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The present study compared the stress response of two microalgal strains – Arthronema africanum (Cyanoprokaryota) and Coelastrella sp. BGV (Chlorophyta), after heavy metals’ treatment. Changes of algal growth, pigment and protein content were analyzed after adding Cu, Cd and Pb (50 µM and 100 µM) to the nutrition medium. It was found that Cd and Pb significantly inhibited growth and protein biosynthesis of microalgae, but the effect of Cu remained less pronounced. In both strains, a decrease of chlorophyll content was observed, while carotenoid content markedly increased, especially in Coelastrella sp. BGV biomass. The addition of 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Pb to the medium caused a strong enhancement of malondialdehyde in both microalgal strains, which corresponded to the significant increase of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. The antioxidant enzymes appeared to be differently altered by heavy metals’ exposure. The activity of SOD in the Arthronema africanum cells was most strongly affected by Cd, in contrast to Coelastrella sp. BGV that was highly increased by 100 µM Pb. The application of 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Pb increased in a similar manner catalase activity in both microalgae. The strains that were studied showed a high absorption capacity for metal ions, especially for Pb, which was absorbed largely than Cd and Cu. For that reason, we assumed that both microalga and, in particular, Coelastrella sp. BGV, could be successfully used for treatment of contaminated water bodies.

Lanceola loveni antarctica and L. sphaerica are rare deep-sea species known from very few specimens. Until recently (Zeidler 2019) L. loveni antarctica was known only from the types, seven specimens (7–27 mm), from the Indian Ocean Sector of the Antarctic (Vinogradov 1962). Similarly, L. sphaerica, originally described as a variety of L. clausi (Vinogradov, 1957), based on two damaged specimens, a female (8.0 mm) and a male (9 mm), from the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the NW Pacific, later elevated to full species status by Vinogradov (1970) upon the discovery of a well-preserved male (5 mm) from the same general region, was until then known only from these three specimens. The recent discovery of several specimens of both species in the USNM (Zeidler 2019) has now made it possible to provide a more detailed redescription of these rare species, including some new distribution records.

This paper describes a new species from the Class Chlorophyceae, Mychonastes frigidus sp. nov., isolated from a cold-water mountain stream in the north of Russia (Subpolar Ural). The taxon is described using morphological and molecular methods. Mychonastes frigidus sp. nov. belongs to the group of species of the genus Mychonastes with spherical single cells. Comparison of ITS2 rDNA sequences and its secondary structures combined with the compensatory base changes approach confirms the separation between Mychonastes frigidus sp. nov and other species of the genus. Mychonastes frigidus sp. nov. represents a cryptic species that can only be reliably identified using molecular data.

The two genera Planktosphaeria (the type Pl. gelatinosa G.M.Smith) and Follicularia (the type F. paradoxalis Miller) have numerous chloroplast segments, each with a single pyrenoid. Autospore repro...

Lanceola sphaerica Vinogradov, 1970 Lanceola clausi var. sphaerica Vinogradov 1957: 196, fig. 6. Lanceola sphaerica Vinogradov, 1970: 383, 386���388, figs 1���2.��� Vinogradov et al. 1982 / 1996: 73���75 /84���86, fig. 20.���Zeidler 2009: 44���45, fig. 13.��� Zeidler 2019: 514. Material examined. Southern Ocean: immature female (USNM 1090248), Amundsen Sea, Cruise 11, station 930 [70��08���S 109��48���W], 1,391 m, 19 January 1964 (figured here). SE Pacific: immature female (USNM 1089971), off Chilean coast near Valdivia, Cruise 6, station 326 [38��19���S 74��34���W], 1,691���2,072 m, 25 November 1962. Type material. Lanceola sphaerica was first described as a variety of L. clausi from two damaged specimens, a mature female (8 mm) and a male (9 mm), both caught in the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the North-West Pacific. The female from Vityaz station 2076 [43��39���N 149��24���E], 4,200 ���7,800 m, 9 May 1953 and the male from Vityaz station 2208 [49��23���N 158��45���E], 0���6,500 m, 22 June 1953 (Vinogradov 1957). Later, Vinogradov (1970) established it as a full species with the availability of a well-preserved male (5.5 mm) from the same general area; Vityaz station 5626 [45��11���N 152��28���E], 3,000 ���4,000 m, 23���24 August 1966. All three specimens are in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University (Mb���1051, 1052, 1053). Description of immature female 4.5 mm (Fig. 3). Pereonites 1���4 inflated, almost spherical. Head without rostrum. Eyes very small, reniform, without crystalline cones. A1 slightly longer than head and first pereonite combined. A2 as long as A1 with two long setae terminally. G1; basis relatively slender, slightly shorter than remaining articles combined; carpus length 0.5 x basis, distal margin width about 1.3 x proximal margin of propodus; propodus conical-shaped, length about 2 x proximal width; dactylus length almost 0.5 x propodus. G2 much longer and slenderer than G1; basis length about 0.7 x remaining articles combined, about 2 x carpus length; propodus gradually tapering to narrow distal margin, length about 1.4 x carpus; dactylus inserted terminally to propodus, length about 0.4 x propodus. P3 and P4 similar in length and morphology; basis length slightly more than 2 x merus; merus with distinct antero-distal bulge, maximum width about 0.8 x length; carpus length 1.6 x merus for P3, 1.8 x merus for P4; propodus length 1.3 x carpus for P3, 1.1 x carpus for P4; dactylus length slightly more than 0.3 x propodus. P5���7 all with relatively long, slender articles and fully retractile, hooded dactyls but propodus not club-like distally. P5 slightly shorter than P4; basis length almost 2 x merus; carpus length 1.3 x merus, 0.8 x propodus; dactylus in relatively broad hollow. P6 length almost 1.3 x P5, slightly longer than first four pereonites combined; basis length about 2 x merus; merus with very slight postero-distal bulge; carpus length 1.5 x merus; propodus length about 1.4 x merus; dactylus strongly curved, pressed against anterior margin of propodus. P7 length 0.7 x P6; basis length 2.5 x merus; merus with slight postero-distal bulge; carpus length 1.2 x merus, about 0.6 x propodus. Urosome with relatively slender peduncles and rami. Rami of all uropoda more or less sub-equal in length, with slightly serrated margins. Peduncles and rami of U1 & U2 similar in length. Peduncle length of U3 slightly less than rami. Telson acute, apex rounded; length about 1.5 x width at base, reaching to about the middle of peduncle of U3. Remarks. Lanceola sphaerica is distinguished from all its congeners by a combination of several characters; i) the inflated pereon (especially in females); ii) the relatively long dactyls of P3���7 (especially P 3���4 in mature males); iii) the structure of P5 becoming sub-chelate in males; and iv) the relatively short telson. It is clearly most similar to the highly variable species, L. clausi, in the general habitus and the relative lengths of the pereopods but is readily distinguished by the slightly more inflated pereon and the relatively longer dactyls of P3���7. The female specimen described here is similar to L. clausi pirloti Shoemaker, 1945 in that the antennae are of similar length and the merus of P3���4 has a distinct antero-distal bulge, but differs from it in that the basis of the gnathopoda is slender; P6 is relatively longer and the uropoda are slenderer. In the long dactyls of P3 and P4, it resembles L. longidactyla Vinogradov, 1964 but in that species the dactyls are relatively much longer and P5 is not modified. It also resembles L. chelifera Vinogradov, 1970, especially in the modification of P5 but in that species the dactylus of P5 is not retractile or hooded and the structure of P3 and P4 is completely different. As noted by Vinogradov (1970), females of L. sphaerica differ from males in the following characters: i) P3 and P4 are more weakly armed and the dactyls are relatively shorter; ii) the articles of P5 are more linear, with less armature and the propodus is not robust and the dactylus is not as strong, not becoming sub-chelate. The specimen described here agrees with these characters and there are only very minor differences in the relative lengths of articles that can be determined from the limited information provided for the female by Vinogradov (1957, 1970). The sexual dimorphism exhibited in the morphology of P5 seems to become more prominent in mature males. Like L. clausi, L. sphaerica seems to occur in the colder waters of both Hemispheres. Distribution. Known only from the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the Pacific Ocean, the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica and the South-East Pacific, as detailed above. The latter is a new distribution record for L. sphaerica. Vinogradov (1970) records it as ���one of the most deeply-living hyperiids, being restricted to the abyssopelagic zone (including the trench waters) and does not rise above 3,000 m into the bathypelagic���, based on the specimens from the Kurile-Kamchatka region. It is recorded here from 1,391 m and 1,691 ���2,072 m., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2021, Redescription of two rare, deep-sea species of hyperiidean amphipod, Lanceola loveni antarctica Vinogradov, 1962 and L. sphaerica Vinogradov, 1970 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea: Lanceolidae), pp. 106-114 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 111-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5656569, {"references":["Vinogradov, M. E. (1970) New data on the amphipods Hyperiidea Physosomata of the northwest part of the Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 86, 382 - 400. [in Russian; English translation: In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.), Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its Environmen. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, pp. 398 - 418 (1972)]","Vinogradov, M. E. (1957) Hyperiids (Amphipoda) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 1. Tribe Hyperiidea Physosomata. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 20, 186 - 227. [in Russian; English translation: Marine Biology. Vol. 20. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington D. C., pp. 149 - 184 (1959)]","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [in Russian]","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1996) Hyperiid Amphipods (Amphipoda, Hyperiidea) of the World Oceans. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor, Washington D. C. and Oxonian Press Pvy. Ltd., New Delhi, 632 pp. [English translation from 1982 Russian original]","Zeidler, W. (2019) New and additional records of hyperiidean amphipods of the Infraorder Physosomata (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean. Zootaxa, 4576 (3), 510 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4576.3.5","Shoemaker, C. R. (1945) The Amphipoda of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions, 1929 - 1931. Zoologica, New York, 30 (4), 185 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 210854","Vinogradov, M. E. (1964) Hyperiidea Physosomata from the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 65, 107 - 151. [in Russian]"]}

We describe the plastome of Jenufa minuta, a unicellular green alga whose precise relationship with the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae) remains uncertain. This 206,680-bp genome contains 100 conserv...

