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In this study, the utilization of an electric field generated by the high voltage discharge plasma over a liquid water surface containing glycine compound to synthesize titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was demonstrated. The experiments were conducted in a batch-type system with applied voltages ranging from 18.6 − 23.4 kV under various pressurized gases at room temperature. The results indicated that the applied voltages, applied pulse numbers, and pulsed repetition rates had a significant influence on the decomposition reaction of glycine compounds and titanium rod electrode erosion. The ultraviolet − visible (UV − vis) spectra showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles could be observed in each solution product, and most of them were brookite-type structures. According to the HRTEM images, TiC was also produced as a nanoparticle product. Based on the experimental results, this process is applicable and could result in advanced metal-based nanoparticle synthesis technology.

The peculiar core/shell structure with abundant interfaces is favorable for Li+/Na+ storage, which can elevate efficiency of energy storage and conversion. Herein, a unique core/shell structure composite with diverse interfaces was successfully designed and fabricated via a facile coordination reaction combined with thermal treatment. Specially, well-crystallized TiO2 nanoparticles were encapsulated and embedded in carbon nanospheres matrix wrapped with MoS2 nanosheets, leading to abundant interfacial structure and boundaries. Benefitting from the synergistic effect between numerous interfaces and distinctive hierarchal core/shell structure, such a hybrid material possesses fascinating features including ultrafast ion diffusion, plentiful storage active sites and prominent electric conductivity. As a proof of concept, as-prepared samples demonstrated superior lithium storage reversible capacity and hybrid lithium-ion capacitor. What is more, when the material was acted as anode material for SIBs, the discharge capacity maintained at a high capacity of 267.2 mA h g-1 after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A g-1. This work highlights a convenient strategy to synthesize other hybrid materials for electrode materials of energy storage and conversion applications.

Summary Hydrogen has a remarkably flexible chemistry in oxides. We show that the introduction of H into simple TiO2 leads to greatly enhanced photocatalytic properties, and specifically yields a 60 times enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity over commercial rutile. The hydrogenated TiO2 (H-TiO2) is synthesized by a new one-step wet-chemistry approach yielding switchable defect via controlled annealing. As-prepared H-TiO2 has Ti-H bonds in the lattice from replacement of oxygen by hydrogen atoms. The Ti-H bonds are converted to oxygen vacancies by loss of H2O with Ar annealing. Oppositely, Ti-H defects are healed by Ti-O with O2 annealing. The strongly enhanced photocatalytic activity is associated with increased visible light absorption and effective separation of photogenerated carriers. This work provides a new and powerful approach for the preparation of hydrogenated titanium dioxide with switchable defect control, and striking improvement of photocatalytic activity.

The present work reports the structural, morphological, and optical analysis of rare earth metal ion (Nd3+) doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Titanium Dioxide doped with Neodymium ions (1 wt% and 4 wt%) have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Aanlysis, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopic analysis. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns ensured the nanocrystalline anatase formation of all the samples. The morphology and particle size of the TiO2 host matrix were confirmed by High Resolution Transmission emission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The particle size trend obtained from HR- TEM images is acceptable with the crystal size obtained from XRD results. Ultraviolet–visible measurements were carried out to investigate the optical properties of our powdered titania. The dye sensitized solar cells were fabricated with these as-synthesized materials as the photoanode and the J-V measurement shows improved high open circuit voltage, short circuit current and high efficiency achieved.

The dynamic behavior of electron-hole pairs at the interface of the nanocomposites is important for photoelectrochemical catalysis, but it is difficult to characterize. Here we construct a ternary titanium dioxide/nitrogen-doped carbon dot/gold (TiO2/NCD/Au) complex as the model catalyst to investigate the kinetic indexes at their interfaces. Under irradiation (200 mW cm−2), the photocurrent density of TiO2/NCD/Au is 10.26 mA cm−2, which is higher than those of TiO2/Au (4.34 mA cm−2), TiO2/NCD (7.55 mA cm−2) and TiO2 (3.34 mA cm−2). The evolved oxygen of TiO2/NCD/Au reaches 125.8 μmol after 5000 s test. The energy bands of complexes are very similar to that of the unmodified TiO2 catalyst due to the low content modification of NCDs and Au. In addition, the transient photovoltage (TPV) tests with a series of control samples show differences about the carriers’ separation and transfer process, which verify that Au can increase the separation quantity of electron-hole pairs while NCDs play a more important role on the increase of the separation quantity and separation rate simultaneously. This work quantifies the function of each component in a composite catalyst and deepens the understanding of the catalyst interface design.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a metal oxide that has been used in textile products for self-cleaning and anti-microbial. Several coating methods were employed by past studies to incorporate TiO2 nanoparticles on cotton fabric. However, fabrics coated with the TiO2 nanoparticles show disadvantages, such as low air and water vapour permeability. Therefore, the current study has introduced the use of cotton yarn. An understanding on the effects of TiO2 coating on cotton yarn has yet to be discovered. Hence, the present study investigated the methods to coat TiO2 on cotton yarn. To achieve this, polysiloxane was used to coat the TiO2 nanoparticles on a cotton yarn. Three coating methods were investigated in the study; A (after), S (simultaneous) and B (before) which are referring to the after, simultaneous and before impregnated and sonication for 1 h at 75 ˚C. From the analysis, the A (after) method gave more desired results compared to the S (simultaneous) and B (before) methods. The A method exhibited the lowest weight loss, which was about 0.30 %, indicating that the TiO2 nanoparticles had a strong adhesion to the cotton surfaces. A large amount of the TiO2 particles was deposited onto the yarn treated with A method, where the estimated weight fraction of titanium element was 14.45 %. The presence of polysiloxane and TiO2 onto the coated yarn samples was confirmed by the FTIR and EDX analyses. The XRD analysis shows that the yarn samples from the A, S, and B methods exhibit similar diffraction peaks at 2θ of 15°,16.5°,22.9°,25.3°, and 28°, indicating the crystal structures of TiO2 and cotton cellulose.

When nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) absorbs ultra-violet (UV-A) radiation, it produces reactive oxygen species that can be toxic to bacteria. We used the agronomically beneficial nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021 as a model microorganism to detect nano-TiO2 toxicity. Sinorhizobium meliloti was exposed to aqueous dispersions of micrometer-sized TiO2 (micron-TiO2, 44 μm) or nanometer-sized TiO2 (nano-TiO2, 21 nm) at nominal concentrations of 0, 100, 300, 600, 900, and 1800 mg TiO2/L. There were fewer viable S. meliloti cells after exposure to nano-TiO2 under dark and UV-A light conditions. Nano-TiO2 was more toxic to S. meliloti with UV-A irradiation (100% mortality at 100 mg TiO2/L) than under dark conditions (100% mortality at 900 mg TiO2/L). Micron-TiO2 concentrations less than 300 mg TiO2/L had no effect on S. meliloti viability under dark or UV-A light conditions. Exposure to 600 mg/L or more of micron-TiO2 under UV-A light could also photo-kill S. meliloti cells (100% mortality). Further studies are needed to ascertain whether nano-TiO2 interferes with the growth of N2-fixing microorganisms in realistic agricultural environments.

Sputter grown copper (Cu) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) based transparent solar heat rejecting film has been developed on glass substrates at room temperature for energy saving smart window applications. The performance of as-deposited ultra-thin TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayers was elucidated, wherein the visible transmittance of the multilayer significantly depends on the crystal quality of TiO2 layers. In-situ nanocrystal engineering of TiO2 films with optimized sputtering power improves crystallinity of nano-TiO2 domains. The transparent heat regulation (THR) coating with an average transmittance of ∼70% over the visible spectral regime and infra-red reflectance of ∼60% at 1200 nm was developed at room temperature. Optical characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been utilized to analyze the crystallinity of TiO2 and quality of the multilayered structure. TiO2/Cu/TiO2 based prototype device has been demonstrated for the energy saving smart windows application.

Doping Dysprosium (Dy3+) (2 wt%) by employing one step and one pot hydro thermal method with TiO2 nano particles form a potential composition for photo catalysis. Dy3+ doped TiO2 nano particles are obtained using the methodical synthesis and the resulted product is subjected to various studies like XRD, HR-TEM and UV to understand its structure, morphology and the bandgap. The narrower bandgap resulted by the doped nano material proves to be better than its purest form (TiO2). It is acknowledged through UV analysis. The above synthesized material’s photo catalytic degradation is carried out against the organic and inorganic contaminations present in waste water.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) suffers from the intrinsic poor electronic conductivity and sluggish ionic diffusivity, thus usually leading to the inferior electrochemical performance. Herein, we demonstrate a facile strategy to enhance the sodium storage performance of TiO2 via vanadium (V) doping, using the pre-synthesized V-doped Ti-based metal–organic framework (MOF, MIL-125) as the precursor, which can be converted into the V-doped TiO2 with simultaneous carbon hybridization and controlled V-doping amount (denote as VxTiO2@C, where × represents the V/Ti molar ratio (RV/Ti)). V-doping not only affects the morphology of the MIL-125 changing from thick to thin nanotablets, but also greatly enhances the electrochemical performance of the VxTiO2@C. When used as an anode for SIBs, the V0.1TiO2@C exhibits a much higher reversible capacity of 211 mAh/g than that for the undoped TiO2@C (only 156 mAh/g) after 150 cycles at 100 mA/g. Even after high-rate long-term cycling, the V0.1TiO2@C can still display a capacity of 180 mAh/g with a high capacity retention of 137% at 1000 mA/g after 4500 cycles. Structural/electrochemical measurements reveal that V-doping induces the formation of oxygen vacancies as well as Ti3+ species, which efficiently improve the electric conductivity and the ion diffusivity of the electrode. Meanwhile, the thinner V0.1TiO2@C nanotablets with porous structure and carbon hybridization could facilitate the ion/electron transfer with shortened diffusion pathways.

Background In order to replace petrochemicals, there is an increasing demand for environmentally friendly new biochemicals, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural is one such product. Methods In this paper, sulfonated carbon-titanium dioxide composite nanofiber tube catalyst was prepared by electrospinning and used for the dehydration of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in aqueous/ethyl acetate biphasic solution. The catalyst showed good activity in preparing of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using fructose and glucose as raw materials, with yields of 75.47% and 42.44% of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. In addition, the catalyst still had catalytic effect when starch and cellulose as the reactants. Significant findings Results showed that the catalytic ability of the catalyst was found to be significantly better than that of a single sulfonated carbon or titanium dioxide, at the same time, the catalyst can be used multiple times and is easy to regenerate. Besides, this study investigated the purification process of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and finally obtained 95.34 wt.% purity of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

