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Objective: To assess the impact of the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship training through a cross-sectional survey of both program directors (PDs) and fellows. Design: Cross-sectional internet-based survey. Setting: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited PCCM fellowship programs in the United States. Subjects: PCCM PDs and fellows. Results: A total of 34 PDs and 92 fellows responded to the national survey (rate of 47% and 17%, respectively). The majority (69%) of respondents agreed that medical education has been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. When PDs were surveyed, 91% noted a significant decrease in the patient census since March 2020, with 59% citing a >15% decrease. Further, 65% reported trainees had less procedural experience. All respondents reported that education was at least in part provided through virtual learning platforms, with nearly half having exclusive remote learning without in-person sessions. Fifty percent of PDs and 62% of fellows reported decreased learner engagement during virtual didactics when compared to in-person education. The majority of PDs reported specific decreases in simulation, procedural skills training, and ultrasound training. Few PDs (15%) and fellows (13-16%) reported redeployment to adult patient care, with northeastern programs having the highest rates. In univariate analyses, decreased PDs confidence in trainee procedural skills was associated with reported decreases in number of procedures performed ( P = .0006) and number of procedural skills didactic sessions ( P = .0245). Change in the unit census was associated with less PDs confidence in fellows’ medical knowledge ( P = .0004), fellows’ management skills ( P = .0232), and fellows’ procedural skills ( P = .0003), with larger decreases in patient census correlating with larger decreases in confidence. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the education and clinical training of PCCM fellows. More knowledge on this topic can assist PDs in curriculum changes for the future to address any gaps in learning that have occurred.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical and radiologic entity, typically manifesting as reversible neurological symptoms and signs of white matter edema on magnetic resonance imaging. PRES has been widely described in adults. Studies of PRES in children are mostly limited to case series and case controls. Retrospective chart review of patients under 21 years with PRES admitted at a tertiary children’s hospital from 2011 to 2016. They were compared to controls matched for age and mortality risk using the Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 score. Sixteen cases of PRES were identified in 13 patients (ages 5–17 years, 46% male). PRES presented with altered mental status (75%), seizures (77%), headache (31%), and vision changes (23%). In patients who recovered (n = 11), median days to symptom resolution was three (range 1–8). PRES patients had a higher mortality rate (15% vs. 5%, p

We report on the presentation and course of 33 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Hemodynamic instability and cardiac dysfunction were prominent findings, with most patients exhibiting rapid resolution following anti-inflammatory therapy.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is seldom described as a complication of typhoid fever (TF). Only 13 cases have hitherto been reported in the English and non-English literature since 1990. We report an 8-year-old boy with TF after return from India who developed pediatric ARDS (pARDS) despite adequate antibiotic treatment. Among patients with available information including this case, we noted that most not born or raised in a TF-endemic country (4/6) compared with none (0/6) of the domestic cases in a TF-endemic country developed ARDS within 48 hours of starting the antibiotic treatment. Our case raises important questions regarding the frequency, pathophysiology, and appropriate management of ARDS and pARDS in patients with TF.

