dewlap and color pattern (Figure 2). Anolis limon is distinguished from A. chocorum and A. ibanezi by its uniform light tan or yellow near the throat and tan in the distal portion with rows of green scales in males and color pattern. The dewlap in A. chocorum is orange and white anteriorly with rows of white scales. The dewlap in A. ibanezi is green and white anteriorly orange with rows of green scales (Poe et al. 2009). The color pattern in A. limon males is green with wide black bands on the flanks of males (males of A. chocorum exhibit rows of ocelli and males of A. ibanezi exhibit thin lines). In females of A. limon there is diffuse dark green spots on the flanks (there are rows of ocelli in females of A. chocorum and thin lines in females of A. ibanezi; however, we do not known whether these spots would be homologous with the ocelli present in A. chocorum) (Figure 1 and 2). Furthermore, A. limon exhibits fewer scales across the snout than A. chocorum (mean = 9.7, range = 8–11 in A. limon; mean = 12, range = 10–15 in A. chocorum) (Figure 4). Description of external morphology of the holotype (paratype variation in parentheses) (Figure 3 and 4): Morphological dimensions are shown in Table 1. Dorsal head scales smooth; weak frontal depression; rostral canthus distinct; seven postrostrals (5–7); two sublabial scales slightly enlarged, (one enlarged sublabial scales on each side); seven postmentals (6–7); interparietal separated from supraorbital semicircles by four scales (2–4); three scales between supraorbital semicircles (2–3); nine supralabials to center of eye (8–9); eight infralabials to center of eye (7–9); one superciliary scale enlarged followed by granular scales; none scales rows between suboculars and supralabial (1); ten scales across snout between second canthals (8–11); six loreal rows (5–7); circumnasal in contact with supralabial, separated from rostral by one scale (not in contact with supralabial in MHUA-R 11267); rostral slightly overlapping mental; mental broader than rostral, extending posterolaterally beyond rostral; posterior border of mental concave (convex in all paratypes); mental partially divided; scales surrounding the interparietal are smooth; some enlarged scales in supraocular disc, the rest granular. Dorsal scales keeled; two rows of slightly enlarged middorsal scales (0–2); nine dorsal scales counted longitudinally in 5 % of SVL (8–11); nine ventral scales counted longitudinally in 5 % of SVL (8–12) (see Poe 2004 for a description of this character); ventrals smooth, each scale bordered posteriorly by two scales (i.e., in transverse rows). Anterior part of the arm with unicarinate scales, elbow with multicarinate scales; thigh with unicarinate scales, knee with multicarinate scales; postcloacal greatly scales enlarged (absent in paratypes); scales on dewlap in rows of three scales (3–4); 22 expanded lamellae under third and four phalanges of fourth toe (20–22) (second and third phalanges of Williams et al. 1995); tail with keeled scales and a double middorsal row. *There was only one male additional to the holotype during this work. Osteological description (based in MHUA-R 11020). Postcranial skeleton: Interclavicles T-shaped; 24 presacral vertebrae; four lumbar vertebrae; eight caudal vertebrae with transverse processes anterior, gradually lost posteriorly ("alpha" condition in Anolis; Etheridge 1959); Caudal autotomy septa absent; five postxiphisternal inscriptional ribs, four pairs attached to dorsal ribs and one pair free (5: 1); Two sternal ribs and two xiphisternal ribs. Skull: Supraoccipital cresting continuous across supraoccipital; dorsal surface of skull smooth; parietal crests Y-shaped; anterolateral corners of parietal crests reach posterolateral corners of frontal; parietal casque absent; position of pineal foramen at parietal/frontal suture; supratemporal processes leave supraoccipital exposed above; postfrontal present; prefrontal contacts nasal; frontal sutures contacts only with nasals anteriorly; dorsal processes of jugal terminates on lateral aspect of postorbital; contact between jugal and squamosal absent; posteroventral corner of jugal is anterior to posterior edge of jugal; epipterygoid does not contact parietal; pterygoid teeth absent; lateral edges of vomer smooth; maxilla extends posteriorly to ectopterygoid; quadrate lateral shelf absent; premaxilla overlaps nasals laterally; posterior of skull slopes superiorly; crenulation along lateral edges of parietal absent; parietal roof flat; posteriormost tooth is posterior to anterior inferior alveolar foramen; angular processes of articular large; posterior suture of dentary pronged; posterior border of dentary extending within mandibular fossa; splenial large; ventral aspect of anteromedial process of coronoid projects posteriorly; surangular foramen completely in surangular; coronoid labial process present; posterolateral aspect of coronoid terminates anterior to supraangular foramen; angular absent. Color in life: Anolis limon is sexually dimorphic in color pattern. The dorsal surface of the body in both sexes is light green. Males have transverse dark green to black bands (five from the neck to the tail base, see Figure 1), whereas females have numerous dispersed dark green to bluish small blotches with a few additional small white blotches. The banded/blotched (male/female) pattern continues onto the dorsal surface of limbs and tail. Two aspects of the coloration, observed in the holotype, seem to be related to stress conditions, since they were not present when just caught. The first stress pattern is the brown and yellowish coloration in different parts of the head, and the second is some reticulated brown lines in trunk. The ventral surface of head, body, limbs, and tail is whitish with a diffuse light pattern of scattered bluish