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Indoor and outdoor air of five (5) hospitals in Ilorin, Kwara state were sampled using settling plate method to isolate fifteen (15) bacteria. Bacillus cereus was the identified spore former. Biodegradation performance of Bacillus cereus on hexadecane and heptane using Mineral Salts Medium (MSM) was studied for 20 days at four days interval using the Jenway 6320D Spectrophotometer to assess the optical density. The degradation and utilization of the hydrocarbons occurred before the fourth day with readings for optical density obtained as 1.051nm and 0.820nm for hexadecane and heptane respectively. After day 4, there was a sharp decline in the utilization of hydrocarbons. A second experiment was setup for optical density with heptane and decane utilization being checked daily for a period of 5days. Bacillus cereus utilized the hydrocarbons till the fourth day as the optical density dropped on the fifth day. The readings for decane obtained on day 4 and day 5 were 0.431nm and 0.338nm respectively. Also, there was a decline in the readings of heptane from 0.451nm obtained on day 4 to 0.343nm obtained on day 5. This study shows that Bacillus cereus is promising in the biodegradation of alkanes and can also be utilized to clean up pollution from petroleum spill which is becoming a prevalent ecological hazard. Keywords: Air, Bacillus cereus, Biodegradation, Hospitals, Hydrocarbons

The purpose of this study was to obtain cellulolytic bacterial isolates isolated from leaf litter in absorption holes biopori FMIPA Unesa and obtain the most optimal cellulolytic bacterial isolates in cellulose degradation. This research was an observational study and the data were analyzed descriptively. Stages of the study began with bacterial isolation, cellulolytic ability testing, and characterization of cellulolytic bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolation was carried out by the pour plate method, isolation was carried out by the streak plate method, cellulolytic testing was carried out using Carboxy Methyl Cellulose media which was given Congo red 1%. While the isolation characterization was done morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. The results obtained 15 isolates of cellulolytic bacteria that were tested for their ability to degrade cellulose. Cellulolytic test results showed that 6 isolates, namely BS1, BS7, BS10, BS11, BS14, and BS15 had a cellulolytic index of 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8. and 1. Isolates BS15 is the most optimal isolate in cellulose degradation with characteristics of the punctiform colony, yellow pigmentation, entire edge, convex elevation, optical opaque and smooth surface, produces catalase enzymes, is non-motile and can ferment in glucose and starch but cannot ferment lactose and also a Gram-negative

The chalcone of p-bromoacetophenone and p-chlorobenzaldehyde was prepared and converted into aminopyrimidine by treating with guanidine nitrate. The aminopyrimidines so obtained were converted into Schiff bases by treating with different substituted benzaldehydes. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by physical parameters and spectral studies such as UV, IR, and PMR. The synthesized Schiff bases were screened with different bacterial species for the antibacterial activity by cup plate method and serial dilution technique. The confirmation of the biological activity of the final compounds was established by bioautography. The mono and dihydroxy amino pyrimidines (I-g, I-j) of the novel series were found to be potential against bacteria. Keywords: Chalcone, 2-Aminopyrimidine, Schiff bases, Antibacterial activity, Bioautography, Spectral studies

This study aimed to evaluate the Total Plate Count and total Staphylococcus aureus count of beef sold in wet markets in Mulyorejo sub-district below the National Standard Indonesia (SNI 7388:2009) about maximum limit of microbial contamination in food or not. Total of twenty four samples of beef purchased from traditional markets of Tempurejo, Krempyeng Yamuri, Pacar Keling, and Menur in Mulyorejo sub-district Surabaya were examined by Total Plate Count using pour plate method. The sample was also cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar. The colony suspected to be S . aureus were taken for identification. The identification of S. aureus consists of isolation in Mannitol Salt Agar, Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Total plate count result showed that four samples were exceeding the National Standard of Indonesia SNI 7388:2009 or 1x10 6 CFU/g and the rest were below the maximum Total Plate Count in SNI. The highest Total Plate Count result was 1,9x10 6 CFU/g and the lowest was 7,8x10 4 CFU/g. The result of identification showed that 100% samples examined were contaminated by S. aureus with the highest result was 2,9x10 4 CFU/g and the lowest result was 4,3x10 3 CFU/g or exceeding the SNI 7388:2009.

Natural products are very attractive for development of medicine. Their structure and bioactivities are often beyond human knowledge and imagination. We have developed isolation methods for target protein-oriented natural products so as quickly to discover bioactive compounds from natural resources. This review summarizes our recent results including protein beads methods for neural stem cells differentiation activators and new cancer drug candidates. Syntheses of isolated compounds are described. We also developed protein plate method for identification of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Because protein binding ability is tightly related to bioactivity, protein-based natural products isolation is a powerful means to find new candidate medicines.

