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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of corticosteroid therapy for children suffering from Sydenham chorea (SC). Methods: The design of the study was observational, retrospective and conducted at the single center of the Rheumatology Unit of Policlinic Hospital of Milan, Italy, from May 1995 to May 2022. All data about the patients were collected from medical records. Results: From a total of 59 patients enrolled in the study (44 females and 15 males; median age 9.3 years, range 7.4–10.6 years), 49 were eligible for primary outcome analysis (10 patients were excluded due to incomplete data). Overall, 75% of patients received steroid therapy, while the remaining cases were treated with symptomatic drugs, including neuroleptics and antiseizure drugs. We found that the duration of chorea was significantly shorter in patients treated with corticosteroids in comparison to those receiving symptomatic treatment (median time: 31 vs. 41 days, p = 0.023). Additionally, patients with arthritis at the onset of the disease had a longer duration of chorea than those without arthritis (median time 90.5 vs. 39 days, p = 0.02). We also found that chorea recurred in 12% of the patients and seemed to be linked to a younger age at onset (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The study suggests that corticosteroid therapy can lead to a faster resolution of SC when compared to neuroleptics and antiseizure drugs treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association between infectious diseases and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) has been reported, yet the exact role of infection in MAS development is still unclear. Here, a retrospective analysis of the clinical records of patients with rheumatic diseases complicated with MAS who were treated in a pediatric tertiary care center between 2011 and 2020 was performed. Any infection documented within the 30 days preceding the onset of MAS was reported. Out of 125 children in follow-up for systemic rheumatic diseases, 12 developed MAS, with a total of 14 episodes. One patient experienced three episodes of MAS. Clinical and/or laboratory evidence of infection preceded the onset of MAS in 12 events. Clinical features, therapeutic strategies, and patient outcomes were described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of infection as a relevant trigger for MAS development in children with rheumatic conditions. The pathogenetic pathways involved in the cross-talk between uncontrolled inflammatory activity and the immune response to infection deserve further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Italy was the first Western country to be hit by the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. There is now mounting evidence that a minority of children infected with SARS-CoV2 may experience a severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome, called Multisystem inflammatory Syndrome associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (MIS-C). To date no universally agreed approach is available for this disease. Main body: as Italy is now facing a second hity of COVID-19 cases, we fear a recrudescence of MIS-C cases. We have, therefore, decided to prepare a report that will help clinicians to face this novel and challenging disease. We propose a diagnostic algorithm, to help case definition and guide work-up, and a therapeutic approach. MIS-C should be promptly recognized, based on the presence of systemic inflammation and specific organ involvement. Early treatment is crucial, and it will be based on the combined use of corticosteroids, high-dose immunoglobulins and anti-cytokine treatments, depending on the severity of the disease. Ancillary treatments (such as. aspirin and thrombo-profilaxis) will be also discussed. Conclusions: we propose a document that will help physicians to diagnose and treat MIS-C patients. Given the level of evidence available and the methodology used, this document should not be interpreted as a guideline; the final decision about the optimal management should still be taken by the caring physician, on an individual basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this review we describe the general methodology and the results of the international projects, conducted by the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO), in collaboration with the Paediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group (PRCSG). The aim of these projects were to identify and validate criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy in clinical trials and in daily clinical practice in patients with the three major paediatric rheumatic diseases (PRD): juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE). Methods: The methodological approach to identify and validate outcome measures can be divided into three main phases: (1) the development of a preliminary core set of measures to evaluate the outcome (e.g. response to therapy, remission criteria, disease activity or damage etc.) through literature review and consensus techniques; (2) a large-scale data collection for a prospectively evidence-based validation of the preliminary findings; (3) the final development of a validated criteria for the evaluation of the outcome. Results: The core sets for three diseases included domains that are common to all diseases (physician's global assessment of disease activity; parent's global assessment of the overall patient's well-being; disability and/or health-related quality of life) plus additional domains that are specific for each disease. In order to be classified as a responder to a given treatment, a patient should demonstrate a different minimum level of improvement (≥30% in JIA, ≥20% in JDM, and ≥50% in JSLE) with no more than one of the remaining variables worsening by more than 30%. Conclusions: The proposed core sets and definitions of improvement incorporate clinically meaningful change in a composite endpoint for the evaluation of global response to therapy in the major PRD. The definitions are proposed for use in PRD clinical trials and may help physicians to decide if a child has responded adequately to therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To develop and validate a new short and simple measure of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]