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The impacts of natural dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and ship emissions on marine environments and particulate matter (PM) over the western and southern sea areas around South Korea were studied based on field campaigns from August–September 2017 and May–June 2018 using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality v5.3.2 modeling system. DMS oxidation enhanced the concentrations of both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO42−) in PM2.5 by 6.2–6.4% and 2.9–3.6%, respectively, in the marine atmosphere during the study period, whereas it slightly decreased nitrate (NO3−) concentrations (by −1.3%), compared to the simulation without DMS oxidation chemistry. Furthermore, ship emissions increased the concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ by 4.5%, 23%, and 7.3%, respectively. Methane sulfonic acid concentration was 0.17 μg m−3, suggesting the importance of the addition channel in the DMS oxidation pathway. The model simulation indicated that ship emissions in the target area contributed dominantly to non-sea-salt SO42−, and the marine DMS emission source was non-negligible. The geographical distribution of PM toxicity (aerosol oxidative potential) was assessed in the marine atmosphere during the study period.

Measurements for size-resolved chemical composition were made at the Anmyeon Island station on the western coast of the Republic of Korea between May 28 and June 20, 2016. This study determined the main chemical compositions of size-resolved particulate matter (i.e., organic carbon, elemental carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, water-soluble ions, and benzene carboxylic acids) from a total of eight chemically size-resolved sets using micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors. The sum of the species presents a prominent accumulation mode peak at a diameter of 0.56 μm without the coarse mode peak. In the accumulation mode, SO42− (49.3%) was the dominant particle component in the size range of 0.1–1.8 μm. Organic carbon and elemental carbon accounted for 13.5% and 0.4%, respectively. Benzene carboxylic acids indicate the accumulation mode peak at the diameter of 0.56 μm. The size-resolved equivalent ion concentration ratios between all measured cations and anions and the ion neutralization model, which uses four major ions, were compared. As a result, the concentration of Na+ is of importance in the accumulation mode for the equivalent ion concentration.

In order to determine the quantitative contributions of PM2.5 on the South-west shoreline of Korea, filter based samplings were conducted in the summertime of 2017 and 2018 (total 32 days) via shipborne measurements using both a high volume and middle volume air sampler. Water-soluble organic carbon, water-soluble ions, organic carbon and elemental carbon, elemental species, and organic molecular markers by Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry were utilized to characterize the collected substrates. The current study investigates the (1) chemical characteristics of PM2.5, (2) source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and (3) relationship between sources and the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay during the two sampling periods. A mean PM2.5 concentration of 19.3 μg/m3 was observed along the entire sampling route. The ratio of water-soluble to organic carbon implies that secondary aerosol formation is dominant. The result of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) suggests the contribution of a marine-oriented biogenic source of PM2.5. The PMF source apportionment model showed six source categories with reasonably stable profiles: 1) sulfate-rich, 2) MSA-rich, 3) nitrate-rich, 4) secondary organic, 5) continental, and 6) biomass burning sources. The PMF showed three strong events (i.e., long-range transport, mixed (ocean and long-range stay), and domestic origin events) in the contributions of sources, as well as a dependence on wind transport. Higher associations with DTT oxidative potential normalized to PM2.5 mass concentration (DTT–OPm) related to long-range transport, hence, confirming the impacts of the highest intrinsic oxidative potential.

In this study, the long-term trend in atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentration was analyzed using the CO levels measured (intermittently) at an air quality monitoring (AQM) station in Seoul, Korea, between the years 1987 and 2013. Temporal trends in CO were analyzed on an annual and seasonal basis in reference to other important air pollutants such as methane (CH4), particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mercury (Hg), and ozone (O3). The annual mean of CO for the entire period was 0.93 ± 0.22 ppm. CO levels were reduced by 83% from 3.25 ± 0.78 ppm (1987) to 0.51 ± 0.31 ppm (2013). Its relative reduction was compared over three periods chosen arbitrarily as period 1 (fast reduction, 1987–1988), period 2 (intermediate reduction, 1999–2000), and period 3 (slow reduction, 2004–2013). The concentrations of CO were strongly correlated with others (e.g., SO2, NO, NO2, O3, and Hg), suggesting the effects of similar source processes (e.g., fuel combustion). The reduction in its level was marginally consistent with the decreasing trend in the total CO column concentration in Seoul by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite between 2000 and 2013, indicating decreasing anthropogenic CO emissions (despite increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions). The rapid relative reduction of CO in period 1 and the subsequent slower but moderate reduction thereafter appear to reflect the effects of both enforcement of administrative regulations and advances in emissions control technologies.

