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Background: Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes catalyze the production of pain mediators like Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs), respectively from arachidonic acid. Introduction: The COX and LOX enzyme modulators are responsible for the major PGs and LTs mediated complications like asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, neuropathy and Cardiovascular Syndromes (CVS). Many synthetic Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment have serious side effects like nausea, vomiting, hyperacidity, gastrointestinal ulcers, CVS, etc. Methods: The natural inhibitors of pain mediators have great acceptance worldwide due to fewer side effects on long-term uses. The present review is an extensive study of the advantages of plantbased vs synthetic inhibitors. Results: These natural COX and LOX inhibitors control inflammatory response without causing side-effect-related complicacy. Conclusion: Therefore, the natural COX and LOX inhibitors may be used as alternative medicines for the management of pain and inflammation due to their less toxicity and resistivity.

The treatment landscape for acute myeloid leukemia has expanded significantly in the past 5 years with the approval of several therapeutic small molecules. While agents such as FLT3 inhibitors and IDH inhibitors are restricted for patients with specific mutations, the selective BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax combined with a hypomethylating agent or low-dose cytarabine was approved after demonstrating frontline efficacy across a molecularly heterogenous group of patients. Currently, venetoclax is being investigated in combination with multiple other therapies as the role of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in acute myeloid leukemia continues to be explored.

Tin oxide is an impressive metal oxide for optoelectronic applications and its properties can be easily augmented with doping. In current research work, undoped and zinc-doped SnO2 nanoparticles annealed at 500 °C were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The rutile tetragonal structure for undoped and zinc-doped SnO2 nanoparticles was proved by the analysis of their x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirm the spherical, smooth, and dense morphology. The presence of Sn, O, and Zn ions are supported by energy dispersive x-ray study (EDX). The transmission spectrum obtained by UV–Visible spectroscopy shows a blue shift and the energy band gap (Eg) for undoped and zinc-doped SnO2 nanoparticles changes from 3.03 to 3.18 eV. Photoluminiscence (PL) spectra of synthesized samples shows one emission peak at 430 nm whose intensity increases with zinc-doping. The electrical resistivity was studied by Hall-effect measurement and it revealed that the resistivity decreases with zinc doping.

The catalytic, extremely effective enantioselective conjugate-addition strategy was approved by via 4 mol% of bis(oxazoline)-Mg(OTf)2 along with amine complex as co-catalyst. The magnicium triflate based catalysis afford 88% selectivity in the molecule and provide less dependence on the tartrate salt for enantioselectivity, which was previously prepared for attaining chiral purity for the synthesis of the endothelin-A antagonist ABT-546. Along with enantioselective conjugate-addition the new strategy involves green solvents in the final steps of ABT-546 drug preparation. The use of green solvent owes its own advantage of minimizing the residues remaining in the API synthesized. The article includes the case study of the ABT-546 to discuss the green chemistry objectives fulfilled by pharma industry.

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified n- type Ni:Bismuth Vanadate photoanode has been prepared and investigated for solar energy induced water splitting for hydrogen generation. 0.5 wt% MWCNTs modified Ni:BiVO4 (M3) sample displayed the best response in comparison to the other samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis indicates reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced photoresponse at electrode/electrolyte interface. The calculated flat band potential, photocurrent density and applied bias photon to current conversion efficiency also support the augmentation in photoresponse. Thus, characteristics of MWCNTs has been demonstrated clearly which would support PEC efficiency as well as separation of charge carriers.

Different stages of infant formula (IF) products differ in their composition in terms of carbohydrate, protein and fat content, which subsequently influences their stability during storage. IF composition and processing conditions influence their physico-chemical properties which can further impact caking, Maillard browning and release of surface free fat. A good understanding of interaction of macronutrients in IF powders during storage is critical to optimize formulations that result in products with a prolonged shelf-life and enhanced bio- accessibility. This review focusses on the physical state of carbohydrates in IF powders and its influence on molecular and macroscopic changes as well as phase transitions during storage.

Introduction Limited data were published on the management of direct oral anticoagulants in the insertion of pacemaker and cardiac monitoring devices. This study describes the management and outcomes of edoxaban, a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor, in patients undergoing pacemaker or monitoring device implantation in routine clinical practice. Methods and results EMIT-AF/VTE collected data of patients from Europe, Korea, and Taiwan. Timing and duration of peri-procedural interruption of edoxaban were at the treating physician's discretion. Pacemakers or monitoring devices were implanted into 136 patients who were evaluated from five days pre- until 30 days post-procedure. The primary outcomes were the incidences of acute thromboembolic events (ATE), ischemic events, and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis defined Major Bleeding; secondary outcomes included incidence of Clinically Relevant Non-Major Bleeding (CRNMB) and perioperative edoxaban interruption times. Conformance with European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Guidance on interruption of DOAC therapy was variable: of the cardiac monitoring device patients, where no interruption of therapy would be expected, nonetheless, 62.5% had interruption of treatment, whereas in pacemaker procedures, where interruption would be expected, 23.4% had no interruption. No ATE or ischemic events occurred. One case of CRNMB and two of minor bleeding occurred. All bleedings occurred more than three days after the procedure. Conclusion/relevance The periprocedural complication risk for edoxaban treated patients undergoing pacemaker or invasive cardiac monitoring implantation was low. This population of patients was well managed in routine practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

An Ir(III)-catalyzed C(3)-H alkylation of N-acetyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines with diverse acceptor-acceptor diazo compounds has been achieved under a single catalytic system via metal carbene migratory insertion. Moreover, further synthetic transformations of the alkylated products such as aromatization, selective decarboxylation, and decarbonylation lead to the formation of several synthetically viable isoquinoline derivatives having immense potentials.