We taxonomically examined an algal strain (Ki‐4) isolated from a dry asphalt surface in mid‐summer of 2003. The vegetative cells were solitary, covered by a cell wall ornamented with meridional ribs, and contained hollow spherical chloroplasts and a pyrenoid. The cells exhibited a high tolerance to unfavorable photo‐oxidative stress conditions, and in culture developed a reddish coloration due to the accumulation of a water‐soluble astaxanthin‐binding protein, which was identified as a novel protein in organisms. 18S rDNA and ITS2 sequence analyses revealed that Ki‐4 belongs to Coelastrella sensu lato (Scenedesmaceae), but was taxonomically distinct from other members of the genus. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and morphological features, including the structures of cell wall ribs, we identify Ki‐4 as a new algal species in the genus Coelastrella, for which we propose the name Coelastrella astaxanthina sp. nov.

Diverse algae possess the ability to recover from extreme desiccation without forming specialized resting structures. Green algal genera such as Tetradesmus (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae) contain temperate terrestrial, desert, and aquatic species, providing an opportunity to compare physiological traits associated with the transition to land in closely related taxa. We subjected six species from distinct habitats to three dehydration treatments varying in relative humidity (RH 5%, 65%, 80%) followed by short- and long-term rehydration. We tested the capacity of the algae to recover from dehydration using the effective quantum yield of photosystem II as a proxy for physiological activity. The degree of recovery was dependent both on the habitat of origin and the dehydration scenario, with terrestrial, but not aquatic, species recovering from dehydration. Distinct strains of each species responded similarly to dehydration and rehydration, with the exception of one aquatic strain that recovered from the mildest dehydration treatment. Cell ultrastructure was uniformly maintained in both aquatic and desert species during dehydration and rehydration, but staining with an amphiphilic styryl dye indicated damage to the plasma membrane from osmotically induced water loss in the aquatic species. These analyses demonstrate that terrestrial Tetradesmus possess a vegetative desiccation tolerance phenotype, making these species ideal for comparative omics studies.

Diverse algae possess vegetative desiccation tolerance, the ability to recover from extreme desiccation without forming specialized resting structures. Green algal genera such as Tetradesmus (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae) contain both terrestrial and aquatic species, providing an opportunity to compare physiological traits associated with the transition to land in closely related taxa. We subjected six species from aquatic and terrestrial habitats to three desiccation treatments varying in final relative humidity followed by short- and mid-term rehydration. We tested the capacity of the algae to recover from desiccation using the effective quantum yield of photosystem II as a proxy for physiological activity. The degree of recovery was dependent both on the habitat of origin and the desiccation scenario, with terrestrial, but not aquatic species, recovering from desiccation. Distinct strains of each species responded similarly to desiccation and rehydration, with the exception of one aquatic strain that recovered from the mildest desiccation. Cell ultrastructure was uniformly maintained in both aquatic and desert species during dehydration and rehydration, but staining with an amphiphilic styryl dye indicated desiccation-induced damage to the plasma membrane in the aquatic species. These analyses demonstrate that terrestrial Tetradesmus possess the vegetative desiccation tolerance phenotype, making these species ideal for comparative omics studies.

The present study is the first to investigate the evolution of morphological variability and modularity of single (marginal) cells in two-dimensional colonial (coenobial) microscopic algae. Geometr...

Mitogenome evolution in the Chlorophyceae is characterized by the acquisition of a reduced-derived pattern by the Chlamydomonadales + Sphaeropleales clade. Because no mitogenomes are available for the sister clade Oedogoniales + Chaetophorales + Chaetopeltidales, it remains unclear whether the common ancestor of chlorophycean green algae harbored a reduced-derived or ancestral-type mitogenome. The 70,191 and 46,765-bp mitogenomes reported here for Bulbochaete rectangularis var. hiloensis (Oedogoniales) and Stigeoclonium helveticum (Chaetophorales), respectively, shed light on this question. Both contain the same set of 41 conserved genes, a repertoire lacking numerous protein-coding genes but featuring all 27 tRNA genes typically found in ancestral-type mitogenomes.

Phytoplanktons were collected from various environments including small marshes, small ponds, reservoirs and brackish water from March 2017 to November 2017. In this study, five species of family Scenedesmaceae were newly recorded in Korea. The genus Desmodesmus was newly reported in Korea. The newly recorded species are Scenedesmus nanus, S. praetervisus, Desmodesmus costato-granulatus, D. lunatus and D. spinulatus. S. nanus and S. praetervisus are known to occur in freshwater, but they were found in the brackish water in this study.

Background Terrestrial, freshwater and marine green algae constitute the large and morphologically diverse phylum of Chlorophyta, which gave rise to the core chlorophytes. Chlorophyta are abundant and diverse in freshwater environments where sometimes they form nuisance blooms under eutrophication conditions. The phylogenetic relationships among core chlorophyte clades (Chlorodendrophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae), are of particular interest as it is a species-rich phylum with ecological importance worldwide, but are still poorly understood. In the Mediterranean ecoregion, data on molecular characterization of eukaryotic microalgae strains are limited and current knowledge is based on ecological studies of natural populations. In the present study we report the isolation and characterization of 11 green microalgae strains from Greece contributing more information for the taxonomy of Chlorophyta. The study combined morphological and molecular data. Results Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit of the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene revealed eight taxa. Eleven green algae strains were classified in four orders (Sphaeropleales, Chlorellales, Chlamydomonadales and Chaetophorales) and were represented by four genera; one strain was not assigned to any genus. Most strains (six) were classified to the genus Desmodesmus, two strains to genus Chlorella, one to genus Spongiosarcinopsis and one filamentous strain to genus Uronema. One strain is placed in a separate independent branch within the Chlamydomonadales and deserves further research. Conclusions Our study reports, for the first time, the presence of Uronema in an aquatic environment up to 40 °C and reveals new diversity within the Chlamydomonadales. The results from the ITS region and the rbcL gene corroborated those obtained from 18S rRNA without providing further information or resolving the phylogenetic relationships within certain genera, due to the limited number of ITS and rbcL sequences available. The comparison of molecular and morphological data showed that they were congruent. Cosmopolitan genera with high worldwide distribution inhabit Greek freshwaters.

Hariotina reticulata P. A. Dangeard 1889 (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta) is a common member of the summer phytoplankton of meso- to highly eutrophic water bodies with a worldwide distribution. Here, we report the draft whole-genome shotgun sequencing of H. reticulata strain SAG 8.81. The final assembly comprises 107,596,510bp with over 15,219 scaffolds (>100bp). This whole-genome project is publicly available in the CNSA (https://db.cngb.org/cnsa/) of CNGBdb under the accession number CNP0000705.