Respiratory and lung irritants can be a by-product of the surgical pyrolysis of human tissues. Seven prostate tissues were collected during the transurethral resection of a prostate (TURP). Tissue samples, pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis sampling system, were collected and analyzed for the characterization of aerosols in the surgical smoke. In the pyrolyzed particulate matter (PM) from the TURP, Cholestra-3,5-diene was identified as the most dominant component along with 9-methylanthracene, hentriacontane, and dotriacontane based on the mass fragment structure determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a molecular marker, Cholesta-3,5-diene can be associated with a cytotoxic in primary human oral keratinocytes (HOK). In this research, the presence of Cholestra-3,5-diene is reported for the first time as a by-product of surgical pyrolysis.

The source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was examined using receptor models (positive matrix factorization and chemical mass balance) and a chemical transport model (CTM). The receptor model-based analysis was performed using the datasets collected from four different sites from the megacity of Seoul during the years 2013-2015. The contributions of VOC emission sources to ozone (O3) and PM2.5 concentrations and the subsequent health effects in the study area were also assessed during a photochemically active period (June 2015) using a three-dimensional CTM, Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ), and the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP). The solvent use and the on-road mobile emission sources were found to exert dominant controls on the VOC levels observed in the target city. VOCs transported from regions outside of Seoul accounted for a significant proportion (up to approximately 35%) of ambient VOC levels during the study period. The solvent use accounted for 3.4% of the ambient O3 concentrations during the day (daily mean of 2.6%) and made insignificant contributions to PM2.5 (

Long-term trends in global sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes from sea to air during the recent global warming hiatus (2000–2015) were analyzed using satellite observations and modelling data. The SSA emissions were estimated using a widely used whitecap method with sea surface temperature (SST) dependence. In addition, sea-to-air DMS fluxes were also used to quantify the secondary contributions of DMS through its sequential oxidation and gas-to-particle conversion. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) was estimated by an aerosol optical model using the number concentration of SSA and non-sea-salt sulfate from DMS. The estimated AOD, which was derived from the SSA and DMS emitted from the sea surface, was compared with satellite-derived AOD to quantify its (primary and secondary) contribution to atmospheric aerosol loading (i.e., observed AOD). Yearly global mean anomalies in DMS fluxes and AOD derived from SSA showed statistically significant downward trends during the recent global warming hiatus, whereas SSA emissions and AOD derived from DMS oxidation did not. In terms of regional trends, the decreases in SSA emissions during 2000–2015 occurred over the central Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea, whereas upward trends in SSA emissions occurred over the tropical southeastern Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean. DMS fluxes during the study period showed a clear downward trend over most regions of the global ocean. The estimates of the contributions of SSA (primary) and DMS (secondary) to atmospheric aerosol loading were 23–62% and 26–38%, respectively, with the largest primary contribution (~90%) over the Southern Ocean.

In this study, the air pollutants emitted from aircraft within the boundary layer (BL) were investigated for their impacts on the ozone (O3) concentration at and around three international airports (Incheon, RKSI; Gimpo, RKSS; and Jeju, RKPC) using the WRF-CMAQ modeling system during the summer of 2010. The analysis was performed using two sets of simulation scenarios: (1) with (i.e., TOTAL case) and (2) without aircraft emissions (i.e., BASE case). The model study suggested that aircraft emissions within the BL over the three airports can have a significant impact on the O3 (and NOx) concentrations in the source regions (the airports) and their surrounding/downwind areas. A significant negative impact of aircraft emissions on the O3 concentrations in the late afternoon (19:00 LST) was predicted near the three airports with their largest impact of −20 ppb near the RKSI at 19:00 LST. This was attributed mainly to the high NOx conditions in the VOC-limited areas and possibly in part to the rapid titration of O3 by NO around these airports. The rate of photochemical O3 destruction due to the aircraft emissions near the three airports was the most dominant contributor to the O3 levels compared to the other physical processes.