Backgrounds/Aims Hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) for bilioenteric continuity is generally performed with interrupted sutures. This study compares the safety, economics, short- and long-term outcomes of continuous suture hepaticojejunostomy (CSHJ) and interrupted suture hepaticojejunostomy (ISHJ). Methods A retrospective cohort analysis involving all HJs between January 2014 and December 2018 was conducted. Patients with type IV or V biliary strictures, duct diameter < 8 mm and/or associated vascular injury, and liver transplant recipients were excluded. Patient demographics, preoperative parameters including diagnosis, intra-operative parameters including type and number of sutures, suture time, and postoperative morbidity (based on Clavien-Dindo classification) were recorded. Patients were followed up to 60 months. McDonald’s Grade A and B outcomes were considered favorable. Cost according to suture type and number (polydioxanone 3-0/5-0 mean cost, US$ 9.26/length; polyglactin 3-0/4-0 mean cost, US$ 6.56/length), and operation room charge (US$ 67.47/hour) were compared between the two techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 22 software. Results A total of 556 eligible patients (468 patients undergoing ISHJ and 88 undergoing CSHJ; 47% [n = 261] with malignant and 53% [n = 295] with benign pathology) were analyzed. The two groups were similar. Number of sutures, cost, time, and postoperative bile leak were significantly higher in the ISHJ group. Bile leak occurred in 54 patients (6 CSHJ, 48 ISHJ). Septic shock-induced death occurred in 16 cases (3 CSHJ, 13 ISHJ). Morbidity and the anastomotic stricture rates were comparable in both groups. Conclusions CSHJ is a safe, economical, and worthy of routine use.

In the present paper, electrochemical quantification of an opioid analgesic butorphanol (BTR) at copper oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (CuO/PANI/GCE) has been discussed. The electroactive surface was produced by drop casting a suspension of CuO/PANI onto the surface of glassy carbon electrode. The nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, XPS, EDX, TEM, UV–Vis, FT-IR, Raman and FESEM techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was utilized to study the enhanced charge transfer phenomenon occurring at the surface of the modified sensor. The two electron oxidation process of BTR at CuO/PANI/GCE was found to be a function of pH (5.6) of the medium, scan rate and concentration of BTR. The optimized voltammetric response is observed in Britton-Robinson buffer, which shows an occurrence of an irreversible diffusion-controlled phenomenon where the anodic peak current is proportional to the BTR concentration within the range of 1.99 to 9.95 µg/L, with a detection limit of 1.38 µg/L (LOD) and the quantification limit of 4.18 µg/L (LOQ). The applicability of the proposed method was also studied for the determination of BTR in pharmaceutical formulation and human blood serum.

Objective: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used medications in the world because of their demonstrated efficacy in reducing pain and inflammation. The arthritis, pain and inflammation are effectively treated with Lornoxicam, an effective NSAIDs. Because the drug is weakly acidic, it is absorbed easily in the GI tract, and has a short biological half-life of 3 to 5 hours. To meet the objectives of this investigation, we developed a modified release dosage form to provide the delivery of lornoxicam at sustained rate which was designed to prolong its efficacy, reduce dosage frequency, and enhance patient compliance. The present research work was focused on the development of lornoxicam microspheres using natural polymer like okra gum extracted from the pods of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. and synthetic polymer like ethyl cellulose along with sodium alginate prepared by Ca2+ induced ionic-gelation cross-linking in a complete aqueous environment were successfully formulated. Materials and Method: The microspheres were prepared by using sodium alginate with natural polymer (okra gum) and synthetic polymer (ethyl cellulose) in different ratios by Ca2+ induced ionic-gelation cross-linking. The formulations were optimized on the basis of drug release up to 12 hrs. The physicochemical characteristics of Lornoxicam microspheres such as drug polymer interaction study by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and further confirmation by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The formulated microspheres were characterized for particle size, percentage drug entrapment efficiency, micromeritic properties, surface morphology, percentage swelling index, in-vitro drug release study and mechanism of drug release. Results and Discussion: The FTIR Spectra revealed that there was no interaction between polymer and Lornoxicam which was further confirmed by DSC and XRD. All the formulated Lornoxicam microspheres were spherical in shape confirmed by SEM. The microspheres exhibited good flow properties and also showed high percentage drug entrapment efficiency. All the batches have excellent flow properties with angle of repose in the range of 25.38° ± 0.04 to 30.41° ± 0.07, carr’s index and hausner’s ratios in the range of 10.40% ± 0.018 to 16.66% ± 0.012 and 1.128 ± 0.09 to 2.225 ± 0.01, respectively. The optical microscopic studies revealed that the mean particle size of all the formulations were found in the range of 819.46 ± 0.07 to 959.88 ± 0.02 μm and percentage of drug entrapment were found to be between 72.35 ± 0.02 to 90.00 ± 0.05. Swelling index of prepared microspheres revealed that with increasing the polymer ratios, there were increase in the swelling of prepared microspheres, showing in the range of 600.76 ± 0.42 to 690.11 ± 0.03% for okra gum microspheres at the end of 9 hr in comparison with ethyl cellulose microspheres which ranges between 179.71 ± 0.07 to 227.73 ± 0.05% at the end of 7 hr. In-vitro drug release of prepared microspheres formulation code LSO4 and LSE4 were found to be 88.654 ± 0.25% and 93.971 ± 0.20% respectively at the end of 12 hr. It was suggested that increase in polymer concentration, the drug release from the prepared microspheres got retarded producing sustained release of lornoxicam. In-vitro drug release data obtained were fitted to various release kinetic models to access the suitable mechanism of drug release. Drug release from lornoxicam-loaded alginate-okra gum microspheres followed a pattern that resembled sustained release (Korsemeyer-Peppas model) (R2 = 0.9925 to 0.9951), and n ≤ 1 indicated anomalous diffusion (non-Fickian), supercase-II transport mechanism LSO4 (n = 1.039) over a period of 12 hour underlying in-vitro drug release. Moreover, zero order model (R2 = 0.9720 to 0.9949) were found closer to the best-fit Korsemeyer - Peppas model. In addition, the drug release from lornoxicam-loaded alginate-ethyl cellulose microspheres also follow Korsemeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.9741 to 0.9973) with near to Hixson-Crowell model (R2 = 0.9953 to 0.9985) and n < 1 indicated non-Fickian diffusion or anomalous transport mechanism. Moreover, first order model with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism (R2 = 0.9788 to 0.9918) were found closer to the best-fit Korsemeyer-Peppas model/ Hixson-Crowell model. Conclusion: The present study conclusively demonstrates the feasibility of effectively encapsulating Lornoxicam into natural polymer (okra gum) and synthetic polymer (ethyl cellulose) to form potential sustained drug delivery system. In conclusion, drug release over a period of 12 hrs, could be achieved from these prepared microspheres. A pH-dependent swelling and degradation of the optimized microspheres were also observed, which indicates that these microspheres could potentially be used for intestinal drug delivery.