Summary Background Paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is associated with high mortality in children, but until recently no paediatric-specific diagnostic criteria existed. The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) definition was developed to overcome limitations of the Berlin definition, which was designed and validated for adults. We aimed to determine the incidence and outcomes of children who meet the PALICC definition of PARDS. Methods In this international, prospective, cross-sectional, observational study, 145 paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) from 27 countries were recruited, and over a continuous 5 day period across 10 weeks all patients were screened for enrolment. Patients were included if they had a new diagnosis of PARDS that met PALICC criteria during the study week. Exclusion criteria included meeting PARDS criteria more than 24 h before screening, cyanotic heart disease, active perinatal lung disease, and preparation or recovery from a cardiac intervention. Data were collected on the PICU characteristics, patient demographics, and elements of PARDS (ie, PARDS risk factors, hypoxaemia severity metrics, type of ventilation), comorbidities, chest imaging, arterial blood gas measurements, and pulse oximetry. The primary outcome was PICU mortality. Secondary outcomes included 90 day mortality, duration of invasive mechanical and non-invasive ventilation, and cause of death. Findings Between May 9, 2016, and June 16, 2017, during the 10 study weeks, 23 280 patients were admitted to participating PICUs, of whom 744 (3·2%) were identified as having PARDS. 95% (708 of 744) of patients had complete data for analysis, with 17% (121 of 708; 95% CI 14–20) mortality, whereas only 32% (230 of 708) of patients met Berlin criteria with 27% (61 of 230) mortality. Based on hypoxaemia severity at PARDS diagnosis, mortality was similar among those who were non-invasively ventilated and with mild or moderate PARDS (10–15%), but higher for those with severe PARDS (33% [54 of 165; 95% CI 26–41]). 50% (80 of 160) of non-invasively ventilated patients with PARDS were subsequently intubated, with 25% (20 of 80; 95% CI 16–36) mortality. By use of PALICC PARDS definition, severity of PARDS at 6 h after initial diagnosis (area under the curve [AUC] 0·69, 95% CI 0·62–0·76) discriminates PICU mortality better than severity at PARDS diagnosis (AUC 0·64, 0·58–0·71), and outperforms Berlin severity groups at 6 h (0·64, 0·58–0·70; p=0·01). Interpretation The PALICC definition identified more children as having PARDS than the Berlin definition, and PALICC PARDS severity groupings improved the stratification of mortality risk, particularly when applied 6 h after PARDS diagnosis. The PALICC PARDS framework should be considered for use in future epidemiological and therapeutic research among children with PARDS. Funding University of Southern California Clinical Translational Science Institute, Sainte Justine Children's Hospital, University of Montreal, Canada, Reseau en Sante Respiratoire du Fonds de Recherche Quebec-Sante, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine.

This is an executive summary of the 2019 update of the 2004 guidelines and levels of care for PICU. Since previous guidelines, there has been a tremendous transformation of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine with advancements in pediatric cardiovascular medicine, transplant, neurology, trauma, and oncology as well as improvements of care in general PICUs. This has led to the evolution of resources and training in the provision of care through the PICU. Outcome and quality research related to admission, transfer, and discharge criteria as well as literature regarding PICU levels of care to include volume, staffing, and structure were reviewed and included in this statement as appropriate. Consequently, the purposes of this significant update are to address the transformation of the field and codify a revised set of guidelines that will enable hospitals, institutions, and individuals in developing the appropriate PICU for their community needs. The target audiences of the practice statement and guidance are broad and include critical care professionals; pediatricians; pediatric subspecialists; pediatric surgeons; pediatric surgical subspecialists; pediatric imaging physicians; and other members of the patient care team such as nurses, therapists, dieticians, pharmacists, social workers, care coordinators, and hospital administrators who make daily administrative and clinical decisions in all PICU levels of care.

The purpose of this brief communication is to highlight emerging evidence regarding potential benefits of supporting early rather than delayed peanut introduction during the period of complementary food introduction in infants. This document should be considered as interim guidance based on consensus among the following organizations: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Israel Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Japanese Society for Allergology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology, and World Allergy Organization. More formal guidelines regarding early-life, complementary feeding practices and the risk of allergy development will follow in the next year from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored Working Group and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Fungi can exacerbate symptoms in patients with asthma. To our knowledge, genetic risk factors for fungal-associated asthma have not been described. We present here the cases of 6 children who carried the diagnosis of severe asthma with fungal sensitization, 3 of whom were treated with and responded clinically to itraconazole therapy. All 6 patients were heterozygous for a 24-base pair duplication in the CHIT1 gene, which has been associated with decreased levels of circulating chitotriosidase and susceptibility to fungal infection.

People with severe asthma with fungal sensitization may represent an underdiagnosed subset of patients with refractory disease. It is important to know that such patients may benefit from adjunct treatment with antifungal agents. We describe here the case of a child with refractory asthma, persistent airway obstruction, a serum immunoglobulin E level of >20000 IU/mL, and severe eosinophilic airway infiltration. Although he did not meet diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, he demonstrated evidence of sensitization to several fungi and responded dramatically to the addition of itraconazole therapy. We also discuss emerging hypotheses regarding fungal-induced asthma.