Emissions of ozone precursors (NO x and VOCs) and photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) of VOC emission sources were investigated in the largest port city (i.e., Busan), Korea during the year 2011. This analysis was performed using the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) national emission inventory provided by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. For NO x , the emissions from off-road mobile sources in Busan were the most dominant (e.g., 31,202 ton yr -1 ), accounting for about 60% of the total NOx emissions. The emission from shipping of off-road mobile sources (e.g., 24,922 ton yr -1 ) was a major contributor to their total emissions, amounting to 47% of the total NO x emissions due to the port-related activities in Busan. For VOCs, the emission source category of solvent usage was predominant (e.g., 36,062 ton yr -1 ), accounting for approximately 82% of the total VOC emissions. Out of solvent usages, the emission from painting was the most dominant (22,733 ton yr -1 ), comprising 52% of the total emissions from solvent usages. The most dominant VOC species emitted from their sources in Busan was toluene, followed by xylene, butane, ethylbenzene, n-butanol, isopropyl alcohol, and propane. The major emission sources of toluene and xylene were found to be painting of coil coating and ship building, respectively. The value of POCP for the offroad mobile source (61) was the highest in ten major activity sectors of VOC emissions. Since the POCP value of ship transport of off-road mobile source (72) was also high enough to affect ozone concentration, the ship emission can play a significant role in ozone production of the port city like Busan.

The emissions of ozone precursors, NOx and VOCs from a biogenic source and port-related sources (ship, shipping container truck, and cargo handling equipment) were estimated in Busan during 2013. Total biogenic isoprene emission in Busan during 2013 was estimated to be 4,434 ton yr -1 with the highest emission (e.g., 28 ton day -1 ) in summer using a BEIS method. Seasonal ozone production rates by isoprene ranged from 0.15 (winter) to 2.08 (summer) ppb hr -1 , contributing the predominant portion to ambient ozone levels. Total emissions of NOx and VOCs from ship traversing Busan ports were estimated to be 29,537 and 814 ton yr -1 , respectively, showing the significant contribution to total NOx emission in Busan. The emissions of ozone precursors were significantly different depending on ship tonnage and port location. Compared to the ship emission, the emissions of NOx and VOCs from the shipping container trucks in Busan were insignificant (2.9% for NOx and 3.9% for VOCs). Total NOx and VOCs emissions from the cargo handling equipment were estimated to be 1,440 and 133 ton yr -1 , respectively with the predominance of yard tractors.

Concentrations of ozone were continuously measured at four urban monitoring sites (Gu Ro (G); No Won (N); Song Pa (S); and Yong San (Y)) in Seoul, Korea from 2009 to 2011. The annual mean concentrations of ozone (in ppb) at these sites were found on the order of N (21.8 ± 19.3) > S (21.4 ± 20.14) > G (20.9 ± 18.0) > Y (18.8 ± 17.4). During peak hours (12–6 pm), the ozone concentrations were significantly higher (75, 69, 67, and 64% at site S, Y, N, and G, respectively) than overall 24 hour mean values. Seasonal variations of ozone have quite similar patterns at every site with systematic increases during spring (March–May) and summer (June–August) with the summer daytime mean (12–6 pm) values of 40.7 (site Y)–49.3 ppb (site S). The concentrations of ozone exhibited strong inverse correlations with other criteria pollutants (e.g., oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide), while a significant positive correlation was observed with some meteorological parameters (e.g., ultraviolet ray and solar radiation). Evidence collected in this study confirm that the spatio-temporal distribution of ozone in the study areas should be affected by the anthropogenic sources (e.g., vehicles, residential, and industrial sources) in concert with such well-known variables as the NO x –VOC chemistry and a number of natural parameters (e.g., wind speed, geographic position, and solar radiation).

The impact of pollutant emissions by the significant amount of road traffic around beaches on the ozone (O 3 ) concentrations in the surrounding regions were evaluated using a numerical modeling approach during 6 days (29 July through 3 August) of the beach opening period (BOP) in 2010. On-road mobile emissions at several roads close to beaches in Busan, Korea during the study period were estimated from the emission factors, vehicle kilometers traveled, and deterioration factors. The emission data was then applied to the 3-D chemical transport model. A process analysis (PA) was also used to assess the contributions of the individual physical and chemical processes to the production or loss of O 3 in the study area. The model study suggested the possibility that road traffic emissions near the beach area can have a significant impact on the O 3 concentrations in the source regions as well as their surrounding/downwind regions. The maximum negative impact of mobile emissions on the O 3 concentrations was predicted near the beach areas: by −9 ppb during the day due to both the high NO x emissions with the high NO x /VOC ratio and meteorological conditions and −9 ppb at night due to the fast titration of O 3 by NO. The PA showed that the contribution of chemical process to the decrease in O 3 concentrations (up to −5.5 ppb h −1 ) due to mobile emissions near the beach areas was the most dominant compared to the other physical processes.