In present work, semi-crystalline polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% PVDF solution is deposited on the glass substrate by spin coating technique at 500, 1000, and 150...

Aim The present study was aimed to clinically evaluate the effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the management of chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods A total of 60 patients aged between 30 and 60 years with bleeding on probing and probing pocket depth (PPD) of 3 to 5 mm were selected and divided into three groups, with group I receiving scaling and root planing, group II CoQ10 formulation for 6 weeks, and group III receiving both scaling and root planning, followed by coenzyme Q10 administration for 6 weeks. PPD, relative attachment level (RAL), and gingival index were recorded in all the groups at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months, respectively. The data was statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Result Intragroup comparison showed statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the clinical parameters of all the groups at all time intervals, whereas intergroup comparison of all the parameters showed high statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) in group III at various time intervals followed by group I and group II. Conclusion It was concluded from the study that CoQ10 is a useful adjunct in treating chronic periodontitis by boosting the host resistance to periodontal disease.

Aerosol forming composite (AFC) is an important component of condensed aerosol-based fire extinguishing system (CAFES). As per literature no attempts have been made so far for the detailed study of AFCs. Therefore, for the insight AFCs were prepared with potassium nitrate as an oxidizer and phenol formaldehyde resin as a combustible binder. Five metal oxides, namely MnO2, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO and CeO2, (3%, w/w) were added as catalysts in AFC. The catalytic effect of these metal oxides was investigated for various parameters such as combustion efficiency, burn rate, minimum fire extinguishing concentration (MEC), decomposition temperature and activation energy. Addition of CuO, 3%, w/w increased the burn rate of AFC by 51.4% and reduced the MEC by 29.4%. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis clearly indicated the reduction in decomposition temperature from 445.65 to 396.48 °C while adding CuO. Activation energies of decomposition for base AFC and AFC-CuO calculated using model-free methods of Kissinger, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose were found to be 181.12, 183.50 and 180.75 kJ/mol and 146.61, 149.98 and 163.18 kJ/mol, respectively. The functions 1−(1−α)2/3 (model F1/3: One-third order) and [1−(1−α)1/2] (model R3, F2/3: power law) were found as the most probable mechanism for the thermal decomposition of base AFC and CuO-AFC, respectively. Aerosol characterization with X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and particle counter indicated mostly 2 µm particles of potassium carbonate/bicarbonate. Total flooding and dispersion characteristics of aerosols were confirmed using pH measurements at various locations. Overall, prepared AFCs were found promising for use within CAFES.

The EccC enzyme of ESX-1 system contains (i) a membrane bound Rv3870 with single ATPase domain and (ii) a cytoplasmic Rv3871 with two ATPase domains and involved in secretion of ESAT6/CFP10 factor out of the cell. In current study, we have structurally and biochemically characterized the ATPase domain (442–747 residues) of Rv3870 enzyme. The ΔRv3870 eluted as oligomer (~813 kDa) from Superdex 200 (16/60) column, as identified based on molecular mass standard and dynamics light scattering. The SAXS analysis yielded a tetrameric ring envelope of ΔRv3870, quite consistent to dynamic light scattering data. The ΔRv3870 exhibited ATPase activity having kinetic parameters, Km ~ 100 ± 40 μM, kcat ~ 1.81 ± 0.27 min−1 and Vmax ~ 54.41 μM/min/mg. ATPase activity using nine ΔRv3870 mutants showed 70–91% decrease in catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. ΔRv3870 binds Rv3871 with KD ~ 484.0 ± 10.3 nM and its catalytic efficiency is enhanced ~6.7-fold in presence of Rv3871. CD data revealed the high TM ~ 82.2 ± 0.5 °C for ΔRv3870 and enhanced in presence of ATP + Mg2+, as observed in dynamics simulation on ΔRv3870 hexameric models. Overall, our structural and biochemical studies on ΔRv3870 have explained the mechanism, which will contribute in development of antivirulence inhibitors against M. tuberculosis.

The energy security concern and rapidly diminishing fossil fuel resources demand the development of renewable and economically attractive fuel for reciprocating engines. Methanol is a promising renewable alternative fuel. Numerous studies have been carried out to explore the various aspects of the utilization of methanol in compression ignition (CI) engine. This review paper presents a detailed analysis of the effect of methanol on performance, combustion, and emission (NOx, CO, HC, and soot) characteristics of conventional CI-engine along with dual-fuel combustion mode. This study focuses on methanol utilization in dual-fuel mode, which is an advanced engine combustion mode. First, methanol production and solubility issues of methanol in diesel are briefly discussed. This study discusses the soot and nano-particle emission from the methanol fueled CI-engine, which is one of the main concerns in the current emission legislation. It was found that the utilization of methanol in CI-engine has the potential to improve the performance and simultaneously with a significant reduction in NOx, CO, soot, and nano-particle emissions in comparison to neat diesel operation. However, unburnt HC emission reduces for methanol-diesel blended fuel operation whereas HC emissions are higher for methanol-diesel dual-fuel operation.