Lanceola loveni grossipes Shoemaker (Fig. 1C, D) Lanceola loveni grossipes Shoemaker, 1945: 209, fig. 16 g, h. Vinogradov 1957: 191; 1960a: 206. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 63–64, fig. 12. Type material. Shoemaker (1945) described this variety from eight specimens collected near Bermuda, at depths between 600 and 1000 fathoms. He states that “the length of the type female is 29 mm ”. The USNM has three female specimens, the type (109450) and two paratypes (109451 & 2). The whereabouts of the other five specimens is unknown. Material examined. Types. Holotype female (USNM 109450) and two paratype females (USNM 109451 & 2) from the North Atlantic, near Bermuda [32º12’N 52º36’W]; William Beebe Oceanographic Expedition, col. 7 Sept. 1931, 22 Jun. 1929 & 30 Jun. 1930 respectively: in spirit. Other material examined. Female 25 mm, semi-mature (SAMA C6252), N. E. Pacific, off Alexander Archipelago, British Columbia [53º59’N 138º46.12’W]; ex M. Galbraith, 250– 150m, 26 Sept. 2001. Diagnosis. Like typical form except for the following. Length of sexually mature females 27–30 mm. Pereopod 6 is relatively longer with propodus expanded distally into rounded club-shape, housing retractile dactylus. Pereopod 7 is slightly shorter than half-length P6. Remarks. Described as a mere variety of L. loveni by Shoemaker (1945) it was elevated to sub-specific rank by Vinogradov et al. (1982) and according to them the features characteristic of L. loveni grossipes are only exhibited by sexually mature females. Distribution. This subspecies has been recorded from the North Atlantic, near Bermuda [32º12’N 52º36’W] by Shoemaker (1945); the North–west Pacific, S.E. of Japan [30º52’N 153º16’E & 30º53’N 153º09’E] by Vinogradov (1957 & 1960a) and N.E. of Marshall Is [16º08’N 173º10’E] by Vinogradov (1960a). The SAMA specimen (Fig. 1) is the first record from the North-east Pacific., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2009, A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-117 in Zootaxa 2000 on page 16, {"references":["Shoemaker, C. R. (1945) The Amphipoda of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions, 1929 - 1931. Zoologica, New York, 30, 185 - 266.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1957) Hyperiids (Amphipoda) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 1. Tribe Hyperiidea Physosomata. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 20: 186 - 227. [In Russian]. English translation by American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington D. C., 1959, Marine Biology, 149 - 184.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1960 a) Hyperiidea Physosomata of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 41, 198 - 247. [In Russian].","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor."]}

The chloroplast genomes of green algae are highly variable in their architecture. In this article we summarize gene content across newly obtained and published chloroplast genomes in Chlorophyceae, including new data from nine of species in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). We present genome architecture information, including genome synteny analysis across two groups of species. Also, we provide a phylogenetic tree obtained from analysis of gene order data for species in Chlorophyceae with fully sequenced chloroplast genomes. Further analyses and interpretation of the data can be found in “Chloroplast phylogenomic data from the green algal order Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) reveal complex patterns of sequence evolution” (Fučíková et al., In review) [1].

Chloroplast sequence data are widely used to infer phylogenies of plants and algae. With the increasing availability of complete chloroplast genome sequences, the opportunity arises to resolve ancient divergences that were heretofore problematic. On the flip side, properly analyzing large multi-gene data sets can be a major challenge, as these data may be riddled with systematic biases and conflicting signals. Our study contributes new data from nine complete and four fragmentary chloroplast genome sequences across the green algal order Sphaeropleales. Our phylogenetic analyses of a 56-gene data set show that analyzing these data on a nucleotide level yields a well-supported phylogeny - yet one that is quite different from a corresponding amino acid analysis. We offer some possible explanations for this conflict through a range of analyses of modified data sets. In addition, we characterize the newly sequenced genomes in terms of their structure and content, thereby further contributing to the knowledge of chloroplast genome evolution.

Asterarcys is a resilient microalgal species which can sustain high light intensities and have high biomass and lipid productivity under mixotrophy. These attributes make it a potential candidate to produce biodiesel and biofuels. However, no genetic information is currently available for this species. Here, we report the chloroplast genome sequence of Asterarcys sp. and compare it with the chloroplast genome of closely related chlorophyceaen microalgae. The chloroplast genome of Asterarcys sp. is present as a ~111 kb circular molecule with 88 genes and a coding density of 50.28%. The 111,776 bp genome shows a quadripartite structure with two 6297 bp long inverted repeats separating single copy regions (SSC) of almost equal sizes. The small and compact genome of Asterarcys shows similarity in gene structure and organization with that of its closest relative Scenedesmus obliquus. It reinforces the compact nature of chloroplast genomes of Sphaeropleales as compared to that of inflated genomes in Chlamydomonadales. The genome shows a biased distribution of genes with 50 of the protein-coding genes encoded from one strand and 15 from the opposite strand. This biased distribution of genes is likewise to that of Scenedesmus obliquus. The phylogenetic tree based on protein-coding genes from chlorophycean species places Asterarcys close to Scenedesmus. The chloroplast genome information of Asterarcys will help understand the phylogeny of Sphaeropleales and Chlorophyceae. In the present study, we also report a simple and effective method for isolation of Asterarcys sp. chloroplast DNA of high quality and purity which is an essential prerequisite for efficient genome sequencing.

Desmodesmus costato-granulatus (Skuja) Hegewald 2000 (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta) is a small, spineless green alga that is abundant in the freshwater phytoplankton of oligo- to eutrophic waters worldwide. It has a high lipid content and is considered for sustainable production of diverse compounds, including biofuels. Here, we report the draft whole-genome shotgun sequencing of D. costato-granulatus strain SAG 18.81. The final assembly comprises 48,879,637 bp with over 4,141 scaffolds. This whole-genome project is publicly available in the CNSA ( https://db.cngb.org/cnsa/ ) of CNGBdb under the accession number CNP0000701.

The Sphaeropleales are a dominant group of green algae, which contain species important to freshwater ecosystems and those that have potential applied usages. In particular, Raphidocelis subcapitata is widely used worldwide for bioassays in toxicological risk assessments. However, there are few comparative genome analyses of the Sphaeropleales. To reveal genome evolution in the Sphaeropleales based on well-resolved phylogenetic relationships, nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid genomes were sequenced in this study. The plastid genome provides insights into the phylogenetic relationships of R. subcapitata, which is located in the most basal lineage of the four species in the family Selenastraceae. The mitochondrial genome shows dynamic evolutionary histories with intron expansion in the Selenastraceae. The 51.2 Mbp nuclear genome of R. subcapitata, encoding 13,383 protein-coding genes, is more compact than the genome of its closely related oil-rich species, Monoraphidium neglectum (Selenastraceae), Tetradesmus obliquus (Scenedesmaceae), and Chromochloris zofingiensis (Chromochloridaceae); however, the four species share most of their genes. The Sphaeropleales possess a large number of genes for glycerolipid metabolism and sugar assimilation, which suggests that this order is capable of both heterotrophic and mixotrophic lifestyles in nature. Comparison of transporter genes suggests that the Sphaeropleales can adapt to different natural environmental conditions, such as salinity and low metal concentrations.

The family Selenastraceae includes many species of freshwater green microalgae with morphological characteristics that are so subtly different that it is difficult to discriminate species within it. Therefore, the use of the diacritical characteristics of traditional morphological taxonomy may be ineffective at differentiating among many species of the family. Chemotaxonomy based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can help resolve uncertainties not completely addressed by other approaches, such as molecular studies of some species within the Selenastraceae. Here, we first tested three techniques for the analysis of microalgal FAME to choose the one that would provide the best profiles for chemotaxonomy: 1) direct transesterification (DT) of the biomass followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS); 2) extraction using chloroform and methanol, followed by transesterification (T) and then analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC-FID); and 3) extraction with chloroform and methanol and then separation into lipid classes using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using the Iatroscan-Chromarod system. The tests were conducted on 12 strains (11 species) of Selenastraceae and one outgroup strain. The fatty acid profiles produced by the DT-GC-MS technique yielded the best results for the chemotaxonomy of the Selenastraceae species using 12 FAME. The proportion of the variance in the fatty acid profiles obtained with DT-GC-MS analysis explained by species was 85%, whereas the differences explained by strains was 92%. Therefore, DT-GC-MS was used to analyze other microalgae strains, totaling 15 species of 8 genera of green coccoid microalgae, including the recently described Curvastrum. The results with all strains showed that fatty acid profiles obtained by DT-GC-MS were significantly different (p 0.001) among strains and among species. The variance in fatty acids profiles explained by separation into strains was 97%, whereas the separation into species explained 93% of the variance. Statistical analyses showed that, for our dataset, the C

In this study, the chloroplast genome of Hariotina reticulata was fully sequenced and compared to other Sphaeropleales chloroplast genomes. It is 210,757 bp larger than most Sphaeropleales cpDNAs. It presents a traditional chloroplast structure, and contains 103 genes, including 68 protein-coding genes, six rRNA genes and 29 tRNA genes. The coding region constitutes of 43% of the whole cpDNA. Eighteen introns are found in 11 genes and six introns are unique for Hariotina. 11 open reading frames are identified among these introns. The synteny between Hariotina and Acutodesmus cpDNAs is in general identical, while within Sphaeropleales order, high variability in cpDNA architecture is indicated by general high DCJ distances. Ankyra judayi exhibits the greatest dissimilarity in gene synteny to the others and share some unique gene clusters with Treubaria triappendiculata. The phylogenomic analyses show that A. judayi is clustered with Treubariaceae species and sister to Chlorophyceae incertae sedis and other Sphaeropleales species. The monophyly of Sphaeropleales is rejected.