Long-term monitoring of ammonia concentration and other trace gases was made at hourly intervals along with meteorological parameters in Seoul, Korea for a one-year period (1 September 2010–23 August 2011). The mean ammonia concentrations measured at two sites (Gwang-Jin (GJ) and Gang-Seo (GS) districts) were 10.9 ± 4.25 and 12.3 ± 4.23 ppb, respectively. A comparison of the seasonal data shows its relative dominance at both GJ and GS sites during the warm period (summer and spring) over the cool period (winter and fall). Likewise, over the diurnal scale, relative dominance during daytime was also apparent (p

Removal characteristics of lead-contaminated soil at the military shooting range located in the Changwon city were studied experimentally using soil washing process. As a washing solution, hydrogen chloride (HCl) concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 N were used, and soil : solution ratios were 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 4, and 1 : 5. Particle diameter of contaminated soil of 4- 0.075 mm, and washing period of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, and 120 min were used as operating parameters. The optimum concentration

In this study, fine-particle (PM2.5) ionic composition in the city of Seoul was investigated using short-term measurement data (1 h interval) collected during the year 2010. The partitioning of semi-volatile inorganic species and phase state of aerosols were studied using ISORROPIA II thermodynamic equilibrium model. The analysis of ionic composition identified the relative dominance of NO 3 − , SO 4 2 − , and NH 4 + in the fine particles. The presence of strong correlation between these components indicates similarity of their formation pathways. Seasonal patterns of these ionic components and their gas-phase precursors were somewhat different from each other. The observed SO 4 2 − / SO 2 mass ratio indicated a significant role of the gas-phase oxidation of SO2 (to H2SO4) in the SO 4 2 − formation. Moreover, both SO42− and NO3− were almost completely neutralized by NH4+ to form (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. The formation of NO3− aerosol would be ammonia-sensitive (i.e., deficit ammonia), as evidenced by smaller total ammonia concentration than the sum of total sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The uptake of SO2 on dust particles during Asian dust event is also likely to exert controls on SO42− concentrations.

The photochemical characteristics of ozone (O3) and its main precursors (e.g. NOx and VOCs) were investigated in relation to the photochemical O3 budget and O3eNOxeVOC sensitivity, based on a modeling approach using data sets observed during intensive field campaigns conducted under various environmental conditions (i.e. urban (Seoul), rural (Yang Pyeong), landfill (Dae Gu), coastal (Gwang Yang), and remote sites (Jeju Island). The production of O3 under most environmental conditions (especially, spring season at the urban site) was found to be more strongly sensitive to VOCs than NOx .A t the landfill site and during summer at the rural and coastal sites, the production of O3 was partially sensitive to NOx. On the other hand, despite the remote air on Jeju Island, the production of O3 was mainly VOC-sensitive (high NOx levels), but in part NOx-sensitive (low NOx levels), due to the transport processes from different environmental regions (e.g. heavily and less polluted locations).

To establish a proper regulation strategy on the emissions of major halocarbons including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), it is essential to assess their environmental behavior in relation to social and technological changes for their control. The production and release of CFCs and CCl4 increased rapidly to peak between the 1970s and 1980s and then decreased dramatically from the end of the 1980s in good accordance with the phase out schedules set by the Montreal Protocol. Both HCFCs (e.g., HCFC-124, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b) and HFCs (e.g., HFC-134a) have been introduced as CFCs alternatives between the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, these alternatives have already been or will be scheduled to be phased out because of their involvement in ozone destruction and global warming. In light of all the complexities associated with the global chemistry of CFCs and their alternatives, this paper provides an overview of their production and emission trends, their relationship with the ozone depletion phenomenon, the chemistry regulating their removal processes, and their distribution patterns with diverse temporal and spatial scales.

