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This report provides an overview which adopts a basic approach that describes the broadest outlines of Alaska’s prehistoric culture history as seen against the backdrop of these environmental changes and geographic divides. Results of the many more advanced analyses of prehistoric behavior are omitted for the sake of simplicity, as are the details of the many scholarly debates important in the archaeological literature.

This paper documents and offers translations for two sets of ancient, highly complex inscriptions readable as Chinese that were pecked into the rocks of Arizona and New Mexico an estimated 2,500 years ago. Here is what appears to be conclusive epigraphic evidence that Chinese explorers not only reached the Americas in pre-Columbian times but also interacted positively with Native populations, sharing both intellectual and cultural information.

This report documents the results of a Phase II cultural resources inventory of 7,000 acres on Range 77 (EC South), Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) Nye County, Nevada. Surveyed acreage encompasses two adjacent drainage corridors, lower Thirsty Canyon and lower Rocket Wash, both of which had been selected for the establishment of targets to be used in live-fire air-to-ground combat training. The NAFB/NTTR proposes to establish seven target zones in Thirsty Canyon and two target zones in Rocket Wash for the purposes of live-fire, small munitions bombing.

This cultural resource and probability analysis report includes the addition of all cultural resource sites added to the Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) and all cultural resource surveys conducted on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER) and reported on between October 2011 and March 2015. It also includes updated prehistorical and historical contexts. Updates have been made to Sections 1.0, 1.2.3, 1.2.4, 2.0, 3.1, 3.2, 4.0, 5.0, and Appendix A.

The Appleton Museum of Art New World Treasures Exhibition Artifacts from Conquistador Hernando De Soto’s 1539 Expedition and the Lost Mission of San Buenaventura De Potano A team of international historians and archaeologists have been thoroughly investigating this De Soto site and the lost Franciscan Mission of San Buenaventura since its discovery in 2005. The archaeologists credited with the discovery and honored by the United States Congress are University of Florida professors, Dr. Fred A. White and Dr. Michele C. White, and University of Florida Anderson Scholar and History Honors Graduate, Ethan A. White. The site in central Florida is considered one of the most important archaeological sites in the early history and exploration of the United States. The archaeological discovery has unearthed rare Spanish artifacts dating more than 500 years old. This Potano Indian village site lies between Ocala and Gainesville, Florida and has been officially recorded as the MR03538 site, by the Bureaus of Archaeological Research and Historical Preservation within the Florida Department of State. Historical evidence confirms Spanish missionary activity began at this Native Indian site as early as 1580 when Spanish missionaries returned to the town of Potano visited by Hernando de Soto in 1539. Artifacts from the discovery are unique among other ancient Florida locations considered to be from the First Spanish Period. The numbers of medieval coins found at the clandestine site appear to be more than all of the coins found at all of the mission sites in the American mainland thus far. A few types of these rare maravedis coins were also discovered at the La Isabel settlement in the Dominican Republic founded by Christopher Columbus in 1493. The ancient coins found at the site display the names of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, the monarchs that united the largest kingdoms of Spain by marrying in 1469 and ruling equally, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella’s efforts were crucial to the discovery of America. This newly discovered archaeological site is the oldest confirmed New World contact site in the United States. Acknowledgment for confirmation and identification of the artifacts goes to a large and diverse group of scholars throughout the country, Dr. Alan M. Stahl, Curator of Numismatics, Princeton University, Dr. Jerald T. Milanich, Curator Emeritus in Archaeology of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Dr. Gifford Waters, Historical Archaeology Collections Manager of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Dr. Kathleen Deagan, Distinguished Research Curator of Archaeology for the University of Florida, Dr. Michael Gannon, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of History, University of Florida and Dr. Charles M. Hudson, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology and History, University of Georgia. Dr. Charles M. Hudson, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology and History, University of Georgia, noted on the important discovery, “Crossbow points, 7-layered chevrons, mail armor, and Ferdinand and Isabella coins now backed up with XFR testing, this is the definitive De Soto site.” “The discovery and recognition of the White site is a major archaeological and historical event. The on-going investigations and interpretation of the White / De Soto site promise to clarify the Spanish and Indian history of north-central Florida and to add immeasurably to our knowledge of the Hernando De Soto expedition.” Professor Hudson is considered the world’s top scholar on Hernando De Soto, author of countless research publications and Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. Dr. Jerald T. Milanich, Curator Emeritus in Archaeology of the Florida Museum of Natural History, stated on the significant discovery, "I looked at the archaeological evidence. There is absolutely no doubt that is a De Soto contact site.” “The site Ashley White has found seems certainly 100 percent I’d say to be the main Indian town of Potano that De Soto had been at and also the later location of the mission of San Buenaventura de Potano.” Professor Milanich is the leading expert and author of multiple books about the Potano culture and Hernando De Soto’s expedition. Dr. Gifford Waters, Collections Manager for Historical Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History and an expert on Spanish missions, noted, "This (the De Soto site) is an extremely important site, historically and archaeologically." Dr. Michael V. Gannon, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of History, University of Florida, stated that, “The White Ranch / De Soto site is one of the absolute most important American / Spanish archaeological discoveries in my lifetime. Having been a priest and being able to walk the site and hold a Rosary discovered within the mission ruins was quite overwhelming. There was a calming and reassuring feeling that the 500 years of history here had not been lost and that the fine archaeological work would ensure a permanent record and the hope the artifacts will join the collection of the University of Florida Museum of Natural History.” Professor Gannon is one of the most influential scholars and authors on Spanish colonial history. The recent scientific findings were published in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Archaeology and with the Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research in Tallahassee, Florida. The collection of artifacts is at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Data recovery investigations and monitoring conducted for the CP/EV Light Rail project resulted in the discovery and excavation of 141 mortuary features and the recovery of skeletal remains from a minimum of 152 individuals. Of these, 31 mortuary features (33 individuals) were recovered from Pueblo Grande (AZ U:9:1[ASM]) and 110 mortuary features (119 individuals) were recovered from La Plaza (AZ U:9:165[ASM]). Although in comparison with earlier investigations the size of the samples is modest, the aim of this chapter is to explore what mortuary practices and skeletal remains reveal about the early inhabitants of the Phoenix Basin. This is Volume III of the report which covers the bioarchaeological analysis of finds encountered during this project.

