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Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent among adolescents. However, knowledge about the possible factors that might precede and influence its development remains scarce., Objective: Our goal is to examine the impact of adverse childhood events, and more specifically of different types of childhood maltreatment (CM) in adolescent NSSI. This involves performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the different CM subtypes (physical and emotional neglect, physical and emotional abuse, sexual abuse) in clinical and non-clinical samples of adolescents with NSSI., Participants and Methods: A digital search of the PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science platforms for articles published up to June 2022 was performed. The search terms were "self harm", "non-suicidal self-injury", "childhood maltreatment" and "adolescents"., Results: Forty-six articles that fit the research objectives were included in the study, which covered a total of 1,505,430 adolescents, of whom 560,337 belonged to the NSSI group, while 945,093 were in the control group. The results describe strong positive associations between all CM subtypes and NSSI, especially with emotional abuse (odds ratio [OR] 2.91, 95 % CI 2.37-3.56) and sexual abuse (OR 2.72, 95 % CI 2.12-3.48), in clinical and non-clinical samples of adolescents., Conclusions: The experience of CM, and especially emotional and/or sexual abuse, seems to be associated with a greater risk of developing NSSI in adolescence. Therefore, early identification and detection of children who have suffered or are suffering these forms of CM are of vital importance for instigating psychotherapeutic treatments that can minimize the risk of developing NSSI in adolescence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The autors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: While cumulative childhood maltreatment (CM) has been linked to psychopathological outcomes, recent studies point to the relevance of the type and timing of exposure. The aim of the current study was to better understand their importance beyond the cumulative burden of CM for psychopathological symptoms in middle childhood., Methods: A total of N = 341 children (M = 9.92, SD = 1.51) were interviewed to assess trauma load (UCLA - University of California at Los Angeles Event List), exposure to CM (pediMACE - Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure - Pediatric Interview) and different outcomes of psychopathology (UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We employed conditioned random forest regression, incorporating type, timing, and cumulative indicators of CM, to assess the importance of each predictor simultaneously., Results: Exposure to CM (abuse, neglect and cumulative indicators) exhibited a robust association with psychopathological outcomes. Recent abuse and recent neglect showed most robust associations with outcomes, neglect was stronger related to internalizing problems and timing of exposure showed clear associations with diverse pathological outcomes., Conclusion: Beyond the cumulative burden, type and timing of CM show direct and diverse associations to pathological outcomes in middle childhood. Our results highlight the critical importance of early and detailed identification of CM, particularly recent exposure. This finding is valuable for researchers and clinicians, as it can refine diagnostic assessments and pave the way for effective early intervention strategies for affected children., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Labor market inactivity is common among young adults with a history of childhood abuse, which might be attributable to elevated psychopathology in adolescence., Objective: We examined and decomposed the effect of adolescent psychopathology in the association between frequent or severe childhood abuse and labor market inactivity in young adulthood., Participants and Setting: This study used data from the population and high-risk samples of the Dutch prospective TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (N = 2172)., Methods: Childhood abuse included measures of emotional, physical and sexual abuse. We operationalized adolescent psychopathology using the broadband emotional and behavioral problem scales. Labor market inactivity in young adulthood was defined as being neither in education, employment nor training or receiving benefits. We applied causal mediation analysis combined with a four-way decomposition approach to estimate our effects of interest., Results: Individuals who reported frequent or severe childhood abuse were 1.51 (95 % CI: 1.13 to 2.22) times more likely to report labor market inactivity, constituting an excess relative risk (ERR) of 0.51. Most of this excess relative risk is due to mediation by psychopathology at 64.7 % (ERR: 0.33, 95 % CI: 0.16 to 0.50). We found no evidence for a mediated interactive effect (ERR: -0.04, 95 % CI: -0.24 to 0.24)., Conclusions: Adolescent psychopathology largely explains the association between frequent and severe childhood abuse and labor market inactivity in young adulthood. Intervening in the occurrence of adolescent psychopathology following frequent and severe childhood abuse may reduce the risk of subsequent labor market inactivity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Childhood Emotional Maltreatment (CEM) is a significant but under-studied risk factor for impaired mental health, with adolescents being particularly susceptible. This systematic review and meta-analysis, prospectively registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022383005, aims to synthesize the findings of studies investigating the association between CEM and adolescent psychopathology, making it the first attempt to the best of our knowledge. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search (PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Science Direct, Embase, and ProQuest) yielded 12,224 studies, from which 72 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The meta-analysis was conducted on 76 effect sizes (ranging from 0.01 to 0.57) extracted from 56 studies. The assessment of publication bias utilized funnel plots, Egger's regression test, and the trim and fill method, if required. Additionally, a predictor analysis investigated the influence of study-level variables on the CEM-psychopathology association. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between CEM and adolescent psychopathology (Pooled association: 0.24-0.41) Furthermore, assessment of publication bias indicated no significant bias. The predictor analysis suggested minimal influence of study-level variables. The study underscores the urgent need to address CEM as a crucial risk factor for adolescent psychopathology. The significant positive correlation between CEM and psychopathological outcomes highlights the detrimental effects of CEM on adolescents. Awareness, prevention efforts, and targeted interventions are essential to mitigate these effects. Further studies with culturally diverse and larger sample sizes are required, with emphasis on methodological rigor, given that most of the identified studies showed a high risk of bias., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Purpose: Child maltreatment (CM) is associated with psychosis; however little is known about the frequency, type, and timing of abuse in the personality pathology domain of psychoticism (PSY) in the DSM-5. The purpose of this study was to analyze childhood trauma typology and frequency according to gender and to identify sensitive periods of susceptibility to CM in women with high PSY., Methods: The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology Exposure (MACE) scale was used to evaluate the frequency, severity and timing of each type of maltreatment. The full sample consisted of 83 participants with different psychiatric diagnoses. Psychoticism was assessed with the DSM-5 Personality Inventory (PID-5). To identify the differences in CM exposure between the PSY+ (high psychoticism) and PSY- (low psychoticism) groups, the Mann-Whitney U test, the chi square test and random forest (RF) test were used., Results: Comparing PSY + and PSY-, revealed gender differences in the impact of abuse, with highly frequent and severe types of abuse, in women. In women, PSY + and PSY-, were differentiated especially in non-verbal emotional abuse, peer physical bullying and parental verbal abuse. Several periods with a major peak at age seven followed by peaks at age 17 and 12 years old were identified., Conclusion: Increased exposure to CM occurs in women with PSY+. A sensitivity to CM exposure during early childhood and late adolescence could be a risk factor for psychoticism in women., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Childhood adversity represents a robust risk factor for the development of harmful substance use. Although a range of empirical studies have examined the consequences of multiple forms of adversity (i.e., childhood maltreatment, parental alcohol use disorder [AUD]), there is a dearth of information on the relative effects of each form of adversity when considered simultaneously. