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Innovative scaffold designs that modulate the local inflammatory microenvironment through favorable macrophage polarization and suppressing oxidative stress are needed for successful clinical translation of regenerative cell therapies and graft integration. We herein report derivation of a hydrazone-crosslinked gallol functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA-GA)-based hydrogel that displayed outstanding viscoelastic properties and immunomodulatory characteristics. Grafting of 6% gallol (GA) to a HA-backbone formed an interpenetrative network by promoting an additional crosslink between the gallol groups in addition to hydrazone crosslinking. This significantly enhanced the mechanical stability and displayed shear-thinning/self-healing characteristics, facilitated tissue adhesive properties to porcine tissue and also displayed radical scavenging properties, protecting encapsulated fibroblasts from peroxide challenge. The THP-1 human macrophage cell line or primary bone-marrow-derived murine macrophages cultured within HA-GA gels displayed selective polarization to a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype by upregulating IL4ra, IL-10, TGF-β, and TGF-βR1 expression when compared with HA-HA gels. Conversely, culturing of pro-inflammatory activated primary murine macrophages in HA-GA gels resulted in a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, SOCS3 and IL-6 marker expression, and upregulated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines including TGF-β. Finally, when the gels were implanted subcutaneously into healthy mice, we observed infiltration of pro-inflammatory myeloid cells in HA-HA gels, while immunosuppressive phenotypes were observed within the HA-GA gels. Taken together these data suggest that HA-GA gels are an ideal injectable scaffold for viable immunotherapeutic interventions. Statement of significance Host immune response against the implanted scaffolds that are designed to deliver stem cells or therapeutic proteins in vivo significantly limits the functional outcome. For this reason, we have designed immunomodulatory injectable scaffolds that can favorably polarize the recruited macrophages and impart antioxidant properties to suppress oxidative stress. Specifically, we have tailored a hyaluronic acid-based extracellular matrix mimetic injectable scaffold that is grafted with immunomodulatory gallol moiety. Gallol functionalization of hydrogel not only enhanced the mechanical properties of the scaffold by forming an interpenetrating network but also induced antioxidant properties, tissue adhesive properties, and polarized primary murine macrophages to immunosuppressive phenotype. We believe such immunoresponsive implants will pave the way for developing the next-generation of biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications. De två första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet

Studies have shown that hydrazides and thier derivatives are used for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes. At present, the whole world is suffering for COVID-19 virus. There are some vaccines or medicines available to treat this disease all over the world. Today the one fourth of the world's population is under lockdown condition. In this scenario, scientists from the whole world are doing different types of research on this disease. Being a molecular modeller, this inspires us to design new types of species (may be drugs) which may be capable for COVID-19 Protease. In the present effort, we have performed docking studies of title compounds with COVID-19 protein (6LU7) for anti-COVID-19 activity. A comparative quantum chemical calculations of molecular geometries (bond lengths and bond angles) of 4-Hydroxy Benzo Hydrazide (4HBH) and its newly designed derivatve [(E)-N′-((1H-Pyrrol-2-YL)Methylene) -4-Hydroxy Benzo Hydrazide and its isomers (I, II and III)] in the ground state have also been carried out due to its biological importance and compared with the similer type of compound found in literature i.e. benzohydrazide. The optimized geometry and wavenumber of the vibrational bands of the molecules have been calculated by density functional theory (DFT) using Becke's three-parameters hybrid functional (B3LYP/CAM-B3LYP) with 6-311G (d, p) as the basis set. Vibrational wavenumbers are compared with the observed FT-IR and FTRaman spectra of 4-Hydroxy Benzo Hydrazide. TDDFT calculations are also done on the same level of theory and a theoretical UV-vis spectrum of title molecules are also drawn. HOMO-LUMO analysis has been done to describe the way the molecule interacts with other species. Natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis has been carried out to inspect the intra- and inter- molecular hydrogen-bonding, conjugative and hyper conjugative interactions and their second order stabilization energy. Nonlinear optical (NLO) analysis has been performed to study the non-linear optical properties of the molecule by computing the first hyperpolarizability. The variation of thermodynamic properties with temperature has been studied. QATIM analysis shows that hydrogen bonding occurs in 4HBH, isomer II and III respectively. © 2021 - IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Neurodegenerative disorders occur when nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system partial or complete fail in their functions and sometimes even die due to some injuries or aging. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), have been majorly resulted due to degeneration of neurons and neuroinflammation progressively. There are many similarities that correlates both AD and PD on a cellular and sub-cellular level. Therefore, a hope for therapeutic advancement for simultaneous upgradation in both the diseases are directly depending on the discovery of common mechanism at molecular and cellular level. Recent and past evidences from scientific literature supporting the efficacy of plants flavonoids in treatment and protection of both AD and PD. Further, dietary flavones, specially Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone gains recently much more attention for producing many health beneficiary effects including neuroprotection. Despite of these evidence a detailed updated overview of neuroprotective effects against both AD and PD by Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone are still missing. In this context several published studies were assessed by using various online electronic search engines/databases to meet the objective from 1981 to 2021 (Approx. 224). Therefore, present review was designed to deliver the detailed description on these flavones including therapeutic benefits in AD, PD and other CNS complications with critical analysis on underlying mechanisms.

A large amount of ammonia volatilization from the agricultural system causes environmental problems and increases production costs. Conservation agriculture has emerged as an alternate and sustainable crop production system. Therefore, in the present study, ammonia losses from different agricultural practices were evaluated for the wheat crop under different tillage practices. The results of the present study showed that the cumulative emission of ammonia flux from the wheat field varied from 6.23 to 24.00 kg ha−1 (P ≤ 0.05) in conservation tillage (CA) and 7.03 to 26.58 kg ha−1 (P ≤ 0.05) in conventional tillage (CT) among different treatments. Application of basal 80% nitrogen resulted in the highest ammonia flux in conventional and conservation tillage practices. The ammonia volatilization followed the following trend: urea super granules with band placement > neem-coated urea with band placement > neem-coated urea with broadcast before irrigation > neem-coated urea with broadcast after irrigation > slow-release N fertilizer (urea stabilized with DCD and N(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide) with band placement. The conservation agricultural practices involving conservation tillage appear to be a sustainable approach for minimizing ammonia volatilization and improving wheat productivity.

