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Nohut, Batı Akdeniz bölgesinde düşük kaliteli ve kuraklığa maruz kalan arazilerde yaygın olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Bu çalışma Batı Akdeniz’de 18 tescilli ve 3 yerel nohut genotipinin adaptasyonlarını, verim potansiyelleri ile bazı bitkisel özelliklerini belirlemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemeler, Antalya ili Korkuteli-Ulucak ve Aksu’da olmak üzere iki farklı lokasyonda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tarla denemeleri 2017 ve 2018 yetiştirme sezonunda Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak tesis edilmiştir. Denemede, çıkış gün sayısı, çiçeklenme gün sayısı, fizyolojik olum gün sayısı, bitki boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bitkide dal sayısı, bitkide bakla sayısı, baklada tane sayısı, 100 tane ağırlığı ve tane verimi özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Dekara tane verimi bakımından genotip x çevre etkileşimleri %1 önemlilik seviyesinde farklı bulunmuştur. Çalışmada tane verimi bakımından Çağatay, Sezenbey ve Çakır çeşitlerinin daha stabil olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important crop in crop-rotation management in Israel. Imidazolinone herbicides have a wide spectrum of weed control, but chickpea plants are sensitive to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; also known as acetolactate synthase [ALS]) inhibitors. Using the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), we developed a chickpea line (M2033) that is resistant to imidazolinone herbicides. A point mutation was detected in one of the two genes encoding the AHAS catalytic subunit of M2033. The transition of threonine to isoleucine at position 192 (203 according to Arabidopsis) conferred resistance of M2033 to imidazolinones, but not to other groups of AHAS inhibitors. The role of this substitution in the resistance of line M2033 was proven by genetic transformation of tobacco plants. This resistance showed a single-gene semidominant inheritance pattern. Conclusion: A novel mutation, T192I (T203I according to Arabidopsis), providing resistance to IMI herbicides but not to other groups of AHAS inhibitors, is described in the AHAS1 protein of EMS-mutagenized chickpea line M2033.

Tarımsal faaliyetlerde gübreleme verim ve kalite üzerinde önemli etkiye sahiptir. Yemeklik tane baklagiller üretildiği alanlarda bitki besleme ihtiyacı az veya hiç olmayan bitki grubu olarak tanınmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda nohut da dâhil olmak üzere bu bitki grubunda gübreleme yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Nohutta gübrelemenin şekli ve miktarı üzerine üreticiler arasında değişik fikirler bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada nohutta farklı içerikli gübrelerin verim ve kalite üzerine artışının ne düzeyde sağlandığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında ilkbahar yetiştirme mevsiminde Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme alanında tarla ve sera koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada farklı nohut çeşitleri (Arda, Gökçe ve Yerli nohut) ve farklı bitki besin elementleri (kontrol, alg (20.000 cc/ha), küçükbaş hayvan gübresi (5 ton/ha), büyükbaş hayvan gübresi (5 ton/ha), azot bağlayıcı bakteri, katı solucan gübresi (3 ton/ha), sıvı solucan (10.000 cc/ha), leonardit (750 kg/ha), ticari organik gübre (500 kg/ha), tavuk gübresi (3 ton/ha) ve kimyasal gübre (50 kg N/ha, 90 kg P/ha) kullanılmıştır. Tarla denemelerinde parseller 4 sıra ve sıra uzunluğu 4 metre, sıra aralığı 45 cm olacak şekilde ve tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Sera denemeleri her dönem için (çiçeklenme, bakla bağlama ve hasat dönemleri) 3 tekrarlamalı ve tesadüf parsellerinde bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde (ana parseller çeşit alt parseller ise uygulamalar) yürütülmüştür. Tarla ve sera denemelerinde bitkiler çiçeklenme, bakla bağlama ve hasat dönemlerinde olmak üzere bitkisel ölçümler için üç defa hasat edilmiştir. Tarla ve sera denemelerinde çiçeklenme ve bakla bağlama dönemlerinde; bitki boyu, kök uzunluğu, bitki gövde, kök, sap, yaprak, nodul, bakla yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları ve yaprak alanı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Tarla denemesinde ayrıca tüm bitki ve bakla ağırlğı, bitkide tüm, dolu ve boş bakla sayısı, tane sayısı, bitki ve birim alan tane verimi, biyolojik verim,100 tane ağırlığı, yabancı ot yoğunluğu, klorofilmetre değeri, kanopi genişliği ve green seeker özellikleri incelenmiştir. Tohum ve yaprakta azot, fosfor, potasyum içerikleri ile tohumda protein oranı, pişme süresi, şişme ve su alma kapasiteleri incelenmiştir. Tarla denemelerinde iki yıllık analiz sonuçlarına göre; bitki boyu, bitkide bakla ağırlığı, toplam bakla sayısı, bitkide tane sayısı, bitki tane verimi, biyolojik verim ve birim alan tane verimi bakımından çeşitler ve uygulamalar arasındaki farklılıklar önemli bulunmuştur. Katı solucan gübresi uygulaması, kontrol grubu ve diğer uygulamalara göre bu özellikleri arttırmıştır. Tane verimi (153,5 kg/da-204,1 kg/da) kontrol grubu (189,7 kg/da) ve diğer uygulamalara göre en yüksek tavuk gübresi uygulamasında saptanmıştır. Tarla koşullarında bakla bağlama döneminde bitkide yaprak kuru ağırlığı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak alanı, bakla kuru ağırlığı ve bakla sayısı sıvı solucan gübresinde diğer uygulamalara ve kontrol grubuna göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Nodul yaş ağırlığı leonardit uygulamasında yüksek, kimyasal gübre (NP) uygulamasında düşük bulunmuş, ayrıca sera koşullarında kimyasal gübre uygulaması nodul oluşumunu engellemiştir. Küçükbaş hayvan gübresi pişme süresini arttırmış NP uygulaması ise azaltmıştır. Tane protein oranı Arda çeşidinde azot bağlayıcı bakteri (%31,36), Gökçe çeşidinde büyükbaş hayvan gübresi (%29,79), Yerli çeşidinde küçükbaş hayvan gübresi (%29,43) uygulamalarında yüksek bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda bitki büyüme ve gelişim dönemlerinde incelenen bitkisel özelliklerde kontrol ve inorganik gübre uygulamasına göre organik gübre uygulamalarında yüksek sonuçların elde edilmesi nohut yetiştiriciliğinde organik gübre kullanımının uygun olacağını göstermiştir. Fertilization has a significant effect on yield and quality in agricultural activities. Food legumes are known as a group of plants that have little or no plant nutrition need in areas where they are produced. However, in recent years, fertilization has been started in this plant group, including chickpea. There are different opinions among producers on the form and amount of fertilization in chickpeas. In this research, it is aimed to determine to what extent chickpea fertilization increases on yield and quality. The research was carried out in Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture Field Crops trial area in the spring growing season in 2020 and 2021. The trials were carried out in field conditions in 2020 and 2021, and in both field and pot conditions in 2020. In the research, different chickpea varieties (Arda, Gökçe and Yerli chickpeas) and different plant nutrients (control, algae (20.000 cc/ha), ovine manure (5 tons/ha), cattle manure (5 tons/ha), nitrogen fixing bacteria, solid vermicompost (3 tons/ha), liquid vermicompost (10.000 cc/ha), leonardite (750 kg/ha), commercial organic fertilizer (500 kg/ha), chicken manure (3 tons/ha) and chemical fertilizer (50 kg N/ha, 90 kg P/ha) were used. In the field trials, the plots were set up in 4 rows, 4 meters in row length, 45 cm row spacing, and in randomized complete blocks in split plots design with three replications. Greenhouse experiments were carried out for each period (blooming, pod setting and harvest periods) and in randomized plots design in split plots with 3 replications (applications if the main plots are cultivar sub-plots). In the field and greenhouse experiments, the plants were harvested three times for vegetative measurements, during the flowering, podding and harvestting. During flowering and poding periods in field and pot trials; plant height, root length, plant stem, root, stem, leaf, nodule, pod dry weights and leaf area measurements were made. In the field experiment, weight of whole plant and pod, number of whole pod, full and empty pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and grain yield per unit area, biological yield, 100 seed weight, weed density, protein content of seed, cooking time, chlorophyllometer value, canopy width and green seeker properties were investigated. When the combined analysis results in field trials are examined the differences between the treatments were significant for plant weight, plant height, pod weight per plant, number of total pods, full pods, empty pods, seeds per plant, and seed yield per plant in harvestting time. Solid vermicompost application increased these properties compared to the control group and other applications. Grain yield ranged from 1535 kg/ha to 2041 kg/ha, and chicken manure application had higher than control group (1897 kg/ha) and other applications. In the field experiment, in podding time, leaf dry weight, number of leaves and leaf area were higher in ovine manure applications than other applications. It gave higher results in liquid vermicompost compared to other applications and the control group, plant height during pod tying leaf dry weight, number of leaves, leaf area, pod dry weight, and number of pods per plant. Nodule fresh weight was high in leonardite applications and low in chemical fertilizer applications (NP), nodule fresh and dry weight were negatively affected by chemical fertilizer application (NP) under greenhouse conditions also. Cooking time is higher in ovine manure application than other applications, but lower in chemical fertilizer application. According to the control group of the grain dry matter ratio was found higher in the Arda variety commercial organic fertilizer (93,95%), in the Gökçe variety chemical fertilizer (94,14%) and in the Yerli variety Leonardite (94,08%). The grain protein ratio was found highly in applications of nitrogen fixing bacteria (31,36%) in the Arda variety, cattle manure (29,79%) in Gökçe variety, ovine manure (29,43%) in the Yerli variety. As a result of the research, obtaining high results in organic fertilizer applications compared to control and inorganic fertilizer application in plant characteristics examined during plant growth and development periods showed that organic fertilizer use in chickpea cultivation would be appropriate. Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (DÜBAP) tarafından DÜBAP-ZİRAAT.21.006 no'lu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir. YÖK 100/2000 Öncelikli Alanlar Organik Tarım kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Bu araştırmada Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme alanında 2020 yılı ilkbahar yetiştirme döneminde nohutta 4 anaç ve bunların yarım diallel melezlemesinden elde edilen 6 F2 kombinasyonunda bitkisel ve tarımsal özellikler yönünden genetik parametreler ve genel ve özel uyum yeteneği tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada %50 çıkış gün sayısı, ilk çiçeklenme gün sayısı, %50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı, ilk bakla çıkış gün sayısı, 100 tane ağırlığı, bitki tane verimi, bitki boyu, bitkide dal sayısı, bitkide bakla sayısı, bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, sap yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, bitkide yaprak sayısı, yaprak alanı, yaprak kuru ağırlığı, boğum arası uzunluk, ilk çiçeğin çıktığı boğum numarası, boğum kalınlığı, antraknoz, kanopi, yatma durumu, normalleştirilmiş vejetasyon farklılık indeksi (ndvı) özellikleri incelenmiştir. İlk çiçeklenme gün sayısı, bitki boyu, 100 tohum ağırlığı, bitkide yaprak sayısı, boğum arası uzunluğu, antraknoz hastalığı ve yatma özellikleri yönünden eklemeli genetik varyans önemli bulunmuştur. Bitkide bakla sayısı, bitkide tane verimi, bitkide sap yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, bitkide dal sayısı, bitkide yaprak alanı, yaprak kuru ağırlığı, ilk çiçeğin çıktığı bogum numarası yönünden dominant gen etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Dar anlamda kalıtım derecesi bitki boyunda 0.42, bakla sayısında 0.12, 100 tohum ağırlığında 0.77 olarak bulunmuştur. En yüksek bitki tane verimi değeri Çağatay x Ak 71114 melezinden, en yüksek 100 tane ağırlığı İspanyol anaçtan elde edilmiş Çağatay x İspanyol melezi bu anacı izlemiştir. This research was carried out in Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture during the spring season in 2020. Genetic parameters and general and specific adaptability were estimated for plant and agricultural traits in 4 parents and their 6 F2 combinations obtained from their half-diallel crossbreeding in chickpea. The study was carried out randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. In the study, days to 50% emergence, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to first pod emergence, 100 seed weight, plant seed yield, plant height, number of branches, leaves, pods per plant, plant and stem fresh and dry weight, leaf area, leaf dry weight, internode length, the first flower node number, internode thickness, anthracnose disease, canopy, lodging habitus, normalized vegetation difference index (NDV) were examined. Additive genetic variance was significant for days to first flowering, plant height, 100 seed weight, number of leaves per plant, internode length, anthracnose disease and lodging. The dominant gene effect was significant for seed yield per plant, number of branches, pods and branches per plant, leaf area, leaf dry weight, the first flower node number. In the narrow sense heritability degree was 0.42 in the plant height, 0.12 in the number of pods per plant, and 0.77 100 seeds weight. The highest plant seed yield was obtained from Cagatay x Ak 71114 hybrid and the highest 100 grain weight was obtained from Spanish parent, followed by Cagatay x Spanish crossbred. Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (DÜBAP) tarafından FBE.21.001 numaralı projeyle desteklenmiştir.