INTRODUCTION Hemophilia B is associated with molecular heterogeneity, with more than 1200 unique variants in the F9 gene. We hereby describe the mutational spectrum of severe hemophilia B patients presenting in a tertiary-care center in India. METHOD DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 35 diagnosed severe hemophilia B patients belonging to 32 families, and were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Determination of the effect of novel variants on the protein structure and correlation between genotype and phenotype was attempted using in-silico tools. RESULTS Twenty-seven different mutations were detected in 30 probands, including 20 known and 7 novel variants. Also, we found one suspected case of whole gene deletion. The serine peptidase domain harbored most of the variants (48.1%). Inhibitory antibodies were found in two patients. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive mutational spectrum and mutation screening strategy by Sanger sequencing of F9 gene in severe hemophilia B patients, in a resource-constraint setting.

We report a rare case of chylothorax with lymphocele formation post esophageal duplication cyst (EDC) excision in a 2 year old male child. Patient developed chylothorax after excision of EDC. Pleural fluid cytology showed increased triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Filtered Tc-99m Sulphur colloid lymphoscintigraphy showed abnormal radiotracer uptake in the lower thoracic region on right side corresponding to lymphocele on SPECT-CT images with possible site of leak medially. In addition, Tc-99m pertechnetate scan was done to rule out possibility of residual duplication cyst revealed no abnormality. Patient underwent open and en-masse ligation of the duct. Patient recovered completely post-surgery. This case highlights the importance of lymphoscintigraphy with SPECT-CT in the evaluation of patients with post-operative complications of chylothorax with detection of site of chyle leak.

In this paper, investigation of Double Channel (DC) AlGaN/GaN HEMT has been presented using extensive TCAD simulation under the influence of Single Event Transient (SET) effect. Various models used to emulate Single Channel (SC) and DC HEMT in the TCAD are calibrated with the help of previously reported work. In order to present clear insight into the device behaviour, thermal model has also been included during device simulation. Presented results show that the generation of electron-hole pair due to heavy ion beam is significantly higher in DC HEMT during both OFF and ON state conditions. Ion beam having different Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and different position of Ion strike along with penetration depth has been used for investigating the SET effect on DC and SC AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The suitability of different metal gate work-function for heavy Ion detection has also been performed using both devices and DC HEMT (0.115 A/mm) demonstrated superior $\bigtriangleup \text{I} _{\mathrm{ DMAX}}$ as compared to SC HEMT (0.049 A/mm). The presence of a second channel in Double Channel (DC) HEMT leads to a device more sensitive towards the Single Event Transients (SET) Effect, thus, a more suitable candidate for radiation dosimeter as compared to Single Channel (SC) HEMT.

Purpose: To study the correlation of serum vitamin D levels with quantitative (central subfield thickness [CST], cube average thickness [CAT]), cross-sectional (disorganisation of retinal inner layer [DRIL] and ellipsoid zone [EZ]) and topographic parameters (retinal pigment epithelium [RPE]) on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in diabetic retinopathy (DR), for the first time. Methods: Eighty-eight consecutive cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with no retinopathy (No DR; n = 22); non-proliferative DR (NPDR; n = 22); proliferative DR (PDR; n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 22) were included, after sample size calculation. On SDOCT, physician-friendly grading systems were created for DRIL, EZ disruption and RPE alterations. Serum vitamin D was analysed using a standard protocol. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson correlation, Student’s t-test, ANOVA, Newman–Keuls test, chi-square test and univariate ordinal logistic regression analysis. Results: Mean serum vitamin D levels (ng/ml) were: No DR = 23.36 ± 2.00, NPDR = 17.88 ± 1.86, PDR = 14.07 ± 1.21, and controls = 25.11 ± 1.59. Low vitamin D levels correlated significantly with severity of retinopathy, VA (r = 0.50), CST (r = 0.36), CAT (r = 0.41), DRIL (r = 0.35), EZ disruption (r = 0.40) and RPE alterations (r = 0.37), respectively (p < 0.01). Significantly low vitamin D levels were observed in subjects with DRIL present versus DRIL absent; EZ disruption, focal versus global versus intact; RPE alterations, focal versus global versus none, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Low serum vitamin D levels correlate with the presence of DRIL, EZ disruption and RPE alterations and increased severity of DR.

Background There has been growing scientific evidence in recent years that bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with alterations in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. However, many of these studies have been limited by their focus on adults. Thus, this preliminary study investigated differences in the peripheral levels of KYN metabolites in children and adolescents with BD, unaffected offspring of parents with BD, and healthy controls (HCs). Methods Plasma samples were collected from 49 youths with BD, 19 bipolar offspring, and 31 HCs. Tryptophan (TRP), KYN, and kynurenic acid (KYNA) were separated using electrospray ionization. Results One-Way ANCOVA after controlling for age, gender, race, BMI-for-age, and smoking status showed that BD had lower levels of KYN, while unaffected high-risk offspring subjects had lower levels of TRP, KYN, and KYNA when compared to HCs. Moreover, we found that KYN, KYN/TRP, and KYNA/KYN levels predicted the severity of depressive symptoms, while the YMRS score was not associated with any metabolite. Conclusions In summary, this preliminary study has shown that KYN metabolites are decreased in both affected and unaffected subjects, strengthening the idea that the KYN pathway might underlie the familial risk of BD shown by high-risk offspring individuals. However, longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether the alterations observed in this study represent early markers of risk for later developing BD.