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to investigate three unique and amplifying pathways from parental AUD and maltreatment exposure to offspring alcohol use as emerging adults: (1) childhood externalizing symptomatology, (2) internalizing symptomatology, and (3) affiliation with substance-using peers and siblings. Participants ( N = 422) were drawn from a longitudinal follow-up study of emerging adults who participated in a research summer camp program as children. Wave 1 of the study included 674 school-aged children with and without maltreatment histories. Results indicated that chronic maltreatment, over and above the effect of parent AUD, was uniquely associated with greater childhood conduct problems and depressive symptomatology. Mother alcohol dependence was uniquely associated with greater affiliation with substance-using peers and siblings, which in turn predicted greater alcohol use as emerging adults. Results support peer and sibling affiliation as a key mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of substance use between mothers and offspring.

Background: Childhood trauma adversely impacts adolescents, and consequently, they develop behavioural problems. Understanding the distribution of childhood traumas and their association with behavioural problems among adolescents is paramount for the preventive efforts., Aim/objective: The present research aimed to investigate this association among adolescents., Methods: This association was investigated among adolescents ( N  = 200) between 12 and 18 years. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire was used to assess the distribution of trauma and internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems among adolescents through purposive and convenience sampling technique., Results: The findings across trauma distribution indicated higher distribution of childhood abuse and neglect across males as compared to females. Males further significantly scored higher on sexual abuse and emotional neglect. Apparently, a large number of adolescents experienced all five sub types of childhood traumas (sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional and physical neglect). Additionally, across the severity continuum of childhood traumas, male scored higher on the severe to extreme continuum for all subtypes except physical abuse, where females scored higher. Lastly, logistic regression analysis indicated higher peer problems among those adolescents who have experienced all types of childhood traumas., Conclusion: These findings could be beneficial for intervention-based programs and policies to help trauma-exposed adolescents cope with their lives.

Background: The deleterious effects of experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), especially those associated with child abuse and neglect (CM-ACEs), is well documented. Two common behavioral and emotional concerns observed in children following CM-ACEs is post-traumatic stress and aggression. While support for cognitive models explaining both of these outcomes exists, little is known about any shared cognitive vulnerabilities that may explain the presence of both., Objective: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a cognitive model of vulnerability/safety as a shared underlying mechanism for the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and aggression following the occurrence of CM-ACEs in children., Methods: Male youth between the ages of 6 and 14 attending school within a residential setting participated in a school-based performance improvement program. As a part of the program, data were collected on the child's history of abuse, PTSS, aggression, and feelings of safety and vulnerability., Results: The results of the SEM suggested that there was a significant serial indirect effect of vulnerability and PTSS on the relation between CM-ACEs and reactive aggression. This was not true for proactive aggression., Discussion: The current results suggest that that there may be a shared schema-based model in which feelings of vulnerability and cognitive models promoting the world as an unsafe place may contribute to the maintenance and development of both PTSS and reactive aggression among children who have experienced abuse/neglect., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Increasing empirical attention has been given to the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the development and maintenance of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Yet, current research has predominantly focused on adult and nonclinical BDD samples, and little is known about relevance of ACEs in adolescent BDD. The present study examined (a) the frequency of ACEs in adolescents with a primary diagnosis of BDD (n = 50) versus obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (n = 50) and (b) the clinical profile of ACE-exposed youth with BDD. ACEs were ascertained through a systematic search of electronic patient records, as well as through a parent- and self-report screening item for exposure to traumatic events. Results showed higher rate of peer victimisation (74% vs. 38%) and child maltreatment (44% vs. 24%) among BDD versus OCD youths; sexual abuse was the most common type of child maltreatment documented in the BDD group (28%) according to patient records. Parent-reported exposure to traumatic events was also significantly higher in the BDD than the OCD group (40% vs. 18%, respectively). Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes did not differ between those with versus without a history of ACEs. The current study is the first to demonstrate that a range of ACEs are common in adolescent BDD. Our findings highlight the importance of screening for these experiences. Although further research is needed, our findings also indicate that adolescents with BDD who have a history of ACEs are broadly similar in their clinical presentation to those without, and benefit from BDD-focused treatment., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Based on previous findings in a U.S. sample, the present study validated the relationship between childhood trauma and dissociation, as well as the mediating role of disorganized attachment and the moderating role of mentalizing (i.e. self-concept clarity and reflective functioning) in a group of 569 Chinese adults (i.e. a community sample). Results demonstrated a mediating role for disorganized attachment relationships in linking childhood maltreatment and dissociative symptoms. Moreover, self-concept clarity moderated this mediating relationship. An interesting finding that differs from the U.S. sample is that reflective functioning did not play a moderating role between insecure attachment and dissociation in Chinese adults. Chinese culture places greater emphasis on collectivism, altruism, and other-oriented, and thus the protective effect of the reflective function may not be as effective as in an individualistic culture. This study provides evidence for a better understanding of the relationship between childhood trauma, attachment, dissociation, and the moderating role of mentalizing in an Eastern culture, and it opens the door to further research examining whether more Western (such as the U.S.) and Eastern (particularly Chinese) relationships are similar in both social and clinical psychology.