Since different varieties of crops have specific applications, it is therefore important to properly identify each cultivar, in order to avoid fake varieties being sold as genuine, i.e., fraud. Despite that properly trained human experts might accurately identify and classify crop varieties, computer vision systems are needed since conditions such as fatigue, reproducibility, and so on, can influence the expert&rsquo, s judgment and assessment. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume at the world-level and has several varieties. Three chickpea varieties with a rather similar visual appearance were studied here: Adel, Arman, and Azad chickpeas. The purpose of this paper is to present a computer vision system for the automatic classification of those chickpea varieties. First, segmentation was performed using an Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) color space threshold. Next, color and textural (from the gray level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM) properties (features) were extracted from the chickpea sample images. Then, using the hybrid artificial neural network-cultural algorithm (ANN-CA), the sub-optimal combination of the five most effective properties (mean of the RGB color space components, mean of the HSI color space components, entropy of GLCM matrix at 90&deg, standard deviation of GLCM matrix at 0&deg, and mean third component in YCbCr color space) were selected as discriminant features. Finally, an ANN-PSO/ACO/HS majority voting (MV) ensemble methodology merging three different classifier outputs, namely the hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO), hybrid artificial neural network-ant colony optimization (ANN-ACO), and hybrid artificial neural network-harmonic search (ANN-HS), was used. Results showed that the ensemble ANN-PSO/ACO/HS-MV classifier approach reached an average classification accuracy of 99.10 &plusmn, 0.75% over the test set, after averaging 1000 random iterations.

Bu araştırma 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında Fethiye/Muğla koşullarında, farklı toprak işleme (pulluk ve rotatiller), fosfor dozu (Kontrol, 3 kg/da ve 6 kg/da) ve bakteri (Rhizobia ve fosfat çözücü) aşılamanın nohutta verim ve verim öğelerine etkisinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada İnci nohut çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Deneme bölünen bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada çıkışa kadar geçen gün sayısı, çıkışta bitki sayısı, çiçeklenmeye kadar geçen gün sayısı, hasat olgunluğuna kadar geçen gün sayısı, bitki boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bitkide bakla ve tane sayısı, biyolojik verim ve tane verimi, hasatta bitki sayısı, bitkide nodül sayısı ve nodül ağırlığı, birim alan biyolojik verimi ve birim alan tane verimi, hasat indeksi ve yüz tane ağırlığına etkisi incelenmiştir. İki yılın ortalaması olarak çıkışa kadar geçen gün sayısı 18.7-23 gün, çiçeklenmeye kadar geçen gün sayısı 53.6-63.8 gün, çıkıştaki bitki sayısı 22.5-25.2 adet, bitki boyu 41.7-43.0 cm, ilk bakla yüksekliği 23.8-25.3 cm, bitkide bakla sayısı 25-30 adet, bitkide tane sayısı 26-29.2 adet, biyolojik verim 24.1-30.9 g, tane verimi 8.87-9.38 g, hasatta bitki sayısı 40.87-45.80 adet, bitkide nodül sayısı 3.7-7.1 adet, bitkide nodül ağırlığı 0.20 g, birim alan biyolojik verimi 499-514 kg/da, birim alan tane verimi 171-187 kg/da, hasat indeksi %34.5-36.4, 100 tane ağırlığı 35.7-36.0 adet arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, çalışmanın yapıldığı bölgede Rotatiller ile toprak işleme ile beraber yalnızca Rhizobia uygulamasının en yüksek verimi verdiği görülmektedir The aim of this study was research the effect of different soil tillage methods, phosphorus levels and bacteries on the yield and yield components in chickpea under Fethiye/Muğla conditions in 2017 and 2018. Chickpea variety İnci was used as materials in this study. The study was conducted at split-split plot design with the three replication. The number of days for emergence, number of plants at exit, the number of days flowering, the number of days maturity, plant heights, first pod height, numbers of pod per plant and numbers of seed per plant, biological yield and grain yield per plant, numbers of plants in harvest, number of nodules and nodule weight, biological yield and seed yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight were investigated. The average velves of characters were determined as follow. The number of days for emergence was 18.7-23 day, the number of days for floweri ng was 53.6-63.8, the number of plants at emergence was 22.5-25.2, plant height was 41.7-43 cm, first pod height was 23.8-25.3 cm, pod number per plant was 25-30, seed number per plant was 26-29.2, biological yield per plant was 24.1-30.9 g, grain yield per plant was 8.87-9.38 g, plant number in harvest was 40.8-45.8, number of nodules was 3.72-7.16, nodule weight was 0.20 g, biological yield was 499 -514 kg/da, seed yield was 171 -187 kg/da, harvest index was 34.5-36.4%, 100 seed weight was 35.7-36. As a result, its seen that the Rhizobia used only gives to highest yield with the soil treatment of rotatiles

