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This document is an introduction to a special collection of papers in honor of Robert Deschenaux, a chemist who made significant contributions to the field of soft materials. Deschenaux was born in Switzerland in 1957 and obtained his PhD in chemistry in 1983. Throughout his career, he conducted research on various topics including metal complexes, liquid-crystalline materials, and dendrimers. Deschenaux also played a role in teaching and promoting chemistry. The special collection of papers was organized to celebrate his retirement and his outstanding contributions to the field. [Extracted from the article]

Chemistry researchers are frequently evaluated on the perceived significance of their work with the citation count as the most commonly-used metric for gauging this property. Recent studies have called for a broader evaluation of significance that includes more nuanced bibliometrics as well as altmetrics to more completely evaluate scientific research. To better understand the relationship between metrics and peer judgements of significance in chemistry, we have conducted a survey of chemists to investigate their perceptions of previously published research. Focusing on a specific issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society published in 2003, respondents were asked to select which articles they thought best matched importance and significance given several contexts: highest number of citations, most significant (subjectively defined), most likely to share among chemists, and most likely to share with a broader audience. The answers to the survey can be summed up in several observations. The ability of respondents to predict the citation counts of established research is markedly lower than the ability of those counts to be predicted by the h-index of the corresponding author of each article. This observation is conserved even when only considering responses from chemists whose expertise falls within the subdiscipline that best describes the work performed in an article. Respondents view both cited papers and significant papers differently than papers that should be shared with chemists. We conclude from our results that peer judgements of importance and significance differ from metrics-based measurements, and that chemists should work with bibliometricians to develop metrics that better capture the nuance of opinions on the importance of a given piece of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two books published in 1969 and 1973, the philosopher François Dagognet articulated a sharp contrast between the verbal and the visual in the history of chemical representation. Ursula Klein took up Dagognet’s argument as both inspiration and foil in her account of Berzelian formulas as productive “paper tools.” Building on Klein’s work, I show how Dagognet portrayed chemical names and formulas not just as representations and paper tools, but as material abstractions that were objects of inquiry in themselves. Dagognet associated this way of doing chemistry with chemists’ use of computers, citing the work of the physical organic chemist Jacques-Émile Dubois. However, I show that chemical editors and mathematicians had begun to treat chemical names and formulas in this way long before anyone used computers for such studies. Indeed, some of the techniques of graph theory central to the application of computers to chemistry in the mid-twentieth century were themselves in part derived half a century earlier from the application of chemical formulas to mathematical reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic chemists at Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States were surveyed on the time and effort they spend on peer reviews and how they rate themselves as reviewers. Thirty percent of the respondents reviewed 16 or more papers yearly. This seemingly high number is consistent with the number of papers some scientists publish, and the rough estimate of two to three reviews is obtained per manuscript submission. Approximately 30% of the respondents reported that they spent two hours or less per review; that 60% rate themselves as strong or very strong reviewers; that the youngest reviewers are more likely to be compulsive in their reviewing; and that respondents who spend more time on reviews complete fewer reviews per year. Sixty percent of the respondents categorized themselves as strong or very strong reviewers, suggesting that most scientists see reviewing papers as an essential component of their professional responsibilities. These ratings suggest an opportunity to improve peer review quality. Good citizenship within the scientific community suggests that each scientist should review ca. two to three times as many papers each year as they submit, and that reviewers need to see reviewing as "providing to others what authors hope reviewers will provide to them." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the research performance of chemists at the Seoul National University (SNU) in Seoul, South Korea, based on the numerous articles appearing in journals and citations received covered by Science Citation Index CD-ROM, 1992-1998. Description of the publication pattern of SNU; Impact of cited papers on research performance.