Worldwide, children who grow up under adverse conditions risk the development of mental health problems. However, reliable data on the estimated magnitude of mental disorders of PTSD, depression and their associated factors among maltreated children and adolescents in low- and middle-income-countries (LMICs) is still lacking. This study estimated the magnitude of PTSD, depression and the associated factors among the children and adolescents with ahistory of maltreatment in Southwestern Uganda., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 232 children and adolescents on the prevalence of PTSD using Child PTSD Symptoms Scale for DSM-5 - Self-Report (CPSS-VSR) and Depression using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). Predictor variables were taken from the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure- Paediatric Version (Pedi MACE). Logistic regressions analyses were selected for statistical modelling while odds-ratios were calculated to assess the strength of associations between the predictor and outcome variables., Results: In total, 140 (60%) participants fulfiled diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 91 (39%) for depression respectively. Predictor variables of PTSD were witnessing intimate partner violence (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.19-1.83, p = <0.001), having lived in more than two homes (OR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.34-5.41, p = .005), and being cared for by non-relatives (OR = 2.25; 95%CI: 2.26-223.9, p = .008). Variables predicting depression were witnessing intimate partner violence (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 108-1.57, p =  .006); being cared for by non-relatives (OR = 5.62, 95%CI: 1.36-23.1, p = .001) and being female (OR = .054, 95% CI: 0.30-1.00, p = .005)., Conclusion: Children living under adverse conditions are at a higher risk of developing PTSD and depression. We recommend interventions that aim at reducing adverse psychosocial stressors so as to improve or restore the children's mental health. Abbreviations: PTSD: Post traumatic stress disorder; LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries; IPV: Intimate partner violence; OVC: Orphans and vulnerable children., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Objective: Exposure to psychosocial stressors may contribute to the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through dysregulation of the adaptive stress response. The present study was undertaken to assess the relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse to risk of SLE among Black women., Methods: Using data from the Black Women's Health Study, we followed 36,152 women from 1995 through 2015 with biennial questionnaires. Women reported on exposure to abuse during childhood (up to age 11) in 2005. Self-reported cases of incident SLE were confirmed as meeting the American College of Rheumatology SLE classification criteria by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for SLE among women exposed to physical or sexual abuse during childhood, controlling for potential confounders., Results: We confirmed 101 cases of incident SLE and identified patients who had completed questions on child abuse during 670,822 person-years of follow-up. Both physical and sexual abuse during childhood were associated with statistically significant increases in SLE incidence. The HR for SLE associated with ≥2 episodes of severe sexual abuse compared to no abuse was 2.51 (95% CI 1.29-4.85) after adjustment for alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche, and parental education. The multivariable-adjusted HR for SLE with ≥5 episodes of severe physical abuse was 2.37 (95% CI 1.13-4.99)., Conclusion: Our results suggest that sexual and physical abuse during childhood increase SLE risk during adulthood among Black women. Research is necessary both to confirm this finding and to understand potential mediating mechanisms., (© 2020, American College of Rheumatology.)

Background and Objectives: Childhood abuse and neglect increase the risk for psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety) during adulthood and have been associated with deficits in cognitive control. The specific mechanisms underlying these cognitive control deficits are still unknown., Methods: This study examined the expectation for reward to improve inhibitory control in young women (ages 18-35 years) with a history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse (AG, N = 28), childhood emotional and/or physical neglect (NG, N = 30), or unaffected comparison women (HC, N = 40). They completed a previously validated rewarded (color-word) Stroop task and filled out questionnaires on depression, anxiety, and resilience., Results: Surprisingly, a significant group by reward interaction revealed larger performance benefits under reward prospect (relative to no-reward) for the AG group relative to both the NG and HC groups., Limitations: A small sample size limiting generalizability., Conclusions: These results demonstrate sensitivity of abused subjects to reward in modulating cognitive control and might aid in discussing whether using reward schedules during therapeutic interventions could be effective., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Childhood maltreatment is associated with adverse effects on the brain, and an increased risk for psychopathology, including mood and substance use disorders. Individuals vary on the degree to which they exhibit neurobiological and clinical differences following maltreatment. Individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit greater magnitude of maltreatment-related prefrontal-paralimbic gray matter volume (GMV) deficits compared to typically developing individuals. It is unclear if greater structural differences stem from greater neural vulnerability to maltreatment in bipolar disorder, or if they relate to presence of other clinical features associated with childhood maltreatment, e.g., elevated prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders. To investigate this, we compared young adults with a family history of bipolar disorder (n = 21), but who did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, with typically developing young adults without a family history of bipolar disorder (n = 26). Participants completed structural neuroimaging, clinical and family history interviews, and assessment of childhood maltreatment and recent alcohol and cannabis use patterns. We examined relations between childhood maltreatment and prefrontal-paralimbic GMV by modeling main effects of maltreatment and family history group by maltreatment interactions on prefrontal-paralimbic GMV. We also examined relations between maltreatment and associated GMV changes with recent alcohol and cannabis use. Childhood maltreatment correlated with lower ventral, rostral and dorsolateral prefrontal and insular cortical GMV across all participants regardless of the presence or absence of familial history of bipolar disorder. However, exploratory analyses did reveal greater maltreatment-related GMV differences in individuals with prodromal symptoms of depression. Lower insula GMV was associated with greater frequency of cannabis use across all participants and greater quantity of alcohol use only in those with familial risk for bipolar disorder. Results suggest familial risk for bipolar disorder, and presumably genetic risk, may relate to outcomes following childhood maltreatment and should be considered in prevention/early intervention strategies.

