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El cultivo de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), uno de los mas extensos en Brasil, ha perdido productividad debido al ataque de enfermedades. Esto ha creado la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas tecnologias con el fin de reducir los danos causados por agentes biologicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el manejo quimico de la mancha ocular producida por Peronospora manshurica y la roya asiatica (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) mediante la induccion de resistencia a la enfermedad a traves del uso de fosfitos y acibenzolar-s-metilo (ASM) en asociacion con fungicidas comerciales y determinar su efecto sobre la calidad de las semillas de este cultivo. El estudio se realizo en campos de Dois Vizinhos, Parana (Brasil) durante dos cosechas consecutivas, y para el efecto se utilizo un disena de bloques aleatorizados. Las variables de respuesta fueron los componentes del rendimiento, la severidade de la enfermedad a traves de escalas esquematicas especificas y los atributos de calidad de la semilla. El uso de fosfitos y ASM asociados con fungicidas Glifosato, Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir, Azoxistrobina + Ciproconazol y Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol no presento resultados superiores en los parametros evaluados, cuando se comparo con la aplicacion de estos ultimos de manera aislada. La aplicacion de fungicidas fue suficiente para mitigar los efectos de la gravedad de la roya y el mildeo asiatico de la soja.

Induced defence allows plants to manage energy reserves more efficiently by synthesizing defence compounds only when needed. A risk of induced defence is that when plants are challenged by herbivores, they may suffer considerable damage before the defence is mounted. Priming can cause a state of readiness for the induction of the defence response, leading to a reduction in the damage received in an energy‐efficient and less costly manner. Our objective was to verify whether seed coating with jasmonic acid (JA) and chitosan (CH) could prime plants against chewing and sap‐feeding herbivores by affecting their herbivory of treated plants. We used Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata cv. Derby Day (Brassicaceae) seeds treated with JA and CH, second‐instar Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and newborn nymphs of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We evaluated life‐history, performance, and fecundity traits of the insects. Neither JA nor CH affected B. oleracea leaf area. Both JA and CH affected P. xylostella. JA reduced the mean relative growth rate of P. xylostella and led to 84% pre‐imaginal mortality, whereas CH reduced oviposition. JA reduced significantly the intrinsic rate of increase in M. persicae, whereas CH did not differ from the control. Therefore, JA and CH seed coating lead to long‐term defence priming in B. oleracea against chewing and sap‐feeding insects.

Due to the great economic potential of the yellow cherry guava as a supplier of healthy food and possible pharmaceutical uses, the study of means of reproduction of the species becomes of interest for its diffusion in crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of gibberellin and benzylaminopurine on the germination process of yellow cherry guava, Ya-cy variety. The study was carried out at the Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana - Dois Vizinhos, with yellow cherry guava seeds, Ya-cy variety. The experimental design was completely randomized, in factorial 2 x 3 (hormone x concentration), with four replicates of 100 seeds. The hormones used were 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA3) at concentrations of 0, 50 and 100 mg L-1. It was also evaluated the effect of the storage of these for 20 days in refrigerator, being considered the control treatment. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology with seeds placed to germinate in gerbox boxes in chamber B.O.D. The percentage, speed index and average germination time were evaluated. For the yellow cherry guava Ya-cy it is not necessary to use benzylaminopurine to alter the germinative processes. It is recommended to use 50 mg L-1 of gibberellins or cold stratification for better germinative responses.

