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Background: Effective and safe procedural sedation is necessary for percutaneous liver biopsy in children. There are a number of different protocols for this purpose. The current study investigated ketamine and DPT cocktail (meperidine (Demerol®) + promethazine (Phenergan®) + chlorpromazine (Thorazine®)). Methods: The current cohort of 80 Iranian children aimed at investigating percutaneous liver biopsy. Each of the 2 study groups (ketamine and DPT) included 40 patients. Both groups were matched by age (number of participants under and above 7 years old). The current study evaluated the efficacy of 2 protocols by CHEOPS (children's hospital of Eastern Ontario pain scale) and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scoring system and sedation scoring A,B,C, and D. Results: Ketamine group was sedated and recovered much more rapidly than the DPT receiving patients. Also, they had significantly less pain during the biopsy. The most common side effect of ketamine was vomiting (27%); in the other group, transient hypotension and tachycardia were more common. Conclusions: Ketamine is a safe and effective choice for procedural sedation in percutaneous liver biopsy in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the clinical presentation, histology and colonoscopic features of lower gastrointestinal polyps in Iranian children. Material and Methods: Medical reports of children with colorectal polyps were retrospectively reviewed from 1996 to 2005 at the Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Iran. A total of 563 cases were studied. Data related to age, sex, family history, signs and symptoms, the size, location, polyp types and associated lesions were collected and analyzed. Results: The mean age of children was 5.66 ± 2.88 years (range 2 months to 17 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.61:1.0. The highest incidence was between ages 2 and 10 years (85.1%). Rectal bleeding was the presenting symptom in 78.5% cases. The polyps were solitary in 94% of cases. A majority of polyps (86.3%) were juvenile and 86.7% located in the rectosigmoid area. Three percent of cases had a positive family history. One case of Turcot syndrome was also identified. Conclusion: Juvenile polyps remain the most common polyps in Iranian children. Although the presence of a solitary polyp in the rectosigmoid colon is more prevalent, in a significant number of cases they are multiple and located in proximal parts. Polyps must be removed even when asymptomatic because of their probable neoplastic potential. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]