Background: The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on mental health, self-regulatory capacities, and overall resilience are well-known. Given such effects, ACEs may play a role in how individuals adjust to challenges later in life. Of interest in this study is the transition to university, a time of heightened stress when adapting to circumstances is required and when those with ACEs may need additional in-the-moment support to exercise resilience. A smartphone app may provide a worthwhile and readily accessible medium for a resilience intervention, provided behavioral outcomes are adequately evaluated., Objective: This study evaluates the impact of an innovative, smartphone app-based resilience intervention. The JoyPop app was designed to promote resilience through the use of self-regulatory skills such as emotion regulation and executive functioning. Among a sample of first-year undergraduate students, we explored whether use of the app would be associated with positive changes in resilience and related outcomes, and whether these benefits were influenced by level of childhood adversity., Methods: Participants (N=156) were requested to use the JoyPop app for 4 weeks, at least twice daily. Changes in resilience, emotion regulation, executive functioning, and depression were assessed after 2 and 4 weeks of app usage using multilevel modeling., Results: The sample of 156 participants included 123 females and 33 males, with a mean age of 19.02 years (SD 2.90). On average participants used the app on 20.43 of the possible 28 days (SD 7.14). App usage was associated with improvements in emotion regulation (χ 2 1 =44.46; P<.001), such that it improved by 0.25 points on the 18-point scale for each additional day of app usage, and symptoms of depression (χ 2 1 =25.12; P<.001), such that depression symptoms were reduced by .08 points on the 9-point scale with each additional day of app usage. An interaction between ACEs and days of app usage existed for emotion regulation, such that participants with more adversity evidenced a faster rate of change in emotion regulation (P=.02)., Conclusions: Results highlight that daily incorporation of an app-based resilience intervention can help youth who have experienced adversity to improve emotion regulation skills and experience reductions in depression. The JoyPop app represents an important step forward in the integration of resilience intervention research with a technology-based medium that provides in-the-moment support., (©Angela MacIsaac, Aislin R Mushquash, Shakira Mohammed, Elizabeth Grassia, Savanah Smith, Christine Wekerle. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 04.01.2021.)

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with the acquisition of risk behaviors and development of chronic and mental diseases since adolescence and in adult life., Objective: To identify the knowledge and the frequency pediatrics residents ask about ACEs with., Methods: Through an online survey sent to all resident physicians of the 2017-2018 academic year of a tertiary care children's hospital, demographic variables, knowledge, use, training and barriers to interrogate and search for ACEs were collected., Results: 21% of residents answered the survey; the majority were women (70 %), less than 5 % of participants were familiar with ACEs, 31 % enquired about them in parents and their children, and 71 % considered having some barrier to interrogate about them., Conclusions: Participants in this study showed limited knowledge about ACEs, which had an impact on the frequency they enquired about them with in their patients and their parents; at least half had the perception that it is beyond the reach of the pediatrician to identify them., (Copyright: © 2020 Permanyer.)

Background: Detection of childhood traumas is important both in clinical practice and in research. There is a pressing need for methods that are relatively simple but comprehensive, non-intrusive, and possess adequate psyc - ho metric properties. In this study we translated one of the most widely used and well-studied measure of childhood abuse and neglect and explored the psychometrical properties of this questionnaire., Methods: The study was based on data from a clinical (N=171) and a normative (N=358) sample. In total 529 adults participated in the testing process. Beside the trauma questionnaire Parental Bonding Inventory, Impact of Events Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale were administered., Results: We examined the internal consistency of the translated trauma questionnaire. The Cronbach's a coefficients for the five subscales ranged from 0,639 to 0,934. Participants in the clinical sample reached higher scores on all trauma subscales except sexual abuse, than normative adults [PA: t (398)=-2,771; p=0,006; PN: t (398)=-5,990; p=0,000; EA: t (398)=-3,679; p=0,000; EN: t (398)=-4,759; p=0,000; total score: t (398)=-4,669; p=0,000]. Correlations among the trauma questionnaire total score and the scales of Parental Bonding Inventory indicating some medium effects (with maternal care: r=-0,661; p=0,000; with paternal care: r=-0,483; p=0,000)., Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that this trauma questionnaire is practical and facilitates the systema - tic evaluation of adverse early life events and maximizes the possibility of detecting childhood abuse and neglect.