Background Comparative studies of chloroplast genomes (plastomes) across the Chlorophyceae are revealing dynamic patterns of size variation, gene content, and genome rearrangements. Phylogenomic analyses are improving resolution of relationships, and uncovering novel lineages as new plastomes continue to be characterized. To gain further insight into the evolution of the chlorophyte plastome and increase the number of representative plastomes for the Sphaeropleales, this study presents two fully sequenced plastomes from the green algal family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), one from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and the other from Pediastrum duplex. Methods Genomic DNA from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex was subjected to Illumina paired-end sequencing and the complete plastomes were assembled for each. Plastome size and gene content were characterized and compared with other plastomes from the Sphaeropleales. Homology searches using BLASTX were used to characterize introns and open reading frames (orfs) ≥ 300 bp. A phylogenetic analysis of gene order across the Sphaeropleales was performed. Results The plastome of Hydrodictyon reticulatum is 225,641 bp and Pediastrum duplex is 232,554 bp. The plastome structure and gene order of H. reticulatum and P. duplex are more similar to each other than to other members of the Sphaeropleales. Numerous unique open reading frames are found in both plastomes and the plastome of P. duplex contains putative viral protein genes, not found in other Sphaeropleales plastomes. Gene order analyses support the monophyly of the Hydrodictyaceae and their sister relationship to the Neochloridaceae. Discussion The complete plastomes of Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex, representing the largest of the Sphaeropleales sequenced thus far, once again highlight the variability in size, architecture, gene order and content across the Chlorophyceae. Novel intron insertion sites and unique orfs indicate recent, independent invasions into each plastome, a hypothesis testable with an expanded plastome investigation within the Hydrodictyaceae.

The diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms is far from fully described, as indicated by the vast number of unassigned genotypes retrieved by environmental sequencing or metagenomics. We isolated several strains of unicellular green algae from algal biofilms growing on tree bark in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest and determined them to be relatives of an unidentified lineage of environmental 18S rDNA sequences, thus uncovering its cellular identity. Light, confocal, and electron microscope observations and sequencing the 18S rRNA gene revealed that the strains represent two different species within an apparently new genus, described here as Jenufa gen. nov. Both species formed minute coccoid cells with an irregular globular outline, a smooth cell wall, and a single parietal chloroplast without a pyrenoid. The two species, described herein as J. perforata and J. minuta, differed in chloroplast morphology and cell wall structure. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences showed a firm relationship between the two species and placed the Jenufa lineage in an unresolved position within the CS clade (Chlamydomonadales + Sphaeropleales) of the class Chlorophyceae, although possible affinities to the genus Golenkinia were suggested both by maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods. Furthermore, two almost identical environmental 18S rDNA sequences from an endolithic microbial community occurring in dolomite rock in the central Alps turned out to be specifically related to, yet apparently distinct from, the sequence of J. minuta, indicating the existence of an undescribed Jenufa species occurring in the temperate zone.

The complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of four Sphaeroplea C.A. Agardh strains (Sphaeropleales, Sphaeropleaceae), two Atractomorpha Hoffman strains (Sphaeropleales, Sphaeropleaceae) and two Ankyra Fott strains (Chlorococcales, Characiaceae) were determined and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. The analyses indicated that all these taxa belong to a monophyletic lineage (Sphaeropleaceae) and are related to a group of chlorophycean algae comprising autosporic taxa and taxa that reproduce by zoospores which are characterized by directly opposed basal bodies. The taxonomic assignment of the Sphaeropleaceae as a family within the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae) is discussed.

Willea truncata (G.M. Smith) D.M. John, M.J. Wynne & P. Tsarenko, comb. nov. Basionym: Crucigenia truncata G.M. Smith 1920. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey 57(1): 146, pl. 36, figs 7���9. Nomenclatural synonym: Crucigeniella truncata (G.M. Smith) Kom��rek (1974: 38). Taxonomic synonym: Crucigenia apiculata var. truncata (G.M. Smith) Ahlstrom & Tiffany in Tiffany (1934: 69). Requiring further investigation is Crucigeniella divergens (G.M. Smith) Fott (1981: 2) (basionym: Crucigenia divergens G.M. Smith (1926: 185)), the type species of Crucigeniopsis), a genus established by Hind��k (1984: 267) and based largely on characters associated with reproduction. According to Hind��k (1984: 268), Crucigeniopsis is distinguished from Crucigeniella by not producing autospores nor having ���young��� cells lying in one plane within the coenobium, but rather the cells are in pairs produced by division at right angles to the long axis of the coenobium and initially lie at ���an approximate right angle��� and the angle changing later but the cells never ���fully in one plane, but pairs of cells were inclined to each other under a blunt angle���. Only a molecular approach will unequivocally resolve relationships in the morphologically defined genera traditionally placed in the subfamily Crucigenioideae. The few strains of crucigenoid species examined so far have been placed in the Trebouxiophyceae, although in at least three different lineages (Bock et al. 2013, Krienitz et al. 2003)., Published as part of John, David M., Wynne, Michael J. & Tsarenko, Petro M., 2014, Reinstatement of the genus Willea Schmidle 1900 for Crucigeniella Lemmermann 1900 nom. illeg. (Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), pp. 212-214 in Phytotaxa 167 (2) on page 213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.167.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5138749, {"references":["Smith, G. M. (1920) Phytoplankton of the Inland Lakes of Wisconsin. Part I: Myxophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Heterokonteae, and Chlorophyceae exclusive of the Desmidiaceae. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey 57, Scientific Series 12: 1 - 243.","Komarek, J. (1974) The morphology and taxonomy of crucigenoid algae (Scenedesmaceae, Chlorococcales). Archiv fur Protistenkunde 116: 1 - 74.","Tiffany, L. H. (1934) The plankton algae of the west end of Lake Erie. Contribution of the Ohio State University. The Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory 6: 1 - 112.","Fott, B. (1981) Nomenklatorische Anderungen bei einigen Chlorokokkalalgen. Preslia 53: 1 - 7.","Smith, G. M. (1926) The plankton algae of the Okoboji Region. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 45 (3): 156 - 233. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3221686","Hindak, F. (1984) Studies on the chlorococcal algae (Chlorophyceae). III. Biologicke Prace 84 (1): 1 - 308.","Bock, C., Luo, W., Kusber, W. - H., Hegewald, E., Pazoutoya, M. & Krienitz, L. (2013) Classification of the crucigenoid algae: phylogenetic position of the reinstated genus Lemmermannia, Tetrastrum spp., Crucigenia tetrapedia, and C. lauterbornii (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 49: 329 - 339.","Krienitz, L., Hegewald, E., Hepperle, D. & Wolf, M. (2003) The systematics of coccoid green algae: 18 S rRNA gene sequences data versus morphology. Biologia, Bratislava 58 (2): 437 - 446."]}

John, David M., Wynne, Michael J., Tsarenko, Petro M. (2014): Reinstatement of the genus Willea Schmidle 1900 for Crucigeniella Lemmermann 1900 nom. illeg. (Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Phytotaxa 167 (2): 212-214, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.167.2.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.167.2.10

Willea apiculata (Lemmermann) D.M. John, M.J. Wynne & P. Tsarenko, comb. nov. Basionym: Staurogenia apiculata Lemmermann 1898. Botanisches Centralblatt 76(4): 151, pl. 1: 14. Nomenclatural synonyms: Crucigeniella apiculata (Lemmermann) Kom��rek (1974: 38); Crucigenia apiculata (Lemmermann) Schmidle (1900b: 234). Taxonomic synonyms: Crucigeniella pulchra (W. West & G.S. West) Kom��rek (1974: 39); Crucigenia pulchra W. West & G.S. West (1902: 63)., Published as part of John, David M., Wynne, Michael J. & Tsarenko, Petro M., 2014, Reinstatement of the genus Willea Schmidle 1900 for Crucigeniella Lemmermann 1900 nom. illeg. (Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), pp. 212-214 in Phytotaxa 167 (2) on page 212, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.167.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5138749, {"references":["Lemmermann, E. (1898) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Planktonalgen. Botanisches Centralblatt 76: 150 - 156.","Komarek, J. (1974) The morphology and taxonomy of crucigenoid algae (Scenedesmaceae, Chlorococcales). Archiv fur Protistenkunde 116: 1 - 74.","Schmidle, W. (1900 b) Algologische Notizen 15. Allgemeine Botanisches Zeitschrift 6 (12): 233 - 234.","West, W. & West, G. S. (1902) A contribution to the freshwater algae of the north of Ireland. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 32 (Sect. B): 1 - 100."]}