Bu araştırma Diyarbakır’da 2018 yılı ilkbahar yetiştirme döneminde Gökçe, Diyar 95, Aziziye 94 ve Taek-Sağel nohut çeşitlerinde diamonyum fosfat, triple süper fosfat, üre ve Rhizobium ciceri bakteri uygulamalarının verim ve verim unsurlarına etkisini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada parselde bitki sayısı, çıkış süresi, % 50 çiçeklenme süresi, olgunlaşma süresi, bitkide nodul sayısı, bitkide nodul yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, bitkide yaprak alanı, bitki boyu, bitkide ana dal sayısı, bitkide bakla sayısı, tane verimi ve 100 tane ağırlığı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Deneme faktöriyel deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak, parseler 3 m uzunluğunda 4 sıra ve sıra arası 40 cm olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bitkide nodul sayısı değerleri çiçeklenme öncesi döneminde DAP uygulamasında (110.5 adet) yüksek, kontrol (81.6 adet) ve bakteri uygulamalarında (85.1 adet) düşük bulunmuştur. Çiçeklenme döneminde; bitkide nodul sayısı DAP (113.7 adet) ve (108.7 adet) fosfor uygulamaları yüksek, üre (88.5 adet) ve bakteri uygulamaları (85.1 adet) düşük bulunmuştur. Gübre uygulamalarına göre tane verimi; 132.4 kg/da ile 187.3 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Bakteri uygulaması tane veriminde 169.0 kg/da ile ikinci yüksek değeri vermiştir. DAP uygulaması yüksek değer vermiştir. TSP uygulaması düşük değer vermiştir. Bakteri uygulamasının bitki boyu, nodül sayısı, yaş ve kuru ağırlığında olumlu etkisi olmadığı, bu uygulamalarda DAP, üre ve TSP uygulamaların daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. DAP uygulamasının bitkide bakla sayısı, tane sayısı ve tane verimini önemli miktarda arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Bakteri uygulamasının bitkide bakla ve tane sayısı ile tane veriminde ikinci önemli bitki besin elementi olduğu saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nohut, Cicer arietinum L., Bakteri, Fosfor, Azot This research was carried out in Diyarbakır during the early spring growing period in 2018. This research aimed to determine the effect of diammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, urea and Rhizobium ciceri bacteria applications in Gökçe, Diyar 95, Aziziye 94 and Taek-Sağel on yield and yield components. It was investigated the number of plants per plot, the days to emergence, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of nodule per plant, nodule dry weight per plant, leaf area, plant height, number of main branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield and 100 seed weight in the study. The experiment was arranged in the factorial design with three replications, the plots were arranged in 4 rows in 3 m length and 40 cm in row spaces. The number of nodules per plant was low (110.5), low in control (81.6) and bacteria (85.1) in the pre-flowering period. DAP (113.7) and (108.7) TSP application were high, urea (88.5) and bacteria application (85.1) were found during the flowering period. Yield ranged from 132.4 kg/da to 187.3 kg/da for fertilizer application. The DAP application gave high value. Bacteria application gave the second high value for grain yield (169.0 kg/da). The TSP application for seed yield was low. It was determined that bacterial application have a negative effect on plant height, number of nodules, age and dry weight, and DAP, urea and TSP applications were more effective in these traits. DAP application increased the number of pods, grain number and seed yield in the plant. It was determined that bacteria application was the second most important plant nutrient in seed yield correlated with seed and seed number per plant. Keywords: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., Rhizobium, Phosphour, Nitrogene

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a quite high nutrient and widespread legume that is consumed globally. Similar to many plants, chickpea is sensitive to environmental stresses. The major goal of the breeders is to achieve the most tolerant cultivars. This study aims to determine the tolerance level of chickpea cultivars against cold and drought stresses. The cultivars in the scope of this study are the ones that are officially identified and grown in Turkey. Ranking alternatives according to multiple criteria is difficult and requires a systematic approach. Thus, a coherent multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology is proposed in order to ease the ranking process. The methodology includes integration of intuitionistic fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (IF-AHP) with group decision making (GDM) and goal programming (GP). This integration presents a robust ranking according to criteria that are appraised by talented experts. Applying the methodology to the data, results in the order of chickpea cultivars with regard to their cumulative tolerance to cold and drought stresses. Diyar 95 spearheads this list with its utmost performance. The main contribution of this study is the proposition of the powerful MCDM approach with systematic procedure for the ranking process of cultivars. The proposed methodology has a generic structure that can be applied to various stress problems for different plants.

There is an increased demand for canned chickpeas worldwide, which has also resulted in increased chickpea cultivation in Italy. The availability of Italian chickpea varieties, suitable for industrial transformation, is limited. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the field production of new Kabuli chickpea accessions and their suitability for industrial transformation. Thirteen accessions, provided by the International Centre for Agricultural Research of Turkey, together with ‘Blanco Sinaloa’, a commercial Mexican variety, were cultivated in Cesa, Tuscany, in 2016 and 2017. The average seed yield was 2.8 and 3.4 t ha-¹, respectively, in 2016 and 2017. Increased yield in 2017 was attributable to a more balanced rainfall pattern, compared to that in 2016 which induced increased vegetative growth. Based on production stability over the two-year trial, the varieties FLIP08-69C, FLIP-160C and FLIP05-157C turned out particularly suitable for cultivation. The climatic conditions in 2017 favored an increased presence of a Grade B seed classification [220-250 seeds per 100 g (caliber 8)] which is preferred by industry. Most varieties showed potential regarding seed dimension classification, however, of the varieties with a good production, FLIP05-157C was also characterized by seed gradation stability., Advances in Horticultural Science, Vol 32 No 4 (2018)

Нут (Cicer arietinum L.) — ценная кормовая и продовольственная зернобобовая культура, устойчивая к засухе и насекомым-вредителям. Для импортозамещения нута и расширения его посевов в Сибири необходимы новые сорта с повышенной семенной продуктивностью и устойчивостью к низким летним температурам, повышенной влажности и болезням. Цель работы — создание с использованием методов биотехнологии перспективных высокопродуктивных и устойчивых к био- и абиотическим факторам форм нута. Селекционный материал создан в Сибирском НИИ кормов методом многократного индивидуального отбора из линий, полученных с использованием методов культивирования in vitro, сомаклональной изменчивости и рекуррентной регенерации на базе сортов Краснокутский 123, Волгоградский 10, Камила 1255. Представлены результаты полевого изучения и отбора экспериментальных линий, сочетающих скороспелость с высокой семенной продуктивностью, в сложных погодных и фитосанитарных условиях 2009–2013 годов. Показана изменчивость хозяйственных признаков нута и устойчивости к основным заболеваниям. Методом множественного ранжирования линий нута по признакам семенной продуктивности, полевой устойчивости к фузариозному увяданию и поражённости семян грибной инфекцией выделены селекционные образцы и элитные растения с наибольшей продуктивностью и качеством семян, перспективные для создания новых сибирских сортов. Установлено, что сомаклональная изменчивость приводит к появлению форм нута, толерантных к патогенам и неблагоприятным гидротермическим условиям. Причиной их возникновения является спонтанная селекция на неспецифическую устойчивость к повреждающим факторам, действию которых подвергаются растительные клетки, ткани и организмы в ходе культивирования in vitro, регенерации и последующей адаптации растений-регенерантов к условиям ex vitro., The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a valuable forage and food legume crop with drought and insect pest resistance. For import substitution and expansion planting acreage of chickpea in Siberia new varieties with increased seed productivity and resistance to low summer temperatures, high humidity and diseases are necessary. Work’s aim is to create new promising forms of chickpea, which would be high productive and resistant to biotic and abiotic factors, by using biotechnology methods. The breeding material was created in the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops by multiple individual selections from lines of varieties ‘Krasnokutskiy 123’, ‘Volgogradskiy 10’, ‘Kamila 1255’. The lines were obtained by in vitro culture, somaclonal variability and recurrent regeneration. The article presents the results of field trials and selection the experimental lines combined early maturity with high seed productivity in difficult weather and phytosanitary conditions in 2009–2013. Variability of agronomic traits of chickpea and resistance to the main diseases is shown. Some breeding lines and elite plants with the highest productivity and seed quality, promising for the creation new Siberian varieties, were identified by the method of multiple ranking of the chickpea lines according to seed productivity, field resistance to fusarium wilt and infestation of seeds by fungal infection. It is established that somaclonal variability leads to the appearance of chickpea forms tolerant to pathogens and unfavorable hydrothermal conditions. The reason for their occurrence is spontaneous selection for nonspecific resistance to damaging factors, which affect to plant cells, tissues, and organisms during cultivation in vitro, regeneration and subsequent adaptation of plant regenerants to ex vitro conditions.