WOS:000707779000002 This study was conducted to investigate the impact of Calcium (Ca) and Manganese (Mn) dopants on the optical and surface properties of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterial. Ca and Mn doped TiO2 thin films were fabricated by sol–gel spin-coating method. By keeping the doping ratio of Ca constant, Mn was doped at the ratios of 1, 3, and 5%. The morphological, structural and optical properties of the fabricated samples were taken by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction Method (XRD) and UV–VIS spectroscopy. AFM and SEM analysis revealed that the morphological properties of TiO2 changed depending on the increase in doping ratio of Mn. XRD values obtained from the samples showed that the increases of crystallite size with manganese ions doping into the TiO2 the optical band gap of the samples increased with Ca and Mn dopants. As a result of the investigations, it was determined that Mn doping has significant effects on the morphological and optical properties of TiO2 films and the produced samples can be used in transparent conductive electrode applications, optoelectronic devices, and sensor production.

We propose a hydrogen-based preliminary reduction process for primary ilmenite before the smelting process in titanium dioxide pigment production, because of its advantages of low energy consumption and carbon dioxide mitigation. The hydrogen-based gaseous reduction of primary ilmenite concentrate was investigated at temperatures between 1273 K and 1473 K (1000 °C and 1200 °C) in an H2–CO atmosphere and compared it with the carbothermic reduction of secondary ilmenite. Between 1273 K and 1373 K, hydrogen reduction was faster than carbothermic reduction for the entire time of the reaction. However, at 1473 K, CO evolution by the Boudouard reaction caused the carbothermic reduction to be faster initially; however, hydrogen reduction was faster after 70 minutes. The phases of the final product by the gaseous reduction were metallic iron, TiO2, and a pseudobrookite solid solution. Numerous cracks and pores were generated, and agglomerated iron was observed throughout the particles. The gaseous reduction reaction was controlled by a chemical reaction with an activation energy of 42 kJ/mol. For the subsequent smelting process, the use of ilmenite concentrate feeds reduced by hydrogen during the preliminary reduction process decreased the energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

Novel multifunctional inorganic nanocomposites have enhanced the biocidal activity, towards bacterial and cancer diseases, which was useful for biomedical applications in healthcare industries. The critical parameter in preparation of multifunctional biocidal nanocomposites consists of several advantages such as low cost, smaller size, excellent yield, tunable properties, biocompatibility, multifunctionality, controllability, and reducing the toxicity levels of materials. The multifunctional biocidal zinc oxide (ZnO)-titanium dioxide (TiO2)-graphene oxide (GO)—ZTGO—nanocomposite sample was employed via facile one-pot precipitation process. The XRD analysis revealed that ZTGO nanocomposites exhibit hexagonal structure phase formation. From the morphological analysis, the prepared ZTGO nanocomposites exhibited GO sheets were decorated with ZnO-TiO2 nanoflakes structure with uniform distribution. EDX spectrum displays the presence of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), and oxygen (O) for ZTGO nanocomposites, respectively. The FTIR results confirmed that ZTGO samples have some oxygen-containing functional groups and defect sites, and, as a result, revealed a strong interaction between GO, TiO2, and ZnO nanomaterials. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of ZTGO nanocomposites exhibited oxygen vacancies found to be 500 and 527 nm, respectively, and thus results can be responsible for the production of active radicals against the biocidal activities. The antibacterial potential of the ZTGO nanocomposites achieved against S. aureus and E. coli, results were showed that the ZTGO more antibacterial activity as compared to the standard antibiotic amoxicillin. The morphological changes of ZTGO nanocomposites treated E. coli bacterial cell membrane observed by SEM analysis. The anticancer activity of the ZTGO nanocomposites was studied in liver cancer cells (A549) and IC50 value was observed at 52.72 μg/mL. From this work, we believed that prepared ZTGO nanocomposites are a potentially important material for healthcare applications.

In this work, pure Ti was anodically oxidized using 1M H3PO4 + 2–10 pct HF electrolytes at 10 V vs open circuit potential (OCP). The structure of the anodized samples’ surfaces was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium hydrogen phosphate (Ti(HPO4)2) in the surface layer. Due to the chemical composition and properties that the materials have, they do not pose a threat and support the osseointegration process. The rough and porous anodic oxide morphology shown by the AFM is useful for tissue growth, as well as for improving corrosion resistance. The XPS confirms that the short anodization results in thin anatase-type TiO2, which is a candidate for hard tissue implant applications. The corrosion is improved after oxidation in 1M H3PO4 + 2 pct HF electrolyte for 15 minutes. The wetting analysis shows hydrophilic properties and suggests good bioadhesion of the anodically oxidized surface. The surface supports osteoblast cell proliferation, indicating that the material has a surface state appropriate for hard tissue implant applications.

Hydrogenation reactions using non-fossil-based hydrogen sources upgrade ubiquitous molecules to useful chemicals with low environmental load and can be promoted on nanoscale inorganic catalysts (na...