Western Apache history, as it relates to the State Route 260 (SR 260) Payson-to-Heber project implemented by Desert Archaeology, Inc., is summarized in this report. This project was conducted to mitigate the impact of highway realignment and improvement on cultural resources along a 74-km- (46-mile-) long stretch of right-of-way between Payson and Heber (Milepost 256 to Milepost 302) (Herr 1999). Ethnohistoric research included preliminary fieldwork in 2000 (Ferguson and Anyon 2000), followed by more intensive work to identify Western Apache cultural sites and historic places in and near the right-of-way. Fieldwork involved consultants from the San Carlos Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, and Yavapai-Apache Nation. To complement the 2000 fieldwork, KenCairn conducted a literature review of Western Apache history and culture, as well as a series of interviews with consultants from the White Mountain Apache Tribe and the Yavapai-Apache Nation. Individuals were chosen for their specific knowledge of the study area. Three goals guided the research with Apache cultural advisors: (1) documentation of the Apache cultural landscapes in and around the project area (2) explanation of how the project area is part of the Western Apache homelands; and (3) inspection of archaeological sites, maps, and artifacts by Western Apache cultural advisors to determine how they are related to Apache use of the study area. Data recovery at three archaeological sites exhibited recognizable Apache or Yavapai remains. These include a possible ramada at the McGoonie site, AZ 0:12:25/AR-03-12-04-743 (ASM/TNF); an Apache occupation component at the Plymouth Landing site, AZ 0:12:89/ AR-03-12-04-1411 (ASM/ TNF); and a roasting pit at the Ponderosa Campground site, AZ 0:12:19/AR-03-12-04-1159 (ASM/ TNF). Ethnographic fieldwork also revealed important Apache cultural and historical sites, including an Apache camp near Milepost 259, an Apache trail up See Canyon near Christopher Creek, an Apache camp at Indian Garden/Kohl's Ranch, and an Apache ceremonial ground near the present intersection of SR 260 and Forest Service (FS) 512, the road to Young, Arizona. In this study, ethnohistoric interpretations are blended with archaeological investigations to better understand the nature of Apache archaeology.

