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Acrylamide (AM)/2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MADQUAT) copolymers were prepared by solution and inverse microemulsion polymerization using ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8)/sodium hydrosulfite (NaHSO3) as redox initiator at 30 °C. The comonomer reactivity ratios, determined using the Kelen–Tudos (KT) method, were rA = 0.30, rM = 1.31 in solution and rA = 0.63, rM = 1.13 in the inverse microemulsion, respectively. The copolymer microstructure was deduced from the run number and the heterogeneity, based on reactivity ratios. It was found that copolymerization in the inverse microemulsion resulted in close to ideal copolymerization, giving almost random copolymers; copolymerization in solution resulted in some alternating copolymers. The copolymer compositions indicated that high-conversion samples obtained from the inverse microemulsion are much more homogeneous in composition compared with those obtained in solution. It was found that the composition distribution of the copolymer prepared by inverse microemulsion polymerization remained at approximately the feed ratio. The sequence distribution of the copolymer was predicted by first-order Markov statistical and Bernoulli statistical models, respectively. The results showed that the sequence distribution of the copolymer prepared by inverse microemulsion polymerization was almost random, which led to a wider cationic charge distribution and a microstructure that was coincident with the feed ratio.

Electroreduction of a pretreated, low temperature, coal tar fraction dissolved in dimethylformamideEtOHH2Otetra-n-butylammonium bromide was carried out on a lead cathode. The olefins were found to be saturated and some aromatic rings opened. Product analysis showed an increase in hydrogen content by 1.34%, and an increase in HC ratio by 0.151. The content of the aliphatic hydrogen was also found to be increased by 16%.

This paper studies the electrical conversion of naphthalene in C2H5OH-H2-LiCl system and the effect of various parameters on conversion and product selectivity. It shows that the main products in this system are from anodic oxidation of naphthalene rather than cathodic reduction of naphthalene and solvent and support electrolyte take part in electrochemical reaction.

Electrolysis of fluorene dissolved in THF-H2O-TBABF4 mixtures took place on a mercury cathode at −2.4 V vs. Ag/Ag+ to produce di-, tetra- and hexahydrofluorenes via a Birch-type reduction mechanism and without significant hydrogen evolution; the addition of six hydrogen atoms per molecule proved to be the upper limit attainable in this system, regardless of the charge transferred. Reduction of a coal sample in the same conditions, at the rate of 0.016 F g−1, noticeably increased the soluble fraction as well as the conversion yield in hydropyrolysis experiments.

The influence of various types of complex in plating baths (salt of cyanogen complex, amine, organic salt and organic polyphosphatase, etc.) on the transitivity of polysulfonamide and cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes was studied. The results show that the presence of a complex in the plating bath causes the osmotic pressure of the solution, and consequently the water flux of the membrane to change. Because the stability, concentration and volume of complex ions are different for various types of complex, the transitivity of the membrane also differs. The greater the stability, volume and concentration of complex ions and the more different kinds of complex ions present in the plating bath, the lower the conductimetric rejection and water flux. It is difficult to treat such rinse water using only reverse osmosis technology; for effective treatment, reverse osmosis needs to be combined with some other process. Only when the reduction in transitivity is small may rinse water be treated by reverse osmosis alone.