Background Sugar alcohols are widely used as low-calorie sweeteners in the food and pharmaceutical industries. They can also be transformed into platform chemicals. Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous yeast, is a promising host for producing many sugar alcohols. In this work, we tested whether heterologous expression of a recently identified sugar alcohol phosphatase (PYP) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae would increase sugar alcohol production in Y. lipolytica. Results Y. lipolytica was found natively to produce erythritol, mannitol, and arabitol during growth on glucose, fructose, mannose, and glycerol. Osmotic stress is known to increase sugar alcohol production, and was found to significantly increase erythritol production during growth on glycerol. To better understand erythritol production from glycerol, since it was the most promising sugar alcohol, we measured the expression of key genes and intracellular metabolites. Osmotic stress increased the expression of several key genes in the glycerol catabolic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. Analysis of intracellular metabolites revealed that amino acids, sugar alcohols, and polyamines are produced at higher levels in response to osmotic stress. Heterologous overexpression of the sugar alcohol phosphatase increased erythritol production and glycerol utilization in Y. lipolytica. We further increased erythritol production by increasing the expression of native glycerol kinase (GK), and transketolase (TKL). This strain was able to produce 27.5 ± 0.7 g/L erythritol from glycerol during batch growth and 58.8 ± 1.68 g/L erythritol during fed-batch growth in shake-flasks experiments. In addition, the glycerol utilization was increased by 2.5-fold. We were also able to demonstrate that this strain efficiently produces erythritol from crude glycerol, a major byproduct of the biodiesel production. Conclusions We demonstrated the application of a promising enzyme for increasing erythritol production in Y. lipolytica. We were further able to boost production by combining the expression of this enzyme with other approaches known to increase erythritol production in Y. lipolytica. This suggest that this new enzyme provides an orthogonal route for boosting production and can be stacked with existing designs known to increase sugar alcohol production in yeast such as Y. lipolytica. Collectively, this work establishes a new route for increasing sugar alcohol production and further develops Y. lipolytica as a promising host for erythritol production from cheap substrates such as glycerol.

Background Black wheat is a variety of pigmented wheat developed by crossing purple and blue wheat. The anthocyanin present in the outer layer is responsible for the black color of wheat grain. It consists of numerous nutritional and bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phytic acid essential amino acids, dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals. Scope and research This review summarizes the chemical composition, bioactive compounds, functional properties and health benefits of black wheat to highlight its potential for different functional food development. Key findings and conclusions Black wheat (BW) possess higher protein content, dietary fiber, calcium, Vitamin K, total flavonoid (TFC) and phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity than the conventional yellow wheat. The TPC of BW is six times higher than yellow wheat with most abundant phenolic acid being ferulic acid. Around 225 metabolites mainly belonging to flavonoids group differs between black and yellow wheat and are responsible for their colour difference. The expression of structural genes namely TaCHI, TaDFR, TaF3H, TaUGT, TaANS and TaMT was highest in BW than other pigmented and conventional wheat varieties. Consumption of whole BW led to prevention of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, obesity, aging and large bowel protection. Clinical trials have revealed that enhancement of interleukin (IL)-6 induced due to type 2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α diabetes mellitus was prevented by the BW diet. Nutrient and bioactive compound rich BW offers a great potential to develop healthy functional food.

Yellow dent, high amylose and waxy corn were evaluated using lab-scale conventional, enzymatic (E-milling) and intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS) processes. The application of proteolytic enzyme (E-milling) and sulfur dioxide (Conventional milling and IMDS process) during kernel hydration and their effects on overall starch yields from three corn types were studied. Despite using lower amount of SO2 (600 ppm) and shorter steeping duration (66.8%), E-milling yielded the highest amount of starch for yellow dent, high amylose and waxy corn (71.4%, 60.1% and 66.9% (db), respectively). The use of proteolytic enzyme during steeping resulted in 26.1% points higher starch yield for high amylose corn. In conventional wet milling process, the highest starch yields were obtained from yellow dent corn and the lowest from high amylose corn, the values being 70.1% and 46.2% (db), respectively. Similarly, highest starch yield (69.5%, db) was obtained from yellow dent corn from the IMDS process. Steepwater absorption for high amylose corn was on average 37.7% greater than the other two corn types for conventional process and 34.6% greater for the modified processes. Modified wet milling protocols with shorter steeping durations and requiring lesser amounts of SO2 can be used to efficiently process different corn mutants.

The present study was focused on optimization of microwave roasting (300–900 W, 0–15 min) of black rice to enhance the functional and quality attributes. Physico-functional properties i.e. surface area (24.89–72.86 mm2) and sphericity (0.43–0.73), water absorption (1.30–3.43 g g−1) and oil absorption capacity (1.52–2.05 g/g) were increased with roasting. Roasting enhanced the browning index (13.03–41.03), a* (3.68–4.26) and b* (4.37–8.41) values but degraded the brightness (55.42–31.28). Roasting increased the glass transition temperature, but a reduction was observed in pasting properties i.e. peak viscosity (1542–76.16cP), breakdown viscosity (748.1–9.84cP) and final viscosity (1187–88.9cP). Roasting significantly (p

Friction stir processing is a novel technique of processing used for enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of materials nowadays. FSP is used to produce defect free metal matrix composites without any flaws and voids. The method found its wide application in the manufacturing of aircrafts, aerospace, submarines etc. In this paper, the investigation of wear properties of the fabricated samples is carried out by using pin-on disc tribometer and it was found that the wear resistance was higher in specimen fabricated at 1600 RPM and at constant feed rate of 30 mm/min. in comparison with 1400, 1500 RPM. In addition to this the coefficient of friction was also found to be efficient on the same parameter. So, 1600 RPM and 30 mm/min. feed rate was the most optimum parameter for friction stir processing of 7075 aluminium alloy reinforced with Boron Carbide (B4C) ceramic particles.