An oil spill on the west coast of the Republic of Korea was investigated with regard to its impact on ozone (O 3 ) concentration levels in the surrounding regions. The accident occurred on December 7, 2007 with the total estimate of 12,500 tons of Iranian Heavy plus Kuwait Export crude oils. The evaporation rates of the volatile hydrocarbon fractions in these crude oils were estimated based on the molar fractions of crude oils and their mass transfer coefficients. Their emission rates parameterized with several key environmental parameters (e.g., wind speed, seawater temperature, and salinity) along with oil type information were then applied in the 3-D chemical transport model. Photochemical production of O 3 in winter just after the accident was relatively insignificant due to very low photochemical activity. For the case/sensitivity study, the photochemical production of O 3 simulated under the hot summer weather conditions was predicted to be significant at the same magnitude of the oil spill. This study confirms that an oil spill, if occurring around coastal regions, can alter O 3 levels to a large extent depending on the meteorological conditions.

Photochemical characteristics of ozone () and its precursors such as budget and -VOC sensitivity were analyzed in different physico-chemical properties of air masses around the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) using aircraft observations during March 2006. The physico-chemical properties of air masses were categorized into 5 groups: boundary layer (BL), biomass burning (BB), free tropospheric continent (FTCO) and marine (FTMA), and Tula industrial complex (TIC). Results from the budget analysis indicated that production for BL, FTCO, and FTMA (for BB and TIC) was mainly controlled by a photochemical production pathway, a reaction of NO with (with ), while the main pathway of photochemical destruction for BL, FTCO, and FTMA (for BB and TIC) was a reaction of with (of with (D)). In addition, most of air mass categories (especially FTCO) were estimated to be -sensitive for production with lower , higher ratios of the other indicator species (e.g., ), , etc.), and the lower removal rate of radicals (0.5) by the reaction of OH with than those of the VOC-sensitive condition.

We examined high ozone episodes observed during the intensive measurement periods (11 May~21 June and 30 July~11 August 2009) in the Gulf of Gwangyang. During that period, there were a few events (or days) in which 1 hr averaged ozone concentrations were greater than 100 ppbv. The analysis of ozone budget and photochemical characteristics related to the ozone production was carried out using a photochemical box model. Ozone sensitivity to and VOCs was also examined in the study area during the measurement period. Diurnal variation of ozone during the episodes was similar to that of odd hydrogen radicals (, and ), suggesting significant correlation with photochemical production of ozone during the episodes. In general, ozone concentration in the study area during the measurement period was sensitive to VOCs, whereas ozone was sensitive to under certain conditions. Ozone sensitivity assessment using a radical budget analysis and /VOCs-control strategy was consistent with that using indicator species ( ratio).

The influence of ship emissions on ozone (O 3 ) concentrations in a coastal area (CA) including Busan port, Korea was examined based on a numerical modeling approach during a high O 3 episode. The analysis was performed by two sets of simulation scenarios: (1) with ship emissions (e.g., TOTAL case) and (2) without ship emissions (e.g., BASE case). A process analysis (PA) (the integrated processes rate (IPR) and integrated reaction rate (IRR) analyses) was used to evaluate the relative contributions of individual physical and chemical processes in O 3 production in and around the CA (e.g., sites of Dong Sam (DS) and Dae Yeon (DY)). The model study suggested the possibility that pollutant gases emitted from the ships traversing Busan port can exert a direct impact on the O 3 concentration levels in the CA. Largest impacts of ship emissions on the O 3 concentrations were predicted at the coast (up to 15 ppb) and at inland locations (about 5 ppb) due to both the photochemical production of pollutant gases emitted from the ships and meteorological conditions. From the PA, the photochemical production of O 3 (P(O 3 )) due to ship emissions in the CA was found to increase by a mean of 1.5 ppb h −1 (especially by ≥10 ppb h −1 at the DS site) during the day.

The photochemical oxidation and dispersion of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs: H2S, CH3SH, DMS, CS2, and DMDS) emitted from anthropogenic (A) and natural (N) sources were evaluated based on a numerical modeling approach. The anthropogenic emission concentrations of RSCs were measured from several sampling sites at the Donghae landfill (D-LF) (i.e., source type A) in South Korea during a series of field campaigns (May through December 2004). The emissions of natural RSCs in a coastal study area near the D-LF (i.e., source type N) were estimated from sea surface DMS concentrations and transfer velocity during the same study period. These emission data were then used as input to the CALPUFF dispersion model, revised with 34 chemical reactions for RSCs. A significant fraction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was produced photochemically during the summer (about 34% of total SO2 concentrations) followed by fall (21%), spring (15%), and winter (5%). Photochemical production of SO2 was dominated by H2S (about 55% of total contributions) and DMS (24%). The largest impact of RSCs from source type A on SO2 concentrations occurred around the D-LF during summer. The total SO2 concentrations produced from source type N around the D-LF during the summer (a mean SO2 concentration of 7.4 ppbv) were significantly higher than those (≤0.3 ppbv) during the other seasons. This may be because of the high RSC and SO2 emissions and their photochemistry along with the wind convergence.

