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Child labour is a multi-faceted problem. When we hear about child labour, generally we think of market work, i.e. children employed in mines and factories. Yet only small portion of child labour are engaged in market work particularly in developing countries like ours. Those children who are working in household industries are often excluded by researchers and policy planners. Thus leaving us with a limited knowledge about the possible causes of child labour in the home based industries like carpet weaving in Jammu and Kashmir state. To fill this gap, an attempt is made in the present study to analyse various determinants of child labour in the carpet weaving industry of Kashmir, so that necessary measures can be suggested for its reduction. Data has been collected from a sample of 960 sampled households with the help of interview schedules from four selected districts of Kashmir Valley. Our results shows that low socio-economic status i.e. low income of the family, illiteracy of household head and large size of the family force the children to enter into the labour market at their tender age. Further, we found because of growing educated unemployment problem in the state, parents prefer to employ their children in the labour market instead of schooling. The study suggests that child labour can be reduced if parents are compensated equal to the earnings of their children and their educational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Poverty and child labour have a positive relationship in India. • Agriculture employs more than half of all child labourers in India. • The average age at which children begin working is 16 years, with and average of 6 to 8 years of education. • Children from economically disadvantaged families and the Muslim community are more likely to engage in child labour. Child labour continues to be a major concern in India despite the implementation of various policies and programmes aimed at its eradication. This study investigates factors that influence child labour in India with a focus on regional differences. The data is drawn from the 2019–20 Periodic Labour Force Survey. Binary logistic regression is used to identify factors that influence child labour. The findings show that children with pre-primary and primary education are less likely to be in the workforce, whereas children with secondary and higher secondary education are more likely to be in the workforce. This reflects the higher rates of secondary school dropouts attempting to enter the labour force. Likewise, poor families are more likely to send their children to work. Similarly, children from economically and socially disadvantaged communities, and Muslim households are more likely to be sent to work. The findings suggest that increasing children's educational attainment and providing financial assistance to poor families could effectively eradicate child labour in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: During a study of the occupational health of the child workers in several small leather workshops, investigations were also made of the sociocultural factors that made it necessary for the children, aged between 7 and 14 years, to work. The psychosocial effects of the same factors were also investigated.Methods: Personal interviews were carried out with a prepared questionaire, and the findings were compared between the working children and a control group of the same number of non-working children from the neighbourhood, matched for age, sex, and religion.Results: It was found that the foremost cause of taking up employment by the children was poverty. The overall effects found were deprivation of education and lowering of aspirations, that indicated a blunting of mental faculties.Conclusion: Prolonged, monotonous work in childhood that precludes education and healthy recreation, is harmful to the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Education is one of the main reasons behind institutionalisation of the vulnerable children and most of the children attend school only after joining the care institution in India. • In low-income countries, the care system ensures better outcomes by providing opportunities to the children and fulfilling their basic needs which couldn't have been otherwise possible. • Lack of financial resources is one of the main factors responsible for staffing the institutions with personnel not having required skills and training needed to care for the special needs of the vulnerable children. A large number of children in India are exposed to vulnerabilities and difficult circumstances for the sake of their survival. A total of 1.8 lakh children are residing in child care institutions in India as their parents were found incapable to fulfill their basic necessities like food, shelter and clothing (Jena Committee Report, 2017). In low-income countries, a very little is known about the caregivers who work in child care institutions and play a significant role in the lives of institutionalised children. The study aims to unravel the role of the institutional care system through in-depth semi structured interviews with 20 caregivers working in four different child care institutions in two regions of Northern India. The present study found out that due to poverty, lack of access to education and other basic necessities, children in care have better opportunities for their future than living with their biological parents. The study also highlights the financial issues and the problems faced by children with disabilities living in care institutions. Therefore, the findings of the study focus on the significance of the institutional care system in the lives of vulnerable children in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]