Willea crucifera (Wolle) D.M. John, M.J. Wynne & P. Tsarenko, comb. nov. Basionym: Staurogenia crucifera Wolle 1877. Bulletin of the Torrey Botany Club 6(27): 140, fig. 6. Nomenclatural synonyms: Crucigenia crucifera (Wolle) O. Kuntze (1898: 402); Crucigeniella crucifera (Wolle) Kom��rek (1974: 39); Staurogenia crucifera Wolle (1877: 140). Taxonomic synonym: Staurogenia cruciata [��� cruciatum ���] Wolle (1887: 171, pl. CLVII, figs 9-11)., Published as part of John, David M., Wynne, Michael J. & Tsarenko, Petro M., 2014, Reinstatement of the genus Willea Schmidle 1900 for Crucigeniella Lemmermann 1900 nom. illeg. (Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), pp. 212-214 in Phytotaxa 167 (2) on page 213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.167.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5138749, {"references":["Wolle, F. (1877) Fresh-water algae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botany Club 6 (27): 137 - 141.","Kuntze, O. (1898) Revisio generum plantarum: vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum, vol. 3 b. A. Felix, Leipzig, 576 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 327","Komarek, J. (1974) The morphology and taxonomy of crucigenoid algae (Scenedesmaceae, Chlorococcales). Archiv fur Protistenkunde 116: 1 - 74.","Wolle, F. (1887) Fresh-water Algae of the United States; (exclusive of the Diatomaceae). Complemental to Desmids of the United States; with two thousand three hundred illustrations, covering one hundred and fifty-one plates, a few colored, including nine additional plates of Desmids. By the Rev. Francis Wolle, member of the American Society of Microscopists. The Comenius Press, Bethlehem, 364 pp., Atlas, 157 pls. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1624"]}

Hollier, John (2013): An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Mus��um d'histoire naturelle de Gen��ve, Part 4: The Acridomorpha excluding the superfamily Acridoidea. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 203-219, {"references":["BANERJEE, S. K. & KEVAN, D. K. M. 1960. A preliminary revision of the genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 (Orthoptera : Acridiodea : Pyrgomorphidae). Treubia 25: 165-189.","BOLIVAR, I. 1884. Monografia de los pirgomorfinos. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 13: 1-73, 418-500.","BOLIVAR, I. 1887. Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 31: 175-313.","DESCAMPS, M. 1964. Revision preliminaire des Euschmidtiinae (Orthoptera - Eumastacidae). Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle (Serie A, Zoologie) 30: 1-324.","DESCAMPS, M. 1965. Contribution a l'etude des Eumastacides Malgaches (Orthoptera - Eumastacidae). I. Revision des Miraculinae. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle (Serie A, Zoologie) 34: 3-57.","DESCAMPS, M. 1970. Revision des Pseudomastacinae (Orth., Eumastacidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 6: 613-635.","DESCAMPS, M. 1973. Diagnosis et signalisations d'Eumastacoidea (Orth.). IV. Amerique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N.S.) 9: 943-974.","DIRSH, V. M. 1961. Notes on Acridoidea of Africa, Madagascar and Asia (Orthoptera). Eos, Revista espanola de Entomologia 37: 379-398.","DIRSH, V. M. 1963. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar III. Pyrgomorphidae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 13: 51-103.","DIRSH, V. M. & MASON, J. B. 1979. Systematic and phylogenetic position of the family Xyronotidae (Acridomorpha, Insecta). Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionforschung 17: 201-210.","DISTANT, W. L. 1892. A naturalist in the Transvaal. R. H. Porter, London. xiv + 277 pp.","EADES, D. C., OTTE, D., CIGLIANO, M. M. & BRAUN, H. 2012. Orthoptera Species File Online. Version 2.0/4.0. http://www.Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org [accessed 20.xi.2012].","HOLLIER, J. 2012a. An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, Part 2: The Acrididae: Oedipodinae. Revue suisse de Zoologie 119: 215-260.","HOLLIER, J. 2012b. An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, Part 3: The Acrididoidea excluding the Acrididae: Oedipodinae. Revue suisse de Zoologie 119: 303-339.","HOLLIER, J. & HEADS, S. M. 2012. An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, Part 1: The Tridactyloidea. Revue suisse de Zoologie 119: 149-160.","KEVAN, D. K. M. 1952. On the systematic position of two anomalous genera previously placed in the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae (Orth., Acrididae). Entomologist's monthly Magazine 88: 265-272.","KEVAN, D. K. M. 1960. On the identity of Minorissa alata Thomas, 1874, and Atractomorpha congensis Saussure, 1893 [nomen nudum] (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 55: 36-41.","KEVAN, D. K. M. 1963. Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera; Acridoidea) in the collection of C. P. Thunberg, Uppsala, with notes on type material of the species represented. Arkiv for Zoologi 16: 69-94.","KEVAN, D. K. M. 1970. Indian Pyrgomorphini other than Pyrgomorpha. Revue suisse de Zoologie 77: 851-866.","KEVAN, D. K. M. 1975. A revision of the genus Taphronota Stal 1873 (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Pyrgomorphidae). Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 88: 79-149.","KEVAN, D. K. M. 1977. Superfamily Acridoidea, fam. Pyrgomorphidae. In: BEIER, M. (ed.). Orthopterorum Catalogus 16: 1-656.","KEVAN, D. K. M. & CHEN, Y. K. 1969. A revised synopsis of the genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) with an account of the African aberrans -group. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 48: 141-198.","KEVAN, D. K. M., SINGH, A. & AKBAR, S. 1964. A revision of the Mexican Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). I. Genera other than Sphenarium. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 116: 231-298.","OHL, M. & OSWALD, J. D. 2004. Annotated list of the primary type specimens of Megaloptera and Raphidioptera (Insecta, Neuropterida) in the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humbolt- Universitat zu Berlin. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.S.) 51: 87-96.","REHN, J. A. G. & GRANT, H. J. 1957. The genus Paratettix as found in North America (Orthoptera; Acridoidea; Tetrigidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phladelphia 109: 247-319.","RILEY, C.V. 1893. Scientific results of the U. S. Eclipse expedition to West Africa 1889-'90. Report upon the Insecta, Arachnida and Myriopoda. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 16: 565-590.","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1859. Orthoptera Nova Americana. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee 11: 201-212, 315-316, 390-394.","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1861a. Orthoptera Nova Americana. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee 13: 126-130, 156-164, 313-324, 397-402.","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1861b. Etudes sur quelques Orthopteres du Musee de Geneve. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (4th series) 1: 469-494.","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1884. Prodromus Oedipodiorum, Insectorum ex ordine Orthopterorum. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve 28(9): 1-258.","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1899. Orthoptera (pp. 567-664). In: VOELTZKOW, A. (ed.). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Reisen in Madagaskar und Ostafrika in den Jahren 1889-95. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 21: 1-664.","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1903a. Diagnosen von 4 neuen Gattungen der Eumastaciden (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Zoologischer Anzeiger 26: 412-415. (Appeared 8.v.1903).","SAUSSURE, H. DE 1903b. Analecta entomologica II. Notice sur la tribu des Eumastaciens. Revue suisse de Zoologie 11: 43-114. (Appeared 1.vii.1903).","SAVIGNY, J.-C. 1817. Description de l'Egypte: ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte. Publie par les ordres de sa majeste l'empereur Napoleon le Grand. Histoire naturelle. Volume 19. Histoire Naturelle: Planches II. Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 212 pp.","WILLEMSE, C. J. M. 1931. Orthoptera Celebica Sarasiniana. I. Saltatoria, Fam. Acrididae. Treubia 12: 189-270."]}