The presence of fouling in evaporators can increase energy consumption as well as capital and labor costs. During corn ethanol production, fouling occurs when thin stillage is concentrated in multiple effect evaporators to form condensed distillers solubles. Limited studies have been conducted on fouling of corn ethanol processing. Process streams are biological in origin and have variable compositions. The objective of this study was to develop an improved understanding of components that accelerate fouling of thin stillage evaporators. An annular fouling probe was used to evaluate compositional variables on fouling behavior of dry grind corn thin stillage. Three experiments were performed with commercial processing streams. In the first experiment, the effects of carbohydrate materials in thin stillage on evaporator fouling were investigated by adding starch and sucrose. In the second experiment, commercial thin stillage samples were treated by adding wet cake. The third experiment was designed to observe if the age of thin stillage sample would affect fouling. The results indicate that fouling resistances increased with starch addition, as well as with wet cake addition, at equal total solids contents. Insoluble starch addition had larger effects than soluble sucrose addition. Sucrose alone did not cause increased rapid fouling.

Background Annual bluegrass is a troublesome weed in managed turf systems. A survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of herbicide resistance in golf course populations of annual bluegrass in eastern Texas. Screenings were conducted for two photosystem II (PS II)-inhibitor herbicides [simazine preemergence (PRE), amicarbazone postemergence (POST)], two acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (foramsulfuron POST, trifloxysulfuron POST) and one microtubule assembly inhibitor (pronamide PRE/POST). Results Ninety percent of the populations were found to be resistant to at least one of the tested herbicides. The TX15-14 population was >490-, 178-, 10-, 26-, 4.3- and 3.8-fold, and the TX15-27 population was >490-, 16-, 28-, 84-, 5.2- and 4.1-fold less sensitive to simazine, amicarbazone, foramsulfuron, trifloxysulfuron, pronamide POST and pronamide PRE, respectively, compared to the susceptible standard TX15-SUS. Populations resistant to pronamide POST were completely controlled by pronamide PRE at the label recommended rate. The ALS and psbA gene sequence analysis indicated the presence of target site mutations (Ser-264-Gly in the psbA gene of TX15-14 and Trp-574-Leu in the ALS gene of TX15-27). However, given the absence of any target-site mutation in the ALS gene of TX15-14, the psbA gene of TX15-27 and α-tubulin of both populations, nontarget site mechanisms of resistance are suspected. Conclusion This is the first case of multiple herbicide resistance in annual bluegrass populations to three herbicide modes of action. Results show the widespread occurrence of multiple herbicide resistance in golf course annual bluegrass populations in eastern Texas and emphasize the need for the development and implementation of effective resistance management practices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

A paper-based survey was conducted from 2015 to 2017 among stakeholders of the Texas rice industry on current weed management challenges and factors influencing management decisions. A total of 108 survey questionnaires were completed by stakeholders at the rice Cooperative Extension meetings conducted in the rice-growing counties of Texas. In addition, late-season field surveys were conducted prior to harvest in 2015 and 2016 across the rice-growing counties to understand dominant weed escapes occurring in rice fields. Results from the questionnaire survey revealed that rice–fallow–rice was the most common rotation practiced in Texas rice production. Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus spp. were the top three problematic weed issues faced by the respondents. Among the Leptochloa species, Nealley’s sprangletop, a relatively new species in rice fields, was indicated as an emerging concern. Clomazone was the most frequently used PRE herbicide, whereas quinclorac, propanil, imazethapyr, and cyhalofop were the popular POST herbicides. Most respondents (72%) made weed-control decisions on the basis of economic thresholds, whereas 63% made decisions on the basis of weed problems from previous years. Most respondents (88%) expressed moderate to high concern for herbicide-resistant weeds in their operations. Strategies to manage herbicide-resistant weeds and economical weed management practices were among the top suggested research needs. The field survey revealed that jungle rice, Nealley’s sprangletop, and hemp sesbania were the top three late-season weed escapes in rice production in Texas, with frequencies of occurrence of 28%, 19%, and 13%, respectively. Furthermore, average field area infested by a species was the greatest for jungle rice (13%), followed by hemp sesbania (11%) and weedy rice (11%). Findings from the stakeholder and field surveys help direct future research and outreach efforts for sustainable weed management in Texas rice.

At Nano-scale level, innovative biomedical techniques are developed in advanced drug delivery systems and targeted Nano-therapy. Ultrathin needles provide a low invasive and highly selective means for molecular delivery and cell manipulation. This article studies the geometry and the stability of Boron Nano-Bucket (B16 Cluster of Bucket Shape) and B15-Li complex by using computational modeling methods. The equilibrium geometry of Boron Nano-Bucket and BNB-Li complex in the ground state have been determined and analyzed by Density functional theory (DFT) employing 6-311 G (d, p) as the basis set. The frontier orbital HOMO-LUMO gap, Chemical Softness, Chemical Hardness have also been calculated to understand its complete Chemical Properties. In this study, we have also performed BNB-Li complex interaction with drug Resorcinol. The binding character interactive species have been determined by NBO and AIM analysis. From these studies, we can say that BNB and BNB-Li complex may also potentially able to stabilize ions around their structure like Carbon Nano Niddle (CNN) in future. The polar characteristics of CNN and their ability to carry ionic species, Li doped Boron Nano-Bucket might be suitable to act as drug carrier through nonpolar biologic media.

The thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis of extracts/compounds has several applications in the field of food, cosmetics, phytochemistry, and pharmaceutical industry. Mangiferin is a bioactive and natural antioxidant polyphenolic xanthone obtained from different dietary plants and recently gaining remarkable attention due to its high pharmacological significance evident in current scientific validations. This review contains various TLC methods reported so far for the qualitative and quantitative assessments of mangiferin after collating selected research papers from online scientific databases as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. In particular, confirmation of mangiferin from dietary plant, herbal formulations, and biological and bioautographic samples through TLC are discussed in detail and comparison is also established in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, and validity. Ultimately, critical evaluation was done with the aim to deliver useful suggestions for the selection of suitable mobile phase, sample preparation, and detection methods for the analysis of mangiferin.

