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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is confirmed as a preventive strategy for HIV control. However, the testing rate and risk behaviors of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) remain unclear. We aimed to examine factors associated with HIV testing and high-risk behaviors among HIV-negative MSM. From July 2016 to June 2017, participants were recruited by snowball sampling from WeChat groups, bars, and other venues. HIV testing was performed to exclude HIV-positive MSM. Face-to-face questionnaires regarding HIV testing and high-risk behaviors were conducted, 988 MSM were included, and 57.1% of participants underwent HIV testing in the past year. The proportion of high-risk behaviors was 49.9%. Factors associated with HIV testing were bisexual orientation, substance use to adjust psychiatric disorders, and receiving acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) interventions. Being married, bisexual orientation, and receiving AIDS interventions were risk factors for high-risk sexual behaviors, while college or higher degree was a protective factor. We determined that HIV transmission factors are widespread, and the rate of HIV testing is relatively low. Attention should be given to marital status, using substances to adjust psychiatric disorders, or bisexual HIV-negative MSM, and AIDS interventions should be strengthened to promote HIV testing and reduce high-risk behaviors.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of gay mobile phone applications (gay apps) and HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between the use of gay apps and HIV infection and provide a targeted intervention to MSM. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Chinese MSM who were over 18 years old and had self-reported homosexual intercourse in the past six months were interviewed in 2016. Proportions were used for categorical variables and determinants of HIV infection were assessed using univariate and multivariate regression. Of the 403 participants, nearly 66.0% reported having used gay apps to seek sexual partners in the past six months. A higher proportion of the gay app users were younger than 19 years old, single, had high school education, were earning less than 115 GBP income per month, and identified themselves as homosexual. Compared to app non-users, a greater proportion of app users reported a higher frequency of male–male sexual contact (≥1 time/week: 57.5% versus 39.4%, p

Introduction Increasing evidence suggests an association between synthetic drug use and HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to evaluate synthetic drug use prevalence, describe characteristics of synthetic drug users, and investigate whether synthetic drug use is associated with HIV infection among Chinese MSM. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 Chinese cities among males >18 years old who reported having had sex with men in the prior 3 months, but did not already have a known HIV-positive serostatus. Participants were grouped according to lifetime synthetic drug use and characteristics were compared using Chi-square test. Determinants of HIV infection were assessed using univariate and multivariate regression. Results Among 3,135 participants, 1,249 reported lifetime synthetic drug use, for a prevalence of 39.8%. Nearly all users (96.3%) reported using inhaled alkyl nitrites (“poppers”). Synthetic drug users were more likely to be younger (

To evaluate HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in Ningbo, China.A cluster-sampling study of women from four randomly selected villages was undertaken between April 1 and June 30, 2012. Married women who were not menstruating and had not had sexual intercourse, used vaginal medications, or performed vaginal douching within the previous 48hours were enrolled when attending community health centers for family planning appointments. Exfoliated cell specimens were collected for HPV DNA genotyping and cytologic diagnostic tests.Among 1373 included women, 185 (13.5%) were found to be HPV positive and 178 (13.0%) had a high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotype. Among 56 women with cervical cytologic abnormalities, 35 (62.5%) had an HPV infection. The frequency of HPV or HR-HPV infections rose with increasing severity of cytological abnormalities (P0.001 for both). HPV52 was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV58, HPV16, HPV33, and HPV68. An HPV prevalence peak was observed in women aged 40-49 years (101/564 [17.9%]).In Ningbo, many women with cervical cytologic abnormalities have HPV infection. Vaccines targeting HPV52 and HPV58 in conjunction with HPV16 and HPV18 are required for the prevention and treatment of cervical lesions in Chinese women.

In rural areas of China where commercial plasma donation used to be common, little is known about sexual behaviors and condom use among wives left behind by migrating husbands and wives of nonmigrant men. This study investigated sexual behaviors and condom use among married women in rural areas of China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1,873 participants recruited by a cluster-sampling method. Study results showed that wives left behind had a significantly lower mean frequency of sexual intercourse with their husbands in the previous month, a higher rate of multiple sexual partners, a higher rate of self-reported HIV infection, and a lower rate of condom use when compared with wives of nonmigrant men. Also, HIV-infected wives left behind who were infected by their husbands had multiple sex partners and did not use condoms consistently. This research provides additional insight that may be used to develop effective HIV prevention strategies in rural areas of China.

Governmental functions in agricultural industrialization management are analyzed, mainly including supplying public products, providing property right security, managing and protecting resources and environment as well as stabilizing the agro-product market. The policy orientation promoted by the government in agricultural industrialization management is pointed out: formulating a series of macro-management planning to guide and regulate agricultural industrialization operation; fully playing the comprehensive coordinating role of “economic manager”; making and carrying out relevant laws and regulations to normalize the implementation of agricultural industrialization management. To implement the industrial management of agriculture and promote the construction of new countryside, governments at all levels should eliminate the institutional barriers, transform governmental functions gradually and prioritize planning, regulation, service and supervision, changing from merely management to playing the role of market mechanism. Meanwhile, economic, legal and administrative means should be properly adopted to advance the industrial management and the healthy improvement of modern agriculture.