This report presents the results of an archaeological testing and data recovery program conducted by EcoPlan for COP on approximately three acres of land in south Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. These archaeological investigations were conducted in advance of the COP Neighborhood Services Department’s South Phoenix Village Loop Street and Landscaping project (COP Cost Center Numbers ND30010010 and ND30010011). Because project activities associated with these projects were deemed likely to impact suspected cultural resources within the project area, COP requested that EcoPlan prepare and implement a cultural resources testing and discovery program for the treatment of suspected cultural resources in the project area. In total, fifteen prehistoric features and one historic feature were discovered and investigated. Archaeological features included four Hohokam field houses, three canals, six small pits, a possible reservoir, and an alignment of postholes believed to be the remains of a ramada-like structure. The historic feature consisted of the buried remains of a privy. The archaeological expressions in the study area were assigned site number AZ T:12:231 (ASM) by ASM.

During the July 2002 excavation of sewer lines at Eareckson Air Station, two prehistoric midden deposits containing shell, bone, whalebone, stone and bone artifacts, and human remains were exposed. The Air Force Remote Sites archaeologist, Karlene Leeper, halted the work until archaeologists could determine whether the remains represented an in situ cultural deposit, or whether midden was transported as fill from elsewhere. Joined by Diane Hanson of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Leeper reevaluated the site July 16 through 23, 2002. In part to mitigate the damage from the sewer excavations, and to evaluate the potential for finding additional non-coastal archaeological sites, Leeper contracted with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to conduct archaeological excavations at ATU-239. During fieldwork in 2005 project crew were shown the location of a second non-coastal site at the east end of the runway, ATU-613. Leeper contracted again with FWS to have this site investigated, as part of a larger study of non-coastal sites, in 2006. This report details that study.

A brief cultural background of the Tucson Basin and a set of research questions that guided work at BB:13:157 and BB:13:505 have been presented in Chapter 1. The work at prehistoric sites is presented in Chapter 2, while Chapter 3 chronicles the history of the Leon family and their property. Excavations at the Leon farmstead and the adjacent historic period canal are described in Chapter 4. The historic-period artifacts recovered from the Leon farmstead are examined in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 presents the petrographic study used to determine the places where Native American pottery found at the site was made. A study of historic Native American ceramics follows in Chapter 7, and a discussion of the Leon family's diet is included in Chapter 8. Finally, new findings made through the work conducted during this project are summarized in Chapter 9.

In 2004 the Alaska Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation requested a cultural resource survey of the proposed Eagle River Greenbelt Access and Pathway trail corridor. This document details this survey. Staff from the Office of History and Archaeology completed fieldwork during June 2004 and identified a can midden and trail segment (ANC-01419); two cabin sites (ANC-01420), (ANC-01527); a cluster of trail segments (ANC-01528); three modern campsites; and an abandoned vehicle.

The results of this survey is the first attempt to create such a model which attempts to empirically identify, measure, analyze, and then interpret the cultural resources discovered within a portion of the south-central Great Basin region. This survey will be undertaken within an ethnoarchaeological approach.