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures were produced on pure titanium in different electrolytes at constant voltage of 20 V for 30 min. The crystallographic structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the films were investigated by XRD, SEM, and UV-vis spectrum, respectively. The wettability of the samples was determined by contact angle measurement equipment. The photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 films were tested by the degradation of a methylene blue (MB) as the model reaction under UV light irradiation. The results showed that the electrolyte composition can play an important role in the surface morphology of nanostructured TiO2 films and therefore on various properties such as optics, electronics, sensing, and degradation. The SEM images of the samples demonstrated that surface morphology was directly affected by the electrolyte composition. It is known that the surface area is a dominant factor affecting the photocatalytic activity of a porous TiO2 layer prepared by anodic oxidation. The TiO2 film (sample C) anodized in 1 M Na2SO4 containing 5 wt.% NH4F exhibited better photocatalytic performance as compared to the other oxide films. This is because a higher surface area with dense pore structure favors more photocatalytic active areas. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB using sample C was reached to 92.35% and rate constant 5.92 x 10(-3), respectively. Moreover, this sample showed lowest band gap energy that was almost 3.167 eV. We believe that new anodic TiO2 nanoporous structures are highly promising in photocatalytic decomposition of water and pollutants elimination.

An eco-friendly preparation technique was used to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract. In addition, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was combined with ZnO in a nanocomposite. The structural investigation was done by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the hexagonal symmetry of ZnO was detected. The calculated crystallite size of ZnO increased from 31.3 to 34.4 nm. Furthermore, functional groups of organic residues were detected by chemical analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The rod grains of ZnO and TiO2 were detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further, ZnO grains increased in length from 0.87 to 4.5 μm. Besides, the width increased from 0.27 to 2 μm (from ZnO to ZnO/TiO2 respectively). Furthermore, TiO2 grains decreased in length from 536 to 337 nm, while the width decreased from 136 to 122 nm. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to investigate the particles of ZnO/TiO2 composite. ZnO particles were detected as ellipsoidal with length and width around 123 and 91 respectively. Besides the sphere particles of TiO2 with a diameter around 25 nm. The eco-friendly composites without harmful chemicals could be suggested for biological applications. The inhibition zone values of E. coli and S. aureus microorganisms was 61.4 ± 3.6 and 39.6 ± 4.4 and has been increased by by doping by TiO2 to 82.3 ± 6.7 and 54.3 ± 2.8.

The advantages of perovskite solar cells over other photovoltaic technologies in recent years lead many works to improve the efficiency of these solar cells. The short circuit current density of perovskite solar cells can be improved using 3D structures. The structure that we present is consists of a perovskite layer on a nanowire metal oxide scaffold layer. The morphology of these layers is determined by using a 3D structure algorithm. In this paper, we simulated perovskite solar cells based on the TiO2 nanowire scaffold layer, which acts as an electron transport layer and a 3D scaffold layer, by using FDTD and FE simulation methods. These methods are respectively used for optical and electrical simulations. According to our simulation results and with our proposed and optimized structure, the maximum power conversion efficiency that we have reached is 18.9%. We ignored some practical limitations to achieve this efficiency. The Period and height of nanowires for this structure are 100 nm and 400 nm respectively. All these dimensions are determined by reviewing the practical papers, so these dimensions can be applied in practical cases. Also in this study, when we apply all recombinations and practical limits, we achieved 14.7% PCE that showed 61% improvement than conventional flat structure perovskite solar cells. Both of these power conversion efficiencies that we achieved can compete against conventional silicon solar cells. Because producing these perovskite solar cells with metal oxide nanowires especially TiO2 is much more affordable and convenient than conventional silicon solar cells.

The electrode/electrlyte interface is of great signifance to photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation as the reaction mainly occur here. Herein, we focus on the effect of supercapactance of the electrode/electrlyte interface on the performance of PEC. It is discovered that the supercapacitor on the interface is crucial because it links the charge transport and solution ion adsorption on its two sides. In this study, we demonstrate an approach to promote the performance of TiO2 nanowire array (TiO2 NWs) photoanode in photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) by increasing its supercapacitance. A 2−5 nm carbon layer was coated and the interface supercapacitance increases by about 150 times. This enhances the separation rate of electron-hole pairs by collecting more holes. Meanwhile, it also promotes the water oxidation rate by adsorbing more OH− on its surface. As a result, the photocurrent density of C-TiO2 NWs was about 8 times higher than that of its carbon-free counterpart. This approach of increasing the supercapacitance of photoanodes would be attractive for enhancement of the efficiency of PECs and this work demonstrate the importance of supercapacitance of the interface for PECs.

The extensive applications of aluminium alloy in the automotive and aerospace industries promote the current research activity. The present research work focuses on the enhancement of the mechanical and wear properties of AA7050. The aluminium composites were synthesized utilizing the liquid metallurgy processing route, with titanium dioxide at different weight percentages. The microstructural analysis exhibited the increase in grain size and uniform scatter of reinforcement in the matrix material. Also, the properties of the AA7050 composite, such as density, hardness, tensile strength, and wear behaviour, were studied. The properties of AA7050 composite, such as hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance, increased up to 5 wt.% titanium dioxide addition, and beyond that, it shows a reduction. The microscopic examinations on the AA7050 composite samples after the tensile test and wear test revealed failure modes.