Adopting a contextual, systematic perspective, the present study aimed to understand whether an individual's adverse circumstances in one domain have a continuous effect on his or her maladaptation in another domain. The Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey data set, comprising a stratified sample of 1,932 students recruited from 95 schools from 16 cities in Korea, was used for pattern identification, latent class analysis, and latent transition analysis. Consistent with Masten's resilience model, latent class analysis was used to identify the following four types of patterns: resilient, maladaptive, vulnerable, and competent-unchallenged. These four patterns were clearly identified at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. Latent transition analysis was used to identify the continuity and change patterns in the four groups across the developmental pathology. The transition probabilities from Time 1 to Time 2 were relatively unstable, with many variations observed among the latent classes; however, the transition probabilities from Time 2 to Time 3 remained relatively stable. An in-depth discussion of the findings and their implications is provided.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how combinations of adverse childhood events (ACEs) contribute to the risk of postpartum depression and the mediating role of prenatal social support., Methods: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale Questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Questionnaire were used to measure the study's exposure and outcome. Among a cohort of 419 mothers enrolled in a home visiting (HV) program, latent class analyses were used to identify classes of ACEs exposure. General linear models assessed the risk of postpartum depression, and prenatal social support was examined as a mediator., Results: Four distinct classes of ACE exposure were identified. On the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale, mothers who were classified in Classes 1-3 scored higher by 2.6-4.4 points compared with women in Class 0. ACE class was found to be indirectly associated with postpartum depression scores through prenatal social support., Conclusions: Identifying combinations of ACEs in an HV program has the potential to improve the characterization of ACEs among low-income perinatal women in the United States. Elucidating how these combinations contribute to the risk of postpartum depression has the potential to identify women at increased risk, which can help HV programs prioritize prevention efforts., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Since the COVID-19 outbreak at the end of 2019, it has evolved into a global pandemic with tremendous mental health impact besides the threats to people's physical health., Objective: The aims were to examine whether exposure to COVID-19 predicts elevated levels of anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms and whether pre-pandemic maltreatment experiences exacerbate this impact on mental health in adolescents., Participants and Setting: The survey was conducted online from February 8 st to February 27th, 2020, and the questionnaires were distributed and retrieved through a web-based platform. This study includes a total of 6196 subjects, aged range from 11 to 18 years old., Methods: Several multivariable linear regressions were used to analyse the data., Results: The largest variance in PTSS and anxiety problems was explained by ACEs, with more pre-pandemic maltreatment experiences predicting more PTSS (effect size beta = 0.16∼0.27), and more anxiety (effect size beta = 0.32∼0.47). Experienced or subjective fear of exposure to COVID-19 predicted statistically significant variance in PTSS and anxiety, and standardized betas ranged from 0.04 to 0.09. Participants who had adverse childhood experiences and had experienced exposure to COVID-19 showed elevated PTSS., Conclusions: After pre-pandemic maltreatment experiences the impact of exposure to COVID-19 on mental health may be stronger. Scars from the past seem to be vulnerabilities during societal upheaval. We therefore suggest that when exposed to COVID-19 rural adolescents should get prioritized professional family support and mental health counseling in particular when they have experienced family abuse and neglect in childhood, even though such support is more difficult to organize in rural areas., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Childhood adversities (CAs) have been linked with unfavorable development; however, the chronic trajectories of multiple CAs and possible heterogeneous effects are understudied., Objectives: This study examined the trajectories of multiple CAs and their associations with mental health outcomes in adolescence and investigated the buffering effect of parenting practices., Participants and Setting: We used population-representative data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (2005 and 2007, n = 10,416)., Methods: This study was based on retrospectively self-reporting of six CAs, namely physical abuse, family economic hardship, parental problematic drinking, parental catastrophic health problems, parental divorce, and parental death, at three developmental periods: early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence. Group-based multitrajectory modeling and multiple regressions were used to identify distinct trajectories of multiple CAs and evaluate the association estimates., Results: A total of four trajectory groups were identified: increasing family economic hardship (12.3 %), chronic physical abuse (3.3 %), chronic parental problematic drinking (2.8 %), and low adversity (81.6 %). The chronic physical abuse group had the highest levels of depressive symptoms (β = 6.61, p < .001) and suicidal ideation (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.67, p < .001), whereas the chronic parental problematic drinking group had the highest level of substance abuse (AOR = 4.59, p < .001). Positive parental practices buffered the harmful effects of increasing family economic hardship in late adolescence, particularly for depressive symptoms and substance abuse., Conclusions: Adverse mental health outcomes varied among groups with distinct multiple CA trajectories. The provision of social services to train or support positive parenting practices in families experiencing economic hardship is a potentially valuable resilience strategy., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Maltreated children are at high risk for low educational achievement, however few studies have accounted for confounding risk factors that commonly co-occur (including child, family and neighbourhood risk factors) and results have been mixed, particularly for adolescents., Objectives: We aimed to 1) examine the relationship between maltreatment and low educational achievement among Year 9 students, taking into account child, family and neighbourhood risk factors; 2) assess subgroup differences in outcomes based on level of child protection involvement and maltreatment type; and 3) identify prevalence and risk factors for low educational achievement., Participants and Setting: A population birth cohort of West Australian children (N = 33,866) who sat national reading achievement tests between 2008 and 2010 was used for the main analysis., Methods: Linked administrative data from Departments of Health, Communities (Child Protection and Family Support), Education, and the Disability Services Commission was used to conduct a series of logistic regression analyses., Results: Maltreatment was significantly associated with low Year 9 achievement, even after accounting for many child, family and neighbourhood risk factors (aOR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.35-1.69). Educational outcomes were consistently poor across subgroups in the child protection system, including those with different levels of child protection involvement and maltreatment types. Other notable risk factors for low achievement included intellectual disability, attendance, parents' level of education, Aboriginality, and being older (indicating possible grade retention)., Conclusions: Adolescents with a history of maltreatment are at risk for poor educational outcomes and need additional support. Multiple contributing risk factors suggest the need for whole-of-government solutions., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although