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Many adolescent health surveys ask if respondents are male or female. Non-response may be due to fear of de-anonymisation or being a gender-nonconforming youth. The present study investigates the frequency of non-response and its potential reasons. To this end, data from 54,833 adolescents aged 11–18 from six countries, participating in the 2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, were analysed. Respondents were divided into three groups: (1) "Responders" who answered both questions on age and gender, (2) "Age non-responders" who did not answer the question on age, and (3) "Gender non-responders" who answered the question on age but not the one on gender. These groups were compared regarding their non-response to other questions and regarding their health. Overall, 98.0% were responders, 1.6% were age non-responders and 0.4% were gender non-responders. On average, age non-responders skipped more questions (4.2 out or 64) than gender non-responders (3.2) and responders (2.1). Gender non-responders reported more psychosomatic complaints, more frequent substance use and lower family support than responders. This study shows that age and gender non-responders differ in their response styles, suggesting different reasons for skipping the gender question. The health disparities found between the groups suggest that further research should use a more nuanced approach, informed by LGBT+ youth's insights, to measure sex assigned at birth and gender identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Identify the relationship between experiences of discrimination or violence and health outcomes for transgender and nonbinary Black, Indigenous and People of Colour (BIPOC) compared to their white trans and nonbinary peers. Design: A national online survey, the 2019 Canadian Trans and Nonbinary Youth Health Survey, was conducted among youth ages 14–25, in English and French. Methods: Participants were recruited from November 2018 to May 2019 (N = 1519). BIPOC youth comprised 25.7% of the sample (n = 390). Questions about six types of discrimination (e.g. racism and sexism) and violence (physically threatened or injured), plus foregone health care, self‐harm and suicidality were drawn from existing validated measures. Analyses involved cross‐tabulations with chi‐square tests and logistic regressions. Results: Trans and non‐binary BIPOC reported significantly higher prevalence of suicide attempts (24.9% vs. 19.5%) and violence victimization compared to white youth. They had significantly higher odds of self‐harm and foregone health care when experiencing discrimination by ethnicity or culture. All types of violence were significantly associated with higher odds of foregone physical health care, self‐harm, suicide ideation and suicide attempt. Conclusion: In Canada, trans and nonbinary youth who are BIPOC face disparities in health outcomes and experiences of violence and discrimination compared to white trans and nonbinary youth. Impact Nurses should assess for violence exposure and discrimination among trans and/or nonbinary youth of colour, and promote health equity by advocating for policies to reduce violence and discrimination, including racism, for trans and nonbinary young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]