With the utilization of the weight reduction process and electrochemical measurements, we recognized that the extract of Terminalia chebula can go about as a corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel using sulfuric acid as corrosive media. This extract shows great corrosion inhibition effectiveness at specific concentrations of the inhibitor. It is observed that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the inhibitor concentration and it decreases with increase in temperature. The surface morphology of steel has also studied by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Further, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to check the adsorption behavior, and we performed the DFT calculations to show the energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO.

Background: Manilkara hexendra (Bignoniaceae) is tree species, privately known as Rohida, found in Thar Desert districts of northwest and western India. The bark acquired from the stem is utilized as a solution for syphilis, urinary issues, amplification of spleen, gonorrhea, leucoderma, and liver infections. The point of this work is to consider the hepatoprotective impact of unrefined Methanolic removal from the bark portions of Manikara hexendra. The methanolic extricate got from bark portions of Manikara hexendra was assessed via cell line study in HepG2 cell line followed in for hepatoprotective movement in rodents by initiating liver harm via paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride. Results: The methanolic extricate at an oral portion of 200 mg/kg displayed a critical (P < 0.05) defensive impact. These biochemical perceptions were enhanced by histopathological assessment of liver areas. The action might be a consequence of the presence of flavonoid mixes. Moreover, the intense harmfulness of the concentrates gave no indications of poisonousness up to a portion level of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion: It could be inferred that the methanolic concentrate of Manikara hexendra has huge hepatoprotective properties.

In this study the T. undulata bark was tested for its hepatoprotection against paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatic damage and Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity. The Invitro study was performed on HepG2 cell line .The Levels of serum marker enzymes i.e. AST, ALT (aminotransferases), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GSH (reduced glutathione) and MDA (Malondialdehyde) in 70% Ethanol treated rats were monitored, respectively. The 70% Ethanol extract gave promising results as studied in detail. The Present study showed that the 70 % ethanolic extract of bark of T.undulata apparently revive the physiological integrity of hepatocytes. Thus the present study demonstrated the Hepatoprotective property of Tecomella undulate Bark.

International audience; Objective: The RADIANCE-HTN SOLO trial demonstrated a greater reduction in daytime ambulatory SBP at 2 months by endovascular ultrasound renal denervation than sham procedure. We hypothesized that plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations would be associated with the SBP response to renal denervation.Methods: Hypertensive patients were randomized to renal denervation (n ¼ 74) or sham (n ¼ 72) after a 4-week washout of antihypertensive medications. In a 53-patient subset, 2-month and 6-month plasma renin and aldosterone concentration were measured. Dietary sodium was not controlled.Results: Mean age of the 29 treatment and 24 sham patients was 54 years; 62% were men; 17% black. Daytime ambulatory SBP fell in the denervation but not the sham group at 2 months (-7.8 AE 10.7 vs. -0.1 AE 10.1 mmHg; P ¼ 0.048). Baseline plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations were in the low-normal range, did not change significantly at 2 months in either group and did not predict response to renal denervation. At 6 months, after the addition of antihypertensive medications, there was a significant rise in renin in the sham but not the denervation group.Conclusion: Although renal denervation but not sham resulted in a decrease in daytime ambulatory SBP at 2 months, renin and aldosterone concentrations did neither predict the BP response to renal denervation; nor did they fall after denervation. A rise in renin at 6 months in the sham group likely represents confounding from antihypertensive medications. Whether the BP-lowering effect of renal denervation depends on reducing local intrarenal renin release requires further study.

The present study was designed to standardize the process through alkaline and alcohol aided alkaline method for isolation of starch from two varieties of Chenopodium album (CA). The effectiveness of the optimized extraction process of CA starch was verified in terms of yield and proximate analysis. Alcohol aided alkaline method resulted in higher starch yield (28%) for Pusa1 (P1) variety as compared to IC415477 (IC) (22%). After isolation, CA native starch is characterized for functional, thermo-pasting, morphological and flowability properties. Water absorption capacity was found higher (125%) for P1 than IC (110%). However, the oil binding capacity for P1 starch was lower (225%) than IC (248%). The peak viscosity and pasting temperature (PT) values were found lower for IC. The transmittance level of paste viscosity was 40% lower for P1 in comparison to IC starch. SEM images and X-ray diffraction for both varieties revealed irregular-shape and similar peak intensity. Flowability properties for both varieties were found similar to each other. These analyses revealed that both varieties of CA starch had the similar intensity of results with respect to commercially available starch. Hence, both the variety of CA starch can be explored as a thickening agent and as an economical, safe, and environment-friendly material for food application.

Resveratrol is an important stilbene, initially identified from red wine possessing immense therapeutic, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical applications. In the present study, endophytic fungus Arcopilus aureus(#12VVLMP) which produces resveratrol extracellularly was selected as a candidate for epigenetic modulation using natural supplements, precursor feeding, chemical elicitors and co-culturing to enhance resveratrol production. The present study highlighted the role of natural supplements i.e. grape seed extract and grape skin extract which constitute grape pomace to enhance resveratrol production by 27.7 and 13.65% respectively. Co-culturing also impacted the resveratrol production by A. aureus, enhancing it by 9.4%. Chemical elicitors and precursor feeding did not induce significant enhancement in resveratrol production. Enhancement of anti-oxidant effect was also observed in the case of use of natural supplements assayed by DPPH and ABTS• radical scavenging assays. Similarly anti-staphylococcal and anti-candida activities were potentially higher when natural supplements were used followed by co-culturing. These findings indicate that the use of natural supplement which is a by-product of wine industry may be used as a modulator of resveratrol production by A. aureus. This shall lead to a cost-effective fermentation process of resveratrol production, the global demand of which is continuously increasing.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor/uncoupler inducing vascular pathology. Vascular pathology is an important factor for the development and progression of CNS pathology of MS, yet the role of ADMA in MS remains elusive. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are reported to have elevated blood levels of ADMA, and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model of MS) generated by auto‐immunization of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption by pertussis toxin also had increased blood ADMA levels in parallel with induction of clinical disease. To explore the role of ADMA in EAE pathogenesis, EAE mice were treated with a daily dose of ADMA. It is of special interest that ADMA treatment enhanced the BBB disruption in EAE mice and exacerbated the clinical and CNS disease of EAE. ADMA treatment also induced the BBB disruption and EAE disease in MOG‐immunized mice even without pertussis toxin treatment, suggesting the role of ADMA in BBB dysfunction in EAE. T‐cell polarization studies also documented that ADMA treatment promotes T(H)1‐ and T(H)17‐mediated immune responses but without affecting Treg‐mediated immune response in EAE mice as well as in in vitro T‐cell culture. Taken together, these data, for the first time, document the vascular and immunopathogenic roles of ADMA in EAE, thus pointing to the potential of ADMA‐mediated mechanism as a new target of potential therapy for MS.