The chemical and meteorological effects on the concentration variations of air pollutants ( and its precursors) were evaluated based on ground observation data in coastal and inland regions, Busan during springs and summers of 2005-2006. For the purpose of this study, study areas were classified into 5 categories: coastal area (CA), industrial area (IA), downtown area (DA), residential area (RA), and suburban area (SA). Two sites of Dongsam (DS) and Yeonsan (YS) were selected for the comparison purpose between the coastal and inland regions. concentrations in CA and SA were observed to be highest during spring (e.g., 40 ppb), whereas those in DA and RA were relatively low during summer (e.g., ppb). It was found that concentrations in IA were not significantly high although high VOCs (especially toluene of about 40 ppb) and ( 35 ppb) were observed. On the other hand, the concentration levels of and at the DS site were significantly higher than those at the YS site, but was slightly lower than that at the YS site. This might be caused by the photochemical activity and meteorological conditions (e.g., sea-land breeze and atmospheric stagnance). When maximum (an index of photochemical activity) exceeds 100 ppb, the contribution of secondary to total observed concentrations was estimated up to 32% and 17% at the DS and YS sites, respectively. In addition, the diurnal variations of at the DS site were similar to those of regardless of season, which suggests that they are mostly secondary produced from photochemical reactions.

In this study, the environmental behavior of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs: H2S, DMS, CS2, DMDS, and CH3SH) was investigated in an area influenced by strong anthropogenic processes based on a numerical modeling approach. The RSC emission concentrations were measured from multiple locations around the Ban-Wall industrial complex (BWIC) in the city of An San (AS), Korea, during a series of field campaigns held between August 2004 and September 2005. These emissions were then used as input for a CALPUFF dispersion model with the 34 dominant chemical reactions for RSCs. The impact of RSC emission on SO2 concentrations was assessed further in the study areas. The model study indicated the possibility that RSCs emitted in and around the BWIC can exert a direct impact on the ambient SO2 concentration levels in its surrounding areas with the most prominent effect observed during summer. Our prediction indicated that a significant fraction of SO2 was produced photochemically in and around the BWIC during the summer (about 30% of total SO2 concentrations) and fall events (∼20%). These photochemical productions of SO2 were mainly ascribable to H2S (∼60% of total contributions) and DMDS (∼25%) out of all five target RSCs. Meteorological contribution (dispersion) to SO2 concentration level was also highest during summer.

In this study, the environmental behavior of major aromatic VOC (including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, commonly called BTEX) in the ambient air was investigated from a mid-size municipal landfill site located in Dae Gu city, Korea in the winter of 2004. A series of field campaigns were conducted in the course of the study to cover eight different locations within and near this landfill site along with a number of VOC vent systems. The mean concentrations of different VOC species in ambient air fell in a comparable range of at or above a few ppb (e.g., the most abundant toluene approximately 10 ppb). An inspection of the VOC data sets at the studied LF sites also indicated that they are quite analogous to those typically found in other urban areas in terms of their absolute magnitude and relative pattern (e.g., the general dominance of toluene over the other species). In light of the fact that there is active ventilation of landfill gas (LFG: e.g., with their LFG concentrations above a few to a few tens of ppm) in the study area with no other distinct source processes, it can be concluded that the effects of the landfill processes may be as important as other point sources in maintaining VOC concentration levels in certain urban areas.

In this study, the distribution characteristics of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in ambient air were investigated in two coastal landfill (LF) facilities and their surrounding areas. The photochemical conversion of RSCs to sulfur dioxide (SO2) was also evaluated using a photochemical box model (PCBM). Measurements of RSCs were carried out from both in and around areas of two coastal LFs in Gunsan (G) and Donghae (D) city, Korea during several field campaigns (May through December 2004). The dominant RSCs at the Gunsan landfill (G-LF) were found to be DMS and H2S, whereas those at the Donghae landfill (D-LF) were H2S and DMDS. The concentrations of DMS at these study sites were likely to be affected not only by LF processes but also by an oceanic source, while such a pattern was more prominent at the D-LF. The chemical species of RSCs that can exert significant influences on the photochemical production of SO2 in the LF environment were identified to be H2S, DMS, or DMDS.