The consumers' demands have changed from energy providing diet to a diet with a balanced nutrient profile along with metabolic, physiological and functional health benefits. They are seeking colorants derived from natural sources to enhance the nutritional and antioxidant value of foods. Colored wheat (Triticum aestivum) contains many phytochemicals, responsible for numerous health benefits. Colored wheat (blue, black, purple and red) contains a good amount of anthocyanins and carotenoids that are primarily located in the outer aleurone layer. Food regulatory and safety authorities and food processing industries are trying to minimize the usage of synthetic food colorants and dyes. Colored wheat is imperative for food processing industries as high-value pigments present in the bran layer (milling industry co-product) can easily be extracted and utilized as functional foods and natural colorants. The extracted pigments such as anthocyanin can replace synthetic dyes currently used in food, drug and cosmetics. Additionally, natural additives improve the nutritional value, appearance, texture, flavor, and storage properties of food products. This review presents a brief knowledge of the nutritional composition of colored wheat including phytochemicals and bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, their health benefits, methods and technologies used for processing and extraction as well as the effects of processing on these compounds.

The study was conducted to determine the optimum medium for in vitro pollen germination for B. utilis based on germination percentages and length of the pollen tube. Studies about pollen germination and tube growth of B. utilis are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of sucrose (1, 3, 5, 10 and 15%), boric acid (25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), calcium nitrate (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm), magnesium sulfate (50, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) and potassium nitrate (50, 100 and 200 ppm) and time of incubation on pollen germination and tube growth. Pollen germination rates and tube growth were recorded periodically at 2, 4, 6, and 10 h. The length varied significantly with different concentrations and incubation time. The germination rate and pollen tube length varied significantly with different concentrations and incubation time. Pollen germination was maximal (98 ± 6.1%) when the germination medium contained 10% sucrose solution supplemented with 100 ppm H3BO3, 300 ppm Ca(NO3)2, 200 ppm MgSO4 and 100 ppm KNO3, after 6 h of incubation. In addition, results revealed that pollen grains collected immediately after anther dehiscence showed the best germination ability but gradually decreased with time.

Background: Alcohol is one of the most abused substances in the world. Alcohol has been known to produce toxic effects in almost every organ system in the body, many of these medical conditions can be attributed to the direct toxic effect of alcohol and its metabolites, whereas others are indirect sequelae that may result from nutritional deficiency particularly thiamine. A neurological complication of alcohol dependence is extremely common and affects every level of neuroaxis including the Brain-Peripheral nervous system-Muscle. Aim & Objective: To quantify the number of different neurological disorders in alcohol-dependent patients and to the established relationship between the frequency of these disorders with type, duration, amount, and frequency of alcohol intake. Method & Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 alcoholics who came to tertiary care centers of central India in the 1-year duration. Demographic data, questions related to their alcohol consumption, and Neurological examination of all patients were done as pre-decided protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Data was entered and analyzed using appropriate software. Result: Study participants were mostly (70%) in the age group of 21 to 40 years, 87% resided in the urban area, 81% were Hindu. 78% were educated up to class 8th and 76% were employed with any kind of jobs. There were 64% of cases that had any kind of neurological manifestation, 20% had peripheral neuropathy and less than 10% has severe manifestation Korsakoff’s psychosis, and cerebellar degeneration. Conclusion: Neurological manifestations were common among alcohol dependents, but it variably depends on the amount, pattern, chronicity, and type of alcohol consumption. There is a need for further studies that specifically point out alcohol-related nervous manifestations.

The present work deals a new polymer electrolyte, that is, polyvinylpyrrolidone doped with salt ammonium iodide and plasticizer ethylene carbonate (EC) prepared via solution casting technique for supercapacitor application. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was carried out using CH instrument electrochemical work station which shows enhancement in conductivity ( σ) value by doping EC. Polarized optical microscopy confirms the reduction of crystallinity in the polymer electrolyte which established a good relation with our conductivity data. Fourier transform spectroscopy proves the composite nature of plasticized polymer electrolyte. X-Ray diffraction shows the decrease in the crystallinity in polymer matrix after incorporation with the plasticizer. A laboratory-scale electrical double-layer capacitor has been fabricated using graphene oxide electrode and maximum conducting polymer electrolyte which shows reasonable performance.

In the present work, we have used hydrothermally synthesized in situ functionalized MoS2-QDs for a sensitive (limit of detection ~ 2.06 µM) and selective detection of Fe3+ ions. A detailed study of fluorescence quenching behavior for MoS2-QDs in the presence of Fe3+ ions has been performed using the Stern–Volmer plot, modified Stern–Volmer plot, and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. Absorption based titration spectra and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements confirmed the fluorescence quenching is static with three decay times originated from the three different fluorescing sites. Interestingly, it is found that emission spectra consist of three bands at positions ~ 450 nm (P1, ~ 2.76 eV), ~ 475 nm (P2, ~ 2.61 eV), and ~ 503 nm (P3, ~ 2.46 eV). These peaks show a systematic quenching with the increasing concentration of Fe3+ ions. Quenching constants corresponding to these emission bands are found of the order of ~ 103 M−1. Large values of bimolecular quenching constants (~ 1011 M−1 s−1) suggest a strong binding interaction between MoS2-QDs and Fe3+ ions. Furthermore, to understand the fluorescence quenching of MoS2-QDs in the presence of Fe3+ ions, a ground-state complex formation-based mechanism has been proposed and elucidated in detail.

