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Mangroves are located at the interface of terrestrial and marine environments, and experience fluctuating conditions, creating a need to better explore the relative role of the bacterial community. Bacillus has been reported to be the dominant group in the mangrove ecosystem and plays a key role in maintaining the biodiversity and function of the mangrove ecosystem. However, studies on bacterial and Bacillus community across four seasons in the mangrove ecosystem are scarce. Here, we employed seasonal large-scale sediment samples collected from the mangrove ecosystem in southeastern China and utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to reveal bacterial and Bacillus community structure changes across seasons. Compared with the whole bacterial community, we found that Bacillus community was greatly affected by season (temperature) rather than site. The key factors, NO

In this paper, the export volume, real exchange rate, China’s GDP, America’s IPI, and their seasonal variables are used as the determinants. Three methods, BP neural network, ARIMA, and AR-GARCH, are used to model and predict the export volume of China to the United States. Select the error-index, and compare the simulation results and prediction results of the three models with the real values. The results show that the three models are satisfactory. Although there are some differences in simulation and prediction ability, the ARIMA model has obvious advantages. This paper analyzes the causes of the above results and puts forward suggestions for improving China’s export based on the model.

The genus-level recognition of monophyletic short-legged toads ( Brachytarsophrys) has been recently implicated in the taxonomic debate of Megophrys sensu lato. In the present study, Brachytarsophrys is reasonably regarded as a distinct genus based on significant morphological differentiations and recent molecular analyses. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of this genus is performed, with two species groups proposed based on morphological differences and phylogenetic relationships. Particularly, Brachytarsophrys platyparietus is removed as a synonym of Brachytarsophrys carinense and considered a valid species due to significant genetic divergence and distinct morphological differences. In addition, a new species, Brachytarsophrys orientalis sp. nov., is described based on a series of specimens collected from southeastern China. This work takes the member species of the genus Brachytarsophrys to seven, suggesting that the diversity of Brachytarsophrys is underestimated. In addition, the genus levels of other monophyletic groups within the subfamily Megophryinae are discussed.

We assessed taxonomic relationship of Tylototriton daweishanensis Zhao, Rao, Liu, Li and Yuan, 2012 and T. yangi Hou, Li and Lu, 2012 using mitochondrial DNA sequence data and found them to be as closely related as to be regarded as conspecific. This result, together with available morphological information, strongly indicates that T. daweishanensis is a junior synonym of T. Yangi.

A new species of the genus Leptolalax is described from the Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, China. The new species, Leptolalax tengchongensis sp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: (1) small size (SVL 23.9-26.0 mm in males, 28.8-28.9 mm in females); (2) dorsal skin shagreened and scattered with fine, round reddish tubercles; (3) toes with rudimentary webbing and narrow lateral fringes; (4) tympanum distinctly discernible, almost entirely black; (5) ventrolateral glands indistinct; (6) flanks with several distinct and large dark blotches; (7) ventral surfaces white, scattered with distinct irregular dark speckling; (8) iris not bicolored, uniformly dark brown and scattered with minute, coppery reticulations throughout. To date, the new species has only been found at its type locality in evergreen broadleaf forests at elevations between 2000-2100 m.

A new tree frog species of the genus Liuixalus was described from Heishiding Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province, China based on a combination of morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Liuixalus feii sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of following characters: small size (SVL 16.2-17.6 mm in adult males and 18.0-18.7 mm in adult females); snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct, about half size of eye diameter; nostril closer to eye than to the tip of snout; fingers free of webbing; toe III longer than toe V; toes weakly webbed; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the naris or loreal; dorsal skin smooth and scattered with fine granulars; a subtle longitudinal median ridge present on dorsum; weak skin folds present on dorsal surface of body and thighs; supratympanic fold distinct and curved; ventral surface dull white with more or less irregular dark spots; iris bicolored. The new species appears to be forest-dependent and to date has only been found on the forest floor in primary forests at elevations between 350-800 m. Based on our molecular analyses, we consider Liuixalus catbaensis as a junior synonym of L. calcarius. Thus, with the description of the new species, the genus Liuixalus hitherto contains five recognized species, four of which are endemic to China.

Species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus) in Vietnam have been described at a rate of nearly four species per year since 2007 mostly based on morphological data. A tool that guides species delimitation will accelerate the rate of documentation, and at a time when the recognition of species greatly benefits conservation. We use DNA barcoding using COI (550 bp) to re-examine the levels of genetic divergence and taxonomic status of 21 described species of Vietnamese bent-toed geckos. Tree-based analyses resolve all sampled species and identify potential undescribed taxa. Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances between the described species average 21.0±4.2% and range from 4.3% to 28.7%. Further, our analyses discover two potentially new species from Vietnam, two from Laos and one from China. Herein we describe the new species Cyrtodactylus puhuensis sp. nov. from Vietnam on the basis of both genetics and morphology. Genetically, it differs from the remaining species by an average K2P distance of 24.0±1.8%. Morphologically, the new species is diagnosed by its medium-size (snout-vent length 79.24 mm and tail length 82.59 mm, for the single known individual), in having a series of moderately enlarged transverse subcaudals and a series of moderately enlarged femoral scales that extend from precloacal scales, in possessing femoral scales without pores, with males having five precloacal pores, and in exhibiting 8 supralabials, 10 infralabials, 23 narrow subdigital lamellae on its fourth toe, and 36 transverse ventrals.

Based on 2354 bp of mitochondrial DNA (12S rRNA, ND4, cyt b) and 2573 bp of nuclear DNA (C-mos, ODC, R35), we re-examine the phylogenetic relationships of Nilssonia species. Individual and combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches confirm the monophyly of the genus. While mitochondrial data alone could not resolve the phylogenetic position of N. formosa, nuclear data support a sister group relationship of N. formosa and the remaining Nilssonia species. Combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA suggest the following branching pattern, with N. formosa as the sister taxon of the remaining species: N. formosa + ((N. gangetica + N. leithii) + (N. hurum + N. nigricans)). Among the samples we studied is the first record of N. formosa for Yunnan, China, and the first record of wild-living N. nigricans for Bangladesh. In N. gangetica, each of the studied major river basins harbours a genetically distinct population, suggesting that at least three distinct management units should be distinguished: (1) Brahmaputra River; (2) Indus and Ganges Rivers plus Ganges Delta; and (3) Mahanadi River.

The bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus wayakonei Nguyen, Kingsada, Rosler, Auer and Ziegler, 2010) has been recorded for the first time in China. Here, we provide descriptions of specimens from Yunnan, China. This species was distinguished from all congeners by the following characteristics: 7-8 supralabials; 9-10 infralabials; dorsal tubercles smooth to slightly keeled; 17-19 rows of dorsal tubercles; 6-8 precloacal pores in both sexes; femoral scales not enlarged; no femoral pores; subcaudals somewhat enlarged and broadened; and tail tubercles flat and smooth.

Shoushimidian is a series of books about cultivating life written by a physician of the Qing dynasty: DING Qi-yu, which involved Yuelan, Tiaoshe, Leiwu, Jifang. This book compiled the local conditions as well as the climate and customs after Han and Tang dynasties in the order of the months, recorded the details which ought to be paid attention to in daily life, enumerated the nature and flavor and actions of diet products and collected diet therapeutic prescriptions with the action of cultivating life and treating disease.