Khotimah S, Suharjono, Ardyati T, Nuraini Y. 2021. The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1981-1990. Fungi play important roles in degrading cellulose in the maturation process of peat. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in the forest. Peat soil samples were collected from Teluk Bakung Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan using a random sampling method. Peat soil samples were obtained at six sampling sites in forests and palm oil plantations. The fungi were cultured by the pour plate method on 1% CMC media. The cellulose-degrading fungi were determined based on a clear zone formation around the colony in CMC agar media. The cellulolytic fungal population in the fibric, hemic, and sapric peats of the secondary forest were 3.2 × 103, 4.6 × 103, and 5.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively, whereas at fibric, hemic, and sapric of the shrubs were 5.6 x 104, 3.9 × 105 and 4.7 × 104 CFU/g, respectively. Among the 25 cellulolytic fungal isolates, 5 isolates (HS1.5, HS3.4.1, HB2.2, SS2.4.1, and SB2.5.1) showed high average clear zone diameter (21-28 mm). The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolates had cellulase enzyme activity of 132.16 and 127.3 U/mL, respectively. These isolates can grow and degrade cellulose at 30°C to 35°C and pH of 2, 3, 4, and 5. The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolate were closely related to Penicillium citrinum based on the phylogenetic tree analysis.

Aims To identify the mechanism in which way maltodextrin enhance bile tolerance in Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115. Methods and results Based on determining the OD600 value and counting the numbers of viable cells by the pour plate method, the results showed that maltodextrin could not promote the strain growth directly, but could enhance the tolerance of bile in Lp-115. The OD600 value of L. plantarum Lp-115 cultured in MRSB broth with maltodextrin was three times higher than the control value. After supplementing the medium with 4·0% maltodextrin, the highest survival rate was observed when the bile concentration is 0.3%. Conclusions In summary, maltodextrin exhibited a significant improvement of bile tolerance and it could enhance cell hydrophobicity, shift the fatty acid composition of the membrane and induce the expression of a bile salt hydrolase gene (pva3) significantly. Significance and impact of the study This is the first report concerning the mechanism of maltodextrin enhancing the bile tolerance. This study promotes the application of maltodextrin as a choice to protect probiotic L. plantarum strains against the bile salt stress.

Background Mechanical and biological complications associated with implant systems happen frequently in the clinic. Purpose To develop a chitosan (CS)-based thermosensitive hydrogel for sealing and lubricating purposes in dental implant system. Materials and methods In this study, a thermosensitive hydrogel made up of CS, β-glycerophosphate pentahydrate (β-GP), and povidone-iodine (PVP-I), called CS/β-GP/PVP-I thermosensitive hydrogel, was fabricated. Three experimental groups with different volume ratios of CS to β-GP were prepared, namely 16/4, 13/7, and 10/10 groups. The surface topography of the different groups and their physicochemical characteristics were examined by SEM, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogel was examined by CCK-8 test. In vitro antibacterial efficiency was analyzed by the spread plate method. Sealing ability was detected by incubating two-piece implants in Escherichia coli suspension. Lubricating ability of the hydrogel was evaluated by the removal torque test with a calibrated digital torque meter. Results The CS/β-GP/PVP-I thermosensitive hydrogel was fabricated and showed a highly porous structure under SEM. An in vitro cytotoxicity test demonstrated that 13/7 group displayed no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, all three groups showed obviously antibacterial effects. In the sealing ability test, 16/4 group showed the best sealing ability. The removal torque of 16/4 group and 13/7 group was significantly greater than control group. Conclusions Based on our findings, it could be concluded that the thermosensitive and antibacterial CS/β-GP/PVP-I hydrogel with sealing and lubricating ability was successfully prepared. The hydrogel had better sealing and lubricating effects when the volume ratio of CS to β-GP was 16/4.

In this study, cryopreservation of Arundina graminifolia seeds by D cryo-plate and encapsulation dehydration technique were investigated. The results showed that the D cryo-plate method gave the highest regrowth of 82%, followed by encapsulation-dehydration (74%). The D cryo-plate protocol is as follows: pour the alginate solution containing 2% (w/v) sodium alginate in calcium-free ½ MS basal medium with 0.4 M sucrose in the wells of the cryo-plate. For encapsulation-dehydration the protocol is the same as D cryo-plate without using cryo-plate. Place 20 to 50 seeds from 3-month-old selfing capsules in each well. Pour calcium chloride solution containing 0.1 M calcium chloride in ½ MS basal medium with 0.4 M sucrose. Expose to 0.4 M sucrose + 2 M glycerol (loading solution) for 30 min and then dehydrate under a laminar air-flow cabinet for 3 h. Put each cryo-plate in a 2-mL cryotube and plunge into liquid nitrogen for 1 d. Warm in 1.2 M sucrose solution (unloading solution) for 15 min then remove the solution and culture cryopreserved beads on ½ MS agar medium.