Нут (Cicer arietinum L.) — ценная кормовая и продовольственная зернобобовая культура, устойчивая к засухе и насекомым-вредителям. Для импортозамещения нута и расширения его посевов в Сибири необходимы новые сорта с повышенной семенной продуктивностью и устойчивостью к низким летним температурам, повышенной влажности и болезням. Цель работы — создание с использованием методов биотехнологии перспективных высокопродуктивных и устойчивых к био- и абиотическим факторам форм нута. Селекционный материал создан в Сибирском НИИ кормов методом многократного индивидуального отбора из линий, полученных с использованием методов культивирования in vitro, сомаклональной изменчивости и рекуррентной регенерации на базе сортов Краснокутский 123, Волгоградский 10, Камила 1255. Представлены результаты полевого изучения и отбора экспериментальных линий, сочетающих скороспелость с высокой семенной продуктивностью, в сложных погодных и фитосанитарных условиях 2009–2013 годов. Показана изменчивость хозяйственных признаков нута и устойчивости к основным заболеваниям. Методом множественного ранжирования линий нута по признакам семенной продуктивности, полевой устойчивости к фузариозному увяданию и поражённости семян грибной инфекцией выделены селекционные образцы и элитные растения с наибольшей продуктивностью и качеством семян, перспективные для создания новых сибирских сортов. Установлено, что сомаклональная изменчивость приводит к появлению форм нута, толерантных к патогенам и неблагоприятным гидротермическим условиям. Причиной их возникновения является спонтанная селекция на неспецифическую устойчивость к повреждающим факторам, действию которых подвергаются растительные клетки, ткани и организмы в ходе культивирования in vitro, регенерации и последующей адаптации растений-регенерантов к условиям ex vitro., The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a valuable forage and food legume crop with drought and insect pest resistance. For import substitution and expansion planting acreage of chickpea in Siberia new varieties with increased seed productivity and resistance to low summer temperatures, high humidity and diseases are necessary. Work’s aim is to create new promising forms of chickpea, which would be high productive and resistant to biotic and abiotic factors, by using biotechnology methods. The breeding material was created in the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops by multiple individual selections from lines of varieties ‘Krasnokutskiy 123’, ‘Volgogradskiy 10’, ‘Kamila 1255’. The lines were obtained by in vitro culture, somaclonal variability and recurrent regeneration. The article presents the results of field trials and selection the experimental lines combined early maturity with high seed productivity in difficult weather and phytosanitary conditions in 2009–2013. Variability of agronomic traits of chickpea and resistance to the main diseases is shown. Some breeding lines and elite plants with the highest productivity and seed quality, promising for the creation new Siberian varieties, were identified by the method of multiple ranking of the chickpea lines according to seed productivity, field resistance to fusarium wilt and infestation of seeds by fungal infection. It is established that somaclonal variability leads to the appearance of chickpea forms tolerant to pathogens and unfavorable hydrothermal conditions. The reason for their occurrence is spontaneous selection for nonspecific resistance to damaging factors, which affect to plant cells, tissues, and organisms during cultivation in vitro, regeneration and subsequent adaptation of plant regenerants to ex vitro conditions.

Нут (Cicer arietinum L.) — ценная кормовая и продовольственная зернобобовая культура, устойчивая к засухе и насекомым-вредителям. Для импортозамещения нута и расширения его посевов в Сибири необходимы новые сорта с повышенной семенной продуктивностью и устойчивостью к низким летним температурам, повышенной влажности и болезням. Цель работы — создание с использованием методов биотехнологии перспективных высокопродуктивных и устойчивых к био- и абиотическим факторам форм нута. Селекционный материал создан в Сибирском НИИ кормов методом многократного индивидуального отбора из линий, полученных с использованием методов культивирования in vitro, сомаклональной изменчивости и рекуррентной регенерации на базе сортов Краснокутский 123, Волгоградский 10, Камила 1255. Представлены результаты полевого изучения и отбора экспериментальных линий, сочетающих скороспелость с высокой семенной продуктивностью, в сложных погодных и фитосанитарных условиях 2009–2013 годов. Показана изменчивость хозяйственных признаков нута и устойчивости к основным заболеваниям. Методом множественного ранжирования линий нута по признакам семенной продуктивности, полевой устойчивости к фузариозному увяданию и поражённости семян грибной инфекцией выделены селекционные образцы и элитные растения с наибольшей продуктивностью и качеством семян, перспективные для создания новых сибирских сортов. Установлено, что сомаклональная изменчивость приводит к появлению форм нута, толерантных к патогенам и неблагоприятным гидротермическим условиям. Причиной их возникновения является спонтанная селекция на неспецифическую устойчивость к повреждающим факторам, действию которых подвергаются растительные клетки, ткани и организмы в ходе культивирования in vitro, регенерации и последующей адаптации растений-регенерантов к условиям ex vitro., The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a valuable forage and food legume crop with drought and insect pest resistance. For import substitution and expansion planting acreage of chickpea in Siberia new varieties with increased seed productivity and resistance to low summer temperatures, high humidity and diseases are necessary. Work’s aim is to create new promising forms of chickpea, which would be high productive and resistant to biotic and abiotic factors, by using biotechnology methods. The breeding material was created in the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops by multiple individual selections from lines of varieties ‘Krasnokutskiy 123’, ‘Volgogradskiy 10’, ‘Kamila 1255’. The lines were obtained by in vitro culture, somaclonal variability and recurrent regeneration. The article presents the results of field trials and selection the experimental lines combined early maturity with high seed productivity in difficult weather and phytosanitary conditions in 2009–2013. Variability of agronomic traits of chickpea and resistance to the main diseases is shown. Some breeding lines and elite plants with the highest productivity and seed quality, promising for the creation new Siberian varieties, were identified by the method of multiple ranking of the chickpea lines according to seed productivity, field resistance to fusarium wilt and infestation of seeds by fungal infection. It is established that somaclonal variability leads to the appearance of chickpea forms tolerant to pathogens and unfavorable hydrothermal conditions. The reason for their occurrence is spontaneous selection for nonspecific resistance to damaging factors, which affect to plant cells, tissues, and organisms during cultivation in vitro, regeneration and subsequent adaptation of plant regenerants to ex vitro conditions.

Bu araştırma 2018 yılında Diyarbakır'da, organik ve inorganik bitki besin elementlerinin bezelye, bakla ve nohutta verim ve verim unsurlarına etkisini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, bakla, bezelye ve nohutta diamonyum fosfat (DAP), bakteri (Rhizobium leguminoserum, R. pisi, R. ciceri) ve iki farklı organik gübre kullanılmıştır. Deneme faktöriyel deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ekim işlemi Şubat 2018 tarihinde elle yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, çiçeklenme öncesi ve sonrası dönemlerde; bitki boyu, kök boyu, gövde, kök, yaprak, nodül yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Olgunlaşma sonrası döneminde bitki boyu, bakla sayısı, tane sayısı, bitkide tane ağırlığı, bitkide bakla ağırlığı, biyolojik verim, tane verimi, 100 tane ağırlığı ve hasat indeksi ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Varyans analiz sonuçlarına göre çiçeklenme dönemlerinde gübre uygulamalarının bitki boyu, kök boyu, gövde, kök, yaprak, nodül yaş ve kuru ağırlıklarına etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Olgunlaşma sonrası dönemde gübre uygulamalarının, tane sayısı, bitkide tane ağırlığı, biyolojik verim, tane verimi, 100 tane ağırlığı ve hasat indeksine etkisi önemi bulunmuştur. Bitkide nodul sayısı çiçeklenme sonrası dönemde en yüksek değeri vermiş ve en yüksek değer her üç dönemde de nohut bitkisinde belirlenmiştir. Nodul sayısı bakımından tür x gübre uygulaması önemli bulunmuştur. Tane verimi bezelyede 121.4 kg/da, nohutta 177.4 kg/da ve baklada 244.4 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Gübre uygulamaları arasında en düşük değer 166.3 kg/da ile Organik 2 uygulamasında, en yüksek değer 194.5 kg/da ile bakteri uygulamasında belirlenmiştir. This study was carried out in Diyarbakır to determine the effect of organic and inorganic plant nutrients on yield and yield components of the pea, bean, and chickpea in 2018. In this research, diammonium phosphate, bacteria (Rhizobium leguminoserum, R. pisi, R. ciceri) and two different organic fertilizers were used in pea, bean, and chickpea. The experiment was arranged in the factorial design with three replications. Sowing was performed on February, 2018. It was investigated the plant and root height, shoot, root, leaf, nodule fresh and dry weight in flowering periods. After harvest, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed number and yield, pods weight per plant,100 seed weight, biological yield and harvest index was measured. The effect of fertilizer applications on plant height, root height, shoot, root, leaf, nodule fresh and dry weight was significant in flowering periods. The effect of fertilizer applications on the number of pods, seeds, seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, 100-grain weight and harvest index was significant after harvest. The number of nodules per plant produced the highest value in the period after flowering and the highest value was determined in chickpea crops for all three periods. Species x fertilizer interaction was significant for the number of nodules per plant. Seed yield was 121.4 kg/da in peas, 177.4 kg/da in chickpea and 244.4 kg/da in bean. The lowest value of the fertilizer application was 166.3 kg/da in organic 2 application, the highest value was determined in the bacterial application with 194.5 kg/da. 97