research suggests that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are associated with emotional problems, individuals with higher resilience experience less emotional problems. This relation has yet to be examined in the growing Latinx immigrant youth population in the United States. To study the relation between ACEs, emotional problems, and resilience, recently immigrated Latinx youth (N=85) were interviewed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Resilience Scale. Moderation analyses revealed ACEs were directly associated with emotional problems, as was resilience. While the interaction effect was not significant, conditional effects indicated a buffering effect such that the relation between ACEs and emotional problems was non-significant at high levels of resilience. In addition to the relatively small sample size, available measures for assessing ACEs and emotional problems are limited in capturing difficulties experienced by Latinx immigrants. Results indicate that individuals with higher resilience do not experience higher emotional problems in the context of childhood adversity. This study contributes to the growing literature on protective factors in Latinx immigrant youth, indicating that assessment of resilience may be beneficial in treating individuals exposed to adversity to mitigate the development of emotional problems., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The risk of violence following childhood maltreatment is uncertain. This meta-analytic review identified prospective studies that have examined this association. We systematically searched three electronic databases (PsycINFO, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) and completed a targeted search on Google Scholar. These were supplemented with scanning reference lists and correspondence with authors. We considered non-English-language and unpublished studies. Studies were included if childhood maltreatment was measured before age 18 years and occurred before violent outcomes. We identified 18 eligible studies with data on 39,271 participants. We conducted meta-analysis to calculate odds ratios ( OR s) using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was explored through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. The overall OR of violent outcomes in childhood maltreatment was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [1.4, 2.3]) with substantial heterogeneity ( I 2 = 92%). Meta-regression suggested that risk of violence following childhood maltreatment was more elevated in samples with higher percentage of females, in higher quality investigations, in studies with case-linkage methods compared to that followed-up participants over time using a prospective cohort design, when general population or matched controls were used rather than selected population controls, and when violent outcomes were ascertained in older individuals. In conclusion, the risk of later violence perpetration was modestly increased in individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. Preventative strategies and interventions for childhood maltreatment may have an important role in violence reduction. Methodological issues and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have a significant effect on psychological and physical child development and represent a risk factor for interpersonal difficulties., Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between ACE, in particular physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect, and partnership quality during adulthood in women., Participants and Setting: This study is a secondary analysis of a retrospective multi-center study evaluating risk factors and quality of life in women with and without endometriosis, a chronic, disabling gynecological disease. The investigation includes 533 consenting adult women (159 with ACE and 374 women without) recruited from various hospitals in Switzerland, Austria and Germany., Methods: To evaluate the association between ACE and partnership, a questionnaire including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and a validated partnership questionnaire were used., Results: Altogether, 29.8 % (N = 159) women experienced maltreatment in childhood, 9.7 % (N = 52) of them more than one type. Women who went through ACE showed a lower level of happiness (P = 0.013) and of quality of partnership (P = 0.001) as well as a higher number of conflict areas (P < 0.001). Emotional (P = 0.03; 95 % CI=-1.27,-0.070) and sexual abuse (P = 0.01; 95 % CI=-1.765,-0.197) had the strongest association with reduced partnership quality., Conclusion: Our study showed a significant association between ACE, in particular sexual and emotional abuse, and reduced partnership quality. As the quality of partnership is a key factor in the quality of life, improvement in social support with a special focus on intimate relationships should be part of the strategy to address the consequences of ACE already during childhood/adolescence., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Introduction: Several studies show high rates of childhood traumatic events in subjects incarcerated in prison institutions., Objective: To assess the prevalence and gender differences of different types of childhood adverse experiences and their correlation with psychopathological and criminological variables in incarcerated individuals., Material and Methods: An epidemiological, descriptive-observational study was conducted in two psychiatric prisons located in Argentina and 84 subjects of both sexes participated. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used, the SCID I and II scales and the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire., Results: 91.7% of the participants had suffered some adverse experience in childhood. A high rate of physical (63%) and emotional abuse (61%) was detected. We found gender differences in the type of child abuse and the crimes committed. Significant relationships were found between some childhood adverse events and psychiatric disorders, crimes committed and recidivism., Conclusions: In accordance with other studies, there was a high prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated individuals and significant gender differences in the type of child abuse, in psychiatric disorders, in the crimes committed and recidivism., (Copyright © 2019 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Exposure to child abuse can lead to lasting mental health problems. Extant research has found that different types of child abuse tend to co-occur and overlap, which merits the investigation of the effects of exposure to multiple types of childhood mistreatment., Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the associations between multiple different types of interpersonal victimization or polyvictimization, and indicators of psychopathology among children ages 0-17., Methods: The review included studies across all economic strata and research on nationally representative, community, and at-risk samples, using the same standardized assessment tool (i.e. the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire or JVQ). The review was conducted using peer-reviewed evidence published up until August 2019 from Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, and ERIC. Out of 4998 relevant references screened, 255 met the inclusion criteria, 22 of which aimed to address childhood polyvictimization and psychopathology., Results: A total of 21 of the 22 included studies identified a significant positive association between polyvictimization and various indicators of psychopathology comprising both externalizing (e.g. anger), internalizing problems (e.g. depression) and total psychological distress. A range of studies demonstrated that polyvictimization was a stronger risk factor for psychopathology than individual (sub)types of victimization. Based on the study findings, we provide a set of recommendations for future research on polyvictimization and psychopathology., Conclusion: The present systematic review was the first to review the evidence on the associations between polyvictimization (as measured by the JVQ) and child and adolescent psychopathology in the global research literature. As a novel approach, the present review included both normative and high-risk samples. The results showed that polyvictimization is a substantial