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with atomic thickness are promising materials for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we report uniform growth of triangular-shaped (∼40 μm) monolayer WS2 using the atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) technique in a hydrogen-free environment. We have studied the optical and electrical behaviors of as-grown WS2 samples. The absorption spectrum of monolayer WS2 shows two intense excitonic absorption peaks, namely, A (∼630 nm) and B (∼530 nm), due to the direct gap transitions at the K point. Photoluminescence (PL) and fluorescence studies reveal that under the exposure of green light, monolayer WS2 gives very strong red emission at ∼663 nm. This corresponds to the direct band gap and strong excitonic effect in monolayer WS2. Furthermore, the efficacy of the synthesized WS2 crystals for electronic devices is also checked by fabricating field-effect transistors (FETs). FET devices exhibit an electron mobility of μ ∼ 6 cm2 V-1 s-1, current ON/OFF ratio of ∼106, and subthreshold swing (SS) of ∼641 mV decade-1, which are comparable to those of the exfoliated monolayer WS2 FETs. These findings suggest that our APCVD-grown WS2 has the potential to be used for next-generation nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications.

Polymer electrolytes were prepared by doping polyvinylpyrrolidone and ammonium iodide ion with an ionic liquid (IL) 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide. Polymer electrolytes were prepared by solution cast technique. Ionic conductivity was improved by the addition of IL which is studied using complex impedance spectroscopy by evaluating ionic conductivity. Using maximum electrical conductivity film, laboratory-scale dye-sensitized solar cell has been fabricated which shows stable performance.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride- co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) doped with zinc acetate polymer electrolytes have been prepared for electrochemical devices. Electrical conductivity ( σ) obtained from impedance analysis shows a maximum (σ = 4.83 × 10–4 S cm−1) for 25 wt% of salt concentration, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the formation of composite electrolyte and information on the interaction of polymer matrix with the salt. Polarized optical microscopy shows the reduction in the crystallinity of polymer host due to salt doping which is also evidenced in the X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples. A sandwiched structure laboratory-scale supercapacitor has been fabricated using the highest conductivity polymer electrolyte film and activated graphene oxide electrode shows promising results.

The sole aim of the present article was to develop a highly efficient electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) using a solid polymer electrolyte. Solution cast technique was adopted to fabricate an efficient EDLC. Solid biopolymer electrolytes were synthesized based on corn starch as a host polymer and sodium chloride as well as ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide) as dopants. The ionic conductivity of present system has been carried out using impedance spectroscopy. Detailed electrical, structural and thermal studies of polymer electrolytes have been carried out. An efficient EDLC has been fabricated using carbon-based electrodes and maximum conducting biopolymer electrolyte which shows promising result.

Different composition ratio of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as host polymer, ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) as salt, and propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl acetamide (DMA), dimethyl chloride (DMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) as plasticizers has been prepared by solution casting technique. The influence of high dielectric constant plasticizers (PC and DMA) and low dielectric constant plasticizers (DMC and DEC) on the ion transport properties of PEO-NH4HF2 polymer electrolytes has been studied. The increase in ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes containing PC and DMA is observed to be more as compared to those electrolytes containing DMC and DEC, which is due to an increase in both the amorphous phase and dielectric constant of PEO. X-ray diffraction study reveals the amorphous nature in case of plasticized polymer electrolyte. In the Fourier transform infrared study, the changes and shifting of the different characteristic peaks confirm the polymer–salt complex formation and the dissociation of ion aggregates present at higher concentration of salt with the addition of PC. Maximum ionic conductivity of 1.40 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature has observed in case of plasticized polymer electrolytes containing optimum concentration of PC so that mechanical stability and flexibility be maintained. The variation of linewidth with temperature has also been studied by 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which confirms that both cations and anions are mobile in these polymer electrolytes. Line narrowing associated with the glass transition temperature ( T g; low mobility region) and melting temperature ( T m; high mobility region) of PEO has also been observed for plasticized polymer electrolytes containing PC having optimum conductivity value. Conductivity versus temperature variation study reveals curved nature of plot in case of plasticized polymer electrolytes containing high dielectric constant plasticizers, which is significant for their amorphous nature. Smooth morphology observed in case of plasticized polymer electrolytes having optimum conductivity value is essential key factor for polymer electrolytes to be suitable for practical applications.

Field surveys were conducted across the Blacklands region of Texas during 2016 and 2017 to document the distribution of herbicide-resistant Lolium spp. infesting winter wheat production fields in the region. A total of 68 populations (64 Italian ryegrass, four perennial ryegrass) were evaluated in a greenhouse for sensitivity to herbicides of three different modes of action: an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor (mesosulfuron-methyl), two acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (diclofop-methyl and pinoxaden), and a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitor (glyphosate). Herbicides were applied at twice the label-recommended rates for mesosulfuron-methyl (29 g ai ha−1), diclofop-methyl (750 g ai ha−1), and pinoxaden (118 g ai ha−1); and at the recommended rate for glyphosate (868 g ae ha−1). The herbicide screenings were followed by dose-response assays of the most-resistant ryegrass population for each herbicide at eight rates (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64×), compared with a susceptible population at six rates (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2×). The initial screening and dose-response experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications and two experimental runs. Survivors (

Part of the native root nodule endophytic microflora referring to members of the genera Proteobacteria and Sphingobacteria were used to test their bioefficacy as seed biopriming. These were quantified for their plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes such as IAA production, P and K-solubilization and ACC deaminase production. Results showed that significantly highest IAA was produced by E. hormaechi RCT10. The highest P-solubilization was observed with S. maltophila RCT31 it was solubilizing all the substrate tri-calcium phosphate, di-calcium phosphate, and zinc phosphate. Significantly highest K-solubilization was observed with S. maltophila RCT31 followed by E. turicensis RCT5. However, the maximum zinc solubilization was reported with S. maltophila RCT31 followed by E. turicensis RCT5. The maximum ACC deaminase was quantified in the bacterium. Results revealed that the E. hormaechi RCT10 utilized seed leechates most effectively while root exudates were maximally utilized by S. maltophila RCT31. The pots experiment proves that S. maltophila RCT31 was the most effective bacterium and it was replication vis-à-vis field experiment. In particular, S. maltophila RCT31 holds strong potential to be possibly used as a bioformulation for the medicinal legume, as an economical and eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are frequently used as potent excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. However, these agents also have an interesting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory profile that could interfere with the efficacy testing of anti-infective compounds when the latter are solubilized in DMSO or PEGs. Here, we demonstrate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of DMSO-PEG400 in a murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection model, aiming to draw attention to the appropriate selection of solvents for difficult-to-solubilize anti-infectives. IMPORTANCE Our study demonstrates the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the combination of DMSO and PEG400 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo in a murine infection model of heightened intestinal permeability. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the appropriate selection of solvents for difficult-to-solubilize anti-infective compounds, to avoid interference with the assay or system tested. This is an extremely important consideration, since potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the solvent vehicle are detrimental to research studies on the efficacy of new anti-infective agents, given that the vehicle effect can mask the effect of the tested compounds. Our results can therefore be of great value to the scientific community, as they can guide researchers in the future to avoid this significant pitfall that can cost substantial amounts of money and valuable time during investigations of the effects of novel, difficult-to-solubilize antimicrobial compounds.