Objective To assess factors associated with condom use among married women in rural China, and provide evidence for implementing education strategies to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Methods A total of 737 sexually active married rural women who were aged between 18 and 49 years and had heard of AIDS were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed in 8 villages of Anhui province, China. Results The rate of condom use was only 5.4%.There were no significant differences in sexual behavior and condom use between married women whose husbands were away as migrant workers and the wives of nonmigrant men, except in knowledge of free condom sources. Significant factors associated with condom use included age, level of education, knowledge about condoms, training about condoms, sources of condoms, and husbands' attitude toward condoms. Conclusions More educational interventions are needed to increase condom knowledge and promotion, especially among less educated women and married women left behind by migrant husbands.

⁎ Corresponding author at: NingboMunicipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 237 Yongfeng Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China. Tel./fax: +86 574 87271093. E-mail address: xugz@nbcdc.org.cn (G. Xu). In 2009, the Chinese Ministry of Health estimated that approximately 230 000 women aged 15 years and older were living with HIV/AIDS in China [1]. However, a substantial proportion of these women did not know their HIV status. In the same year, UNAIDS estimated that 370 000 children worldwide were infected with HIV during the perinatal and breastfeeding period. More than half of all people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide are women of childbearing age [2]. Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is widely recognized as an effective and important strategy for both prevention and treatment, and an essential tool in controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic [3]. Therefore, VCT services for pregnant women can have a major role in containing the spread of HIV infection via mother-to-child and heterosexual transmission. However, HIV-related stigma and discrimination against people infected with HIV/AIDS are chief among the barriers preventing people from seeking VCT [4]. Research about VCT in China has targeted mainly high-risk groups such as injecting drug users and female sex workers. In 2009, UNAIDS called for the virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015. The present study was designed to examine this issue by exploring knowledge and behavior related to HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among pregnant women using VCT services. The present cross-sectional descriptive study involved 800 pregnant women attending 2 VCT centers at public maternal-and-child-health clinics in Ningbo, China. Data were collected between March 1 and June 30, 2010. Ethics approval was obtained from Ethics Board of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). All individuals presenting voluntarily for HIV counseling and testing were approached by trained doctors who explained the purpose of the study and invited them to participate. All participants provided informed oral consent. Upon completion of consent procedures and before HIV and syphilis testing, participants were administered a China CDC-designed questionnaire. Data were collected as part of routine HIV and STI surveillance activities, and included information on social and demographic indicators, and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Logistic regression analysis using the χ test was performed to evaluate the data obtained. Pb0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Of the 800 pregnant women included in the analysis, 335 (41.9%) were 17–25 years of age, 355 (44.4%) were 26–30 years of age, and 110 (13.8%) were 31–41 years of age. The mean age of the participants was 26.6±3.7 years. Overall, 458 (57.2%) were primigravidas and the remaining 342 (42.8%) were multiparas; 217 (27.1%) had undergone primary education, 203 (25.4%) had graduated from secondary school, and 380 (47.5%) had received higher education; 780 (97.5%) were married, with 6 (0.8%) declaring that their husbands were injecting drug users; 187 (23.4%) were migrant women; and 3 (0.4%) declared that they had a history of STIs. Of the 687 (83.9%) pregnant women who correctly answered questions regarding the mode of HIV/AIDS transmission, most were older (χ=21.0; P=0.01), married (χ=5.4; P=0.02), local registers (i.e. not part of the migrant population [χ=6.1; P=0.01]), and had undergone higher education (χ=18.3; P=0.01). According to logistic regression analysis, age and education level were associated with knowledge of the mode of HIV/AIDS transmission (Table 1). The results of HIV testing for all participants were negative, although 7 (0.9%) women were infected with syphilis. Voluntary counseling and testing centers represent an ideal setting for screening, counseling, surveillance, and intervention for pregnant women. Further studies at VCT centers should emphasize promoting HIV knowledge and enhancing HIV and syphilis testing among pregnant women—especially less-educated and young women—to reduce the spread of HIV and STIs through mother-tochild and heterosexual transmission.

Women are infected with HIV at increasing rates worldwide and the incidence of new AIDS cases has been rising faster for women than for men. In China rural married women may become infected with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when their husbands return home after working in cities. Studies have demonstrated that many married rural women know little about condom use or STIs and that their low level of knowledge puts them at risk. Since HIV is mainly sexually transmitted and there is neither an effective vaccine nor a cure for HIV/AIDS the most important way to control HIV/AIDS is to decrease high-risk sexual behavior by improving womens HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. In 2007 and 2008 we conducted a follow-up study with 737 married women in North Anhui China to evaluate the long-term effects of a peer education program for married women. (excerpt)