and greenish irregular small blotches in both sexes. Eyelids are bright yellow in their anterior and posterior margins, sometimes white at the very margin to the eye. The superior and inferior borders of eye are green like the rest of the body. The iris is light brown to reddish, the pupil is black. In males, the dewlap skin is uniform light tan or yellow near the throat and tan in the distal portion; the border scales are white, and has five transverse lines of light green scales. Females have white scales on the border of the dewlap, while the skin is green fading into yellow with rows of small white scales. Color in preservative. The color of recently preserved specimens is darker than that of living specimens, but the banded/blotched pattern is conserved. Older specimens also conserve the pattern, but green surfaces turn into purple, and the ventral surfaces become grayish (Figure 2 and 3). Distribution and ecology. Anolis limon is only known from some localities in the northeastern slope of the Central Andes in Colombia between 1000 and 1800 m of elevation (Figure 5). We found Anolis limon in secondary forest and forest edges, near streams and ponds, mostly sleeping on leaves at night. Morphometric analysis. The principal component analysis shows a clear separation between females for each species (Figure 6). The first two components explain 79.63% of variance in females (Table 2). Head variables exhibited the highest loadings in the first component (IoD, HW, SL) and limb dimensions (HuL, UL, FL) exhibited the highest loadings in the second component (see Table 2). Females of both species show a clear separation in the first component with very few differences in the second (Figure 5). Phylogenetic relationships. Our search strategy resulted in 576 equally-parsimonious trees with length of 31889 steps and a consistency index of 0.12 and a retention index of 0.49. The 50 % majority rule consensus of these trees is shown in Figure 7 (all non-dactyloid species were collapsed in this tree). Etymology. The specific name limon makes reference to the resemblance of the body color of the females to the green color of the fruits of the lemon tree (Citrus x lemon). Our phylogenetic results show that Anolis limon is nested within the " Dactyloa " clade of Anolis (Figure 7). The inclusion of species scored only for morphological characters probably reduces the support values for many nodes (Huelsenbeck 1991). However, the inclusion of these taxa with a lot of missing data may increase the accuracy of recovered phylogenetic relationships (Wiens & Tiu 2012). The results of our phylogenetic analysis reveal that although A. limon and A. chocorum are very similar morphologically they are nested in different subclades inside the “ Dactyloa ” clade. Instead, we found that A. limon is the sister taxa to A. ibanezi, although the nodal support is too low (below 50 % of bootstrap replicates). However, we only included molecular data for Anolis chocorum and a further study (including molecular data) it is necessary to highlights the phylogenetic relationships of mainland green anoles (Anolis limon, A. ibanezi and A. chocorum). The recent phylogenies of dactyloid anoles (see Castañeda & de Queiroz, 2011, 2013) only have included the half of dactyloid taxa described (Castañeda & de Queiroz, 2011) and in some cases, taxa with many missing data, mostly for molecular data (Castañeda & de Quieroz, 2013). We considered that a better taxa sampling combined with a most complete character sampling (especially for molecular data) it is necessary to improve our understanding of the phylogeny of dactyloid anoles. Our morphometric analyses suggested that the females of Anolis limon and Anolis chocorum differs mainly in head variables (see Table 2 and Figure 5). These morphological differences likely are associated to differences in diet and bite force (Herrel et al. 2001 a; b), reflecting niche partitioning between species (Harmon et al. 2005). The distribution of Anolis limon is restricted to the middle Magdalena region of Colombia (Figure 5). This restricted distribution provide additional support for the hypothesis that Magdalena region is an endemism area (Hernández-Camacho et al. 1992; Morrone 2001). Several species are known to be restricted to this region, like monkeys (e.g, Saguinus leucopus Günther 1877), birds (e.g., Capito hypoleucus Salvin 1897), frogs (e.g., Agalychnis terranova Rivera, Duarte, Rueda & Daza, 2013;, Allobates niputidea Grant, Acosta & Rada 2007; Dendrobates truncatus Cope 1861), turtles (e.g., Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852) and other anole species (e.g., A. ibague Williams 1975). The discovery of this new species highlights the need for extensive work with Colombian anoles. Additional research in Colombian herpetological collections supplemented by extensive fieldwork at several sites across the country likely will allow the discovery of new anole taxa. With the description of Anolis limon we have added another species to the Colombian anole fauna for a total of 75 species (Uetz & Hosek 2013). Despite limited sampling effort dedicated to anoles in Colombia, in comparison with other regions (e.g., Greater Antilles) Colombia has the highest anole diversity of any country (Uetz & Hosek 2013). The high diversity of Anolis species in Colombia offers an excellent opportunity for addressing evolutionary and ecological questions (see Molina- Zuluaga & Gutiérrez-Cárdenas 2007; Velasco & Herrel 2007; Calderón-Espinosa & Barragán-Forero 2011; Calderón-Espinosa et al. 2013; Moreno-Arias & Urbina-Cardona 2013). We encourage herpetologists to conduct biological studies focused on Colombian anole species. Such studies will contribute to a greater understanding of the ecological and evolutionary causes of the high diversity in Colombia.