This study examines the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in urban ambient air. The photochemical conversions of RSC (such as DMS, CS2 ,H 2S, DMDS, and CH3SH) to a further oxidized form (e.g., SO2, MSA, and H2SO4) were assessed using a photochemical box model. For our model simulation of RSC oxidation, measurements were taken at an urban monitoring station in Seoul, Korea (37.6� N, 127� E) during three separate time periods (e.g., Sept. 17–18, Oct. 23, and Oct. 27–28, 2003). The results indicate that DMS and H2S were the dominant RSCs with concentrations of 370 ± 140 and 110 ± 60 pptv, respectively. The photochemical conversion of DMDS to SO2 was found to occur more efficiently than other RSCs. The overall results of our study suggest that photochemical conversion of RSCs accounted for less than 15% of the observed SO2 during the measurement period. The SO2 production from DMS oxidation (mainly by the reaction with OH) was found to be affected primarily by the abstraction channel due to high NOx levels during the experimental conditions. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical speciation and concentrations of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) in the urban atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) have been modeled using a photochemical box model. Measurements for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and the relevant trace gases were carried out in Seoul (37.6°N, 127°E), Korea, during a one-year period from March 2001 to February 2002. A moderately strong inverse correlation between GEM (Hg(0)) and ozone was observed in the spring. In addition, it was also observed that there were distinct GEM concentration differences between day and night, especially in the winter. Model simulations suggested that the most dominant sink of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) was the reaction with O 3 , which in turn contributed significantly to the formation of mercury oxide (HgO). The dominant RGM species in the urban ABL are likely to be HgO and Hg(HO) 2 . Seasonally averaged concentrations of HgO and Hg(HO) 2 are estimated to range from 0.5×10 4 to 1.1×10 4 and 0.2×10 4 to 3.5×10 4 molecules cm −3 , respectively. According to our model simulations, most RGM species are expected to exhibit relatively enhanced concentrations during the daytime compared to the nighttime.

In this study, we examined the influence of the long-range transport of dust particles and air pollutants on the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island, Korea (33.17 degrees N, 126.10 degrees E) during the Asian-dust-storm (ADS) period of April 2001. Three ADS events were observed during the periods of April 10-12, 13-14, and 25-26. Average concentration levels of daytime OH and nighttime NO3 on Jeju Island during the ADS period were estimated to be about 1x10(6) and 2x10(8) moleculescm(-3) ( approximately 9 pptv), respectively. OH levels during the ADS period were lower than those during the non-Asian-dust-storm (NADS) period by a factor of 1.5. This was likely to result from higher CO levels and the significant loading of dust particles, reducing the photolysis frequencies of ozone. Decreases in NO3 levels during the ADS period was likely to be determined mainly by the enhancement of the N2O5 heterogeneous reaction on dust aerosol surfaces. Averaged over 24 h, the reaction between HO2 and NO was the most important source of OH during the study period, followed by ozone photolysis, which contributed more than 95% of the total source. The reactions with CO, NO2, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) during the study period were major sinks for OH. The reaction of N2O5 on aerosol surfaces was a more important sink for nighttime NO3 during the ADS due to the significant loading of dust particles. The reaction of NO3 with NMHCs and the gas-phase reaction of N2O5 with water vapor were both significant loss mechanisms during the study period, especially during the NADS. However, dry deposition of these oxidized nitrogen species and a heterogeneous reaction of NO3 were of no importance.