A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the quantitative determination and validation of plumbagin in the methanolic fraction of Plumbago zeylanica. For achieving good separation, the mobile phase of toluene‒ethyl acetate (9:2, V/V) for plumbagin was used. Densitometric determination of plumbagin was carried out at 270 nm in reflection/absorption mode; the calibration curves were linear in the range of 100‒600 ng/spot. During analysis, the methanolic fraction of P. zeylanica L. showed the presence of plumbagin. The method is specific, simple, precise, and accurate. The obtained data can be used for the routine analysis of the reported biomarkers in crude drugs and extracts. The quantification and the method validation of these biomarkers have not yet been reported in P. zeylanica which can be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease engulfing millions of lives worldwide; it is caused by mammalian tubercle bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which may consist of strains viz. M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), M. microti, M. pinnipedii and M. canettii. The other pathogenic strain is M. africanum, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex and it is fully virulent for humans. The non-pathogenic strains in the complex may include M. fortuitum and M.smegmatis. Extensive research has been carried out to combat this dangerous disease. World Health Organization proposed Directly Observed Treatment Short-course regimen (DOTS) for the eradication of TB. In addition, the compounds such as TBA-7371, TBI-166, AZD5847 and PBTZ-169 are under clinical trials whereas the recently FDA-approved anti-tubercular drugs are Pretomanid (PA-824), Bedaquiline (TMC207), Linezolid (PNU-100480) and Delamanid (OPC-67683). The early detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis can be permanently cured by DOTS comprising Pyrazinamide (Z), Isoniazid (H), Rifampin (R) and Ethambutol (E). The duration of treatment depends on the viability of the disease. DOTS can target to disrupt the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall proteins expressed by various genes. Overexpression of these genes may produce drug-resistant due to dose misuse or the intake of quality compromised anti-tubercular drug regimen. Therefore, in the present review, there has been a necessity to report the second line anti-tubercular chemotherapeutics to target various proteins which are the building blocks of M. tb cell wall, overexpression of which may produce drug resistance.

Background In the present study, an HPTLC (high-performance thin-layer chromatography) method was developed for the quantitative determination and validation of the curcumin in the methanolic fraction of Curcuma longa L. For achieving good separation of curcumin, the mobile phase of chloroform:methanol (97:3) was used. The densitometric analysis of curcumin was performed at 420 nm in reflection/absorption mode. Results Linearity of the method was obtained in the range of 100‒600 ng per spot. During analysis, the methanolic fraction of the C. longa showed the presence of a quantifiable amount of curcumin. The content of curcumin was found to be 1.5% (per dry weight). Conclusions The method is specific, simple, precise, and accurate. The obtained data can have used for the routine analysis of the reported biomarkers in crude drugs and extracts. The quantification and the method validation of curcumin have not yet been reported in C. longa which can be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.

The polymeric scaffolds are one of the most studied systems for biomedical applications. Yet, their enzymatic degradation and non-antibacterial ability are the major challenges for the researchers. In this regard, we designed Fe(III) doped ZnO integrated hydroxyapatite ZFHAp nanoparticles and prepared the natural biopolymer-based chitosan- carboxymethyl cellulose-ZFHAp scaffolds suitable for bone tissue engineering. The nanoparticles were successfully characterized with XRD and RAMAN spectroscopy and were found to be in hexagonal wurtzite HAp phase with Ca + Zn + Fe/P ratio of 1.7. The prepared nano-biocomposite scaffolds were microporous in structure (25–123 µm), and their biochemical behaviours such as porosity (60–80%), swelling, and enzymatic degradation (21–50%) were dependent on the concentrations of ZFHAp. The swelling and degradation of the prepared scaffolds were linearly related. The presence of 5% ZFHAp in the scaffolds (SCA-5) resulted in pore size of 92 ± 10 µm and 50% degradation time of 42 days. This scaffolds SCA-5 also showed self-antibacterial activities along with excellent cell proliferation ability. The present study designates the SCA-5 as plausible scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Fluorine is the most electronegative and most reactive halogen. Fluorine is 13th most common element on earth crust found in the form of fluoride. Concentration of fluoride below 1 mg/l are believed beneficial in the prevention of dental carries or tooth decay, but above 1.5mg/l, it increases the severity of the deadly diseases fluorosis, which is incurable in India. The whole study was conducted in Gorakhpur region to know about the concentration of fluoride, mainly in rural areas of the district. We have collected 64 drinking water samples from 9 blocks of the district in which we took 6 number of ground water samples from each block so total 54 number of samples were collected from the groundwater source and 8 number of samples were taken from surface water source. Out of 54 ground water samples, 36 numbers of samples were taken from India Mark-II hand pumps and rest 18 number of samples were taken from shallow depth hand pumps and tested to determine the concentration of fluoride. From our assessment we came to know that in this region the concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges between 0.004 to 1.42mg/l, minimum value is found in the surface water source and the maximum value is found from the ground water source.The samples collected from both ground water and as well as surface water were taken from potable sources i.e. they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine. After the testing and analyzing the samples it is come to know that surface water has quite lower levels fluoride compare to ground water. The conclusion of this work is to give information about the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water of the district.