The damping off is the main disease that affects the beet crop during the seedling production. The aim of this study was to evaluate different salicylic acid (SA) concentrations for resistance induction against damping-off in beet seedling and its antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., in vitro condition. Treatment of beet seed was with SA solution by immersion during 5 minutes in the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM concentrations and control (distilled water). It was used four replications with 20 cells by experimental unit. The experiment was carried out for 14 days in cultivate chamber with temperature (23 oC ± 2°C), lighting (12 hours photoperiod) and humidity (70% ± 10%) controlled. After this time, the germination, damping off incidence, seedling length and fresh mass matter weight were evaluated. It was evaluated also in the seedling tissue the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), ?-1.3 glucanase and chitinase level enzymes. In the in vitro the SA was putted in PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) medium, where the Fusarium sp. mycelial growth was evaluated. The SA applied for seeds treatment didn’t had effect significant on damping off of beet seedlings, but it induced the activity of ?-1.3 glucanase enzyme, it being this higher in nine times when compared the treatment control. The SA acted in the Fusarium sp. in vitro control with fungitoxic action, suppressed mycelial growth in 28% if compared to control. O tombamento de plântulas é a principal doença que afeta a cultura da beterraba no processo de produção de mudas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de beterraba e a atividade antifúngica contra Fusarium sp., in vitro. O tratamento das sementes de beterraba foi realizado com imersão em solução de AS nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mM e a testemunha (água destilada). Em seguida foram semeadas em substrato previamente esterilizado e inoculado com Fusarium sp. O experimento foi conduzido por 14 dias em câmara de cultivo com controle de temperatura (23 oC ±2 °C), luminosidade (fotoperíodo de 12 h) e umidade (70% ± 10%). Após esse período foram avaliados a germinação das sementes, incidência de tombamento, comprimento de plântula e massa da matéria fresca. Foi também avaliada nos tecidos das plântulas a atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), ?-1,3- glucanase e quitinase. No experimento in vitro o AS foi incorporado ao meio BDA (batata-dextrose e ágar) e avaliado o crescimento micelial de Fusarium sp. A aplicação de AS em tratamento de sementes não atuou significativamente sobre o tombamento de plântulas de beterraba, mas induziu a atividade da enzima ?-1,3-glucanase, sendo esta aumentada em nove vezes em relação à testemunha. O AS atuou no controle de Fusarium sp, in vitro com ação fungitóxica, com supressão do crescimento micelial em 28% se comparado à testemunha.

The aim of this work was study the use of an experimental product containing chitosan and chelated cooper (Cu) as a sustainable tool for the protection of tomato plants, to understand which are the mechanisms involved in resistance promotion and what could be the anatomical changes on tomato leaves related to those defense responses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with tomato plants grown in pots and subjected to weekly foliar sprays of a suspension containing chitosan associated with Cu-EDTA (ChiCu). The increase in the phenolic compound concentrations and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activities were detected 24 hours after. In addition, an increase was observed in the activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, enzymes related to defense responses. Also, an increase was found in the thickness of the outer periclinal wall on the adaxial epidermal surface in leaves submitted to 4 ml L-1 ChiCu. The proportion of the epiderm to the leaf blade was also higher. Although the pathogenicity-related enzymes were activated as well as phenolic compounds were increased, these changes did not affected the biometric and biochemical parameters related to the primary metabolism and essential for the maintenance of productive potential of tomato plants. The increase in the outer periclinal wall as a result of ChiCu sprays could have contributed to the resistance against diseases since it is the first barrier to the infection of a wide of pathogens.

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the main soybean leaf disease in Brazil. Downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica) and powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) are important soybean foliar diseases of occurrence in Paraná state. To reduce severity and yield losses caused by soybean foliar diseases, this work aimed to verify the efficacy of different application doses of the commercial product Dipel® Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a biological insect controller, combined with number of Opera® fungicide (pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole) intercalated applications, and to investigate the effect of the Bt Dipel® in the resistance induction of soybean. For this study, different methodologies were used, including in vitro, in vivo and field assays. The results showed that Bt Dipel® can reduce soybean foliar diseases by inducing β-1,3 glucanase enzime and phytoalexin gliceolin. The fungicide application in the experiment condition reduced yield losses.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom widely used in Eastern countries and currently in global scale. Its fruiting body and mycelium are composed by polysaccharides, triterpenes and more than 200 secondary metabolites. These compounds exhibit a range of bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, antibacterial and antifungal action. Several scientific publications have demonstrated the potential and performance of G. lucidum compounds in the control of diseases in animals and humans. However, there is a lack of information on the effect of their compounds on the phytopathogens control, whether directly or by activating plant defense mechanisms. In the search of new molecules that has induced activity and disease control, this study was aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds produced by G. lucidum through liquid culture under elicitation to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe diffusa) in soybean plants. The compounds tested were: C01-distilled water, C02-copper oxychloride (1 L ha-1), FC01-filtered mycelial growth of G. lucidum without elicitation, FC02-G. lucidum filtration of lignin elicitation and FC03-G. lucidum filtration from SA elicitation. The upper part of the plant was sprayed at 20 % (v/v) concentration and 10 mL per plant were applied. All data were analyzed using R® software. The Ganoderma filtrates have shown the induction of resistance potential in soybean plants by the activation of phytoalexins, activation of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, increase of phenolic compounds, peroxidases and chitinase activity, such induction has specificity in relation to time activation and association with elicitors. New studies should be considered, seeking to identify and isolate the active principles present in the filtrates, as well as to evaluate the action of these substances in other pathosystems of agricultural interest.