Samples of peels and soils from cassava waste sites were collected from cassava processing factory in Oyo town, Oyo State and also a dumpsite in Alaya village, Aiyedire local government, Osun State, Nigeria. Bacterial isolation was carried out using the pour plate method to obtain amylolytic bacterial species capable of hydrolyzing starch. Fourteen bacterial isolates that were most responsive to starch hydrolysis were selected from both sampling sites for molecular investigations. DNA of the isolates was extracted and subjected to a cocktail mix and condition for PCR which was purified using two universal primers and afterwards the PCR product was used for the polymorphism through electrophoresis. Bacterial isolates were identified based on their genetic sequences and results showed Bacillus subtilis (21.44%) to be the most frequently occurring specie. There was the prevalence of two similar strains Bacillus subtilis MML2483 and B. subtilis MML2411 which was isolated from the different sampling sites. Some other bacterial strains included Bacillus olivae BRB18, B. licheniformis HT-26-B1, B. cereus H17, B. safensis MS40, B. pumilus 07

The optimal method to screen for gastrointestinal colonization with carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) has yet to be established. The direct MacConkey (direct MAC) plate method demonstrates high sensitivity for CRO detection, but established zone diameter (ZD) criteria for ertapenem (≤27 mm) and meropenem (≤32 mm) result in high rates of false positives upon confirmatory testing. To increase specificity, we screened for CRO in two high-risk wards using the direct MAC plate method, recorded ZDs for each sample, and generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate the optimal ZD cutoff criteria. Of 6,868 swabs obtained over an 18-month period, 4,766 (69%) had growth on MAC plates, and 2,500 (36%) met criteria for further evaluation based on previously established ZDs around the carbapenem disks. A total of 812 (12%) swabs were confirmed positive for at least one CRO and included 213 (3%) carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO), resulting in a specificity of 78% for the direct MAC plate method. Reducing the ertapenem and meropenem ZDs to ≤25 mm improved specificity to 83%, decreasing the confirmatory testing workload by 32%. The sensitivities with the lower ZD criteria were 89% for CRO and 94% for CPO, respectively. The direct MAC plate method criteria for CRO testing can be modified to balance the sensitivity and specificity of CRO while reducing the burden on clinical microbiology laboratories. These modifications can be particularly helpful in regions with a low CRO prevalence.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria and yeasts in different grape samples. The samples were collected in September 2017. Used 13 grape samples in this study (9 white and 4 red) were from the local Slovak winemakers. Alibernet, Irsai Oliver, Dornfelder, Blue Frankish, Feteasca regala, Green Veltliner, Pálava, Mūller Thurgau, Rhinriesling, Cabernet Savignon, Pinot Blanc, Savignon Blanc and Welschriesling. Two cultivation media were used for detection of bacteri and yeasts in grape samples. Malt extract agar base (MEA) and Tryptone Soay agar (TSA) were used for the cultivation of bacteria and yeasts. Cultivation was performed by spread plate method. Ethanol/formic acid extraction procedure was used for preparation of samples. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer (Microflex LT/SH) (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used for identification of bacteria and yeasts. In total, 8 genera of yeasts, 8 genera of Gram-negative bacteria and 10 of Gram-positive bacteria were identified. Together 333 isolates, yeasts, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were identified.

The present work was undertaken to assess the surface water quality and discuss the potability of water by analyzed data of bacteriological (total Coliform and Faecalform) characters and heavy metals content (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cu) in the water of Tinau river. The study was carried out in the year 2011/2012 by selecting four spots within three different seasons: winter, summer and rainy. For bacterial enumeration, bacterial plate counts were carried out using the pour plate method with nutrient agar; while for determination of heavy metal concentration, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometry was used. The heavy metal content was within the range of WHO guideline for drinking purpose. However, on the basis of bacteriological parameters the water was not safe to consume without treatment. This study will also help to make aware those local people or adjacent farmers for proper management of waste disposal and also to minimize use of synthetic inputs.