Different types of zinc compounds were successfully encapsulated using the technique of spray drying. Maltodextrin, pea proteins, and titanium dioxide were the materials used as bulk materials. We investigated the effect of the total solids weight percentage and the ratios between different components (zinc to maltodextrin, zinc to protein, zinc to titanium dioxide, and protein to maltodextrin) on zinc bioavailability, assessed at various times points in an in vitro digestion. The following formulation characteristics were found to produce encapsulated zinc microcapsules with highest bioavailability (up to 85%): a zinc oxide to maltodextrin ratio of 0.3, a weight percentage of 9, and a maltodextrin to pea protein ratio of 3. Other types of zinc compounds, citrate, gluconate, sulfate, carbonate, and chloride produce an average bioavailability of 45%. A small addition of the ratio zinc and titanium dioxide of 2.2 causes a decrease in zinc bioavailability of about 25%. These spray-dried microparticles containing encapsulated iron can be used for food fortification with the purpose of treating iron deficiency.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is highlighted to treat volatile organic compound (VOC) emission. Then, this work analysed the influence of palladium (Pd) content loaded in TiO2 on n-octane and iso-octane photodegradation. For this, TiO2 was loaded with Pd in different contents: 0.4%, 0.7%, and 1.0%. The samples were characterized, and the photodegradation experiments were conducted by Pd/TiO2/UV process. The characterization analyses showed that the metal presence did not change the catalyst structure or its surface area; however, it reduced the bandgap energy. The photocatalytic results proved that palladium improved n-octane degradation from 62% (pure TiO2) to 92.6% (0.4%Pd/TiO2) and, iso-octane degradation enhanced from 59% (pure TiO2) to 90.6% (0.7%Pd/TiO2); all results were obtained in the space time of 39 s. Therefore, 0.4%Pd/TiO2 and 0.7%Pd/TiO2 showed better oxidation results to degradation n-octane and iso-octane, respectively. The kinetic model of pseudo-first order showed a good fit for the data of both VOCs. Heterogeneous photocatalysis with Pd/TiO2 showed to be an adequate technique to reduce VOCs emission.

This work studies the adsorption of zirconium ions by mesoporous titanium dioxide with surface arsenate groups. Experimental maximal adsorption values of zirconium ions were found to be 109.6 mg/g in neutral medium. This process depends on the interaction time, the equilibrium concentration of zirconium ions, and the acidity of the solution. Adsorption kinetics fit well into the kinetic model based on the pseudo-second-order equation (R 2 = 0.9984). Equilibrium adsorption of zirconium ions is well described by Langmuir’s adsorption theory (R 2 = 0.9856 and χ 2 = 1.307). Although zirconium ions are less actively adsorbed from a neutral medium than strontium or yttrium ions, in the 2% nitric acid only zirconium is adsorbed out of the mixture of zirconium, strontium, and yttrium. The results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have shown that the investigated adsorbent selectively adsorbs zirconium ions from their mixture with strontium and yttrium in the range of solution acidity pH = 0–1. The average percentage of maximum extraction of zirconium ions is 94.3 ± 2.4%, and the highest percent of zirconium ions taken up from the mixture with strontium and yttrium is ∼98.4%. Investigated titanium dioxide selectively separate 90Zr from 90Sr with the presence of 1000-fold excess of stable 88Sr in radioactive liquid β − source. This fact is extremely valuable for the age dating of 90Sr-containing device in nuclear forensics or the determination of 90Sr in low activity background samples.

In order to improve the treatment efficiency of printing and dyeing wastewater, the carbon nanotubes-silver-modified-titanium dioxide (CNTs-Ag-TiO2, CAT) ternary composite was prepared by a mechanical mixing method. It was found that the morphology of the prepared CAT sample was uniformly coated with strips of CNTs, speckled Ag, and lumpy TiO2. The (002) crystal plane of CNTs, the (101) crystal plane of TiO2, and the (111) crystal plane of Ag were observed, which possessed functional groups such as Ti-OH and Ti-O-C, indicating that the prepared CAT sample had photocatalytic reaction sites. The visible light utilization of titanium dioxide can be improved. The treatment effect of different proportions of CNTs-Ag-TiO2 on Congo red wastewater was tested, and the results showed that the optimum degradation effect of Congo red wastewater was CNTs: Ag = 10:1, and the doped amount of CNTs/Ag was 15%, and the removal rate of Congo red wastewater could reach 100% within 140 min. The excellent removal effect of CAT ternary composite on Congo red wastewater provided a new idea and way for the modification of TiO2 and its composites for the potential of organic dyes degradation.

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) was one of the most classic and widely used solid polymer electrolyte matrixes. In this work, we added the previously synthesized titanium dioxide (B-P25) fillers with oxygen vacancies to the PEO-LiClO4 solid electrolyte system. It is found that compared with the pristine P25 fillers, the oxygen vacancies lead to the decrease of ionic conductivity and the Li+ transference number. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy shows that the introduction of oxygen vacancies lead to the formation of Li+-ClO4− ion pairs and the decrease of carrier concentration resulted in the decrease of Li+ conductivity. Further theoretical calculations verified that this is due to the preferential combination of oxygen vacancies and ether oxygen atoms of PEO. This finding effectively supplements the effect of oxide oxygen vacancies on the conduction of Li+ in the PEO matrix, and not all oxygen vacancies are beneficial to the conduction of Li+ ions in the PEO matrix.