Rhizoctonia solani é um fungo causador de tombamento de plântulas em várias espécies vegetais. A quitosana é um polímero derivado do processo de desacetilação da quitina, a qual é encontrada em grande quantidade na carapaça de crustáceos, insetos e parede celular de fungos. A quitosana tem sido testada para diversos usos, inclusive no controle de fitopatógenos em agricultura, já que apresenta atividade antimicrobiana, para controle de patógenos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito fungistático de diferentes concentrações de quitosana (0; 0,25; 0,5; 1 e 2%) no crescimento micelial do fungo R. solani in vitro. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram efeito significativo de quitosana nas diferentes concentrações utilizadas, na redução do crescimento micelial de R. solani. Observou-se também aumento do efeito fungistático da quitosana conforme o aumento da dose.

The purpose of this study was to characterize cultivated genotypes of three jabuticaba species (Plinia cauliflora, P. trunciflora, and P. jaboticaba). Phenology and fruit growth, as well as leaf, flower and fruit traits were evaluated. Variability in all traits was observed among genotypes of the three jabuticaba species. The trait peduncle size is indicated for differentiation of the three species under study. The leaf and fruit sizes of the genotypes P. trunciflora 3, P. trunciflora 4, P. trunciflora 5 and P. jaboticaba 1 differ from those described in the literature for these species, indicating the formation of ecotypes. Jabuticaba fruit skin contains high anthocyanin and flavonoid concentrations, with potential use in food and pharmaceutical industries. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar genótipos cultivados de três espécies de jabuticabeira (Plinia cauliflora, P. trunciflora e P. jaboticaba). Foram avaliadas a fenologia e o crescimento de frutos e características de folhas, flores e frutos. Observou-se que existe variabilidade entre os genótipos das três espécies de jabuticabeira para todos os caracteres avaliados. o caractere tamanho de pedúnculo do fruto é o maior indicativo para a diferenciação entre as três espécies de jabuticabeira estudadas. Os genótipos P. trunciflora 3, P. trunciflora 4, P. trunciflora 5 and P. jaboticaba 1 apresentam dimensões de folhas e frutos diferentes daquelas descritas na literatura para genótipos dessas espécies, indicando a formação de ecótipos. A casca de jabuticaba apresenta elevados teores de antocianinas e flavonoides, apresentando potencial para utilização na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica.