risk factor for mental health problems spanning both inner-directed and outer-directed mental health difficulties. However, the inconsistency in methods of defining and measuring polyvictimization severely undermines the scientific impact of this body of work. Additional well-designed, longitudinal studies that take account of the context-specific nature of polyvictimization are required to better establish the causal relationships between childhood polyvictimization and psychopathology so as to improve prevention and intervention efforts., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: ASPD describes individuals with a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. The relationship between parental bonding, trauma, and ASPD is well established, however, it remains unclear what types of trauma or which patterns of bonding are more associated with ASPD., Objectives: Review the literature regarding what types of trauma and bonding characteristics were related to antisocial personality traits., Method: Systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scielo for studies about the relationship between antisocial personality traits and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and/or the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)., Results: 357 abstracts were selected, and 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Regarding CTQ, the most consistent finding was the association between physical abuse and neglect to antisocial traits. Sexual abuse was the variable least related to antisocial traits. Regarding PBI, the most consistent finding was the inverse relationship between maternal and paternal care and antisocial traits. Concerning overprotection, the data is less consistent. Also, there was a considerable heterogenity between studies., Conclusions: The literature little explores how these variables interact with each other. Thus, more studies are important to aidpolitical,educational, and public health programs to create preventive initiatives for ASPD., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Childhood adversities are linked with mental health problems throughout the life course, including personality pathology. Less is known about consequences in the next generation, particularly in non-Western populations. In the Barbados Nutrition Study, we assessed associations of two parental (G1) childhood adversities- (1) maltreatment history using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and (2) clinically ascertained infant malnutrition limited to the first year of life-on PD symptoms in their G2 offspring, using NEO FFM PD prototypes. In linear regression models clustered by family and adjusted for other G1 childhood adversities and family socioeconomic status, we found that G1 parental history of childhood maltreatment was significantly associated with increased G2 offspring Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Dependent PD scores. When G1 childhood malnutrition was the exposure of interest, we found a significant association with Schizoid PD scores. When the sample was restricted to offspring of G1 mothers, even more extensive associations with G2 personality pathology were observed. This study supports a link between parental exposure to childhood adversities and increased personality maladaptivity in the next generation, with some specific patterns worthy of further exploration., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest PTC receives royalties from the NEO PI-R. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study investigated synergy of commonly co-occurring pairs of childhood traumas/adversities to determine: 1) if synergistic pairings differ by gender and/or age grouping; and 2) if some traumas/adversities were more synergistically reactive., Methods: A sample of 10,355 clinic-referred youth (1.5-18 years) from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set was divided by gender and categorized into salient age groups (1.5-5 years, 6-12 years, and 13-18 years). Attributable Proportion (AP), a biomedically relevant metric, was calculated to assess additive synergy for behavior problems on the CBCL., Results: Overall, only four pairs of adversities were synergistic. Three involved sexual abuse with physical abuse, parental loss, and domestic violence. When the sample was analyzed by Gender X Age group, however, a more complicated picture emerges. Twelve of the twenty-one possible pairings (57 %) show additive synergy in one or more categories. The mean AP accounted for approximately 40 % of outcome variance. Males had more synergistic pairings (16) than females (7). The average synergistic effect was higher for males (42 % of variance) than females (36 % of variance). The vast majority of synergy occurs in the 6-12 and 13-18 age groups. Sexual abuse was the most synergistically reactive trauma, pairing most frequently (16) followed by physical abuse (10) or neglect (9)., Conclusion: Sexual abuse was malignantly synergistic, frequently pairing with other adversities, followed by physical abuse, neglect, and domestic violence. The findings underscore that all ACEs are not equal in their contributions to commonly assessed outcomes. The findings also have considerable implications for prevention, intervention, and future research., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and detrimental mental health outcomes has been increasingly explored within scientific literature since the original ACE study was published by Felitti et al. (1998). Given that deficits in executive functions (EF) are prominent in most forms of psychopathology across the lifespan, there is utility in considering how ACEs relate to EF outcomes., Objective: To consolidate the research to date on the relationship between ACEs and EF outcomes among child samples., Methods: A systematic review was conducted that included 16 scientific databases and 17 grey literatures., Results: Across 36 studies, many examined EF related to forms of maltreatment (e.g. abuse, neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence) and found a strong relationship between maltreatment and EF deficits among children. Similarly, family member mental illness (maternal depression in particular) was associated with poor EF outcomes. The relationship between other ACEs and EF outcomes have not been uniquely examined, including intimate partner violence and family member incarceration., Conclusions: This review acts as a preliminary step towards broader understanding of outcomes related to early childhood experiences through the consideration of EFs. Through documentation of such relationships, it is possible to consider how prevention and treatment approaches may be improved., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a heterogeneous group of childhood adversities that can range from different forms of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional) or neglect (physical, emotional, cognitive), to severe bullying by peers. With an annual estimated cost of $500 billion in the United States alone, CM is recognized as one of the most significant risk factors for a range of psychiatric and medical conditions (White and Kaffman, 2019). Further, rates of numerous psychiatric, neurological, and medical conditions differ significantly between males and females (Gillies and McArthur, 2010), inspiring decades of research on how sex moderates consequences of CM (Gershon et al., 2008). Although vulnerability to CM has been reported to vary by sex, very few findings have been consistent across studies. Moreover, most work to date has focused on how sex alters the frequencies of different psychopathologies in maltreated individuals, with little attention to whether different developmental processes may underlie these psychopathologies in males and females (White and Kaffman, 2019). The primary goal of this editorial was to advocate for more effective research strategies to address these questions. We first examine the rationale for studying sex as an important moderator of consequences of CM, briefly summarize some of the most consistent clinical findings, and discuss the implications of sex in treatment response. We then highlight important obstacles that contribute to the large number of inconsistent findings and make five recommendations on how to move forward., (© 2019 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.)

