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Most studies of migrant family separation and reunification concern migration to Europe or North America, where many migrants settle permanently and some institutions facilitate their integration. Among migrants to China, permanent residency and naturalization are rare and integration is limited. How can we understand migrant family separation and coresidence in this kind of destination? Through a survey of 367 international residents and in-depth interviews, we investigate characteristics of migrants in single, sole, couple, and family arrangements in Yiwu, a trading hub and host city to more than 13,000 international migrants. We find that when a male migrant lives with a fellow-migrant wife, the wife is rarely employed, and the employment rate among fellow-migrant wives in Yiwu is lower than the employment rate among wives who remain in the origin. This suggests maximizing household income is not the purpose of the wife’s migration to China. We use logistic regression to identify factors associated with family coresidence among male migrants who have at least one dependent child and a wife who is not a Chinese national. High income, professional occupation, having preschool-aged children, years in the destination, and being from a country at war are associated with family coresidence, while the more children the migrant has, the less likely he is to live with his wife and children. This study offers evidence that where settlement is restricted and integration of migrants is limited, some migrants still pursue family coresidence, but affordability is a major constraint on this arrangement, especially in connection with the cost of children’s education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rural–urban migrants have for the past decades left-behind family members in the countryside, splitting the household into two or more locations, due to the hukou system and migrants' household strategy. By analyzing two nationally representative floating population surveys conducted in 2011 and 2015, this paper examines whether family migration and family reunification have increased over time and whether household arrangements differ between migrant cohorts and between decades. The findings show that the nuclear-family arrangement, where the spouse and children join the pioneer migrant at the host location, is fast replacing the sole and couple-migration models that were prevalent among earlier, older migrants and cohorts. Over time, migrant families require fewer batches to reunite; their batch intervals become shorter; and more family members undertake the first move together. These findings underscore the importance of considering the family rather than the migrant as the basic unit of migration policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the onset of circularity, this paper examines the first outward-moves and first inward-moves of rural–urban migrants in China. Using event-history analysis, we investigate the impacts of time-varying individual and household characteristics on the mobility of 787 rural workers from six villages in Anhui Province, based on a longitudinal study of 150 households for the period 1980 to 2009. The findings show that the probability of initiating the first outward-move and first inward-move is affected by age, gender, education, decade, and life-cycle and household-arrangement factors such as the location of dependent children, spouse, and elderly parents. New-generation migrants are more likely to move outward and spend longer time outside the home location than their predecessors. Gender differences persist; women continue to be less likely to move outward and more likely to return, and their mobility patterns are much more sensitive to caregiving needs than men. These results suggest that migrants’ circularity will persist and that China’s urbanization policy should consider multi-locality as a central component of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a paper which explores on Han-Uyghur inequality through the comparison of Han and Uyghur migrants at Urumqi, Xinjiang in China. It says that base on a survey of 30 sites conducted in 2008, it is crucial to consider the role of self-initiated migration. It states that through the analyses of migration characteristics, findings show that Uyghur migrants do not seem disfavored compared to Han migrants. Moreover, heterogeneity of Urumqi's labor market is also investigated.

Biofumigation, as an environment-friendly alternative to methyl bromide is gaining attention in sustainable agricultural production systems. Based on the biofumigation suppression of growth of three soil-borne filamentous fungi ( Fusarium sp., F. oxysporum and P. aphanidermatum) , Brassica oleracea var . caulorapa was selected from eight Brassica and other plant species as a potential material for the purpose. Powdered tissues of plants were confined to individual Petri dishes without physical contact with each of the following 28 fungal isolates from 16 hosts: 13 Fusarium spp., two Verticillium dahliae, two Ceratocystis fimbriata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Ceratobasidium cornigerum, Rhizotonia cerealis, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora capsici, Botrytis cinerea, two Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Magnaporthe grisea. The level of suppression of growth 7 days after inoculation varied. Based on growth suppression, the 28 isolates were grouped into three clusters by Fuzzy clustering: Cluster I contains F. proliferatum with 20.5% suppression, Cluster II composed of 15 isolates, Fusarium sp., two V. dahliae, two C. fimbriata, B. sorokiniana, C. cornigerum, two R. solani, R. cerealis, S. sclerotiorum, P. parasitica and M. grisea, with 75.2–100% suppression and Cluster III consisted of 12 isolates; five F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. azysporum, F. moniliforme, F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, G. graminis, P. capsici with 40.7–66.2% suppression. Ceratobasidium fimbriata and V. dahliae were more sensitive to biofumigation than S. sclerotiorum and F. culmorum when different amounts of ground powder were used. One gram of powder could suppress the growth of the former two up to 68.6% and 68.7%, but the growth suppression in the latter two by 12.7% and 24.0%, respectively. These results indicated that the amount of plant tissue to be used should be considered depending on target pathogen species. The swollen root of B. oleracea var. botrytis appeared a better material than the leaf for achieving suppression of growth in pathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research (re)emphasizing the role of the state and the institutional perspective generally neglects socialist economies. At the same time, feminist studies on migration rarely focus on mobility in transitional contexts. Informed by these two bodies of literature, this paper examines how the post-Mao state in China has fostered a migrant labor regime and the incorporation of young, single rural women, dubbed “maiden workers,” into urban work. I argue that the Chinese state has taken on a developmentalist mandate and by doing so has also transformed gender relations in the peasant household and in the urban labor market. By analyzing narratives from a survey of peasant households in Sichuan and Anhui, I emphasize the central role of state policies and institutions, especially the household registration (hukou) system, in channeling peasants to specific sectors and jobs and creating an exploitative migrant labor regime. The incorporation of maiden workers into migrant work and the relative absence of married women in the rural–urban migrant labor force, reflect interactions between institutional controls, gender ideology, and demands of the migrant labor regime. An approach that integrates gender and institutional perspectives is useful because it foregrounds the state’s role in constructing differences based on hukou status, locality, class, and gender. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Given the central role of households in motivating and implementing migration, this paper argues that the "householding" and split-household approaches are fundamental and essential for migration research, by drawing from original research on rural-urban migrants in China and four published studies on Asian migrants. Translocality and household-splitting that enable the earning of remittances or help meet other family goals such as children's education, set in motion processes of gender and intergenerational divisions of labor that involve both the migrants and the left-behind, and have implications for urban development in large cities as well as cities near rural areas. Hundreds of millions of rural migrants in China circulate between their home villages and host cities, and large numbers of women from Southeast Asia work overseas. Likewise, skilled migrants from South Asia and East Asia maintain transnational households that straddle their home and host countries. Household biographies and interviewees' narratives from these examples highlight two strategies of migrants and their family members: their flexibility and frequent changes of location, work, activity, and household arrangement; and their reinventing women's and men's responsibilities without challenging traditional gender ideology. These stories underscore the importance of householding and split-households for informing contemporary migration theories and research. • Both international and internal migrants pursue "householding" and split-household strategies. • Both migrants to cities and the left-behind contribute to sustaining and maintaining the split households. • Members of split households change frequently their location, work, and household arrangement. • Migrants and the left-behind reinvent their family responsibilities vis-à-vis gender norms. • Experiences of Asian migrants to cities are important for migration theories and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 1980s, homeownership in China has rapidly increased, and along with it the phenomenon of second homes. While research on multiple homes in China has examined second homes' ownership and tenure choice, little is known about the usage and spatial location of second homes. Using the nationally representative data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey, this paper aims at documenting and analyzing the occupancy, usage and location of second homes of urban households in China. About 20% of urban households in China own second homes. Their leading usages are vacancy, renting and helping relatives, with only small percentages used for weekday commuting and leisure. Second homes' usage is influenced by the household's life cycle, socioeconomic status, the homes' and regional characteristics, and it differs among commodity housing and policy-related housing. Second homes are more common in large cities and in heavily urbanized areas, and they tend to be in relative proximity to primary homes. Unlike mature housing markets in Western countries where second homes are used primarily for leisure and income-generation, multiple homeownership in urban China reflects both family life cycle and institutional constraints more so than leisure pursuit. • Second homes in China are in highly urbanized areas and close to primary homes. • Second homes in urban China reflect consumption needs and institutional constraints. • Second homes are used for vacancy, renting and by relatives, rather than leisure. • Second-homes' usage differs between commodity housing and policy-related housing. • Family life cycle, socioeconomic status, the home's and regional characteristics influence usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the living and work conditions and housing consumption behavior of migrants in Chinese cities particularly on chengzhongcun or urban villages. It notes the willingness of migrant workers to pay the same or higher rent per unit of space even though they consume much smaller dwelling spaces than local residents. It depicts the consideration given by migrant workers on the city as a place to work rather than a home in which to live.

We study empirically the effects of five different dimensions of agglomeration – specialization, diversity, related variety, unrelated variety, and city size – on the survival chances of new entrepreneurial firms in China. Consideration is further given to studying the mediating effects of local subsidies on new firm survival given different existing local industrial structures in those regions. In support of the ‘regional branching’ hypothesis, we find that increasing local related variety has a stronger positive effect on new firm survival than other types of agglomeration. We also find that receiving comparatively fewer subsidies motivates firms to seek out and benefit from local existing economies, which in turn, positively influence their chances of survival. By contrast, agglomerated firms that receive relatively more subsidies tend to be more likely to face financial distress leading to eventual market exit. The findings thus reveal that both the intensity and the location of state support matters in terms of optimizing positive agglomeration effects on firms' post‐entry performance and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's dairy farm structure has experienced fundamental changes across farm types. As the number of backyard farms has dramatically declined, the share of dairy cows from backyard farms has decreased by 22.4% from 2003 to 2008. However, the herd numbers of larger dairy farms have increased. In particular, the share of dairy cows has risen by 18.8% on small farms, by 22.2% on medium farms, and by 80.8% on large farms over the same period. Total factor productivity was decomposed into technical efficiency and technological change on China's dairy farms using the stochastic production frontier framework. The estimated results indicate that patterns of productivity growth appear to have shifted in the 2000s compared with the 1990s, from generally driven by technological change to exclusively driven by technological change on backyard and small farms and uniquely driven by the improvement of technical efficiency on large farms. Tests of the econometric assumption indicate that the variations in total factor productivity growth patterns across farm types and regions are likely caused by the feed input biases and cropping production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]