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is considered one of the world’s major agricultural pest groups, attacking a wide range of crop hosts and causing considerable crop loss. Understanding the interactions between whiteflies and host plants promotes the development of novel strategies for controlling whiteflies. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical alterations caused by induced resistance in soybean plants, challenged by B. tabaci. The experiment was performed at the Federal University of Technology, Parana. Soybean seeds (cv. BRS 284) were sown in polyethylene pots in the greenhouse. The elicitors sprayed on the soybean leaves were: acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM-0.005%); Salicylic Acid (SA-2Mm); foliar phosphite (ULTRA K®-0.004%); Chitosan (CH-1%); and silicon (SI-0.25%); whilst the control group was sprayed with distilled water. Plants were infested with 50 adult whiteflies in the cages that were released after applying the treatments. At 0, 24, 48 and 96 hours after the beginning of the experiment, biochemical analyses of total proteins and the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidases (PO), phenolic compounds, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase were made. The results showed that the application of elicitors increased the route of the phenylpropanoids with the activation of PAL and formation of phenolic compounds. It was also verified the activation of pathogenicity-related enzymes such as peroxidases and chitinase.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA) on the maintenance of quality and longevity of cut roses cv. Vega. Cut roses were kept in a vase solution of SA and water at concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mM. All treatments were kept at 8±2 oC for 96 hours, simulating storage in flower shops; the flowers were then evaluated regarding loss of fresh matter and leaf chlorophyll content and were transferred to beakers containing distilled water at 25±2 ºC for more 144 hours, simulating shelf life. At 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours from the beginning of the experiment, biochemical analyses of total proteins and the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases (PO) were performed. Visual analyses were performed (stem curvature, turgescence and petal darkening) every 48 hour intervals until the end of the experiment. The treatments with SA allowed the maintenance of post-harvest quality, reducing the loss of fresh matter mass, lower stem curvature, greater turgescence and less darkening of the petals. The results showed that the application of SA increased total protein contents and FAL, which characterizes the activation of plant defense mechanisms to the senescence process.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar diferentes concentracoes de acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) na inducao de resistencia ao tombamento de plântulas de tomateiro e no controle de Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in vitro. O tratamento das sementes de tomateiro foi realizado, com imersao em solucao de ASM por 5 min nas concentracoes de 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 e 20,0 g. i.a./100L e a testemunha (agua destilada). Em seguida foram semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido contendo o substrato Plantmax Florestal® previamente esterilizado e inoculado com R.solani , sendo a unidade experimental constituida por 20 celulas, em 4 repeticoes. O experimento foi conduzido por 14 dias em câmara de cultivo com controle de temperatura (23 o C ±2), luminosidade (fotoperiodo de 12horas) e umidade (70% ±10) e entao avaliada a germinacao das sementes, incidencia de tombamento, comprimento de plântula e massa da materia fresca. Foi tambem quantificado nos tecidos das plântulas os teores das enzimas fenilalanina amonia-liase (FAL), β-1,3-glucanase e quitinases. No experimento in vitro , a unidade experimental foi constituida por uma placa de Petri, em 4 repeticoes, sendo o ASM incorporado ao meio BDA (Batata-dextrose e Agar) e avaliado o crescimento micelial de R.solani . A aplicacao de ASM nas sementes de tomateiro nao interfere na incidencia de tombamento de plântulas, mas induz a resistencia ativando as enzimas β-1,3-glucanase e quitinase. O ASM nao apresentou efeito fungitoxico sobre R. solani in vitro .

Among the diseases that affect the tomato culture, a special attention is given to the seedling damping off due to the damages it causes on the initial phase of the cultivation. We aimed in this study to assess the different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the induction of resistance to the damping off of tomato seedlings and the control of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in vitro. The seed treatment of tomato plants was conducted with immersion in SA solutions for 5 minutes under the concentrations of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mMe and control (distilled water). Subsequently, we showed them in expanded polystyrene trays containing the substrate Plantmax Florestal®, previously sterilized and inoculated with R.solani, being the experimental unit constituted by 20 cells, in 4 replicates. The experiment was conducted over 14 days in cultivation chamber with control of temperature (23oC ±2), luminosity (photoperiod of 12 hours) and humidity (70% ±10); then we assessed the seed germination, incidence of damping off, seedling length and fresh matter mass. We also quantified in the tissues of the plants the levels of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (FAL), β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase. In the experiment in vitro, the experimental unit was constituted by a Petri dish, in four replicates, being the SA incorporated to the BDA (potato dextrose agar) and assessed the mycelial growth of R.solani. The AS application in the tomato plant seeds do not interfere on the incidence of seedling damping off, but it induces resistance, activating the enzyme β-1,3-glucanase. The SA did not present effect over the R.solani in vitro.

La cebolleta verde ( Allium fistulosum ) es una planta perteneciente a la familia de Aliaceas, que se utiliza como especia y condimento. Su durabilidad poscosecha es muy corto, debido principalmente a su alta tasa metabolica y el alto contenido de agua, junto con tecnicas precarias de manejo y transporte hasta el consumidor. El acido salicilico es un inductor de resistencia que actua de forma antagonista a la via bioquimica del etileno, retrasando la senescencia de las plantas. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del acido salicilico en la conservacion postcosecha de hojas de cebolleta. Fueron utilizados cinco tratamientos en un diseno completamente al azar, los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro concentraciones de acido salicilico (1μM; 2μM; 4μM e 8μM) y el control (agua destilada), con cuatro repeticiones de diez hojas. Despues de la cosecha, seleccion y normalizacion de las muestras, se sumergieron las bases de las hojas de cebolleta en soluciones con diferentes tratamientos durante treinta minutos. Las hojas se mantuvieron en una incubadora B.O.D. durante siete dias a una temperatura de 10°C. Las variables utilizadas para la evaluacion del experimento fueron: perdida de masa, clorofila a, b y total, colores, podredumbre, proteina y la actividad de la enzima fenilalanina amonialiase. Los resultados mostraron que la perdida de masa fue significativa, con comportamiento lineal decreciente, hasta cinco dias despues de la aplicacion de los tratamientos, asi como la podredumbre de las hojas, que obtuvo un comportamiento cuadratico, en el septimo dia, lo que demuestra el potencial del acido salicilico en mejorar el almacenamiento postcosecha de cebolletas.