Background: Although the buffering effect of protective factors on children's outcomes following exposure to adverse childhood experiences has been well documented, research gaps remain as to whether this buffering effect differs based on the type of adversity experienced (i.e., maltreatment versus household dysfunction)., Objective: To examine whether protective factors moderate the association between cumulative adversity, as well as adversity subtypes (i.e., maltreatment and household dysfunction) and child trauma-related distress in a clinical sample referred for treatment following exposure to adversity., Participants and Setting: One-hundred and seventy-six children (aged 3-18) referred to a child abuse treatment clinic and who's files were opened between January 2016 and June 2017 were included., Methods: Data were collected, extracted, and coded from clinical files using a standardized data extraction protocol. Protective factors included: using individual coping strategies, peer support, individual social skills, caregiver physical caregiving, caregiver psychological caregiving, and educational involvement., Results: Cumulative childhood adversity (b = .16, p = .04) positively predicted child trauma-related distress. The link between exposure to cumulative adversity and child trauma-related distress varied as a function of protective factors: there was a positive association between adversity and child trauma-related distress for children who had low levels of protective factors, but not for those with high levels of protective factors (b=-0.56, p=<.001). Similar findings were observed when data was stratified by maltreatment and household dysfunction., Conclusions: Bolstering children's protective factors prior to, and during child abuse treatment, may reduce trauma-related distress following exposure to adversity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Negative childhood experiences are associated with poor health and psychosocial outcomes throughout one's lifespan., Objective: We examined associations between childhood bullying and maltreatment and several adulthood outcomes: psychological distress, functional impairment, generalized fear, and physician-diagnosed mental and physical health ailments. The potential mediating role of recent negative life events was also explored., Participants and Setting: Data were collected through web-based surveys of a U.S. representative national sample of adults., Methods: At Wave 1 (N = 3,598), participants reported exposure to negative childhood experiences; at Wave 2 (N = 3,497), physician-diagnosed mental and physical health ailments were provided; at Wave 3 (N = 2,906), participants reported exposure to recent negative life events and psychosocial outcomes., Results: Of the sample, 26.29% (weighted n = 946) reported childhood bullying, 15.02% (weighted n = 540) reported physical abuse, 15.56% (weighted n = 560) reported witnessing parental violence, 11.42% (weighted n = 411) reported sexual abuse, and 8.64% (weighted n = 311) reported parental neglect. Respondents who reported bullying, physical abuse, or sexual abuse during childhood reported greater distress, functional impairment, and fear of the future in adulthood, as mediated through recent negative life events, compared to those who did not (ßs: 0.04-.06). Those reporting bullying, neglect, physical abuse, or sexual abuse in childhood reported more mental health ailments in adulthood (IRRs: 1.44-1.66) compared to those who did not. Those reporting bullying or sexual abuse in childhood reported more physical health ailments (IRRs: 1.25-1.39)., Conclusions: Specific negative childhood experiences have unique links with poor outcomes in adulthood. Recent negative life events partially mediate these associations., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

There are two competing schools of thoughts involving children who have experienced early childhood trauma. One posture's nosology focuses on the post-traumatic stress responses; the other focuses on the deviant behaviors that ensue from pathogenic care in early childhood. This author sought to review the literature from a holistic perspective, embracing both diagnostic positions. Seventy-three articles addressing childhood trauma and the ensuing emotional or behavioral disturbances were evaluated, mostly empirical-including 16 that specified posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 21 that specified attachment disorders, and 37 that included potential overlaps between both trauma derivatives. An additional 138 studies were reviewed but not included herein because those focused on broader issues. Statistical data, financial and emotional impacts, and the effects of disrupted attachments were addressed-including both children with secure attachments and those with compromised attachments. The critical effect of both positive and negative parental responses was evaluated, as well as correlations or overlaps in the diagnostic criteria and symptom manifestations of the children and any apparent gaps in the current research. The literature details that the prognosis and course of treatment vary significantly between the two etiologies-apparently at least in part due to possible clinician bias in conceptualizations of the two populations. There are clear overlaps in the diagnostic criteria that strongly suggest comorbidity between the disorders, however, which is especially critical to analyze in the future, since there are solid, empirical, evidence-based treatment protocols for PTSD, but not for attachment disorders resulting from pathogenic caregiver maltreatment.

Background: Childhood adversity is known to influence personality development. Studies suggest that distinct types of childhood adversities have differential effects on personality dimensions. However, different types of adversity often co-occur, and personality dimensions are strongly interconnected., Objective: The aim of this study was to use a network approach to analyze the interrelationships between different types of childhood adversity and diverse personality dimensions integratively., Participants and Setting: We used previously collected data on 142 alcohol dependent patients and 102 healthy controls., Methods: The participants completed the Interview for Traumatic Events in Childhood, the Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Outcomes on the subscales of these instruments were included in the network analysis., Results: The resulting network showed strong connections between different types of childhood adversity, and between the different temperaments and characters of personality. Childhood adversity, mainly physical abuse and maternal rejection, was connected to most personality dimensions, except for reward dependence. Physical abuse showed the highest centrality measures, indicating a central, important role in the network., Conclusions: These findings confirm that different types of childhood adverse experiences often co-occur, and suggest that specifically physical and emotional abuse, and maternal rejection might play a prominent role in shaping personality., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)