It is a reasonable question to ask, why, as of 1965 when the five Woodward‐Hoffmann communication appeared, did no other physical chemist or chemical physicist or theoretical chemist discover the orbital symmetry rules for all pericyclic reactions? Two theoretical chemists – Luitzen Oosterhoff (in 1961) and Kenichi Fukui (in 1964) had discovered portions of the orbital symmetry rules; their stories appear in the papers immediately preceding this paper which is Paper 5 in a 27‐paper series on the history of Woodward‐Hoffmann rules. Concise yet telling stories of 19 other chemists who could have, might have, perhaps even should have discovered the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules are presented with explanations as to why they did not do so. Social, political, and scientific explanations will summarize the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elaboration of azo dyes using a variety of transition-metal-catalysed reactions (Stille, Heck, Ullmann, and Suzuki couplings) is reported. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of functionalised coumarin azo dye conjugates, substrates which may find potential application in the development of new sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of University Chemistry is the property of Peking University, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a compliment to several other publications that present and honor Rolf Huisgen's research achievements, the first part of this paper reveals the human side of this eminent chemist. From excerpts from many of his personal and professional writings, Huisgen's personality and philosophies of life are revealed. Also revealed is Huisgen functioning as a historian of chemistry. The second part of this paper examines the scientometrics of Huisgen's publication history. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Huisgen's career experienced a major transition in terms of publication metrics and the influence these papers had on the organic chemistry community. This was the result of his research into 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. Citations to his scientific contributions are well spread over many of his papers, demonstrating his constant work and the building up of a research topic, which continued after his official retirement in 1988. In fact, 17 % of his more than 600 publications appeared after 1988. The majority of Huisgen's papers were co‐authored with his many graduate and postdoctoral students. Consistent with the trend of that era, Huisgen was the sole author of most of his Review articles, and not just those of his many plenary lectures, and it is those Review articles that proved to be his most cited publications. This demonstrates the power and influence of Review articles—secondary sources, in the vocabulary of historians and sociologists of science. In those Review articles, Huisgen principally described the state of the art of 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions—his golden offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a reasonable question to ask, why, as of 1965 when the five Woodward‐Hoffmann communications appeared, did no other organic chemist discover the orbital symmetry rules for pericyclic reactions? The previous two papers in this 27‐paper series on the history of the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules discussed the physical chemists, chemical physicists, and theoretical chemists who could have solved the pericyclic no‐mechanism problem; and the organic chemists in whose laboratory many of the key hints to this problem were found but still did not solve the problem. The stories of 16 other chemists who knew of (at least portions of) the pericyclic no‐mechanism problem are presented in this paper. Social, political, and scientific explanations are presented as partial rationalizations as to why none of these individuals – except Woodward with Hoffmann – solved the pericyclic no‐mechanism problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a reasonable question to ask, why, as of 1965 when the five Woodward‐Hoffmann communications appeared, did no other organic chemist discover the orbital symmetry rules for pericyclic reactions? Two theoretical chemists – Luitzen Oosterhoff (in 1961) and Kenichi Fukui (in 1964) had discovered portions of the orbital symmetry rules before Woodward and Hoffmann. Why not organic chemists? Indeed, perhaps the greatest motivation to discover the mechanism of a mysterious reaction is to uncover key examples of that mysterious reaction in your very own laboratory. The stories of 20 chemists and R. B. Woodward are discussed in this paper which is Paper 6 in a 27‐paper series on the history of Woodward‐Hoffmann rules. Social, political, and scientific explanations will also be presented as partial explanations as to why none of these individuals – except Woodward with Hoffmann – solved the pericyclic no‐mechanism problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many current reports in the scientific literature describe novel fluorescent probes intended to provide information on various structures or properties of live cells by using microscopic imaging. Unfortunately, many such reports fail to provide key information regarding the staining process. It is often the case that neither the necessary minimum technical detail (probe concentration, solvent and cosolute, temperature and time of staining, and details of post-staining washes) nor a discussion of the proposed staining mechanism are provided. Such omissions make it unnecessarily difficult for biomedical end-users to try out reported novel probes in their own laboratories. The validity of these criticisms is explored and demonstrated by a detailed analysis of 75 non-cherry-picked articles describing novel fluorescent probes for the detection of lipid droplets in live cells. This dataset also suggests that papers from journals with high journal impact factors or from better-known research groups are no more likely to provide better protocol information or discussion of the mechanism than papers from less prestigious sources. Comments on possible reasons for this suboptimal reporting are offered. The use of a suitable information/feature checklist, following best practice in many leading chemical and biological journals, is suggested as a mechanism for ameliorating this situation, with a draft checklist being provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We re-examine the history of the element "nipponium" discovered by a Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa in 1908. Since 1996 H.K. Yoshihara has made extensive research into Ogawa's work and revealed evidence that nipponium proposed for the place of the atomic number of 43 was actually rhenium (75). In this paper, we provide critical re-interpretations of the existing information and confirmed that Ogawa left indisputable evidence that nipponium was in fact rhenium. We further discuss the reasons for the existing doubts and criticism against Ogawa's discovery and Yoshihara's interpretation, and attempt to resolve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces that Thomas Lummerstorfer has received the 2007 ABC Best Paper Award from "Springer."

Reports that chemist Christoph Meyer has won the 2005 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Best Paper Award. Overview of his paper on the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation abilities of novel polymer-based chromatographic reversed-phase stationary phases; Background on HPLC with nuclear magnetic resonance; His career and academic background.

