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1. Long-term dietary exposure to lead in young children living in different European countries. Scientific report submitted to EFSA

Author

Boon, P.E., Sioen, I., van der Voet, H., Huybrechts, I., De Neve, M., Amiano, P., Azpiri, M., Busk, L., Christensen, T., Hilbig, A., Hirvonen, T., Koulouridaki, S., Lafay, L., Liukkonen, K.H., Moschandreas, J., Papoutsou, S., Ribas-Barba, L., Ruprich, J., Serra-Majem, L., Tornaritis, M., Turrini, A., Urtizberea, M., Verger, E., Westerlund, A., Kersting, M., de Henauw, S., and van Klaveren, J.D.

Subjects
lead, lood, RIKILT - V&G Databanken Risicoschatting & Ketenmanagement, blootstelling, voeding en gezondheid, europa, kinderen, Biometris, nutrition and health, children, exposure, food consumption, eating patterns, voedselconsumptie, eetpatronen, europe
Abstract

Long-term dietary exposure to lead in children aged 1 up to 14 years living in 12 different European countries was estimated using daily food consumption patterns and mean lead concentrations in various food commodities. Food consumption data were all categorised according to a harmonised system to allow for linkage with lead concentration data in a standardised way. Two different models were used for the calculations: the beta-binomial-normal (BBN) model and the observed individual means (OIM) model. For both models the lower bound exposure ranged from 0.4 to 1.7 µg/kg bw per day for median consumers. For 99th percentile consumers however the exposure differed between the two models with a lower bound exposure ranging from 0.7 to 4.1 µg/kg bw per day with the BBN model and 0.9 to 7.9 µg/kg bw per day with the OIM model. Upper bound exposures were on average a factor 1.8 higher for both models. Exposures on a body weight basis were higher in younger compared to older children. To assess the long-term exposure to lead in European children, a model, such as the BBN model, that corrects for the within-person variation is the preferred method to be used. The OIM method results in an overestimation of the percentage of the population exceeding a provisional tolerable weekly intake which is of relevance for risk management decisions.

Published
2010

2. Long-term dietary exposure to lead in young European children: comparing a pan-European approach with a national exposure assessment.

Author

Boon, P.E., Te Biesebeek, J.D., Sioen, I., Huybrechts, I., Moschandreas, J., Ruprich, J., Turrini, A., Azpiri, M., Busk, L., Christensen, T., Kersting, M., Lafay, L., Liukkonen, K.-H., Papoutsou, S., Serra-Majem, L., Traczyk, I., De Henauw, S., and Van Klaveren, J.D.

Subjects
DIETARY supplements, FOOD consumption, CHILD nutrition, FOOD chemistry, COMPARATIVE studies
Abstract

Long-term dietary exposures to lead in young children were calculated by combining food consumption data of 11 European countries categorised using harmonised broad food categories with occurrence data on lead from different Member States (pan-European approach). The results of the assessment in children living in the Netherlands were compared with a long-term lead intake assessment in the same group using Dutch lead concentration data and linking the consumption and concentration data at the highest possible level of detail. Exposures obtained with the pan-European approach were higher than the national exposure calculations. For both assessments cereals contributed most to the exposure. The lower dietary exposure in the national study was due to the use of lower lead concentrations and a more optimal linkage of food consumption and concentration data. When a pan-European approach, using a harmonised food categorisation system and “European” concentration data, results in a possible health risk related to the intake of an environmental chemical for a certain country, it is advisable to refine this assessment, as part of a tiered approach, using national occurrence data, including an optimised linkage between foods analysed and consumed for that country. In the case of lack of occurrence data, these data can be supplemented with data from the “European” concentration database or by generating additional concentration data at country level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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