Lanceola loveni antarctica Vinogradov, 1962 (Figs. 1, 2) Lanceola loveni antarctica Vinogradov 1962: 6���10, figs 1, 2, 4.��� Hurley 1969: 33.��� Vinogradov et al. 1982 / 1996: 64 /74���75, fig. 13.��� De Broyer & Jażdżewski 1993: 109.���Zeidler 2009: 16���17.��� Zeidler & De Broyer 2009: 28.��� Zeidler & De Broyer 2014: 304.��� Zeidler 2019: 512. Material examined. Southwest Atlantic. Female (USNM 1089979), Scotia Sea, near Sandwich Islands, Cruise 8, station 575 [54��33���S 24��19���W], 1867 m, no date; female (USNM 1090242), Cruise 8, station 640 [58��10���S 23��39���W], 1537 m, no date. Southeast Pacific. Female (USNM 1013495), western Drake Passage, Cruise 10, station 811 [64.767��S 78.1��W], 461���1263 m, 30 October 1963 (figured here). Southern Ocean, Pacific Sector. Female (USNM 1090243), Cruise 11, station 890 [59��39���S 114��37���W], 595���609 m, 3 January 1964. Strait of Magellan. Male (USNM 1090255), Cruise 11, station 957 [53����� S 75��00���W], 458���732 m, 5 February 1964 (Figs 1, 2). Type material. Lanceola loveni antarctica was described from seven specimens, 7���27 mm, collected by the Russian research vessel Ob from the following five stations between the Antarctic Continent and the Antarctic Polar Front. From the Indian Ocean Sector: station 36, off Wilkes Land [62��55���S 118��52���E], 0���3,700 m; station 105, near the Davis Sea [55��40���S 106��13���E], 240���600 m; station 111 [64��25���S 92��52���E], 0���2,000 m; station 285 [59��29���S 97��08���E], 0���4500 m. From the Pacific Sector: station 57, near the Balleny Islands [64��03���S 161��59���E], 0���2,000 m and 0���3,000 m. The syntypes from stations 36 and 57 are in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University (Mb���1049 and 1050). A female is illustrated by Vinogradov (1962). Description of male 25 mm (Fig. 1). Distal corner of pereonites 6 and 7, pleonites and first urosomite produced into small, distinct, dorsal denticles. Head with relatively long, rounded rostrum. Eyes very small, reniform, without crystalline cones. A1 slightly longer than head and first pereonite combined. A2 length 2 x A1, almost as long as head and first two pereonites combined. G1; basis relatively slender, both margins fringed with long setae, about as long as remaining articles combined; carpus length 0.6 x basis, distal margin width about 1.5 x proximal margin of propodus; propodus conical-shaped, length 1.6 x proximal width; dactylus very slender, almost as long as 0.5 x propodus. G2 with relatively long, slender articles, much longer than G1; basis length about 1.5 x carpus; propodus gradually tapering to narrow distal margin, length about 0.8 x carpus; dactylus inserted terminally to propodus, length slightly less than 0.3 x propodus. P3 length about 1.2 x G2, with similar slender articles; basis length 1.5 x merus; carpus length 0.8 x merus; propodus slightly longer than carpus; dactylus inserted terminally to propodus, length marginally less than 0.2 x propodus. P4 morphologically similar to P3, marginally shorter, with slight differences in relative lengths of articles as follows: basis length 1.3 x merus; carpus length marginally more than 0.8 x merus; propodus and carpus sub-equal in length. P5���7 all with relatively long, slender articles and fully retractile, hooded dactyls. P5 length 1.2 x P4; basis length almost 1.5 x merus; carpus length 0.8 x merus, 1.4 x propodus; dactylus without setae. P6 length 1.2 x P5, almost as long as pereon and first two pleonites combined; basis length about 1.3 x merus; carpus length almost 0.8 x merus, 0.8 x propodus; dactylus inserted in slight bulge of propodus, fringe of short setae on anterior margin. P7 about 0.5 x P6 length; basis length 1.6 x merus; carpus marginally shorter than merus, about 0.8 x propodus; dactylus with fringe of short setae on anterior margin. Urosome with relatively slender peduncles and rami. Rami of all uropoda sub-equal in length. Peduncle of U1 marginally exceeds limit of peduncle of U2. Peduncle length of U1 = 1.8 x rami, of U2 = 1.5 x rami, of U3 = 1.3 x rami. Telson acute, apex rounded; length about 1.3 x width at base, reaching to about middle of peduncle of U3. Description of female 26 mm (Fig. 2). Distal corner of pereonites 6 and 7, pleonites and first urosomite produced into small, distinct, dorsal denticles. Head with short, rounded rostrum. Eyes very small, reniform, without crystalline cones. A1 slightly longer than head and first pereonite combined. A2 length 2.4 x A1, slightly longer than head and first two pereonites combined. G1; basis relatively slender, fringed with long setae on both margins, about as long as remaining articles combined; carpus length 0.5 x basis, distal margin width about 1.4 x proximal margin of propodus; propodus conical-shaped, length 1.6 x proximal width; dactylus missing. G2 with relatively long, slender articles, much longer than G1; basis length about 1.8 x carpus; propodus gradually tapering to narrow distal margin, length almost 0.8 x carpus; dactylus inserted terminally to propodus, length slightly less than 0.3 x propodus. P3 slightly longer than G2, with similar slender articles; basis length 1.6 x merus; carpus length 0.8 x merus; propodus slightly longer than carpus; dactylus missing. P4 morphologically similar to P3 but marginally longer, with slight differences in relative lengths of articles as follows: basis length about 1.3 x merus; carpus slightly shorter than merus; propodus slightly longer than carpus; dactylus missing. P5���7 all with relatively long, slender articles and fully retractile, hooded dactyls. P5 length almost 1.2 x P4; basis length 1.5 x merus; carpus length almost 0.8 x merus, 1.2 x propodus; dactylus without setae. P6 length 1.2 x P5, almost as long as pereon and pleon combined; basis length about 1.3 x merus; carpus length 0.8 x merus; propodus as long as merus; dactylus inserted in slight bulge of propodus, too dense to determine presence of setae. P7 almost 0.5 x P6; basis length 1.7 x merus; carpus marginally shorter than merus, about 0.8 x propodus; dactylus without fringe of short setae on anterior margin. Urosome with relatively slender peduncles and rami. Rami of all uropoda sub-equal in length. Peduncle of U1 slightly exceeds limit of peduncle of U2. Peduncle lengths of U1 = about 2.0 x rami; of U2 = 1.6 x rami; of U3 = 1.4 x rami. Telson acute, with rounded apex; length about 1.4 x width at base, reaching to about the middle of peduncle of U3. The main differences from the male, apart from minor differences in the relative lengths of articles, are as follows: i) the head has a shorter rostrum; ii) A2 are relatively longer; iii) the basis of G2 is relatively longer; iv) P3 is slightly shorter than P4; v) P5���7 are relatively marginally longer compared to the body length; vi) the dactylus of P7 is without setae (maybe also P6, not discernable); and vii) the peduncles of U1���3 are marginally longer compared to the rami. Remarks. The most obvious difference from the typical form is that individuals of all ages have the distal corner of the pleonites produced into small dorsal denticles, similar to L. serrata Bovallius, 1885, but that species is distinguished by the much longer telson (slightly longer or shorter than the peduncle of U3) and the wide distal margin of the carpus of G1. Other distinguishing characters from the typical form are as follows: i) the head has a more prominent rostrum, especially for males; ii) the carpus and propodus of G1 are slightly more elongate; iii) the propodus of P6 is more club-like, similar to L. loveni grossipes Shoemaker, 1945; iv) the telson is marginally more narrow; and v) there are also minor differences in the relative lengths of appendages and articles, although these may be within the confines of specific variability. The relatively long rostrum of the male, illustrated here, is particularly distinctive and may be an unusual feature of this specimen. Whether or not it is a genuine male character can only be determined with the discovery of more material. Vinogradov et al. (1982, 1996) list L. australis Stebbing, 1888 as a questionable synonym of this species, probably based on the presence of dorsal denticles on the pleonites. However, an examination of the type material in the Natural History Museum, London has confirmed that it is a synonym of L. serrata (Zeidler 2009). Distribution. This species seems to be restricted mainly to the Antarctic Sectors of the Southern Ocean. It has been recorded in the Atlantic Sector from the Scotia Sea to the Drake Passage and from there to the Pacific Sector as far as 114��37���W, and in the Indian Ocean Sector from off Wilkes Land and near the Davis Sea; from various hauls from 4,500 m to the surface, as detailed above. The male, illustrated here (USNM 1090255), from the Strait of Magellan, is a new distribution record for this species., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2021, Redescription of two rare, deep-sea species of hyperiidean amphipod, Lanceola loveni antarctica Vinogradov, 1962 and L. sphaerica Vinogradov, 1970 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea: Lanceolidae), pp. 106-114 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 107-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5656569, {"references":["Vinogradov, M. E. (1962) Hyperiidea (Amphipoda) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on M / V ' Ob' south of 40 ° S. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei I (IX), Resultaty biologcheskikh issledovanii Sovetskoi antarkticheskoi ekspeditsii (1955 - 1958), 1, 1 - 35. [in Russian; English translation: Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958). Vol. 1. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 32 pp. (1966)]","Hurley, D. E. (1969) Amphipoda Hyperiidea. In: ' Antarctic Map Folio Series', Folio 11, Distribution of selected groups of marine invertebrates in waters south of 35 ° S Latitude. American Geographical Society, New York, New York, pp. 32 - 34, sheets 1 - 2.","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [in Russian]","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1996) Hyperiid Amphipods (Amphipoda, Hyperiidea) of the World Oceans. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor, Washington D. C. and Oxonian Press Pvy. Ltd., New Delhi, 632 pp. [English translation from 1982 Russian original]","De Broyer, C. & Jazdzewski, K. (1993) Contribution to the marine inventory. A checklist of the Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean. Documents de travail de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 73, 1 - 154.","Zeidler, W. & De Broyer, C. (2009) Catalogue of the Hyperiidean Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean with distribution and ecological data. In: De Broyer, C. (Ed.), Census of Antarctic Marine Life: Synopsis of the Amphipoda of the Southern Ocean, Volume 3. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 79 (Supplement 1), pp. 1 - 96, 4 colour pls.","Zeidler, W. & De Broyer, C. (2014) Chapter 6.8. Amphipoda: Hyperiidea. In: De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H. J., Raymond, B., d'Udekem d'Acoz, C., van de Putte, A. P., Danis, B., David, B., Grant, S., Gutt, J., Held, C., Hosie, G., Huettmann, F., Post, A. & Ropert-Coudert, Y. (Eds.), Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, pp. 303 - 308.","Zeidler, W. (2019) New and additional records of hyperiidean amphipods of the Infraorder Physosomata (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean. Zootaxa, 4576 (3), 510 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4576.3.5","Bovallius, C. (1885) On some forgotten genera among the amphipodous Crustacea. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (14), 1 - 17, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5127","Shoemaker, C. R. (1945) The Amphipoda of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions, 1929 - 1931. Zoologica, New York, 30 (4), 185 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 210854","Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, 29, i - xxiv + 1 - 1737, pls. 1 - 210."]}