Lutosław Wolniewicz, one of prominent quantum chemists, known for his seminal works on the structure and spectra of the hydrogen molecule and its isotopomers, passed away in December 2020. This paper presents his life and works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1909, Lewis and Tolman, then physical chemists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, wrote a paper which built on an earlier paper by Lewis. This gave a more mechanics-based approach to the subject, in contrast to Einstein's original work which drew on electrodynamics. This work played a significant role in the early development of special relativity theory, then only four years old and still under heated discussion worldwide. This paper with Tolman, though a relatively minor part of Lewis's overall work, has historical and pedagogical value and gives a glimpse of his breadth, early growth and influence as a scientist. The present article outlines the arguments of their 1909 paper, and places it in context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces that Wei Sun has the 2008 Best Paper Award from "Analytical and Biochemical Chemistry" for his research in differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.

Copyright of University Chemistry is the property of Peking University, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text is a foreword from the President of the Organizing Committee of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. The President expresses their pleasure in being able to hold an in-person meeting after a three-year break due to COVID-19. They highlight the importance of conferences for exchanging academic information, building personal networks, and educating students. The President also mentions the introduction of "Select Lectures" as a new approach, where award-winning speakers were selected for their innovative research in various fields related to oleo-materials, nanotechnology, surfactants, detergents, lipids, fats, oils, nutrition, health functions, and foods. The speakers were given the opportunity to publish their papers in the Journal of Oleo Science. The President hopes that this collection of papers will inspire future participants and encourage them to submit their own research. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the Intersectional Technical Paper Competition to be conducted at the Disneyland Hotel in Anaheim, California on November 2, 1978, during the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists' (AATCC) Technical Conference. It presents that four papers that will be competing, along with information on the chairman and speaker of the research team as well as the committee members. Moreover, a list of the judges and alternates is provided along with the sections winners of the competition from 1940 to 1977.

Members of the Interactive Online Network of Inorganic Chemists (IONiC) report the development and sustained efforts to provide virtual professional development sessions: Supporting Learning with Interactive Teaching: a Hosted, Engaging Roundtable (SLiThEr). SLiThEr's emerged from a community need at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic; since then, SLiThEr's have become a standard event for the IONiC community. SLiThEr's are real- time virtual community events, after which a recording of the SLiThEr is posted on the IONiC YouTube channel. In this paper, an overview of the structure, format, and emergence of SLiThEr's is reported, followed by evaluation of SLiThEr offerings, a plan for future SLiThEr offerings, and a discussion of how SLiThEr's impact teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this special section of Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering are a collection of the best microengineering papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology (MMB 2013) which took place in the seaside town of Marina del Rey, California, USA on 10–12 April, 2013. During the 3-day conference, participants enjoyed talks from 6 invited keynote speakers and 125 flash oral/poster presentations. The MMB conference is a biennial meeting with the primary purpose of fostering interactions between biologists and medical researchers, clinicians, chemists, physicists and engineers to enhance and strengthen the potential microtechnologies that will revolutionize the fields of medicine and biological sciences. The conference possesses a unique format where all poster presenters provide a brief 60 s oral presentation highlighting their research. This format was devised to provide training and exposure for young researchers, especially PhD students and postdocs, in the field and stimulate interdisciplinary exchanges. Therefore, MMB provides an intimate intellectual venue the facilitate discussions and collaborations to advance new research tools and technologies for medicine and biological sciences. The MMB conference series was co-founded by Professor David Beebe (University of Wisconsin—Madison) and Professor André Dittmar (University of Lyon) and was the first international meeting to provide a forum focusing on emerging applications of microtechnologies to unmet needs in medicine and biology. The series was held for the first time in 2000, in Lyon, France and followed by Madison, USA (2002), Oahu Island in Hawaii, USA (2005), Okinawa, Japan (2006), Québec City, Canada (2009), Lucerne, Switzerland (2011), and Marina del Rey, USA (2013). The next conference will be held in Seoul, Korea in 2015. This collection of articles highlights recent progress in microtechnologies with medical and biological applications. We are grateful to the many authors who contributed their research achievements to this exciting issue and to the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable insights and suggestions. We would also like to express our thanks to our colleagues on the international steering committee for their dedicated review of the selected presentations that appears at the conference. Finally, we appreciate the support of the editorial staff of Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering for this inaugural MMB special issue. We look forward to continued collaboration in future MMB conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the XLI Congress of Theoretical Chemists of Latin Expression was held in Italy (Torino, July 26-31, 2015). Published as part of the special collection of articles "CHITEL 2015 - Torino - Italy.". [Extracted from the article]