Genetic variants of the COVID-19 causative virus have been arising and circulating globally. In many countries especially in developing ones with a huge population, vaccination has become one of the major challenges. SARS-CoV-2 variants’ fast transmission rate has upsurge the COVID cases, leading to more stress on health systems. In the current COVID-19 scenario, there is the requirement of more adequate diagnostic approaches to check the COVID-19 spread. Out of many diagnostic approaches, a magnetic nanoparticle-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction could be nontrivial. The use of magnetic nanoparticles to separate nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 from the patient samples and applied for detection is an easy and more effective way for COVID-19 patient detection. Herein, the magnetic nanoparticles are synthesized using the sol-gel autocombustion methods and then, successfully coated with biopolymer (chitosan) using ultra-sonication. Chitosan-coated nanoparticles are successfully integrated into the graphene oxide sheets to introduce carboxyl groups. Crystallite size calculation, morphological and magnetic studies of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, and multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles are done using XRD, SEM, TEM, and VSM respectively. Besides the potentiality of the fabricated nanocomposites in RNA extraction protocol is also discussed with schematic representation.

Karanjin, phytochemical from Pongamia pinnata is reported to be effective against HIV that causes AIDS in humans, however, the delivery of this therapeutic molecule still needs improvement. Hence, this study provides a better understanding of the nonbonded interaction between an anti-HIV drug karanjin and carbon nanotube (CNT) (C56H16). The electronic structure and interaction properties of the molecule karanjin over the surface of CNT were theoretically studied in the gas phase by DFT/B3LYP/6-31G ([Formula: see text]) level of theory for the first time. The UV–Vis spectra and transitions of the karanjin drug, CNT (C56H16) and complex CNT (C-56)/karanjin in gas phase have been calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for the investigation of adsorption effect. To support our hypothesis, we have performed quantum chemical analysis for CNT (C56H16)/karanjin in water and DMSO solvent. In this process, this CNT (C-56)/karanjin complex enters into affected cell in liquid medium. After that, the drug delivery system CNT (C-56) unloads karanjin at the affected site. The binding character interactive species have been determined by NBO and AIM analysis. The frontier orbital HOMO–LUMO gap, chemical softness, chemical hardness have also been calculated to understand its complete chemical properties. The outcomes from our interaction of drug karanjin with CNT (C56H16) will be instrumental for better drug delivery potential in the upcoming future.

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L) Schum) is being developed as a bioenergy crop for production in the southeastern United States. Important criteria for selecting a feedstock are cost, consist...

Fouling is unwanted deposition of materials on surfaces of processing equipment, which leads to additional capital investment and lower processing efficiency. During fuel ethanol production, fouling occurs when thin stillage is concentrated into condensed distillers solubles. Investigations of protein impact on fouling are limited despite high protein concentration in thin stillage (17–33% db). Protein contributions to fouling have been verified in the dairy industry. Whey proteins and calcium phosphate interact with each other or other proteins and form aggregates on heated surfaces. Due to the complex biological composition of thin stillage, it is difficult to study a single effect on fouling without interference from other factors. The objective was to investigate fouling properties of nitrogenous substances (urea and yeast) using model fluids; effects of protease addition on fouling properties of model and commercial thin stillage fluids. Urea addition did not lead to fouling while glucose-yeast model fluids displayed fouling tendencies. Protease from pineapple stem (bromelain) incubation increased fouling in model and commercial fluids, which were indicative that hydrolyzed molecules such as peptides, amino acids or protease can be involved in deposit formation.

The study aimed at the development of elephant foot yam starch (EFYS) based edible film through blending of Xanthan (XG) and agar–agar (AA). Film thickness and density increased with increase in concentration of hydrocolloids and the respective highest value 0.199 mm and 2.02 g/cm(3) were found for the film possessing 2% AA. The film barrier properties varied with hydrocolloids and the lowest value of water vapour transmission rate (1494.54 g/m(2)) and oxygen transmission rate (0.020 cm(3)/m(2)) was observed for the film with 1% XG and 1.5% AA, respectively. Mechanical and thermal properties also improved upon addition of hydrocolloid. Highest tensile strength (20.14 MPa) and glass transition temperature (150.6 °C) was observed for film containing 2% AA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of –OH, C–H, and C=O groups. The change in crystallinity was observed through peak in X-ray diffraction analysis, which increased with increase in the hydrocolloids’ concentration.