An extreme case reaction, the formation of fine titanium diboride (TiB2) powder by the reduction of titanium oxide (TiO2) with boron carbide (B4C) (molar ratio of B4C/TiO2 = 0.714 without carbon black (C)) in the Argon atmosphere, was confirmed through both thermodynamical calculation and experimental results. Because the intermediate product boron-oxide (B2O3) produced in the extreme case reaction and those of general boro/carbothermal reaction (i.e., molar ratio B4C/TiO2 = 0.5 with 1.5 molar of C) and intermediate reaction (molar ratio of B4C/TiO2 = 0.833 without C) was volatile, excess boron (B) should be added, as in the extreme case reaction, to compensate for the B loss in order to prepare high-purity TiB2 powder. The experimental results and the reaction mechanism indicate that the formation of TiB2 powder occurs in the following steps: Firstly, the TiO2 reduced to titanium carbide (TiC), titanium borate (TiBO3), B2O3, C and TiB2. Secondly, the by-product C and B2O3 reacted together to form B4C at temperature as high as 1562 °C. Finally, the by-product TiC, TiBO3 and B4C reacted together to complete the TiB2 formation reaction. The sole suitable situation for obtaining purified fine TiB2 powder was the extreme case reaction. Experiments indicated that the optimum synthesis temperature and firing time for the extreme case reaction were about 1580 °C and 1 h, respectively. The morphology of the TiB2 powder that was synthesized resembled a hexagonal shape.

Vanadium pentoxide as the cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has attracted wide attention due to its high theoretical capacity, relatively low price, and easy preparation. However, the poor structural stability and bad electronic conductivity severely hamper its practical application. Herein, vanadium pentoxide/titanium dioxide (V2O5/TiO2) composite was prepared by a hydrothermal method with commercial vanadium pentoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and titanium dioxide as raw materials. Compared to pureV2O5, the V2O5/TiO2 composite exhibits higher sodium storage activity and better rate capability (with specific capacities of 141.7 and 31.6 mA h g−1 at 100 and 1000 mA g−1, respectively). SEM characterization shows that the V2O5 material changed from nanosheet morphology to nanorod morphology after compositing with TiO2. Cyclic voltammetry analysis reveals that the V2O5/TiO2 composite has obvious pseudocapacitive behavior during the discharge/charge processes. EIS analysis demonstrates that the introduction of TiO2 in V2O5 decreases the electrochemical reaction resistance upon repeated cycling. This work provides a simple and efficient method for the preparation of vanadium-based cathode material for SIBs.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) can protect photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices from corrosion, but the fabrication of high-quality TiO2 coatings providing long-term stability has remained challenging. Here, we compare the influence of Si wafer cleaning and postdeposition annealing temperature on the performance of TiO2/n+-Si photoanodes grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT) and H2O as precursors at a growth temperature of 100 °C. We show that removal of native Si oxide before ALD does not improve the TiO2 coating performance under alkaline PEC water splitting conditions if excessive postdeposition annealing is needed to induce crystallization. The as-deposited TiO2 coatings were amorphous and subject to photocorrosion. However, the TiO2 coatings were found to be stable over a time period of 10 h after heat treatment at 400 °C that induced crystallization of amorphous TiO2 into anatase TiO2. No interfacial Si oxide formed during the ALD growth, but during the heat treatment, the thickness of interfacial Si oxide increased to 1.8 nm for all of the samples. Increasing the ALD growth temperature to 150 °C enabled crystallization at 300 °C, which resulted in reduced growth of interfacial Si oxide followed by a 70 mV improvement in the photocurrent onset potential. publishedVersion

Titanium dioxide is often used to capture polysulfides due to its strong surface polarity. Surface activity of titanium dioxide is produced by defects, which possesses an important impact on abilities to capture polysulfides. However, the reaction mechanism of defective titanium dioxide in the process of capturing polysulfide is not clear. In this paper, we introduced cobalt source as an additive to titanium dioxide/biomass carbon composite materials to prepare titanium dioxide with many defects and strong surface activities. The crystallinity of biomass carbon surface is also continuously improved by introducing cobalt sources. Under combined performance of highly active titanium dioxide and highly conductive biomass carbon, composite materials possess strong and reversible polysulfide-capturing abilities. In particular, types of polysulfides captured is increased. Herein, the addition of cobalt source is beneficial to enhance abilities of titanium dioxide to capture multiple polysulfides, improve conductivity of composite materials and achieve high reversible capacity (375.0 mA h·g−1 after 500 cycles at 1C).

This review article presents a research and technological investigation on supercapacitors and describes the recent advances of titanium-based materials in these areas. The introduction covers the properties of titanium materials, electrochemical performances of total stored charges, electric double layer capacitance (EDLC), and pseudocapacitance. The following two sections focus on the synthesis and capacitance results of titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) and titanium nitride (TiN), respectively. In the last section of this review, the role of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is demonstrated in the supercapacitors of TiO2-based, carbon/TiO2-based, metal/TiO2-based, and conducting polymer/TiO2 nanocomposites. Many factors affect the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor devices, such as doping process, conductivity, interaction between components of nanocomposite, electrolyte type, and structure type, etc. In the end, future perspectives and challenges are summarized and considered for future TiO2-based nanocomposite supercapacitors. A total of 182 references are cited to understand the effects of TiO2-based materials on supercapacitor device performances.