O experimento foi conduzido no NPP/UFSM durante o ano de 1993. Maçãs da cv. Fuji foram armazenadas durante oito meses em atmosfera controlada com o objetivo de avaliar concentrações de CO2 e O2 para o armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram combinações de concentrações de CO2 e O2, em alta e baixa umidade relativa do ar (UR) e baixa concentração de etileno. A UR do ar foi mantida em tomo de 97% para tratamentos com alta UR e, em tomo de 75% para aqueles com baixa UR. O tratamento com baixo etileno foi mantido sob constante absorção deste gás com um filtro de permanganato de potássio. Após o armazenamento avaliou-se firmeza de polpa, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável, podridões e degenerescência interna da polpa. Constatou-se que, concentrações de CO2 acima de 1% causaram degenerescência interna dos frutos. Com a redução de 2,0% para 1,0% de O2, em combinação com 0% de CO2, houve maior retenção de firmeza da polpa, acidez titulável e SST, no entanto, não influenciou na manifestação da degenerescência da polpa. A redução da UR para 75% diminuiu a incidência de degenerescência e pelo efeito da desidratação aumentou a firmeza da polpa e os SST. A eliminação do etileno manteve a firmeza da polpa e acidez titulável em valores mais elevados, porém não diminuiu ocorrência da degenerescência. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação às podridões. The experiment was carried out at NPP/UFSM during 1993. Apple fruits of cultivar Fuji were stored for eight months in controlled atmosphere aiming to establish the best storage conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized with three rephcations. The treatments were combinations of CO2 and O2 concentrations in high and low relative humity and low ethylene concentration. Relative humity (RH) was maintained around 97% for treatments with high RH and around 75% for treatments with low RH. Low ethylene was mantained by constant absortion with potassium permanganate. After storage fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, rot and internal breakdown were evaluated. The highest fruit firmness, TSS and acidity values were obtained when O2 decreased from 2.0% to 1.0% with no CO2. Low RH decreased breakdown incidence and by the desidratation effect increased fruit firmness and TSS. Low ethylene mantained higher firmness and acidity, but did not reduce internal breakdown. There was no difference among treatments in relation to rot.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes, com o indutor de resistência quitosana, sobre o tombamento de plântulas de beterraba e tomate, e sua relação com alterações bioquímicas e a defesa vegetal. Cada parcela foi representada por 25 sementes. Os tratamentos consistiram da imersão das sementes em quitosana nas concentrações de 0; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4%. Posteriormente, as sementes foram semeadas em bandejas com o substrato infectado com Rhizoctonia sp., e mantidas em casa de vegetação por 14 dias. A quitosana induziu a resistência das plântulas de beterraba e tomate e reduziu a incidência de tombamento. As concentrações de 1,1 e 2,5% apresentaram maior eficiência na redução do tombamento, para as culturas da beterraba e tomate, respectivamente. O uso da quitosana induz o aumento na atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL) e interfere nas variáveis bioquímicas foliares de proteínas e açúcares totais e redutores.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metil e proteína harpina, aplicados em pós-colheita, na indução de resistência sistêmica à podridão-parda em pêssegos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas - com e sem ferimentos provocados aos frutos -, e os tratamentos foram constituídos por: acibenzolar-S-metil (50 mg do i.a. L-1), dois produtos comerciais com proteína harpina (80 mg do i.a. L-1) e uma testemunha (água destilada). Os frutos foram pulverizados, individualmente, com 1 mL de solução aquosa com os tratamentos e, após 12 horas, efetuou-se a inoculação com Monilinia fructicola (0,2 mL da suspensão com concentração de 10(5) esporos mL-1, em cada lado do fruto). Após 60 horas da inoculação, avaliaram-se: a área lesionada, a esporulação e o percentual de controle. Determinaram-se os teores de proteínas totais, açúcares redutores e totais, fenóis, além da atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL). Os eliciadores induziram resistência dos frutos a M. fructicola, com redução do desenvolvimento do fungo. O uso dos eliciadores aumentou os teores dos parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados e a atividade da FAL, que esteve relacionada à redução da área lesionada em pêssegos. Os indutores podem contribuir para o manejo integrado da podridão-parda em pêssegos, em pós-colheita. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl and harpin protein elicitors, applied in post-harvest, in systemic resistance induction to brown-rot, on peaches. A completely randomized design was utilized, with four replicates, in a split plot scheme - injured or noninjured peaches -, and treatments were constituted of : acibenzolar-S-methyl (50 mg of a.i. L-1), two commercial products with harpin protein (80 mg of a.i. L-1); and control (distilled water). Peaches were sprayed individually with 1 mL of aqueous solution containing the treatments and, after 12 hours, the inoculation of Monilinia fructicola was carried out (0.2 mL of spore suspension with 10(5) spores mL-1, in each side of the fruit). Sixty hours past inoculation, the size of lesions, esporulation and percentage of control were evaluated. The contents of total protein, total phenol, total and reducing sugar, besides activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were determined. The elicitors induce resistance to M. fructicola, with reduction in fungal development. Elicitor's increased the evaluated biochemical parameters and the activity of PAL, which was related to the size reduction of lesions in peaches. The elicitors could be used in integrated management of brown-rot, in post-harvest applications.