This study reports the impact of reactive halogen species on diurnal ozone changes in the marine boundary layer (MBL). A photochemical box model has been used to simulate the mixing ratios of ozone, constrained with airborne field observations of Lagrangian flights operated during the ACE 1 campaign, 1995. The model includes bromine, chlorine, and iodine chemistry as well as aqueous-phase chemistry in sea-salt aerosols. Diurnal ozone changes in the MBL depend on photochemical production and loss, entrainment from the buffer layer (BuL), and deposition to the sea surface. Model calculations are compared with ozone observed over the Southern Pacific Ocean near Cape Grim, Tasmania. The model simulates well the observed ozone, reproducing the diurnal cycle in ozone mixing ratios. Based on budget analysis, ozone production in the MBL mainly results from the transport of BuL ozone, while ozone destruction is mainly controlled by a photochemical destruction pathway, a O( 1 D)+HO2 reaction. When the halogen chemistry is included to the model, a slight decrease of ozone mixing ratios and time shifting in a maximum period of time are revealed. The time shifting mainly results from reactive bromine and chlorine species (e.g., Br, BrO, Cl, and ClO), which show peaks after sunrise. On diurnal average, total loss rate by reactive halogen species is 1.2 � 10 � 2 ppbv h � 1 . Model results confirm that the halogen chemistry can significantly affect ozone levels during early morning after sunrise. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ion exchange performance to remove nitrate in surface and underground water was studied experimentally in batch and continuous operation systems under various conditions. Data were collected by using commercially available strong-base anion-exchange resins of C1 and OH types. Equilibrium curves, obtained through the batch system and plotted as the concentration ratio versus run time, were used to evaluate the effects of temperature, resin type, and initial feed concentration on the equilibrium characteristics of nitrate. The selectivity coefficients of the resins were correlated as a function of temperature by using the Kraus-Raridon equation. Breakthrough curves, obtained through the continuous column system and plotted as the ratio of effluent to influent concentration versus solution volume passed through the experimental column, gave detailed results about the effects of the system parameters, such as temperature, resin type, feed concentration, volumetric flow rate, column diameter and height on the performance of the anion exchange to remove nitrate. The results of this study could be scaled up and used as a design tool for a water-purification system of real ground water and surface water treatment processes.

Ground-level ozone (O3) is a well-known atmospheric pollutant with its adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Here, the tropospheric O3 concentrations monitored in seven major cities in Korea at monthly intervals over a 22-year period (1989-2010) are presented, and their long-term variability examined. The analysis of annual mean values of O3 (in nmolmol(-1), or ppb) showed a noticeable increase of 118±69% in all seven cities over the two decades (p

Air samples containing sulfur compounds are often collected and stored in sample bags prior to analysis. The storage stability of six gaseous sulfur compounds (H(2)S, CH(3)SH, DMS, CS(2), DMDS and SO(2)) was compared between two different bag materials (polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) and polyester aluminum (PEA)) at five initial concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000ppb). The response factors (RF) of these samples were determined after storage periods of 0, 1, and 3 days by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) combined with an air server (AS)/thermal desorber (TD) system. Although concentration reduction occurred more rapidly from samples of the high concentration standards (1000 and 10,000ppb), such trends were not evident in their low concentration counterparts (1, 10, and 100ppb). As such, temporal changes in RF values and the associated loss rates of most sulfur gases were greatly affected by their initial concentration levels. Moreover, the storability of oxidized sulfur compound (SO(2)) was greatly distinguished from that of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs), as the former almost disappeared in the PVF bag even after one day. The results of our study confirm that storability of gaseous sulfur species is affected interactively by such variables as initial gas concentration level, bag material type, and oxidation status with the associated reactivity.

In this study, the environmental behavior of malodor pollutants (MPs) [including reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs)] and aromatic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) were investigated around urban valley areas during several field campaigns (February through December 2006). The MPs measured in the study area include the RSCs (H(2)S, CH(3)SH, DMS, and DMDS), ammonia (NH(3)), and styrene (STY); the AVOCs include benzene (BEN), toluene (TOL), ethylbenzene (EB), m,p-xylene (MPX), and o-xylene (OX). The variation of most MP concentrations (except for DMDS) was found to be larger than that of AVOCs. It was found that STY (2,346 +/- 4,867 ppbv) was the most dominant MP followed by NH(3) (447 +/- 285), CH(3)SH (16 +/- 41), and the others (8). The magnitude of AVOCs was found in the following descending order: TOL (1.4 +/- 2.2 ppbv), EB (1.0 +/- 2.1), MPX (0.9 +/- 2.0), and the others (0.8). The concentration levels of most MPs on industrial (I) and downwind (D) sites were up to an order of magnitude higher than those at non-industrial (N) and upwind (U) sites. For most AVOCs, the former was ~3 times higher than the latter. For malodor intensity in RSCs, CH(3)SH was the dominant contributor. The concentration difference in target compounds between the sites/periods is likely to be caused by the combined effects such as emission sources, geographical features (e.g., semi-closed topography), and meteorological conditions (e.g., wind directions) in and outside the urban valley.