A novel technology was proposed to fabricate non-stoichiometric titanium dioxide (TiO2−x) compacts in one-step thermal process by in-situ reduction of rutile TiO2 with carbon powder via spark plasma sintering (SPS). The rutile TiO2 powder was reduced with three different carbon powders for comparison, and the effect of the sintering conditions on the fabricated compacts was investigated. It is found that the in-situ reduction of rutile TiO2 with charcoal powder was easily achieved at a low pressure and high temperature (above 1473 K). Besides, the design of dynamic sintering pressure during SPS was proposed, and the results suggest that the dynamic sintering pressure contributes to the reduction of TiO2 and the fabrication of the compacts with high-density. In addition, density methods, X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy and laser micro-Raman spectrometer were performed to analyze the sintering sates, microstructures, crystal structures and phase distributions. The results show that a stable sintering environment without an increase in the pressure caused by reaction gas is a crucial role for the reduction of TiO2 and the TiO2−x fabrication, even the formation of Magneli phases TinO2n−1. Finer charcoal powder is more conducive to fabricating the compact with a single Magneli phase Ti6O11. It is expected to achieve a new breakthrough in fabrication method of the non-stoichiometric TiO2 by a safe and economically viable method.

Based on the current production technology of sulfate process titanium dioxide, this paper discusses the experimental study on preparation of titanium-rich materials by pressure leaching of titaniu...

There have been many studies on special wetting surfaces, but most of them just stay superlyophobic in air or underwater. In this work, a membrane with photoresponse is fabricated by spraying hybrid particles of silicon and titanium dioxide. Under the combined action of hybrid particles and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane, the prepared membrane is superhydrophobic in air. Because of the presence of titanium dioxide, the membrane can realize the transformation from superoleophilic underwater to superoleophobic underwater through UV irradiation and heating. Surprisingly, the membranes with superoleophobicity underwater are also superhydrophobic underoil. Thanks to this unique wettability transition, the prepared membrane can be applied to emulsion separation and fog harvesting. This is inspiring for the preparation and the multifunctional application of multiphase media superlyophobic surfaces.

Hydrogen, with the merits of zero emissions and high energy density, is one of the promising green energy sources. Seeking for high efficiency and low-cost catalysts is one of the key issues for hydrogen evolution and its practical applications. Nano-structured metal co-catalysts are widely used to improve the photocatalytic performance via surface electronic structure/properties optimization of the catalyst. Herein, we report ultra-fine (~ 1 nm) Cu clusters decorated hydrangea-like TiO2 systems for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The pristine hydrangea-like TiO2 support shows a promising performance of hydrogen evolution (1.8 mmol·h−1·g−1), which is ~ 10.7 times higher than that of the commercial P25 (168 μmol·h−1·g−1). After ultra-fine Cu clusters decoration, a maximal hydrogen evolution performance (3.7 mmol·h−1·g−1) is achieved in the optimized system 6Cu–TiO2 (6 wt%). Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that the ultra-fine Cu clusters decoration could promote the charge separation and transfer process effectively. The Cu clusters also act as reaction sites for reduction of H2O to H2. These results are of great importance for the study of Cu-based co-catalyst systems and also shed light on the development of other non-noble metal co-catalysts in photocatalysis hydrogen evolution.

In this study, Activated carbon/Silver/Titanium dioxide nanocomposite was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using jasmine flower extract. The reactions of reduction, stabilization and capping were executed from the biomolecules of jasmine flower extract. The decoration of activated carbon and noble metal to the metal oxide enhanced the properties in all ways. As the modified structural, optical and morphological properties of as-prepared nanocomposite were characterized using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The photocatalytic activities under sunlight were evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB). Antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli and S. aureus. The characterization results show that the Activated carbon/Silver/Titanium dioxide nanocomposite is crystalline, needle like morphology and highly optically active catalyst. The investigated Activated carbon/Silver/Titanium dioxide nanocomposite shows 96% maximum degradation efficiency at the end of 120 min under visible light irradiation. The degradation efficiency and antibacterial activity are readily higher than that of commercial TiO2. The plasmonic support to the activated carbon and titanium nanoparticles creates a large surface area, active sites and accelerated the free radical generation. These characteristics demonstrated that the prepared Activated carbon/Silver/Titanium dioxide nanocomposite material is highly suitable for the decomposition of methylene blue and wastewater treatment.

TiO2 film has the advantage of good photochemical stability and it can be used for self-cleaning glasses. However, due to the wide band gap, the spectral response range of TiO2 film is restricted to the ultraviolet region. In this work, based on the research of TiO2 thin films, multilayer TiN/Ag/Cu2O/TiO2 films were designed and successfully prepared. The structure and properties of the obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, spectral ellipsometry (SE), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The results show that p-n heterojunction will be formed between Cu2O and TiO2 in the multilayer film, thus reducing the band gap of TiO2 film. Based on the analysis of the photocatalytic mechanism of the multilayer films, a conclusion may be drawn that the designed multilayer film is helpful to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide and expand its utilization of sunlight.

The electrocatalytically active films based on nanodispersed titanium dioxide modified by Y3+ ions and synthesized by the sol-gel method were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible photocurrent spectra. Electrocatalytic properties of the TiO2 and Y–TiO2 electrodes were investigated during the process of oxygen electroreduction.The XRD results indicated that the TiO2 and Y–TiO2 powders with the yttrium content of 0.5–5 mol % calcined at 500°C had an anatase crystal structure, with the crystallite size of 10–12 nm. The electrodes based on the Y–TiO2 films were photosensitive in a wavelength range of 250–400 nm. For all investigated samples with the Y(III) content of ≤ 5 mol %, both an increase in the photocurrent quantum yield and a shift of spectra towards longer wavelengths vs. those of the undoped TiO2 were observed. The photocurrent quantum yield for the Y–TiO2 samples first increased and then decreased with increasing the Y(III) content, and reached its maximum with 2% Y–TiO2 films. It was found that doping of the TiO2 films by Y(III) improves the catalytic activity of the Y–TiO2 electrodes in the reaction of oxygen electroreduction. A correlation between photo- and electrocatalytic properties and structural changes occurring in the TiO2 films upon yttrium doping has been revealed.