Lanceola falsa Vinogradov (Fig. 17) Lanceola falsa Vinogradov, 1970: 391–393, fig 5. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 60–61, fig. 10. Type material. This species was described from two sexually mature females, with body length of 22 and 24 mm, caught in the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the North-west Pacific; Vityaz Stn. 5606 [46º10’N 153º13’E; 0–4000 m] and Vityaz Stn. 5612 [45º23’– 45º34’N 153º04’– 153º48’E; 0–5850 m]. The female of length 22 mm is described and figured by Vinogradov (1970) and is in the ZMMU (Mb–1044), on microscope slides. Diagnosis. According to Vinogradov (1970). Only known from the two female specimens as detailed above. Habitus like L. sayana. Head with small, indistinct, hooked rostrum. Eyes small, reniform, without crystalline cones. Antennae 1 relatively short; terminal article slightly longer than preceding two combined. Antennae 2 length about 1.5x A1. Pereopod 3 similar to P4; basis length about twice merus; carpus slightly longer than merus; propodus slightly longer than carpus; dactylus short, length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopods 5–7 with stout articles with longitudinal ridges; the dactyls are stout and non-retractile and the propodus is without spoon-shaped formation. Pereopod 5 similar in length to P4; basis length about 1.8x merus; carpus slightly longer than merus; propodus length 1.2x carpus; dactylus short, stout, slightly curved. Pereopod 6; length 1.2x P5; basis length 1.5x merus; carpus length 1.4x merus; propodus length 1.2x carpus; dactylus as for P5. Pereopod 7; length 0.6x P6; basis length slightly more than twice merus; carpus length 1.7x merus; propodus length 1.3x carpus; dactylus as for P5. Uropoda with relatively broad rami, especially U3. Telson rounded; length 0.7x peduncle of U3. Colour of living specimens not recorded. Remarks. I have not seen any specimens of this species but accept its validity based on the observations of Vinogradov (1970). This species is distinguished from all of its congeners by the non-retractile dactyls of pereopods 5–7, and in this character is atypical of the genus Lanceola. However, its removal from Lanceola is not warranted at this stage because it superficially resembles other species of Lanceola, such as L. sayana and L. pacifica. The loss or reduction of retractile and hooded dactyls is also seen in pereopod 5 of L. sphaerica, L. chelifera and L. gruneri sp. nov., but in these species retractile and hooded dactyls are maintained for pereopods 6 & 7. Distribution. Only known from the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the Pacific Ocean, from two specimens as detailed above., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2009, A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-117 in Zootaxa 2000 on pages 52-53, {"references":["Vinogradov, M. E. (1970) New data on the amphipods Hyperiidea Physosomata of the northwest part of the Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 86: 382 - 400. [In Russian]. English translation: In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.) Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its Environment, pp. 398 - 418. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1972.","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor."]}

Key to the species of the genus Lanceola 1. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.75x propodus .......................................... L. longidactyla Vinogradov, 1964 - Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length much less than 0.5x propodus.................................................................................2 2. Pereopods 3 & 4 subchelate, formed by narrow, curved propodus folded against enlarged carpus, with row of strong setae along posterior margin ........................................................................................... L. chelifera Vinogradov, 1970 - Pereopods 3 & 4 not subchelate, with normal, relatively narrow carpus and propodus...............................................3 3. Pereopod 5; dactylus not fully retractile, only partly hooded.......................................................................................4 - Pereopods 5–7 all with similar, fully retractile and hooded dactyls.............................................................................6 4. Pereopods 6 & 7; only proximal part of dactylus retractile .................................................. L. falsa Vinogradov, 1970 - Pereopods 6 & 7 with normal, fully retractile and hooded dactyls...............................................................................5 5. Pereopod 5 weakly subchelate, formed by partly hooded, curved dactylus pressed against anterior margin of slightly distally swollen propodus. Antennae 2 slightly longer than A1 ................................... L. sphaerica Vinogradov, 1957 - Pereopod 5; dactylus relatively straight, not hooded, partly retractile proximally. Antennae 2 slightly shorter than A1 ........................................................................................................................................................... L. gruneri sp. nov. 6. Antennae 2; distal peduncular article with distinct lobe overlapping almost half following article medially............... ...................................................................................................................................... L. intermedia Vinogradov, 1960 - Antennae 2; distal peduncular article without medial lobe or with relatively small lobe.............................................7 7. Pereopod 7; length about 0.75x P6. Antennae 2 only slightly longer or subequal in length to A1................................ ................................................................................................................................................. L. clausi Bovallius, 1885 - Pereopod 7; length about 0.5x P6. Antennae 2 considerably longer than A1...............................................................8 8. Telson shorter than peduncle of U3..............................................................................................................................9 - Telson as long or longer than peduncle of U3.............................................................................................................11 9. Telson length about 0.5x peduncle of U3 ............................................................................... L. loveni Bovallius, 1885 - Telson length about 0.75x (or more) peduncle of U3.................................................................................................10 10. Pereonite 6 to urosomite 1 produced into dorsal denticles. Gnathopod 1; carpus with broadened distal margin, at least twice width propodus. Eyes reniform ........................................................................... L. serrata Bovallius, 1885 - Pereonites, pleonites and urosomites without dorsal denticles. Gnathopod 1; carpus with distal margin only slightly wider than propodus. Eyes with crystalline cones .................................................................. L. felina Bovallius, 1885 11. Pereopod 5; merus broadened, elongated-oval. Pleonite 1 with dorsal depression....... L. laticarpa Vinogradov, 1957 - Pereopod 5; merus linear, not broadened. Pleonite 1 without dorsal depression........................................................12 12. Head without rostrum. Pereopods 3–5; anterodistal corner of merus produced into small, sharp corner. Eyes reniform .............................................................................................................................................. L. pacifica Stebbing, 1888 - Head produced into distinct hook-shaped or rounded rostrum. Pereopods 3–5; anterodistal corner of merus not noticeably produced. Eyes with crystalline cones..................................................................................................... 13 13. Head produced into hook-shaped rostrum. Antennae 1; distal three articles fused. Pereopod 6; merus linear, without anterior bulge ........................................................................................................................ L. sayana Bovallius, 1885 - Head produced into broad, rounded rostrum. Antennae 1; distal articles separate. Pereopod 6; merus with distinct anterior, medial bulge .................................................................................................................... L. galatheae sp. nov., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2009, A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-117 in Zootaxa 2000 on pages 11-12, {"references":["Vinogradov, M. E. (1964) Hyperiidea Physosomata from the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 65, 107 - 151. [In Russian].","Vinogradov, M. E. (1970) New data on the amphipods Hyperiidea Physosomata of the northwest part of the Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 86: 382 - 400. [In Russian]. English translation: In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.) Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its Environment, pp. 398 - 418. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1972.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1957) Hyperiids (Amphipoda) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 1. Tribe Hyperiidea Physosomata. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 20: 186 - 227. [In Russian]. English translation by American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington D. C., 1959, Marine Biology, 149 - 184.","Bovallius, C. (1885) On some forgotten genera among the amphipodous Crustacea. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 10 (14), 1 - 17, 1 pl.","Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology 29, i - xxiv & 1 - 1737, pls 1 - 210."]}