The objective of this research is to implement extraction and degradation methods for the obtainment of 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl] soyasapogenol B (chickpeasaponin B1) from chickpea. The effects of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) processing parameters—such as ethanol concentration, solvent/solid ratio, extraction temperature, microwave irradiation power, and irradiation time—were evaluated. Using 1g of material with 8 mL of 70% aqueous ethanol and an extraction time of 10 min at 70 °C under irradiation power 400W provided optimal extraction conditions. Compared with the conventional extraction techniques, including heat reflux extraction (HRE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), and ultrasonic extraction (UE), MAE produced higher extraction efficiency under a lower extraction time. DDMP (2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) saponin can be degraded to structurally stable saponin B by the loss of its DDMP group. The influence of pH and the concentration of potassium hydroxide on transformation efficiency of the target compound was investigated. A solution of 0.25 M potassium hydroxide in 75% aqueous ethanol was suitable for converting the corresponding DDMP saponins of chickpeasaponin B1. The implementation by the combining MAE technique and alkaline hydrolysis method for preparing chickpeasaponin B1 provides a convenient technology for future applications.

Bu çalışma, Konya koşullarında nohudun (Cicer arietinum L) optimum sulama zamanı ve seviyesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu kapsamda Azkan çeşidi nohuda çiçeklenme ve bakla dolum dönemleri dikkate alınarak; çiçeklenme döneminde tam sulama (S1), çiçeklenme döneminde % 50 kısıntılı sulama (S2), bakla dolum döneminde tam sulama (S3), bakla dolum döneminde % 50 kısıntılı sulama (S4), "çiçeklenme + bakla dolum" döneminde tam sulama (S5) ve "çiçeklenme + bakla dolum" döneminde %50 kısıntılı sulama (S6) stratejileri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Konya koşullarında nohutun "çiçeklenme ve bakla dolum" dönemlerinde eksiksiz olarak sulanması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Bu koşullarda nohudun tane verimi 351 kg/da, sulama suyu miktarı 228.8 mm ve bitki su tüketimi ise 355.4 mm olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu uygulamayı 281 ve 274 kg/da tane verimi ile sırasıyla "çiçeklenme ve bakla dolum" dönemlerinde %50 kısıntılı sulama ve bakla dolum döneminde %50 kısıntılı sulama konuları izlemiştir. Kısıtlı su kaynakları koşulunda, nohutta destek sulamanın bu iki kısıntılı sulama stratejisinden birinin uygulanması ile verimde önemli bir artış sağlanabilecektir., This study was carried out to determine the optimum irrigation time and irrigation levels of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L) for Konya conditions. In that regard, Azkan chickpea cultivar used as a research material. By considering the flowering and pod filling stages, following six irrigation strategies were studied: S1: full irrigation at flowering stage; S2: 50% deficit irrigation at flowering stage; S3: full irrigation at pod filling stage; S4: 50% deficit irrigation at pod filling stage; S5: full irrigation at flowering + pod filling stage, and S6: 50% deficit irrigation at flowering + pod filling stage. The results showed that full irrigation is needed in flowering + pod filling stage. In that condition, grain yield, applied water and crop water use of chickpea were found as 351 kg/da, 228.8 mm and 355.4 mm, respectively. This was followed by 50% deficit irrigation at flowering + pod filling stage with grain yield of 281 kg/da, and 50% deficit irrigation at pod filling stage with grain yield of 274 kg/da.Under water shortage conditions, application of supplemental irrigation with one of that two-deficit irrigation may result significant increase in yield of chickpea., Bu tez çalışması Selçuk Üniversitesi BAP Koordinatörlüğü tarafından 16201032 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.

Screening and agronomic performances of 45 chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) submitted to a limited hydrous pattern. In Tunisia, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legume grain crops. It is conducted during two periods of the year either as winter crop or as spring crop. The last type has the advantage to occupy the soil in a short period of time (February to June). However, it exposes plants to water stress. Consequently, vegetative development and grain yield are negatively affected in quantity and quality. In order to study plant reactions to drought conditions, 45 genotypes of chickpea (C. arietinum) were tested in delayed spring culture under a water stressed treatment. A field trial was carried out in the region of Chott Mariem belonging to the semi-arid superior. The drought stress is established at the beginning of flowering stage and was accentuated during the grain filling and the seed maturity phases. To evaluate the chickpea genotypes stress tolerance, parameters related to the vegetative development, the seed yield, the water use efficiency and the thermal duration were measured. The analysis of the grain yield and its components revealed that there is a biological diversity among the genotypes tested. The 45 accessions can be divided into three groups. The first one is composed of ‘Kabuli’ chickpea genotypes which are sensitive to drought stress. They are not appropriate for spring crop in semi-arid regions. The second group is composed of genotypes, of which two are of ‘Dési’ type, that are tolerant to drought stress and can be recommended for a spring crop in the superior semi-arid zones. The last group of genotypes is moderately sensitive to drought stress. They can be led as spring crop in the semi-arid superior zones with complementary irrigations.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important food legume grown in the semi-arid tropical and Mediterranean regions, suffers substantial yield loss due to drought at the end of the growing season (terminal drought), as the crop is largely grown rainfed in post-rainy season on progressively receding soil moisture conditions. Root traits have been identified to postpone dehydration (drought avoidance hereafter) under moisture stress. The root length density (RLD) in the relatively shallow soil layers and the maximum root depth (RDp) were found to positively influence the seed yield under terminal drought environments. Considerable progress has been made to improve the methodology for sampling and analysis of roots. Using a PVC cylinder technique, the mini-core collection (n=211) of chickpea germplasm was evaluated for a number of root traits, including root biomass, RLD and RDp. A few germplasm accessions were identified to have a more prolific root system than the previously identified germplasm line ICC 4958, the best-known source of high root biomass. The germplasm accession ICC 8261 was identified to have the best combination of both RLD and RDp. Molecular markers have been identified for one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) that accounts for about one-third of the variation in root biomass (as measured by total root dry matter) and RDp from study of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between ICC 4958 and Annigeri. New RIL populations, developed from two other crosses (ICC 8261 × ICC 283 and ICC 4958 × ICC 1882) involving parents having larger variation for root traits than between Annigeri and ICC 4958, are being studied to identify additional QTLs for root traits. Marker-assisted breeding for improvement of root traits in chickpea is expected to promote the development of varieties with greater drought avoidance.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important pulse crop (after dry bean and pea) and makes up 20% of the world pulse production. Twelve chickpea crosses, from ILC482 and Diyar 95 crossing, and four chickpea varieties were evaluated for yield and its components over three years in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Days to flowering in crosses was changed from 75.42 to 79.92 days. Days to maturity were varied from 109.0 to 120.2 days. Parents had the minimum and maximum time to flowering and maturity. Some crosses were taller than their parents were. Seed weight of all crosses was larger than the small seeded parent ILC 482. Grain yield was not changed among lines, and selection was done for earliness, plant height and seed weight.

Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. is the most important disease of chickpea worldwide. In kabuli chickpea germplasm, blight resistance seems to be associated with small seed size. In this study, inheritance of Ascochyta blight resistance an its relationship to seed size were studied in eight crosses between three resistant but small-seeded germplasm lines and four susceptible but large-seeded cultivars of chickpea. F1, F2 and F3 progenies were used. Two recessive genes conferring resistance to Ascochyta blight have been postulated. Significant negative correlations between Ascochyta blight resistance and seed size were observed. Correlations ranged from - 0.25* to - 0.52** for eight populations, and - 0.38** when ali populations were combined., Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. isimli mantari patojenin sebep olduğu Ascochyta blight nohutun dünya çapında en önemli hastalığıdır ve sık sık ürün kayıplarına sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışma Ascochyta blight'a dayanıklılığın kalıtımı ve dane iriliği ile olan ilişkisini araştırmak amacı ile yapılmıştır. Bunun için 3 dayanıklı fakat küçük daneli germplasm hat ve 4 hassas fakat iri daneli ebeveyn arasında yapılan 8 kombinasyondan elde edilen F1, F2 ve F3 dölleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler hastalığa dayanıklılığın iki resesif gen çifti tarafından idare edildiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca dayanıklılık ile iri danelilik arasında istatistiki olarak önemli bir negatif korelasyonun olduğu görülmüştür. Korelasyon katsayısı populasyonlara göre r = - 0.25* ile r = - 0.52** arasında değişmiş ve bütün populasyonlar birleştirildiğinde r = - 0.38** olmuştur.

No presente estudo procedeu-se ao isolamento e caracterização da fração globulina majoritária (11 S) de grão-de-bico, var. IAC-Marrocos. A globulina majoritária extraída foi isolada por cromatografia de filtração em gel e de troca-iônica mostrando apenas uma banda de proteína na eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. A globulina majoritária, após passagem em coluna de Sephadex, revelou duas bandas protéicas de 55 e 52,5kDa e três bandas menores em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. Na presença de 2-mercaptoetanol 6 polipeptídios na faixa de 18 a 42kDa foram revelados na eletroforese. A globulina isolada foi submetida à ação da tripsina e quimotripsina onde a forma nativa mostrou-se resistente à ação enzimática enquanto o aquecimento (96 e 121°C/15min) não foi suficiente para aumentar a susceptibilidade à hidrólise, significativamente. Adição de NaCl 0,3M levou a um aumento da estabilidade estrutural com menor susceptibilidade à digestão proteolítica, fato em parte perdido com o aquecimento. As hidrólises foram acompanhadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio.The isolation and characterization of the major globulin fraction (11 S) from Chickpea, vc IAC-Marrocos, were evaluated. The major globulin was extracted, isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography showing only one protein band on PAGE. The globulin, after Sephadex elution, revealed two protein bands of 55 and 52.5kDa and three minor bands on SDS-PAGE. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol six polypeptides were revealed on SDS-PAGE in the range of 18 to 42kDa. The isolated native globulin shown to be resistant to trypsin and chymotrypsin however heating at 96 and 121ºC/15min was not sufficient to increase the hydrolysis significantly. The proteolytic susceptibility of the enzymes was reduced by 0.3M NaCl addition at the assay. The salt concentration was sufficient to stabilize the native protein structure that was lost after heating as demonstrated on SDS-PAGE.

Production of grain legumes is severely reduced in salt-affected soils because their ability to form and maintain nitrogen-fixing nodules is impaired by both salinity and sodicity (alkalinity). Genotypes of chickpea, Cicer arietinum, with high nodulation capacity under stress were identified by field screening in a sodic soil in India and subsequently evaluated quantitatively for nitrogen fixation in a glasshouse study in a saline but neutral soil in the UK. In the field, pH 8?9 was the critical upper limit for most genotypes studied but genotypes with high nodulation outperformed all others at pH 9?0–9?2. The threshold limit of soil salinity for shoot growth was at ECe 3 dS m–1, except for the high-nodulation selection for which it was ECe 6. Nodulation was reduced in all genotypes at salinities above 3 dS m–1 but to a lesser extent in the high-nodulation selection, which proved inherently superior under both non-saline and stress conditions. Nitrogen fixation was also much more tolerant of salinity in this selection than in the other genotypes studied. The results show that chickpea genotypes tolerant of salt-affected soil have better nodulation and support higher rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation than sensitive genotypes

This research was carried out in Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University in 1998 year. Eser 87 chickpea variety, and 84 TH 25 FLIP and FLIP 90 173 C chickpea lines were taken to the experiment at four different sowing times (March 2, 10, 25 and April 13, 1998). According to obtained results, the highest seed yield (444.4 g/m') was obtained at the II. sowing time in Eser 87 variety although the lowest yield was (174.4 g/m') at the IV. sowing time in 84 TH 25 FLIP chickpea line. Grain yields at the fırst and second sowing times were higher than third and fourth sowing times. The higher 1000-kernel weight was obtained at the early sowing times in spite of there was no signifıcant differences among sowing times and lines. It can be recommended that, chickpea varieties which is resistant to Ascochyta blight (Ascochyt rabiei) should be sown as early as in spring depending on temperature and soil moisture content for Ankara conditions., Bu çalışma 1998 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü'nde yürütülmüştür. Eser 87 nohut çeşidi ile 84 TH 25 FLIP ve FLIP 90 173 Cnohut hatları, dört farklı ekim zamanında ( 2, 10, 25 Mart ve 13 Nisan 1998 ) denemeye alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, tane verimi en yüksek ( 444.4 g/ m2) II. ekim zamanında ve Eser 87 çeşidinde, en düşük tane verimi ise ( 174.4 g / m2) IV. ekim zamanında ve 84 TH 25 FLIP hattında elde edilmiştir. Birinci ve ikinci ekim zamanında tane verimi, üçüncü ve dördüncü ekim zamanına göre daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Bin tane ağırlığı bakımından hatlar ve ekim zamanları arasında istatistiki olarak önemli farklar olmamasına karşın, erken ekimlerde daha iri tane elde edilmiştir. Bu durumda, antraknoza (Ascochyta rabiei) dayanıklı nohut çeşitlerinin Ankara koşulları için sıcaklık ve toprak nemine bağlı olarak, ilkbaharda olabildiğince erken ekilmesi önerilebilir.

Sementes de onze lotes de grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinurn L.) foram submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento artificial, utilizando-se a temperatura de 42°C e aproximadamente 100% de umidade relativa por períodos de 0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas de exposição, na tentativa de melhor discriminar os lotes quanto ao seu nível de vigor. 0 período de 96 horas foi excessivo para a semente de grão-de-bico; o de 48 horas também se mostrou ineficiente para a espécie. Os tempos de 24 e 72 horas classificaram os lotes no mesmo número de níveis de vigor; entretanto, recomenda-se o maior período, uma vez que os lotes que apresentaram germinação acima de 82% foram mais bem discriminados quando se utilizaram 72 horas de câmara de vigor.Eleven chickpea seed lots were subjected to the artificial aging test at 42°C and 100% relative humidity for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The objective was to determine the exposure time that best discriminate the lots for the germination response after aging. The 96 hours period was too long, and the 48 hours period was inefficient; 24 and 72 hours were both similar in the lots classifying as to the seeds vigor levels. However, the 72 hours period was the best to discriminate lots whose germination values were over than 82%.

International audience

Bu çalışma, 2006 yılında Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde yürütülmüştür. Deneme sahasında en fazla yoğunluğu sırasıyla büyük pıtrak (Xanthium strumarium L.), sirken (Chenopodium album L.), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.), yer keleği (Aristolochia bottae), köpek dişi (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), kekre (Acroptilon repens L.) ve gökbaş (Centaurea cyanus L.) göstermiş ve bu otlar m2'de ortalama 38 yoğunluk teşkil etmiştir.Araştırmada İspanyol nohut çeşidinde yabancı otlara karşı trifluralin (ekim öncesi), linuron (çıkış öncesi ve sonrası) ve bunların bir, iki ve üç defa çapalama ile kombinasyonu uygulanmıştır. Sonuçta; ekim öncesi trifluralin uygulamasının nohutta önemli derecede fitotoksik etki yaptığı, çıkış sonrası linuron uygulamasının da bitkide az da olsa fitotoksik etkiye neden olduğu fakat nohut bitkisinin bunu zamanla tolere ettiği görülmüştür. Denemede en yüksek verim 115.3 kg/da ile Ekim+Çıkış Öncesi Linuron+3 çapa uygulaması yapılan parsellerden, en düşük verim ise 24.4 kg/da ile Trifluralin+Ekim+Çıkış Öncesi Linuron uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. En iyi mücadele şeklinin ise Ekim+Çıkış Öncesi Linuron+ 1 çapa olduğu bulunmuştur., This study was carried out in the Farm of Investigation and Application of the Agricultural Faculty of Süleyman Demirel University in 2006. On the study field the highest density in order has been as follows: Xanthium strumarium L., Chenopodium album L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Aristolochia bottae, Cynodon dactylon L. Pers., Acroptilon repens L., Centaurea cyanus L. and these weeds have constituted a density on average 38 in a m2 .In the study it has been applied the grubbing combination trifluralin (pre-sowing) , linuron ( pre-emergence and post-emergence ) which has been done once, twice and three times on Spanish chickpea against control of weed. Thus, it has been observed that pre-sowing trifluralin application has caused extremely fitotoxic affect, when looked at post-emergence linuron application it has been detected that this application has caused little affect on the plant , but it has been detected the plant of chickpea has gradually tolerated this. In the test the best yield with 115.3 kg/da has been gained from the parcel to which a sowing, a linuron pre-emergence, 3 grubbing applications has been applied . The least yield with 24.4 has been gained from the application of a trifluralin, a sowing and a linuron pre-emergence. The best combat method has been a sowing, a linuron pre-emergence , and 1 grubbings.