A series of nonmetal-doped titanium dioxide (Nm x /TiO2, where x is the weight fraction of nonmetal elements) photocatalysts was prepared via ultrasonic-assisted impregnation for simultaneous hydrogen (H2) production and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from industrial wastewater. Three types of Nm elements, carbon (C), silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P), were explored. The P1/TiO2 exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity for H2 production and COD removal than the C1/TiO2 and Si1/TiO2 photocatalysts. Approximately 6.43 mmol/g photocatalyst of H2 was produced, and around 26% COD removal was achieved at a P1/TiO2 loading of 4.0 g/L, a light intensity of 5.93 mW/cm2, and a radiation time of 4 h. This is because the P1/TiO2 photocatalyst exhibited lower point of zero charge values and a more appropriate band position compared with other Nm x /TiO2 photocatalysts to produce H+, which can consequently form H2, and reactive oxygen species (HO· and O2 · -), which serve as oxidizing agents to degrade the organic pollutants. Increasing the content of the P element doped into the TiO2-based material up to 7.0% by weight enhanced the H2 production and COD removal up to 8.34 mmol/g photocatalyst and 50.6%, respectively. This is attributed to the combined effect of the point of zero charge value and the S BET of the prepared photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity of the P7/TiO2 photocatalyst was still higher than the TiO2-based material after the fourth use.

Flax seeds gum is a heteropolysaccharide consist of neutral and acidic components that makes up approximately 8% of seed mass. Flaxseed gum was extracted from brown flaxseeds by the hot water extraction method. The rheological properties and the viscosity of the printing paste were measured. The effect of flaxseeds gum on the printing properties of different fabrics (natural and synthetic fabrics) was studied by measuring the color strength value (K/S) and related color parameters of the printed fabrics. Flaxseeds gums do have inherent problems associated with their use as a thickener including uncontrolled rates of hydration, drop-in viscosity on storage, and the possibility of microbial contamination to Improving the Performance of Flax Seed Gum. Two different metal oxides including titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in normal form and Nano form were prepared and characterized to Improving the Performance of Flax Seed Gum. The presence of metal oxides in both their natural and nanoforms on flaxseeds gum was found to significantly increase its resistance to bacteria and fungi as well as its life span and ability to resist rotting for the longest time feasible.

This work studies the adsorption of zirconium ions by mesoporous titanium dioxide and by sodium-modified mesoporous titanium dioxide. Experimental maximal adsorption values of zirconium ions by H-TiO2 and Na-TiO2 were found to be 64 mg/g and 109,5 mg/g respectively. This process depends on the interaction time, equilibrium concentration of zirconium ions and acidity of the solution. Adsorption kinetics fit well into the diffusion kinetic model and indicate a several stages of zirconium ions adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption of zirconium ions is well described by the Langmuir's adsorption theory for both adsorbents. The results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that the investigated adsorbent selectively adsorb zirconium ions from the mixture with strontium and yttrium ions in the range of solution pH = 0-1. The percentage of maximum extraction of zirconium ions is 86,61% for H-TiO2 and 94,11% for Na-TiO2. This fact is extremely valuable for nuclear forensics or for the determination of 90Sr in low activity background samples.

In this study, a detailed investigation on the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dots (QDs) embedment on the physicochemical properties of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) was conducted. The highly porous nanocomposite labelled as ZQT was prepared via the sol-gel assisted hydrothermal method. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the average crystallite size of the ZnO QDs, anatase TiO2 (TiO2 NPs) and ZQT were 4.45 nm, 9.22 nm and 11.38 nm, respectively. Photoluminescent (PL) analysis detected the presence of defects related to TiO2, oxygen vacancies and quantum confinement effect (QCE) of the ZnO QDs in ZQT. These features enhanced the photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) under 48 watt of fluorescent light irradiation when ZQT (98.0%) was used compared to TiO2NPs (32.4%) and ZnO QDs (68.8%). The photodegradation activity was driven by O2●− followed by ●OH and h+.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are loaded on the spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) via an impregnation method to form the composite material, which is named as Zn–Ti/FCC in this article. The photocatalytic performance of the Zn–Ti/FCC composite is evaluated by degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB). After the photocatalytic degradation, the MB was almost completely degraded with the Zn–Ti/FCC composite. The lattice mismatch of the ZnO and TiO2 lead to an electric field at the interface between the ZnO and TiO2. The Fermi levels of ZnO and TiO2 reach a new equalization state, the separates the charges leading to higher photocatalytic activity. Because of the formation of a heterojunction between ZnO and TiO2, the conduction band (CB) of ZnO is more active than TiO2, the electrons in the CB of ZnO would transfer to the CB of TiO2. The heterojunction between ZnO and TiO2 promote the separation of the electron hole pairs, which can improve the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The degradation rate of methylene blue with the Zn–Ti/FCC, Zn/FCC and Ti/FCC have reached to nearly ~ 98%, ~ 52% and ~ 59%, respectively. The excellent photocatalytic degradation performance of the Zn–Ti/FCC towards MB is expected to further develop the dye processing industry. Moreover, these composites fabricated process can also provide an effective method to dispose the spent FCC catalyst in industry.