Four archaeological sites were investigated in advance of road realignment and improvements along State Route 260, between Cottonwood and Camp Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona. The work was done at the request of the Arizona Department of Transportation, as part of a larger project. Two sites were located in Segment 1A (AZ O:5:173 (ASM)/AR-03-09-05-378) and Segment 1B (AZ O:5:143 (ASM)/AR-03-09-05-249) on land administered by the Prescott National Forest. The other two sites (AZ O:5:131 (ASM)/AR03-04-01-1003 and AZ O:5:133 (ASM)/AR-03-04-01-1004) were in Segment 2, on land administered by the Coconino National Forest. Construction in Segment 3, extending southeast from Segment 2 to West Clear Creek, has not currently been scheduled. No subsurface cultural remains were found at any of the sites, although one site (O:5:133/AR-03-04-01-1004) was severely disturbed inside the right-of-way, and remains may still be present in the portion of the site outside the right-of-way. Site O:5:131/AR-03-04-01-1003 appears to have functioned as a locus for limited prehistoric activity, perhaps serving as a temporary camp or resource procurement locale. The site was contemporaneous with O:5:133/AR-03-04-01-1004, located nearby, to the west. Both sites may have been related to another nearby site that contained a single-room masonry structure. Located very close to the Verde River, all three sites were likely part of a small habitation or fieldhouse complex. Although very little datable material was collected at sites O:5:131/AR-03-04-01-1003 and O:5:133/AR03-04-01-1004, the ceramics fell between A.D. 1050 and 1300. The presence of a few Historic period artifacts indicates transitory use of the site area between approximately 1875 and 1917. Although no datable artifacts were found at O:5:143/AR-03-09-05-249, site characteristics were very similar to site O:5:173/AR03-09-05-378, where Middle and Late Archaic projectile points were collected. Both sites were large, low density lithic scatters, which were most likely resource procurement and/or manufacturing locales.

SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants, conducted testing and data recovery at Site AZ G:10:8(ASM), the Hackberry Townsite, to mitigate potential impacts from construction of the Mead to Phoenix 500kV Transmission Line (the Mead to Phoenix Project). The Mead to Phoenix Project, currently under construction, is one link in a proposed regional power grid (Rogge and O’Brien 1990). SWCA conducted a program of testing and data recovery to clear construction at the Hackberry Townsite, the subject of this volume.

As cultural resource consultants to the Bureau of Reclamation's Lower Colorado Regional Office, Statistical Research Inc. conducted a Class II noncollection archaeological and ethnographic survey of 3,100 acres in the Quien Sabe/Big Maria Terrace region of Riverside County, California. The survey covered 20 percent of lands managed by Reclamation in this region. Six parcels of land, blocks, or survey were selected for survey on the basis of previous investigations and the potential these areas had for containing significant cultural resources. The survey blocks ranged in size from 50 (Survey acres Block 4) to 1,200 acres (Survey Block 5). The area in which the Blythe Intaglios are located was selected as one of the survey blocks (Survey Block 3). A total of 56 sites was recorded during the course of the survey; 21 of these sites had been previously recorded. Sites ranged from small lithic scatters consisting of a single type of raw material to the Blythe Intaglio site (CA-RIV-14), which covers 800,000 m2 and consists of 12 spatially discrete components. Geomorphological analysis was undertaken in those survey blocks that are Quaternary in nature (all but Survey Block 4). Modern human impacts were observed and recorded at all sites where such disturbances occurred. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric research was conducted after the archaeological field work was completed to obtain additional information on significant cultural resources from Native American informants. Cultural resources were interpreted in light of the ethnographic/ethnohistoric survey and archaeological work in the general region. The lithic technology in the survey area appears to reflect more of a core technology than the more common biface technology; this might be a function of availability of raw material. Intaglios were found to be either the result of intentional construction the unintentional or result of ceremonial activity such as dancing. Intaglios that relate to various aspects of creation myths and other tales, such as the presence of the twins, giant humans, rattlesnakes, and abstract motifs, are present in the survey area. The Black Point Ceremonial Pathway site (CA-IMP-870), a ceremonial complex, was interpreted in light of its evidence of ritual reenactment of spiritual journeys. All of the sites were evaluated for their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Forty sites were considered eligible, 15 were considered not eligible, and one was considered not applicable. Management recommendations for significant cultural resources include regular monitoring, and construction of protective barriers in a few cases. Future research directions include continued documentation of cultural resources in the region and more intensive, cross-cultural analysis of existing cultural resources.