In 1929 Paul A. M. Dirac claimed that “the underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of ... the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble.” This sentence of Dirac's is cited frequently by historians and philosophers of chemistry in the context of discussions on the hypothetical reduction of chemistry to physics. But how did chemists themselves react to Dirac's claim? Did they feel threatened by physicists who felt they could do their job better than themselves? Did they feel indifferent, or did they simply not care? Was Dirac's paper often cited by chemists? Why was it cited? In this paper, I provide answers to these questions on the basis of an analysis of citations to Dirac's 1929 paper in the Science Citation Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on critique of contemporary work in information retrieval. Bar-Hillel's use of the term "literature search" likewise has objections. According to the established meaning, a chemist "searches the literature" to find out (for example) if a given compound was over before produced. He wants at least a "yes" or "no" answer. Thus an information retrieval system can provide great assistance to a chemist in his job of searching the literature by helping him to find documents, but it cannot do his "literature searching."

In this paper, the practice of chemistry is viewed in terms of the interaction of three elements – the physical world (at the molecular level), the conceptual world (the canon of chemistry) and the social world (the community of chemists). This interaction, which is based on critical realist ideas such as, for example, the transitive and intransitive dimensions of reality, affords a clear distinction between the practice of chemistry as science and the practice of chemistry as technology. It also shows the significance of the particularity of the chemist in the practice of chemistry. Finally, it allows a coherent philosophical foundation for chemistry research and chemistry education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoline is a privileged heterocyclic ring which can be found in many drug molecules and bioactive compounds. The development of synthetic methods for making quinoline derivatives continuously attracts the interest of organic and medicinal chemists. This paper highlights 2-azidobenzaldehyde-based [4+2] annulation for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives including fused and spiro-quinolines, quinoline-4-ols, 4-aminoquinolines, and related compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemist Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762–1807) coined the term "stoichiometry" and proposed the "law of definite proportions." He is also commonly acknowledged as having been a student of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). This paper demonstrates how Kant's philosophy positively shaped Richter's approach to chemistry in the Anfangsgründe der Stöchiometrie (1792–1794) and outlines two ways in which Richter attempted to represent the chemical force in "pure intuition": (1) "reductionistic forces," in which qualitative features scale with the quantity of matter; and (2) generalized "abstracted forces," in which a plurality of dissolution- and bonding-properties are latent within the chemical in the manifold of space-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocycles, compounds featuring heteroatoms like nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen, are integral in fields such as synthesis, pharmacology, and medicine. Among these, benzothiazoles, formed by fusing thiazole with benzene, hold significant prominence. Their unique reactivity, especially at the carbon position between nitrogen and sulfur, has sparked wide interest. Notably, 2-substituted benzothiazoles exhibit diverse biological activities, including anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, making them valuable in drug discovery. This review unveils an array of mesmerizing methods employed by chemists to prepare these compounds using 2-aminothiophenol as one of the precursors with other varied reactants. From novel strategies to sophisticated methodologies, each section of this review provides a glimpse into the fascinating world of synthetic chemistry of 2-substituted benzothiazoles. Delving into the diverse synthetic applications of 2-substituted benzothiazoles, this paper not only enriches our understanding of their synthesis but also sparks the imagination with the possibilities for future advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite persistent efforts in understanding the creativity of scientists over different career stages, little is known about the underlying dynamics of research topic switching that drives innovation. Here, we analyze the publication records of individual scientists, aiming to quantify their topic switching dynamics and its influence. We find that the co-citing network of papers of a scientist exhibits a clear community structure where each major community represents a research topic. Our analysis suggests that scientists have a narrow distribution of number of topics. However, researchers nowadays switch more frequently between topics than those in the early days. We also find that high switching probability in early career is associated with low overall productivity, yet with high overall productivity in latter career. Interestingly, the average citation per paper, however, is in all career stages negatively correlated with the switching probability. We propose a model that can explain the main observed features. How does a scientist's tendency to explore a variety of topics affect their career? Here, the authors analyze scientific publication data to understand how often scientists switch topics, how topic switching has changed over time, and how it relates to research productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This time, we want to introduce the Flow Chemists Dr. Maria José Nieves-Remacha and Prof. Dr. Thomas Wirth. Chem. Eng. i B 2019 b , I 4 i , 1536-1544) This mini-review highlights the most recent progress in continuous flow self-optimizing platforms integrating monitoring techniques and intelligent algorithms to guide the optimization with minimal human intervention. Describe the first paper or the first experiments. i My flow chemistry started with Batool, a joined PhD student between Prof. Barrow in engineering and myself. [Extracted from the article]