Lanceola clausi pirloti (Shoemaker) (Fig. 9) Lanceola pirloti Shoemaker, 1945: 212, figs 19, 20. Shih & Chen 1995: 32–34,fig. 16. Lanceola clausi pirloti Vinogradov 1960a: 207; 1964: 112. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 70–71, fig. 17. Type material. Shoemaker (1945) described his species form six specimens collected near Bermuda at depths between 700 and 1000 fathoms. The USNM has three syntypes; two males (109467 & 9) and one female (109468). The whereabouts of the other three specimens is unknown. Material examined. Types. Syntype female (USNM 109468) and two syntype males (USNM 109467 & 9) from the North Atlantic, near Bermuda [32º12’N 64º36’W]; William Beebe Oceanographic Expedition, 13 Jul. 1929 and 7 & 29 Sept. 1930 respectively: in spirit. Other material examined. Central South Pacific: Female (ZMUC CRU-9920); S. of Tahiti [18º49’S 153º10’W]; Dana Stn. 3577 VII, 4000 mw, 19 Oct. 1928. Male (ZMUC); N. of New Zealand [28º17.6’S 177º01’E]; Dana Stn. 3624 III, 3000 mw, 10 Dec. 1928. Diagnosis. Like typical form except for the following. Length of sexually mature specimens 12–16 mm. Antennae 2 are relatively shorter, often subequal in length to A1. Gnathopoda and P3 & 4 have more robust articles. Gnathopod 1; basis especially broad with distinct anterior bulge. Pereopods 3 & 4 with shorter and wider merus, also propodus is shorter than carpus. Pereopods 5 & 6 are relatively longer. Pereopods 6 & 7 with relatively longer propodus. Remarks. Described as a species distinct from L. clausi by Shoemaker (1945), the above differences are sometimes intermediate between L. clausi and L. pirloti. Thus, I concur with Vinogradov et al. (1982) in that L. pirloti should be considered a subspecies of the highly variable L. clausi. Distribution. This subspecies has been recorded from the North Atlantic, near Bermuda [32º12’N 54º36’W] by Shoemaker (1945); the North-west Pacific, south of Japan by Vinogradov (1960a) and from the South China Sea by Shih and Chen (1995) and the Indian Ocean [01º59.1’S 86º41.4’E and 26º45.7’S 108º18.6É] by Vinogradov (1964). The Dana specimens are the first records from the central South Pacific., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2009, A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-117 in Zootaxa 2000 on pages 36-37, {"references":["Shoemaker, C. R. (1945) The Amphipoda of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions, 1929 - 1931. Zoologica, New York, 30, 185 - 266.","Shih, C. - T. & Chen, Q. - C. (1995) Zooplankton of China Seas (2) - The Hyperiidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda). China Ocean Press, Beijing, 295 pp.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1960 a) Hyperiidea Physosomata of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 41, 198 - 247. [In Russian].","Vinogradov, M. E. (1964) Hyperiidea Physosomata from the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 65, 107 - 151. [In Russian].","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor."]}

Lanceola sphaerica (Vinogradov) (Fig. 13) Lanceola clausi var. sphaerica Vinogradov, 1957: 196, fig. 6. Lanceola sphaerica Vinogradov 1970: 383, 386–388, figs 1, 2. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 73–75, fig. 20. Type material. This species was first described as a variety of L. clausi from two damaged specimens, a mature female of length 8 mm and a male of length 9 mm, both caught in the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the North-West Pacific. The female from Vityaz Stn. 2076 [43°39’N 149°24’E] at 4200–7800 m and the male from Vityaz Stn. 2208 [49°23’N 158°45’E] at 0–6500 m. Later, Vinogradov (1970) established it as a full species with the availability of a well-preserved male of length 5.5 mm from the same general area; Vityaz Stn. 5626 [45°11’N 152°28’E] at 3000–4000 m. All three specimens are in the ZMMU (Mb–1051 to Mb–1053 respectively). Diagnosis. According to Vinogradov (1957 & 1970). Only known from the above three specimens; females reach maturity at 8.0mm. Habitus like L. clausi but pereon more inflated, especially in females. Head without rostrum. Eyes very small, reniform, without crystalline cones. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite combined; terminal article elongate, slightly longer than twice preceding article. Antennae 2 relatively short, slightly longer than A1. Pereopod 3 similar to but slightly shorter than P4; basis length slightly more than twice merus (slightly less for P4); carpus slightly longer than merus; propodus length 1.2x carpus or longer; dactylus relatively long, length 0.4–0.5x propodus (slightly shorter in female). Pereopods 5–7 with retractile, mostly hooded dactyls. Pereopod 5 slightly shorter than P4; basis length 1.8x merus; carpus slightly longer than merus; propodus slightly longer than carpus, in males slightly expanded distally with strong setae distally on anterior margin; dactylus relatively long (especially in males) pressed against propodus, forming indistinct subchela in males, less so in females. Pereopod 6 slightly longer than P4, or P5; basis length 1.6x merus; carpus length 1.2x merus; propodus length 1.6x carpus. Pereopod 7; length about 0.7x P6; basis about twice length merus; carpus length about 1.4x merus; propodus length 1.8x carpus, slightly longer than basis. Peduncle of U1 does not exceed limit of peduncle of U2. Peduncles of U1–3 relatively broader in females (particularly U3). Uropod 3; peduncle width about 0.4x length in males. Telson pointed; length 0.6–0.7x peduncle of U3, marginally shorter in smaller specimens. Colour of living specimens not recorded. Remarks. I have not seen any specimens of this species but accept its validity based on the observations of Vinogradov (1957 & 1970). This species is distinguished from all its congeners by a combination of several characters; the inflated pereon (especially in females), the relatively long dactyls of pereopods 3–7 (especially pereopods 3 & 4), the structure of pereopod 5 becoming subchelate in males and the relatively short telson. It is most similar to L. clausi in the general habitus and relative lengths of the pereopoda but is readily distinguished by the slightly more inflated pereon and the relatively longer dactyls of pereopods 3–7. In the long dactyls of pereopods 3 & 4, it resembles L. longidactyla Vinogradov, 1964 but in that species the dactyls are relatively longer and pereopod 5 is not modified. It also resembles L. chelifera Vinogradov, 1970, especially in the modification of pereopod 5 but in that species the dactylus of pereopod 5 is not retractile or hooded and the structure of pereopods 3 & 4 is completely different. Distribution. Only known from the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the Pacific Ocean, from three specimens as detailed above., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2009, A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-117 in Zootaxa 2000 on pages 44-46, {"references":["Vinogradov, M. E. (1957) Hyperiids (Amphipoda) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 1. Tribe Hyperiidea Physosomata. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 20: 186 - 227. [In Russian]. English translation by American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington D. C., 1959, Marine Biology, 149 - 184.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1970) New data on the amphipods Hyperiidea Physosomata of the northwest part of the Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 86: 382 - 400. [In Russian]. English translation: In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.) Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its Environment, pp. 398 - 418. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1972.","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1964) Hyperiidea Physosomata from the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 65, 107 - 151. [In Russian]."]}

Lanceola clausi gracilis Vinogradov Lanceola clausi gracilis Vinogradov 1956: 196. Vinogradov 1957: 195, fig. 5; 1962: 6–7, fig. 5a; 1964: 112. Hurley 1969: 33. Vinogradov 1970: 384 (table). Vinogradov et al. 1982: 71–72, fig. 18. De Broyer & Jazdzewski 1993: 109. Type material. This subspecies was described from three specimens collected from the West Bering Sea. The ZMMU has two syntypes (Mb-1042 & 1043). Diagnosis. According to Vinogradov (1956, 1957) and Vinogradov et al. (1982); like typical form except for the following. Length of sexually mature specimens 9–11 mm. Pleonites and urosomites are relatively broader. Pereopod 7; carpus is shorter than merus. Telson is relatively longer, almost as long as peduncle of U3. Additionally, in sexually mature males, the callynophore of A1 is particularly broad and richly pubescent on the anterior margin. Remarks. I have not seen any specimens of this subspecies but accept its validity based on the observations of Vinogradov (1956, 1957) and Vinogradov et al. (1982). Distribution. Known mainly from colder waters having been recorded from the north-west Pacific north of 40ºN and Antarctic waters. Vinogradov (1964) also recorded two specimens from the mid-Indian Ocean. Vinogradov et al. (1982) regard it one of the deepest water hyperiideans, possibly inhabiting only the abyssopelagic zone (deeper than 2500–3000 m)., Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2009, A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-117 in Zootaxa 2000 on page 37, {"references":["Vinogradov, M. E. (1956) Hyperiids (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) of the western Bering Sea. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 35 (2), 194 - 218. [In Russian].","Vinogradov, M. E. (1957) Hyperiids (Amphipoda) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 1. Tribe Hyperiidea Physosomata. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 20: 186 - 227. [In Russian]. English translation by American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington D. C., 1959, Marine Biology, 149 - 184.","Hurley, D. E. (1969) Amphipoda Hyperiidea. In: ' Antarctic Map Folio Series', Folio 11, Distribution of selected groups of marine invertebrates in waters south of 35 ° S Latitude. Pp. 32 - 34, sheets 1 - 2. American Geographical Society.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1970) New data on the amphipods Hyperiidea Physosomata of the northwest part of the Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 86: 382 - 400. [In Russian]. English translation: In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.) Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its Environment, pp. 398 - 418. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1972.","Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mirovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor.","Vinogradov, M. E. (1964) Hyperiidea Physosomata from the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 65, 107 - 151. [In Russian]."]}