Earth's atmosphere is mainly made up of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, which together comprise 99% of gases therein. The other gases include the remaining 1% of the atmosphere. Amongst these are the five major air pollutants (e.g., ground-level ozone, airborne particles or aerosols, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide). Excess of these pollutants in the atmosphere is risky to human health. They are the main ingredients of smog. Air quality is measured with the air quality index. An AQI under 50 is considered as good air quality; however, as the AQI number increases, it becomes a concern for human health. To find a non-conventional solution to air pollution problem, it has been proposed to do Yagya, a fire process with three different samidhas, namely mango wood, bargad wood, and dry cow dung sticks and study their relative emissions and ability to reduce the aerosols PM 2.5 and PM 10. In this paper, the researcher has measured the PM levels (PM 2.5 and PM 10) and carbon dioxide CO2 along with AQI, temperature, and humidity.

Nitrofurantoin is the first-line drug in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and its use has increased exponentially in recent years. Objectives This study aims to determine the susceptibility pattern of nitrofurantoin in gram-negative urinary isolates and to evaluate their bacteriological and epidemiological profile along with co-existing resistance to other important urinary antimicrobials. Material and Methods This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi in which 500 gram-negative bacterial urinary isolates were evaluated. Records of antimicrobial susceptibility were reviewed from July to September 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar and interpreted using CLSI 2019. Test for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers was done using double disk approximation test. Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed using the SPSS windows version 25.0 software. Results Out of total 500 isolates, 20.17% (94) isolates were resistant (R) to nitrofurantoin and 9.01% (42) were found to be intermediate (I). Highest resistance was seen in Klebsiella sp. (44.61%) and Escherichia coli (8.12%). About 28.82% of the I/R isolates were of the pediatrics age group and most of the isolates belonged to females (64.69%). High resistance was also seen against ampicillin (92.30%), cefazolin (88.46%), ceftazidime (73.0%), and fluoroquinolones (65.38%). Carbapenemase co-resistance was seen in 57.15% isolates whereas ESBL production was seen in 30.76% of E. coli and 12.06% of Klebsiella sp. Conclusion Increase in multidrug resistance uropathogens along with a near absence of novel oral antibiotics has led to increased consumption of nitrofurantoin since its resistance has increased.

Present work was undertaken to study the behavioural alterations and morphological deformities in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus developed due to exposure to different sublethal concentrations of carbamate pesticide carbaryl. Channa punctatus were exposed to concentrations ranging between 0.1ppm to 1.31ppm in in vitro conditions in the laboratory. 100% mortality was observed due to exposure to 1.17 ppm or more concentrations of carbaryl. Below this concentration fish remained alive but several morphological and behavioral changes were observed. It shows that the change in the aquatic environment causes altered behavioural responses in the animals living in it. Channa punctatus in this toxic medium exhibited erratic movements, hyperactivity, restlessness, and loss of buoyancy and they started swimming at the surface of water. The response of the fish towards toxicity was dependent on concentration of carbaryl and length of exposure. The changes in behavioural parameters were both time and dose dependent.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a common semicrystalline fluoropolymer polymer. Due to its excellent piezoelectric properties, thermal stability, and mechanical strength, it has excellent processability and chemical tolerance to a range of materials such as acids, bases, organic solvents, grease, and fat. The current research provides an overview of recent advancements and developments in the implementation and modification of PVDF membranes, with a particular emphasis on sensors, biomedical engineering and devices, nanotechnology, solar applications, energy harvesting, and drug delivery carrier. Ferroelectric polymers are interesting from an electrical perspective. Ferroelectric polymers are insulating and polar and have a non-conjugated backbone, so they are known as strongly insulating materials from an optical perspective. Insulating polymers are particularly appealing for the study of charge transportation and storage. Because of their insulating properties and high concentration, such polymers often provide the best electrets for practical use. On the other hand, PMMA is an amorphous polymer, and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) advances have opened a wide variety of uses in nanotechnology. The understanding of PMMA properties has greatly aided recent advancements in the polymer’s synthesis, modification, and applications. As a result, this analysis aims to compare the physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF and PMMA. This article also gives a wise guide in the advancement of these two polymers in various fields of science and technology.

Implementation of Montreal Protocols-1987 enforced phase wise ban on production and application of ozone depleting chemicals (Halons). Since then, condensed aerosol-based fire extinguishing technology as an alternative to Halons has been a subject for numerous investigations for its research and applications worldwide. It has come up as the most efficient halon alternative technology in comparison to other alternatives such as water mist, dry powders, inert gases, hydro fluorocarbons, and carbon dioxide. Even it is three times more efficient than that of Halon 1301 on weight to volume basis. Over other Halon alternatives, it has many advantages, e.g., zero ozone depletion potential -atmospheric lifetime -global warming potential, modular structure, low space requirements, easy & cost-effective installation & maintenance, no requirement of piping & pressurized cylinders, no oxygen depression etc. Condensed aerosol based fire extinguishing systems (CAFES) have found versatile fire safety applications worldwide in many areas such as power generation, transportation, storage rooms, public buildings, heavy industries, battery storage systems, defence etc. This review mainly focuses on applications of CAFES for extinguishment of: class A fires in libraries, archives, storage rooms etc.; class B fires in machinery spaces, gas turbine enclosures, combat vehicles, chemical storage rooms; electrical fires occurring in control rooms, UPS rooms, electrical/power substations & panels. Various reports and case studies demonstrating its testing and implementation methodologies have also been covered. The future prospects of aerosol technology and potential research/applications areas are also discussed.