O uso de indutores de resistência em plantas representa um método alternativo e promissor no controle de podridões pós-colheita de frutos. Assim sendo, foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos - PR, no ano de 2004, com objetivo de avaliar a aplicação pré-colheita de quitosana e acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) sobre o comportamento pós-colheita de frutos de morangueiro da cultivar Aromas. O efeito da aplicação de quitosana (0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%) e de uma dose de ASM (0,0025%) foi verificado em relação à testemunha (água destilada) e ao tratamento-controle com aplicação de fungicidas. A aplicação na pré-colheita de quitosana, nas três doses avaliadas, retardou a maturação dos frutos, manteve maior firmeza de polpa e acidez titulável e diminuiu a perda de massa. Esses tratamentos também diminuíram a produção de etileno, o teor de açúcares redutores e mantiveram mais elevado os teores de polifenóis totais. A aplicação de quitosana, nas três doses avaliadas, induziu maior resistência das plantas a patógenos, resultando na diminuição de podridão dos frutos em pós-colheita. No entanto, a concentração de 2% de quitosana causou dano aos frutos na pós-colheita, elevando a taxa respiratória e o teor de açúcares redutores. O ASM teve efeito na retenção da acidez titulável e na redução de podridões, similar ao tratamento com fungicidas. A aplicação de quitosana e ASM na pré-colheita não interferiu na qualidade organoléptica dos frutos em pós-colheita. The use of inductors of resistance in plants represents an alternative and a promising method to control fruit rots at post harvest. The experiment was carried out at Federal Technological University of Paraná - Dois Vizinhos - Campus, during 2004 with the objective to evaluate the induction of chitosan resistance and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) on strawberry plants. The treatments compared the effect of chitosan (0.5; 1.0 and 2.0%) and ASM (0.0025%) in relation to control plants (distilled water only) and those with fungicides application. The chitosan treatment in all three evaluated concentrations, delayed the fruit maturation, increased the flesh firmness and titratable acidity and decreased the mass loss. It was also observed reduction in the ethylene production and in the reduced sugars and increased the total polyphenol in strawberry fruits. The chitosan treatment in all three evaluated concentrations induced greater plant resistance to diseases with effect on the reduction of the fruit rots in the post harvest by Botrytis cindered. Although, chitosan treatment in the concentration of 2% caused damage to the fruits in the post harvest increased the respiration rate and the reduced sugar. The ASM had effect on the retention of the titratable acidity and acted efficiently on the rot reduction similar to the treatment with fungicides. The application of chitosan and ASM pre-harvest did not interfere in the organoleptic quality of the fruits in the post harvest.