Acremonium fungi is one of the greatest and most complex genera in Hyphomycetes, comprising 130 species of marine and terrestrial sources. The past decades have witnessed substantial chemical and biological investigations on the diverse secondary metabolites from the Acremonium species. To date, over 600 compounds with abundant chemical types as well as a wide range of bioactivities have been obtained from this genus, attracting considerable attention from chemists and pharmacologists. This review mainly summarizes the sources, chemical structures, and biological activities of 115 recently reported new compounds from the genus Acremonium from December 2016 to September 2023. They are structurally classified into terpenoids (42%), peptides (29%), polyketides (20%), and others (9%), among which marine sources are predominant (68%). Notably, these compounds were primarily screened with cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds in this genus, both within the scientific field and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación is the property of Universitaria de Las Tunas, Centro de Estudios de Didactica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In view of the growing demand for synthetic molecules or materials by researchers from both the core sciences and interdisciplinary sectors, the field of organic synthesis needs to be strategically more powerful to produce more molecules in a shorter time. Ensuring a reduction in the use of solvents, catalysts, reagents, time, effort, and waste is essential during green chemical syntheses. Keeping those criteria in mind, the integration of chemical reactions is very much needed. Integrated organic synthesis can be considered the ideal replacement for stepwise synthesis to fulfill demand while maintaining green parameters. The electrochemical cascade process satisfies the essential criteria of greener integrated synthesis to a great extent, providing a modern strategic tool in the arsenal of synthetic chemists. The strategy is applied extensively by researchers, as evidenced by the growing number of publications, amounting to more than a hundred papers on the development of synthesis methods using electrochemical cascade reactions. A thorough understanding of the process is needed to implement the strategy further in targeted synthesis and methodology development for cutting-edge research. To grow the concept among researchers, a concise account of published articles on the topic, depicting the mechanisms, prospects, and problems of the developed methods, is highly desirable. Quenching the thirst herein, we present a concise review of electrochemical cascade processes reported in the literature since 2015. The precedent reactions developed earlier are also discussed in this context. Electrochemical multicomponent reactions involving the cascade process are also covered, expanding the scope of the review. The sections are classified based on the types of functionalization. The mechanistic details of each category of reactions are thoroughly covered to present a clear idea of the redox behavior of different reagents under electrochemical conditions. The prospects and problems associated with the methods are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The 21st century has witnessed a continuous evolution in the development of boron‐stereogenic chemistry. Since the 1990s, various innovations for the synthesis of tetracoordinate boron‐stereogenic compounds, which exhibited great potential applications, have been demonstrated by synthetic chemists. This paper reviews the significant progress and recent advances towards the assembly of enantioenriched boron‐stereogenic compounds, and hopes to shed light on new perspectives and inspire further research in this emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topological index is just one of several very useful tools that graph theory has made available to chemists. Topological indices are invariants of real numbers under graph isomorphisms. Several topological indices have been defined. Some of them are used to model chemical, pharmaceutical and other properties of molecules. The eccentric connectivity index (eci) is also a topological index. The eci of G, denoted by 휀c(G), is defined as 휀c(G) =∑ v∈V (G)deg(v)e(v), where deg(v) represents the degree of a vertex v and e(v) is its eccentricity. In this paper, exact formula for the eci of complementary prisms is derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the history of the customs laboratories in the United States between the 1870s and the 1930s, focusing especially on the decades up to World War I. It pays attention to the various dimensions of these laboratories, in particular the context of their creation. The first customs laboratory was established in New York in 1878, and over the subsequent years, similar laboratories were set up across the country. The evolution of this network was influenced by factors such as the increasing specialization of these spaces, their geographic distribution, and changes in their organization and scope. The article also explores the types of imported merchandise analyzed in these labs; the roles of their staff, especially customs chemists, both within and outside these laboratories; their impact on the circulation of goods and in generating revenue from taxation; and the main challenges faced by customs chemists in adapting and standardizing their work. After discussing the necessity of customs laboratories in the United States, the article examines their progressive specialization, with a detailed study of the customs laboratory in New York. This laboratory was the largest and most significant due to its location and longevity. Finally, the paper considers the relationship between customs labs and the law, and how these spaces adapted to new challenges during the first third of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to test Garfield's claim that citationcounting can be used to predict Nobel prizewinners. Using a sample of 83eminent chemists, it was found that receipt of the Nobel Prize is indeedcorrelated with citation counts, but that it is more strongly correlatedwith the number of papers coauthored in which the senior author's nameis not the first in the list of authors. This result was tested out onthe 1976 Nobel prizewinner, W.N. Lipscomb. It was found that a rankingby numbers of papers not first-authored predicted that Lipscomb wouldreceive the Prize, whilst a ranking by citation counts would not havedone so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]