The focus of this volume is the lower Colorado River valley, one of the least understood regions of the American Southwest. After over 50 years of archaeological research, the lower Colorado River remains a mystery. No major prehistoric habitation site has been located, presumably because they have all been destroyed by the river. Consequently, even the rudiments of culture history remain to be worked out. When did people arrive in the area? What did they live on? How did culture evolve in this harsh environment? Yet, even though our knowledge of the culture is poor, archaeologists have recognized the spectacular and unique nature of the region's cultural resources. Intaglios and geoglyphs of the lower Colorado River are unlike any other cultural resource in the world. How these features were used and what they mean were in large part the focus of our investigations. Like all large projects, the five surveys evolved over time. The five surveys contained within this volume were conducted between December 1991 and October 1992. All of the projects were Class III noncollection surveys. Fieldwork for the Antelope Hill and Ripley Intaglio surveys was performed intermittently, whereas Senator Wash, Pilot Knob, and Palo Verde Point were finished without interruption. Each of the surveys provided Reclamation with detailed documentation on the cultural resources. Originally, the intent was to inventory areas of known feature concentration. Antelope Hill on the Gila River near Wellton, Arizona and the Ripley Intaglio Complex on the Colorado River about 15 km east of Palo Verde, California were chosen as the points of departure. The two areas are quite different. Antelope Hill is a collection of diverse features representing milling-implement quarrying, rock art, and historic activities. The Ripley Intaglio Complex has long been renowned for its earth figures, but prior to the survey no one had an understanding of the number or types of associated features. What the two areas shared in common was a general belief by archaeologists that they contained many more features than had been documented, that these features were being impacted by humans and nature to an unknown degree, and that Reclamation and other agencies could not manage these resources adequately with their current knowledge.

This report presents the results of archaeological data recovery in a portion of a small Colonial period farmstead or hamlet, AZ DD:7:22 (ASM), located along the existing 100-foot-wide right-of-way (ROW) of Arivaca Road about 1 km east of the townsite of Arivaca. The site is projected to be impacted by planned road improvements by the Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Transportation. Data recovery involved the excavation of a large informal habitation structure, two roasting pits, and a midden area. This report represents the final in a series of reports submitted to Pima County. A plan of work and research design (Whittlesey and Ciolek-Torrello 1989) presented a summary of previous research in the area, identified the historic contexts present at AZ DD:7:22 (ASM) and a second site, posed a number of research themes and questions, and presented a plan for testing. The results of archaeological testing at both sites were presented in a second report (Whittlesey, Shelley, and Ciolek-Torrello 1990) along with a plan of work for data recovery at AZ DD:7:22. The purpose of testing was to evaluate the significance of identified cultural resources that were to be impacted by planned construction projects. Assessment of significance was based on the National Historic Preservation Act and the regulations designed to implement this act. The research design presented by Whittlesey and Ciolek-Torrello (1989) and summarized in this report is framed within criteria for eligibility to the National Register as indicated by National Park Service guidelines (1986). Whittlesey and Ciolek-Torrello (1989) suggested that AZ DD:7:22 can provide information to answer questions concerning cultural affiliation and interaction, settlement function, environmental adaptation, and subsistence. In this report we attempt to answer the questions posed using the results of the testing and data recovery studies. The report is organized in eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides the project background, including a summary of previous research in the Arivaca area, a detailed description of the environmental setting, and revised discussions of the cultural-historical framework for the area and the research design for data recovery. These latter revisions incorporate the results of archival research conducted after the original plan of work was prepared. Chapter Two provides descriptive results of site and feature excavations. Chapters Three, Four, and Five present respectively the results of the analyses of ceramics, lithics, and other artifacts, collected during testing and data recovery. Chapters Six and Seven report the results of archaeobotanical analyses. In the final chapter we summarize the results of excavations and analyses and address the research questions in a synthetic treatment of these results. Reports detailing petrographic and chronometric analyses are provided in Appendixes A and B, respectively. Attributes used in the ceramic and lithic analyses are described in Appendixes C and D.