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito das temperaturas de armazenamento, concentrações de O2 e CO2 em câmaras de atmosfera controlada (AC) e absorção e eliminação do etileno no armazenamento refrigerado (AR) e em AC sobre as qualidades físico-químicas e organolépticas de kiwis, foi conduzido um experimento com as cultivares Bruno e Hayward. As temperaturas de armazenamento foram -0,5ºC e 0,5ºC e a umidade relativa do ar de 97%. As condições de AR avaliadas foram: sem absorção do etileno; com absorção do etileno através de filtros quí micos e eliminação de etileno através da ventilação da câmara. Em AC, os frutos foram armazenados em atmosfera contendo: 2kPa de O2 com 5 e 7kPa de CO2, com ou sem absorção do etileno através de filtros químicos. As avaliações foram realizadas após três meses de armazenamento para os frutos de ambas as cultivares conservadas em AR. Em AC, os frutos foram avaliados após três e oito meses de armazenamento para as cultivares Bruno e Hayward, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o armazenamento a -0,5ºC propiciou, nas duas cultivares, melhor manutenção da firmeza de polpa e mais alta acidez titulável que o armazenamento a 0,5ºC, tanto na abertura das câmaras, como após cinco dias a 20ºC. Nas condições de atmosfera controlada com absorção do etileno, através de filtros químicos, os frutos apresentaram melhor qualidade durante o período de armazenamento, em comparação com os frutos sem absorção de etileno. Em AC, os frutos armazenados na condição de 2kPa de O2 com 7kPa de CO2 se mantiveram, de modo geral, com maior firmeza de polpa e acidez titulável do que aqueles armazenados em 2kPa de O2 com 5kPa de CO2. A ventilação da câmara no AR, para eliminação do etileno, não foi eficiente no controle da perda de qualidade dos frutos. A cv. Hayward apresentou maior potencial de armazenamento que a cv. Bruno. The experiment was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of storage temperature and O2 and CO2 concentrations during controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, as well as the effect of ethylene absorption and elimination during cold storage and CA storage on postharvest quality of ‘Bruno’ and ‘Hayward’ kiwifruits. The storage temperatures were -0.5ºC and 0.5ºC with 97% relative humidity. The cold storage conditions evaluated were: without ethylene absorption; with chemical ethylene absorption, and elimination of ethylene with ventilation of storage rooms. The CA conditions evaluated were: 2kPa of O2 with 5 and 7kPa of CO2, with or without chemical ethylene absorption. The evaluations were done after three months for the both cultivars in cold storage. In CA storage the evaluations were done after three and eight months storage for ‘Bruno’ and ‘Hayward’ respectively. The results show that the temperature of -0.5ºC mantained in both cultivars, higher flesh firmness and higher titratable acidity, at chamber opening and after 5 days at 20ºC than 0.5ºC. CA conditions with chemical ethylene absorption mantained higher quality than without ethylene absorption. In CA storage 2kPa of O2 and 7kPa of CO2 resulted in fruit with higher flesh firmness and higher titratable acidity than 2kPa of O2 and 5kPa of CO2. Chamber ventilation in cold storage for ethylene removal was not efficient to preserve fruit quality Cultivar Hayward showed higher storability than cultivar Bruno.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento agronomico e as alteracoes fisico-quimicas de morangueiros em sistema de cultivo orgânico em funcao da aplicacao de diferentes concentracoes de calda bordalesa, calda sulfocalcica e biofertilizante supermagro. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em 2007, com a cultivar Camarosa, em um esquema fatorial 3 x 5, sendo: o fator A constituido pela calda bordalesa, calda sulfocacica e biofertilizante supermagro; o fator B representado pelas concentracoes de 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e a testemunha. No segundo experimento, em 2008, os tratamentos foram um fatorial 5 x 3, sendo: o fator A representado pelas caldas (calda bordalesa a 1%; calda sulfocalcica a 1%; biofertilizante supermagro a 4%, alternância de aplicacao de caldas nas mesmas concentracoes e a testemunha); o fator B pelas cultivares (Camarosa, Camino Real e Albion). As caldas bordalesa e sulfocalcica, bem como o biofertilizante supermagro interferem positivamente no numero de frutos, massa media e producao do morangueiro. Concentracoes acima de 1,0% de calda bordalesa e sulfocalcica causam manchamento dos frutos, limitando sua utilizacao. O supermagro nao apresenta restricao, sendo que as melhores respostas agronomicas foram observadas nas maiores concentracoes testadas. A aplicacao das caldas e do supermagro interferem no controle de doencas com reducao da severidade da mancha-de-micosferela na cultivar Camarosa.