Background Environmental factors have profound effect on quantity vis-a-vis quality of phytochemicals in medicinal plants. Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl. is among the 10 dashmool species which is utilized in more than hundreds of Ayurvedic preparations including ‘Dashmoolarishta’. Phenolics are the pharmacologically valuable compounds. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the total phenolic (TP) and Caffeic acid (CA) contents in four different plant parts i.e., leaves, fruits, stem and roots of S. xanthocarpum sampled randomly from different locations of Madhya Pradesh, a central Indian state. Methods Plant samples were collected from 99 places of 29 districts falling in 11 agroclimatic regions of Madhya Pradesh through random sampling. UV-VIS spectrophotometer and HPTLC were used to determine TP and CA contents, respectively. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. Results Preliminary phytochemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids in all plant parts. Quantification of TP and CA contents revealed that both varied significantly between agroclimatic zones as well as within plant parts of S. xanthocarpum. Results revealed that among analysed plant parts, roots and stem harbored highest content of CA while fruits and leaves had the highest TP content. Among agroclimatic regions, accessions of Satpura plateau can be considered rich in CA and TP contents for fruits (0.030%; 28.70 mg CE/g), leaves (0.058%; 27.90 mg CE/g) and roots (0.161%; 5.17 mg CE/g). For stem, highest CA (0.100%) and TP (13.23 mg CE/g) contents were observed in samples of Malwa Plateau and Central Narmada Valley, respectively. Conclusion We conclude that agroclimatic regions have significant effect on studied phytochemicals and Satpura plateau agroclimatic zone may be targeted for conservation and sustainable utilization of this valuable dashmool species if the target plant parts are fruits, leaves and roots. While, Malwa Plateau and Central Narmada Valley zones may be targeted for stem. Further, fruits and roots may be utilized for extraction of TP compounds and CA respectively.

The study of lube oil is useful in scheduled maintenance activity, determining the oil replacement time for engines, to increase the engine life and ensure the maximum performance. Investigation of engine oil can reduce maintenance cost and promises higher design efficiency. Experiments were carried out on a mono cylinder compression ignition engine fueled with diesel-ethanol blended, which is operated at a constant rated speed of 1500 rpm for 100 hours. The lube oil samples were subjected to wear metal tests, chemical and physical tests. The quantity of wear metal in the engine oil was observed using the atomic absorption spectrometer. The total base number and total acid number were measured by the titration method according to ASTM code ASTM D6654 and ASTM2896, respectively. The viscosity was determined using the Stab Viscometer, SVM3000, by the ASTM D445 method at 40oC temperature. Iron and copper concertation was increased with an increase in usage time. However, TBN decreased, and TAN increased with the usage time. Viscosity and density decrease with the increase in usage time. The lube oil shows that the engine can be operated for an extended time with the same lube oil since all the measured parameters are within the limit.

Cottonseed is potential candidate to act as an important protein source but presence of toxic compound gossypol with concentration more than 0.045% is main hurdle in utilization of this protein. Optimized lyophilized protein powder constitutes 5.05% moisture, 93.1% crude protein, 0.03% free gossypol, 0.27% total gossypol, and total bacterial count of 1295 cfu/g with no presence of pathogenic bacteria. Cottonseed may be utilized as an ingredient for food industry as a supplement in various foods since it has surpassed all critical quality standards except lysine content as mentioned in Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2011 (FSSR, version IV, 2017).

Chitosan is in prominence as membrane materials. The present study based on chitosan–tannic acid crosslinked moiety on polyacrylonitrile support membranes. FTIR-ATR, zeta potential, XRD, SEM, AFM, TGA, DSC and contact angle are used to understand the characters of the membranes. The separation performances of salts (NaCl, Na2SO4) proved that membranes are associated with charged nanofiltration separation behaviour. Memb-III has reached a maximum difference in salt separation performance (Na2SO4 90.88% and NaCl 35.76%) at ~ 134.4 Lm−2 h−1 compared to Memb-I and II. The membrane performances are marked with organic molecule markers (e.g. glucose and sucrose). The separation of molecular markers shows its direct relationship with its molecular size. The pH-dependent studies show that separation of riboflavin increases at pH 9 compared to separation at pH 7, whereas the reverse happens for flux. Memb-III shows a maximum 84.1% riboflavin separation having flux 55.82 Lm−2 h−1 at pH 9. The study with bacteria (viz. E. coli, Bacillus subtilis) also proves that the surface is antibacterial.

The wide range of aluminium variants (alloys and composites) has made it an important material for aviation, automotive components, auto-transmission locomotive section units, S.C.U.B.A. tanks, ship, vessels, submarines fabrication and design etc. regardless of the fact that the aluminium alloys were being utilized in myriads of sectors owing to its exceptional superior and versatile functional characteristics, the property such as wear-resistant ought to be enhanced in order to further prolong diverse spectrum of applications. An aluminium alloy having lower hardness and tensile strength has been incorporated with silicon carbide that drastically strengthens the properties. This study involves fabrication of aluminium silicon carbide with muscovite/hydrated aluminium potassium silicate/aluminosilicate in stir casting method to obtain a hybrid metal matrix composite. Maintaining a constant amount of aluminium and silicon carbide, muscovite or hydrated aluminium potassium silicate is varied to obtain three distinctive compositions of (Al/SiC/muscovite) composites. The mechanical characteristics like tensile-strength, flexural-strength, toughness, hardness, scratch adhesion, percent-porosity and density were studied. The dispersion of muscovite and silicon carbide particles were observed by viewing the microstructure photographs obtained using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). EDAX analysis affirms the presence of reinforcing constituents in Al–Mg–Si–T6 alloy matrix. A drum type wear apparatus was utilized to evaluate the percentage of wear-loss in different compositions using different loads and it was found that the wear-loss decreases linearly as the muscovite percentage was increased.