1994 tarihinde TAEK-SANAEM’de başlatılan nohut mutasyon ıslahı projesi ile; adaptasyon kabiliyeti yüksek, nadas alanlarının azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilecek, soğuğa ve kurağa dayanıklı, makineli hasada uygun, verimi ve protein oranı yüksek, iri taneli, hastalıklara özellikle antraknoza ve zararlılara dayanıklı, kaliteli mutant nohut çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu proje sonucunda geliştirilen ve 2006 yılında tescil ettirilen TAEK-SAĞEL mutant nohut çeşidinin, farklı lokasyonlarından elde edilen verim, morfolojik ve kalite özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra TAEK-SAĞEL mutant çeşidi ile birlikte üretimde kullanılan Sarı 98, Küsmen, Canıtez, ILC 482, Gökçe, Dwelly, Eser 87, Akçin, Er 99, Uzunlu 99, Kırmızı nohut çeşitleri, Sağel 88, Ak 71114 ve Gökçe’den geliştirilen M4 aşamasındaki 2 mutant hattın moleküler ayrımı için PCR bazlı SSR işaretleyicileri kullanılarak bunlar arasındaki farklılık ve akrabalık seviyesi saptanmıştır. A mutation breeding programme was initiated at the Nuclear Agriculture Section of the Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training Center in 1994 by which good quaility chickpea mutants with higher adaptation ability, have a contribution to decreasing fallowing land, tolerant to cold and drought, increased machinery harvest type ability, high yielding and protein content, with large seeds, resistant to diseases especially to antracnose and pest, higher yield are aimed to be improved. By the end of the project, improved and officially registrated (2006) TAEK-SAĞEL mutant type was examined in different locations due to its yield, morphology and quality. Besides, for the molecular seperation of chickpea types, which are breed together with TAEK-SAĞEL, Sarı 98, Küsmen, Canıtez, ILC 482, Gökçe, Dwelly, Eser 87, Akçin, Er 99, Uzunlu 99, Kırmızı Nohut, Sağel 88, Ak 71114 and two mutant M4 lines developed from Gökçe were determined in terms of diversity and relationship by PCR-based SSR markers.

TENMAK D.N.. 9940 Nohut Türkiye’de önemli bir baklagil bitkisidir. Türkiye baklagil açısından önemli gen merkezlerinden biridir. Nohut’un en çok bilinen özelliği insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde kullanılan önemli bitkisel protein kaynağı olmasıdır. Bununla beraber, geleneksel besin çeşidimiz olan buğdaya göre nohut 2-3 kat fazla proteine sahiptir. Ayrıca yüksek karbonhidrat içermeleri nedeni ile de önemli enerji kaynağı olarak değer taşır. Bunun yanında bazı vitaminler ve minarelerce de oldukça zengindir. Bitki ıslahında mutasyon çalışmaları mevcut gen havuzunun genişletilmesinde etkin bir yoldur. Yemeklik tane baklagillerde de mutasyon ıslahı çalışmalarının çok başarılı, önemli ve etkin bir ıslah yöntemi olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Mutasyon ıslahı çalışmalarının, bu potansiyeli dikkate alınarak, 1994 yılında Sarayköy Nükleer Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi’nde (SANAEM) nohutta mutasyon ıslahı programı başlatılmıştır. 1994 tarihinde TAEK’de başlatılan nohut mutasyon ıslahı projesi; adaptasyon kabiliyeti yüksek, nadas alanlarının azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilecek, soğuğa ve kurağa dayanıklı, makineli hasada uygun, verimi, protein oranı yüksek, iri taneli, hastalıklara özellikle antraknoza ve zararlılara dayanıklı, kaliteli mutant nohut çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu araştırmada başlangıç materyali olarak ILC 482, AK 71114 ve AKÇİN 91 nohut çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Denemede kullanılan nohut çeşitlerinin nem oranı %9 ve çimlenme yüzdesi %98’dir. Tohumlar 13 Nisan 1994 tarihinde Kobalt-60 ((60)Co) kaynağında; a) Sera denemesi için 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500 ve 600 Gy’lik dozlarda, b) Tarla denemesi için 0 (Kontrol), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 ve 400 Gy’lik dozlarda ışınlanmıştır [I, 2]. M(1) generasyonunda her doz için 1000 tohum tarlaya ekilmiştir. Olgunlaşma zamanında elde edilen 3500 fertil bitkinin her birinden alınan 20 tohum ile M(2) generasyonu oluşturulmuştur. Bitki gelişme süresince istenen özelliklere sahip mutantlar (erkenci, yüksek verimli, ilk bakla yükseliği yüksek (makinalı haşata uygun), kaliteli ve Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] dayanıklı,) üstün özelik gösteren mutant hatlar seçilmiştir. M(2) generasyonunda istenilen özelliklere göre seçilen 2520 tek bitki ve doz bulklarında M(3) generasyonu oluşturulmuştur. M(3-4) generasyonunda hatların protein oranları belirlenmiştir. M(5-7) generasyonunda çeşitlere ait mutant döl sıraları ana çeşitler ve yaygın olarak ekilen diğer çeşitlerle karşılaştırmalı mikro verim ve verim denemeleri kurulmuş, deneme süresince tarla gözlemleri, kalite özelliklerine (tane iriliği, pişme süresi ve protein oranına) göre I(2) mutant hat seçilmiştir. Mutant hatlar kontrolleri ile birlikte Orta Anadolu bölgesinde iki lokasyonda Sarayköy (SANAEM) ve Haymana (TARM) 2002(M(8)) ve 2003(M(9)) yılında verim denemeleri tesadüf bloklar deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür[3], Verim, tane iriliği ve şekli, ilk bakla yüksekliği, Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] dayanıklı, pişme özellikleri ve protein oranları istatistiki olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu denemeler sonucunda standartlara göre üstün özellikler göstermesi nedeni ile 2004 yılında TAEK-SAĞEL-150 ve TAEK-SAĞEL-100 mutant hatlarının tescil işlemleri Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Koruma Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi Müdürlüğünce başlatılmıştır. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Koruma Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi Müdürlüğünce 2 yıl (2004-2005) süre ile 5 farklı lokasyonda yapılan tescil denemeleri sonucunda [Kontrollere göre erkenci (95-100 gün), yüksek verimli (180-220 kg/da), yüksek protein oranına sahip (% 22-25), 100 tane ağırlığı (42-48 gr), pişme süresi (35-40 dak.), Ascochyta blight’a [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] dayanıklı ve kaliteli olduğu belirlenen TAEK-SAĞEL 150 mutant hattı, TAEK-SAĞEL adı ile 12 Nisan 2006 tarihinde TAEK adına tescil edilmiştir. TAEK SAĞEL Mutant Nohut çeşidi 12 Ağustos 2006 tarihli ve 26257 sayılı Resmi Gazete de yayınlanarak milli çeşit listesinde yerini almış ve Türk Tarımının hizmetine sunulmuştur. Elit tohumluk üretimi ve diğer bölgelere adaptasyon çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir. Chickpea is an important food legume in Turkey. Turkey is one of the most important gene centers in the world for legumes. The most widely known characteristic of chickpea is that it is an important vegetable protein source used in human and animal nutrition. However, the dry grains of chickpea, has 2-3 times more protein than our traditional food of wheat. In addition, cheakpea is also energy source because of its high carbohydrate content. It is very rich in some vitamin and mineral basis. In the plant breeding, mutation induction has become an effective way of supplementing existing germplasm and improving cultivars. Many successful examples of mutation induction have proved that mutation breeding is an effective and important approach to food legume improvement. The induced mutation technique in chickpea has proved successful and good results have been attained. Realizing the potential of induced mutations, a mutation breeding programme was initiated at the Nuclear Agriculture Section of the Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center in 1994. The purpose of the study was to obtain high yielding chickpea mutants with large seeds, good cooking quality and high protein content. Beside this some characters such as higher adaptation ability, tolerant to cold and drought, increased machinery harvest type, higher yield, resistant to diseases especially to antracnose and pest were investigated too. Parents varieties were ILC-482, AK-7II4 and AKÇIN-9I (9 % seed moisture content and germination percentage 98 %) in these experiments. The irradiation doses were 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500 ve 600 Gy for greenhouse experiments and 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 ve 400 Gy for field experiments, respectively. One thousand seeds for per treatment were sown in the field for the Mr At maturity, 3500 single plants were harvested and 20 seeds were taken from each M(1) plant and planted in the following season. During plant growth, mutants ofthe desired traits [earliness, yield per plant, first pot height and resistance to Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei)] were identified an isolated. 2520 desirable M(2) mutants were selected and grown in progeny rows as the M(3) generation. The protein contents of seeds were analyzed for the M(3)-M(4) seeds. In M(5)-M(7) generation, preliminary yield trials had been conducted and based on field observations, quality criteria (grain size, grain type, cooking and protein) analyses, and later 12 mutant lines were selected.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:53:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:25:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 No presente estudo procedeu-se ao isolamento e caracterização da fração globulina majoritária (11 S) de grão-de-bico, var. IAC-Marrocos. A globulina majoritária extraída foi isolada por cromatografia de filtração em gel e de troca-iônica mostrando apenas uma banda de proteína na eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. A globulina majoritária, após passagem em coluna de Sephadex, revelou duas bandas protéicas de 55 e 52,5kDa e três bandas menores em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. Na presença de 2-mercaptoetanol 6 polipeptídios na faixa de 18 a 42kDa foram revelados na eletroforese. A globulina isolada foi submetida à ação da tripsina e quimotripsina onde a forma nativa mostrou-se resistente à ação enzimática enquanto o aquecimento (96 e 121°C/15min) não foi suficiente para aumentar a susceptibilidade à hidrólise, significativamente. Adição de NaCl 0,3M levou a um aumento da estabilidade estrutural com menor susceptibilidade à digestão proteolítica, fato em parte perdido com o aquecimento. As hidrólises foram acompanhadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. The isolation and characterization of the major globulin fraction (11 S) from Chickpea, vc IAC-Marrocos, were evaluated. The major globulin was extracted, isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography showing only one protein band on PAGE. The globulin, after Sephadex elution, revealed two protein bands of 55 and 52.5kDa and three minor bands on SDS-PAGE. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol six polypeptides were revealed on SDS-PAGE in the range of 18 to 42kDa. The isolated native globulin shown to be resistant to trypsin and chymotrypsin however heating at 96 and 121ºC/15min was not sufficient to increase the hydrolysis significantly. The proteolytic susceptibility of the enzymes was reduced by 0.3M NaCl addition at the assay. The salt concentration was sufficient to stabilize the native protein structure that was lost after heating as demonstrated on SDS-PAGE. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Fundação Educacional de Barretos Faculdade de Ciências UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição

Efficacy of seed treatments in controlling seedling diseases of chickpea ('Cicer arietinum' L.), caused by 'Rhizoctonia solani' (Ku?hn), was determined in growthroom and field trials. Treatment and check means were compared by ANOVA and means separation tests, and by the novel method of profile analysis in which efficacy is regressed against disease. For disease measured as stand loss, the model is T/C1 - C2/C1 = a + b(1-C2/C1), where T = treatment, C1 = uninoculated untreated check, and C2 = inoculated untreated check. Stand of checks was varied using 4 cultivars and 4-6 inoculum concentrations. All analyses showed that efficacy of seed treatments declined from excellent to moderate in the order ICIA5504 (azoxystrobin), Crown (carbathiin + thiabendazole), Raxil FL (tebuconazole), and Apron Maxx RTA (fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M). Efficacy profile analysis revealed a direct relationship between efficacy and disease level, which provides methods for expressing and predicting product performance across trials.

Production of grain legumes is severely reduced in salt-affected soils because their ability to form and maintain nitrogen-fixing nodules is impaired by both salinity and sodicity (alkalinity). Genotypes of chickpea, Cicer arietinum, with high nodulation capacity under stress were identified by field screening in a sodic soil in India and subsequently evaluated quantitatively for nitrogen fixation in a glasshouse study in a saline but neutral soil in the UK. In the field, pH 8?9 was the critical upper limit for most genotypes studied but genotypes with high nodulation outperformed all others at pH 9?0–9?2. The threshold limit of soil salinity for shoot growth was at ECe 3 dS m–1, except for the high-nodulation selection for which it was ECe 6. Nodulation was reduced in all genotypes at salinities above 3 dS m–1 but to a lesser extent in the high-nodulation selection, which proved inherently superior under both non-saline and stress conditions. Nitrogen fixation was also much more tolerant of salinity in this selection than in the other genotypes studied. The results show that chickpea genotypes tolerant of salt-affected soil have better nodulation and support higher rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation than sensitive genotypes

The chickpea seed germination was carried out in 6 days. During the period it was observed a little variation on total nitrogen contents, however the non protein nitrogen was double. A decrease of 19.1 and 20.6% in relation to total nitrogen was observed to the total globulin and albumin fractions, respectively. The gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B and SDS-PAGE demonstrated alterations on the distribution patterns of the albumin and total globulin fractions between the initial and the sixth day of germination suggesting the occurrence of protein degradation in the germination process.The assay for acid protease only appeared in the albumin fraction with casein and chickpea total globulin as substrates, whereas the former was more degradated than the latter, however the transformations detected in the protein fractions apppear indicated that others enzymes could be acting during the process. The trypsin inhibitor activity had a little drop after six day of germination indicating a possible increase on the digestibility of the proteins. Variación de las fracciones proteínicas, inhibidor de tripsina y actividad proteolítica durante la germinación de las semillas de garbanzo. La germinación de las semillas de garbanzo fue realizada durante 6 días. En ese período fue observada una pequeña variación en el contenido de nitrógeno total, sin embargo el contenido de nitrógeno no proteico duplicó. Una disminución de 19,1 y 20,6% en relación al nitrógeno total fue observada para las fracciones de globulina total y albúmina, respectivamente. La cromatografia de filtración en gel de Sepharose CL-6B y PAGE-SDS demostraron alteraciones en el perfíl de distribución de las fracciones albúmina y globulina total entre el inicio y final de la germinación, sugiriendo que ocurrió degradación de proteina durante el proceso de germinación. La actividad de la enzima proteasa ácida solamente fue detectada en la fracción albúmina utilizándose caseína y globulina total como substrato de la reacción, siendo la primera mas degradada que la última, entretanto las transformaciones detectadas en las fracciones proteicas parecen indicar que otras enzimas podrían estar actuando durante ese proceso. La actividad del inhibidor de tripsina presentó pequeña alteración despues de 6 días de germinación indicando posiblemente un aumento en la digestibilidad de las proteínas.

In the Mediterranean basin, chickpea is a traditionally spring-sowing crop, which is grown on soil with residual moisture from winter. The yield of chickpea is restricted by limited moisture availability and spring sowing which coincıdes with limiting temperature during the reproductive phase of the growth, a particularly sensitive stage of the phenological development. Winter-sown chickpea has almost double-yield compared to the traditional spring- sown crop, provided cultivars posses tolerance to cold and Ascochyta blight. Winter sowing allows the crop to be harvested by machine. Morever, winter-sowing is the more fixed nitrojen than spring-sown. Hovewer, there is weed promlem in the winter sowings and seeds of winter cultivars is small. In this study, characterİstics and procedures of the chickpea growing and breeding for winter-sowing are also evalueted., Akdeniz havzasında nohut geleneksel olarak yazlık ekilen bir bitkidir. Bu koşullarda, ürün kıştan kalan toprak nemi ile meydana gelmektedir. Nohutun verimi, sınırlı toprak neminin alınabi1 ir 1igi ile belirlenmekte ve yazlık ekimlerde generatif dönemin yüksek sıcaklıklara rastlamasıyla olumsuz olarak etkilenmektedir. Soğuğa ve antraknoza dayanıklı çeşitlerle nohutun kışlık ekimi, geleneksel ekim sistemi ile karşılaştırdığında verim iki katına çıkmaktadır. Kışlık ekimler makinalı hasada uygundurlar ve kışlık ekimle toprağa daha fazla azot bağlanmaktadır. Bununla beraber, kışlık ekimlerde yabancı ot promlemi önemli bir sorundur ve kışlık çeşitlerin daneleri de küçüktür. Ayrıca bu çalışmada, kışlık nohut ekiminin karakteristiği ve kışlık nohut geliştirme için uygulanan ıslah prosedürleri değerlendirilmektedir.

The chick pea germplasm collection maintained at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, is the largest collection of this crop available in one place. This collection was grown in instalments and described for qualitative and agronomical traits. The importance and distribution of six qualitative traits, namely flower colour, plant colour, growth habit, seed shape, seed surface and seed colour have been discussed.