We conducted a survey in the major row-crop production regions of Texas to determine the response of waterhemp to glyphosate (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase [EPSPS] inhibitor), atrazine (photosystem II [PSII] inhibitor), pyrithiobac (acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibitor), tembotrione (hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase [HPPD] inhibitor), fomesafen (protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO] inhibitor), and dicamba (synthetic auxin). We evaluated 127 accessions for these herbicides. Resistance was confirmed on the basis of plant survival within an accession, and the injury ratings of surviving plants were used to categorize each accession as resistant (

Limited studies have been reported on the interaction of elephant foot yam (EFY) starch and hydrocolloids. Hence the present study investigated the effect of hydrocolloids (agar-agar, AAG and xanthan gum, XG) concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) on pasting, rheological, thermo-functional and morphological properties of EFY starch. The increase in concentration reduced the swelling index and enhanced the solubility. Peak, holding, break down and set back viscosity was highest at 2% XG than AAG. Dynamic storage modulus (G′) was higher than loss modulus (G″) within frequency range with an increase in hydrocolloids concentration. Pasting temperature reduced from 77.20 to 49.7 °C (AAG) and 77.20 to 61.56 °C (XG). FTIR exhibited differences in peak absorbance and broadness of O H and C O stretching at 3400–3200 cm−1 and 1260–1000 cm−1 upon hydrocolloids' addition. Increased AAG concentration reduced the peak temperature of gelatinization and retrogradation of EFY starch. The effect of hydrocolloids and their concentrations on the higher binding of EFY starch molecules and crystallinity has also been supported by SEM images. These results show that EFY starch with hydrocolloids can be used as a thickener. Its good binding ability may be explored for the possible applications in bakery industry and for the development of edible packaging film.

We investigate the gas sensing properties of TiO2 thin films prepared by spin coating. The presence of anatase and rutile phases in the sample was confirmed by powder X-Ray diffraction stud...

Waste eggshells were used to decorate functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) by hydroxyapatite (HAP) using in situ synthesis. The HAP decorated CNT and GO were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, and IR spectroscopic techniques. CNT-HAP and GO-HAP were further used to prepare polymer nanocomposites by addition of different percentages of synthesized CNT-HAP and GO-HAP as fillers into linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The prepared nanocomposites specimens were utilized for physical and thermo-mechanical analysis. Mechanical properties of the LLDPE nanocomposites were improved with increasing the percentage of CNT-HAP and GO-HAP fillers compared to the pristine LLDPE. Hardness of hybrid-CNT-HAP/LLDPE composite was increased as compared to the GO-HAP/LLDPE, where as tensile strength of the GO-HAP/LLDPE was higher than that of the CNT-HAP/LLDPE composite. Flammability of CNT-HAP and GO-HAP composites was decreased by 32% as compared to the pristine LLDPE.

Corn stover and sugarcane bagasse are the most widely available agriculture processing biomass and could serve as feedstocks for production of biofuel. In this study, three different technologies are combined to develop a more efficient conversion process for each of these feedstocks. The three technologies are diluted alkaline deacetylation process, combined thermochemical and mechanical shear pretreatment, and fermentation using a combined inoculum of two commercial Saccharomyces yeast strains. The two yeast strains used were a non-GMO and GMO strain engineered for xylose fermentation. The final ethanol concentrations obtained were 35.7 g/L from deacetylated corn stover and 32.9 g/L from sugarcane bagasse. Blending the two yeast reduced residual xylose content from 1.24 g/L to 0.48 g/L and increased ethanol production by 6.5% compared to solely using the C5/C6 yeast. The optimized yeast blend also lowered the amount of C5/C6 yeast required for inoculation by 80%.

The use of sanitizers during produce wash operation is a common practice, but little is known about the effect of residual sanitizers on minimizing food safety risks associated with post-sanitizing cross-contaminations. This study investigated the effect of residual chlorine and organic acids on the survival and the attachment of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes on spinach leaves during refrigerated storage. The pathogens were spot inoculated on chlorine (100 ppm), lactic acid (0.5%) and acetic acid (0.5%) treated leaves, and their survival during refrigerated storage (4 °C) was examined. A significant reduction (P

In view of the limited information available on functional significance of TRPV1 in regulating sperm functions, present study was undertaken on bull spermatozoa. Sixty four ejaculates were collected from four Hariana bulls and were used for molecular and functional characterisation of TRPV1. Immunoblotting using TRPV1 specific antibody revealed the presence of a single band of 104 kDa corresponding to TRPV1 in Hariana bull spermatozoa. Indirect immuno fluorescence revealed positive immune-reactivity to TRPV1 at acrosomal, pre-acrosomal, post acrosomal and flagellar regions of spermatozoa. Based on the results of pilot study dose-response analysis, doses of anandamide (AEA; 0.3 μM) and capsazepine (Cp; 10 μM) were selected for further studies. Three groups of semen samples (control 100 μL diluted semen having 1 × 106 spermatozoa; anandamide (3 μL AEA+97 μL of diluted semen containing 1 × 106 spermatozoa and Cp (1 μL Cp+99 μL of diluted semen containing 1 × 106 spermatozoa) were used to study the functional involvement of TRPV1 in bull spermatozoa. Blocking of TRPV1 with Cp resulted in significant (P

A state-level survey was conducted across major row-crop production regions of Texas to document the level of sensitivity of Palmer amaranth to glyphosate, atrazine, pyrithiobac, tembotrione, fomesafen, and dicamba. Between 137 and 161 Palmer amaranth populations were evaluated for sensitivity to the labelled field rate (1X), and rated as resistant (≤49% injury), less sensitive (50% to 89% injury), or susceptible (90% to 100% injury). For glyphosate, 62%, 19%, 13%, and 13% of the populations from the High Plains, Central Texas, Rio Grande Valley, and Lower Gulf Coast, respectively, were resistant. Resistance to atrazine was more common in Palmer amaranth populations from the High Plains than in other regions, with 16% of the populations resistant and 22% less sensitive. Approximately 90% of the populations from the High Plains that exhibited resistance to atrazine POST also were resistant to atrazine PRE. Of the 160 populations tested for pyrithiobac, approximately 99% were resistant or less sensitive, regardless of the region. No resistance was found to fomesafen, tembotrione, or dicamba. However, 22% of the populations from the High Plains were less sensitive to 1X (93 g ai ha-1) tembotrione, but were killed at 2X, illustrating the background variability in sensitivity to this herbicide. For dicamba, three populations, all from the High Plains, exhibited less sensitivity at the 1X rate (controlled at the 2X rate; 1X = 560 g ae ha-1). One population exhibited multiple resistance to three herbicides with distinct sites of action (SOAs) involving acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and photosystem II inhibitors. Palmer amaranth populations exhibited less sensitivity to approximately 15 combinations of herbicides involving up to five SOAs. Dose-response assays conducted on the populations most resistant to glyphosate, pyrithiobac, or atrazine indicated they were 30-, 32-, or 49-fold or more resistant to these herbicides, respectively, compared with a susceptible standard.Nomenclature: Atrazine; dicamba; fomesafen; glyphosate; pyrithiobac; tembotrione; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson

Vegetable producers are often concerned about potential herbicide carryover and injury to vegetables following the application of livestock manure/compost from animals fed with treated hay. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of activated charcoal on soil residual activity of the herbicides aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and picloram, applied at recommended field rates of 120 g ae, 70 g ai, and 303 g ai ha−1 respectively, on tomato, okra, and cantaloupe. A commercial source of activated charcoal was used at four rates [0, 0.5X, 1X, and 2X (1X = 336 kg ha−1)]. When no activated charcoal was applied, aminopyralid caused the greatest injury to tomato and okra, leading to plant death at 4 weeks after emergence/transplanting (WAE/T). At the highest rate (2X) of activated charcoal, crop injuries due to aminopyralid were reduced by 72 and 78% for okra and cantaloupe, respectively at 4 WAE, while tomato did not respond to the 2X rate of activated charcoal. For aminocyclopyrachlor, even a much lower rate (0.5X) of activated charcoal was sufficient to reduce about 70% of the injury caused on cantaloupe and okra. For picloram, activated charcoal application at the 2X rate reduced injury by 78–94% across the three vegetable species investigated. Under low herbicide residue levels that usually occur under carryover situations, a much lower rate of activated charcoal (

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. It is characterised by the deposition of insoluble α-synuclein aggregates in the brain. Constipation is a common PD-associated condition, and the treatment of constipation with certain antibiotics seem to improve the PD symptoms. Polymyxin B, a last resort drug in treating the life-threatening Gram-negative bacterial infections, is one such antibiotic. The administration of polymyxin B in PD patients is known to alleviate the movement disorder symptoms; the mechanism of action, however, remains unclear. We, therefore, wondered if polymyxin B could modulate the aggregation of α-synuclein. We find that the polymyxin B catalyses the aggregation of α-synuclein into amyloid fibrils. At equimolar polymyxin B concentration, the lag phase was reduced to around one-third of that in the absence of polymyxin B.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) integrated nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) grafted poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) composite paper with enhanced hydrophobicity, ductility and toughness was fabricated by vacuum filtration of an aqueous dispersion of rGO/NFC-graft-PIL (NFC-g-PIL). The NFC-g-PIL was synthesized by growing PIL chains from the NFC surface using free radical polymerization of a pyridinium acrylate-based ionic liquid monomer. publishedVersion

Plant-microbe interactions are widely accepted, steady, and native methods used against different environmental stress conditions. In this study, peanut plants grown under control (with N2) and stressed (N2 deficit) conditions with or without the bacterium Brachybacterium saurashtrense were assessed for different physio-biochemical activities and differential gene expression. Higher shoot (24–25 cm) and root length (12–15 cm), and fresh (7–9 g) and dry weight (1–1.5 g) were observed in the treated plants compared to untreated plants under stress conditions. Similarly, high total chlorophyll (0.5–0.7 mg.g−1Fw), chlorophyll b (0.2–0.4 mg.g−1Fw), and carotenoid (12–13 mg.g−1Fw), whereas low electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation, and high membrane stability were observed in the treated plants. Interestingly, low proline content (20–21 μg.g−1Fw) and total soluble sugar (0.2 mg.g−1Fw) were observed in the treated plants. In contrast, a higher total amino acid content (1.0 mg.g−1Fw) was estimated in the treated plants. Enhanced antioxidant and scavenging activities of treated plants were observed compared to untreated plants under N2 stress conditions. A total of 263 genes were differentially expressed; the majority (93%) of which belonged to unknown/uncharacterized/hypothetical categories, followed by metabolism (1.8%) and photosynthesis (1.3%) in the treated peanut plants. Overall, the diazotrophic plant growth promoting novel bacterium B. saurashtrense JG06 provides endurance to peanut plants by modulating physio-biochemical activity and host-gene expression under nitrogen starvation conditions. Plant metabolites, including flavonoids and phenolics, also play a protective role in abiotic stress by scavenging free radicles. This study provides new insight into plant-microbe interactions in the host plant.

We present here a new insight into the chemical reactivity and bioactivity of dopamine (DA) and gallic acid (GA) and their hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugates. Our data suggest that HA-GA scaffolds are superior to HA-DA, with higher oxidation kinetics, improved tissue adhesive properties, and radical scavenging ability with a lower pro-inflammatory response. This journal is publishedVersion

Despite substantial progress being made relating to 2D-nanofiller-based composite nanolaminates, the fabrication of composite nanolaminates with enhanced ductility and toughness is still challenging. In this study, layered structure graphene oxide (GO)/gelatin powder (GP) composites nanolaminates with enhanced ductility and toughness have been achieved by a simple vacuum filtration of aqueous dispersion of GO/GP composite solution containing 5 wt% of GO. The composite film containing 5 wt% GO shows outstanding improvement of 200% in the stress at break value, with simultaneous enhancement of 52% of the strain at break value compared to GP film. A significant improvement in toughness from 2.2 MJ m-3 to 9.5 MJ m-3 is observed in the composite film containing 5 wt% GO. These significant enhancements of the mechanical properties of the composite film are obtained via the formation of an intercalated nanolaminate structure, H-bonding interactions, and the tailoring of the crystal structure of GP in the composite film, as proved via field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies. The growing of fibroblast cells on the composite films signifies that they are not cytotoxic. These GO/GP composites with significant mechanical properties and biocompatibility are very promising for various biomedical applications. This journal is publishedVersion