The results of an 8,600-acre survey on the Fort Huachuca Military Reservation are presented. This survey was conducted as part of a larger inventory project, which in total encompassed 12,000 acres of the 73,000-acre fort. The report focuses on two objectives: presenting the descriptive results of the 8,600-acre survey and integrating the results from all surveys conducted on Fort Huachuca into a predictive model of prehistoric site location. The survey design had three main components. First, 38 quarter-section units were surveyed following a simple random sampling design. These units, combined with seven units previously surveyed by Professional Archaeological Services and Technology (P.A.S.T.), led to just under a 10 percent sample of the fort. The random sample results were used to generate parameter estimates and to develop a preliminary predictive model. Testing this model was the primary objective of the second component of the survey. In addition to using all previous ad hoc compliance surveys, specific parcels totaling 2,230 acres were inventoried. Finally, to assess the potential of buried sites on Fort Huachuca, the geomorphic history of the fort was analyzed and deeply entrenched washes in areas conducive to buried materials were surveyed. The survey recorded 84 sites. These sites contained a total of 58 prehistoric and 31 historic components. Prehistoric components were divided into three functional types; habitations, resource processing loci, and artifact scatters of unknown function. Temporal components recognized included Archaic, Formative, and Protohistoric. No diagnostic Paleoindian materials were recovered, although artifacts with a heavy patina were observed that could date to this period. Historic components were grouped into three groups; architectural, dumps, and scatters. Historic resources covered a wide range of activities, most of which were either associated with the military or farming and ranching. A predictive model of site location was created for the prehistoric components. The model was based on the statistical covariation of site location with four environmental variables; namely, elevation, slope, aspect, and soils. The model worked best for sites closely tied to resource procurement, relatively well for habitation sites, and poorly for artifact scatters. The model's performance also varied over space, working very well in the bajada and canyon mouths and very poorly in the Northwest Quadrant of the base. It is hypothesized that the wide fluctuations in the model's predictive strength is related to the role social factors played in decisions concerning site location. To explore site location further, the Fort Huachuca data were integrated into the large database from the entire Middle San Pedro River Valley. This spatial analysis suggested that a pattern of permanent hamlets along the river and at the base of the mountains became established during the Late Archaic Period and remained in place throughout the remainder of prehistory. Social and cultural dynamics related to the emergence of the center of Paquime in Chihuahua, Mexico, appear to have drastically altered this pattern during the Classic Period. At this time a new settlement system was established focused on control of trade and communication routes to the Santa Cruz and Lower San Pedro Valleys. Historic period settlement is examined through a combination of archaeological and archival sources. Major historic themes in the region are defined and avenues of future research are discussed. The report closes with an evaluation of survey techniques and recommendations for future inventory.

The region encompassing the land north and west of the Colorado River in the State of Arizona is the subject of this Class I cultural resources overview. This region, commonly referred to as the Arizona Strip, contains approximately 3.5 million acres, of which 2.75 million acres are administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 650,000 acres are under the jurisdiction of the USDA Forest Service, and the balance is controlled by various State and Federal agencies, Indian tribes, and private concerns. Within the Arizona Strip, approximately 4,000 archaeological sites have been recorded. Of these, about 1,500 are found on land administered by the BLM, slightly over 700 are located on the North District of the Kaibab National Forest, about 1,200 are situated north of the Colorado River within the confines of the Grand Canyon National Park, and close to 400 sites are found north of the Colorado River in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. The rest have been recorded by various State and private institutions on non-federally controlled land. This overview is divided into two parts. Part One consists of six chapters which provide background information on the prehistory, history, and environment of the Arizona Strip. Environmental data are brought to bear showing the strong bimodal pattern of precipitation and temperature that currently affects the region. Information gathered from four paleoclimatic indicators—tree-rings, prehistoric pollen, alluvial stratigraphies, and packrat middens—show that various climatic regimes have established themselves at different times and in different parts of the Strip during the late Quaternary period. Archaeological data are then brought to bear on the issues of cultural development. Little information exists on the earliest periods of human occupation, the Paleoindian and the Archaic. The succeeding Formative period is much better represented. Over 60 percent of the recorded sites on BLM and Forest Service land date to this period. Although most information about prehistoric occupations on the Arizona Strip relates to the Formative, there is still very little known about the exact nature of culture at this time. Clearly, the societies occupying the region were greatly influenced by the developments to the east associated with the Kayenta Branch of the Anasazi culture. Topics such as the nature of outside influence, the importance of plant domesticates, and the sudden abandonment of the region around A.D. 1200 still need more study. Part Two concerns the management of cultural resources on the Arizona Strip. This part is divided into four chapters. The discussion begins with an overview of the types and distributions of know cultural resources throughout the Arizona Strip. This presentation includes a series of graphic illustrations showing general site location for the region as well as maps specifically designed for BLM and Forest Service administered lands. With the resources in mind, the discussion proceeds to an evaluation of the structure of the BLM and Forest Service cultural resource management (CRM) programs. Both agencies are dedicated to a balanced CRM program that includes both identifying and mitigating potential adverse impacts of development projects on significant cultural resources and the enhancement and development of cultural resources as a goal in-and-of-itself. Yet it is clear that the current CRM programs of both agencies are geared primarily toward meeting their compliance objectives. While understandable, given the legal priority of compliance work, this orientation has the result of placing both programs in a reactive as opposed to an active posture vis-a-vis cultural resource management. In the long-run, such a narrow focus is not in the best interest of sound management. The final two chapters provide a series of recommendations. At the most general level, it is suggested that both agencies adopt procedures that allow the results of compliance work to be routinely synthesized in a manner conducive to addressing the research topics outlined in Part One. A specific approach, termed red flag modeling, is described. Two examples of the approach derived from areas of current concern for the Forest Service and BLM are presented. The document concludes with a discussion of specific actions each agency could immediately adopt to improve the efficiency and quality of their CRM programs.

A cultural resources inventory of eight de-activated Titan Missile silos was conducted by Statistical Research at the request of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. The missile silos were dispersed throughout the greater Tucson area. Each silo consisted of approximately 10 acres. Only one silo, silo 13, contained any evidence of cultural resources. Silo 13, located at the northern end of the Avra Valley, is situated on a narrow ridge overlooking the Brawley Wash floodplain. A relatively large archaeological site was found south of the silo. The site probably extended into the silo originally, but most of the portion within the silo was destroyed during construction of the complex. At present there is only a 5-m swath along the southern border of the silo still within the complex. The site probably represents the remnants of a Hohokam village that was occupied during the Rillito and/or Rincon phase. The site appears to be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Suggestions were forwarded concerning the type of data recovery needed to mitigate adverse impacts due to land disposal. One large and relatively complex site (AZ AA:11:2) does impinge upon silo 13. Data recovered from AZ AA:11:2 could address such issues as Hohokam community organization and agricultural practices along secondary drainages. Therefore, our recommendation is that the site is potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.

In June 1986, the Bureau of Reclamation awarded a three-year contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Central Arizona Project's Regulatory Storage Division, designated as Plan 6. This study focuses on reconstructing the social history of the workers and their families who lived in several temporary dam construction camps dating from the 1890s to 1940s. The first chapter discusses experience in managing the study during the first year of the project. The methods used to pursue archaeological fieldwork, laboratory analysis and historical research are described and evaluated in subsequent chapters. In the final chapter preliminary research implications are summarized for each of the four research themes: (1) camp demography, (2) daily living conditions in the camps, (3) the work environment and (4) relationships among the many ethnic groups that came together in the camps.