Unsymmetrical dendrimers with indazole and methyl/ ethyl/ isopropyl salicylates as surface units and 4-(bromomethyl)phenol as core unit were synthesized in good yields by O-alkylation. Similarly unsymmetrical dendrimers with indazole and methyl/ ethyl/ isopropyl anthranilates as surface units and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as core unit were synthesized in good yields by amide coupling reaction. The antimicrobial activities of the newly synthesized dendrimers were evaluated against four human pathogenic bacteria viz., E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis under in vitro conditions by “cup plate method”.

Conventional quantification of L. helveticus, in presence of other lactobacilli species, using classical plate method employing low selective media is very inaccurate. Determination of L. helveticus using quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed in six artisanal Kazakh soft cheeses made from cow’s milk or from a mixture of cow’s and goat’s milk. L. helveticus was quantified by species-specific qPCR, monitoring the presence of genes encoding for peptidoglycan hydrolases. Quantification of L. helveticus based on qPCR ranged from 2.6×106 to 4.1×108 CFU·g−1 according to the type of the cheese. The microflora of cheese consisted of a mixture of starter and non-starter lactic acid bacteria.

A hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) method for aerobic plate count using Tryptic Soy Agar with fast green FCF was evaluated against a conventional pour plate method on 250 food samples, representing 25 product categories. The HGMF method yielded counts equivalent to or significantly higher than the pour plate method for 24 of the 25 product categories (t-test for paired data).

The surface plate method, using freshly pre-poured agar plates and/or stored pre-poured plates and the pour plate method were compared for enumeration of microorganisms in fresh bologna, fresh ground beef, frozen turkey pot pie and bacterial suspensions of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Streptococcus faecalis . Stored pre-poured Plate Count Agar (PCA) plates were packaged in plastic bags and held at 5 C for up to 6 weeks before use. Aerobic plate counts were derived from plates incubated at 35 C for 48 h, 20 C for 5 days and 7 C for 10 days. Differences in counts between methods for a given sample, incubation and pre-poured plate storage period were less than 0.5 log cycle in 97% of the comparisons. Regression and correlation coefficients between methods were highly significant; correlation coefficients varied from 0.987 to 0.999, and regression coefficients from 0.977 to 1.068 between any pair of methods. Storage of pre-poured plates for up to 6 weeks appeared to have no significant effect on recovery of microorganisms, using the surface plate technique.

http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/ktappi.2016.48.1.127Journal of Korea TAPPIVol. 48. No. 1, 2016, 127-133pISSN (Print): 0253-3200Printed in Korea • 충남대학교 농업생명과학대학 환경소재공학과(Dept. of Biobased Materials, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea)1 FITI 시험연구원 환경바이오평가팀(Enviroment & Bio assesment team, FITI Testing & Research Institute, Ochang, Cheonwon-gun, Chungbuk, 363-883, Korea)† 교신저자(Corresponding Author): E-mail: lachesis@cnu.ac.kr This study is performed that furniture and interior materials of MDF's (Medium Density Fiberboard) biodegradation properties, and the goal of this study is investigation of pos-sibility of waste-MDF's composting after landfilling. To investigate biodegradation, this study was performed according to KS M ISO 14855-1, and there were two different soil conditions including a compost condition and an activated vermiculite condition as arti-ficial soil. This experiment was tested for 40 days. The measurement of carbon-dioxide generation was processed every 24 hour in 1-2 week, and every 48 hour after 3 week. In the same days, MDF showed 24.4% of biodegradation in compost condition, and 6.2% in activated vermiculite. Also, the reference material of TLC (thin-layer chromatography) grade cellulose showed 26.4%, 11.4% in compost and activated vermiculite respectively. The dilution plate method was performed for biological analysis in the study. This ex-periment was used for investigation of inoculum's (Bacillus licheniformis) activity. As the result of bioassay, compost has more other germs include inoculum than activated ver-miculite in the first week. Especially in the 2nd week, the reference material under the compost condition showed the most germ's activity, and also the biodegradation was the highest. Consequentially, compost condition was able to reduce a performing period of biodegradation testing than activated vermiculite. However, activated vermiculite could be stabilizing errors between repetition.Keywords: Biodegradation, MDF, activated vermiculite, compost, ultimate biodegradation

The efficacies of the antimicrobial conservants in a number of nonsterile medicinal formulations for oral use as syrups and solutions were evaluated, i.e., Klarisens® syrup 1 mg/ml, El’kar® solution for oral use, 300 mg/ml, Lasolvan® syrup 15 mg/5 ml, and others. The quality of seven study samples containing conservants such as benzoic acid, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, and ethanol complied with the requirements of General Pharmacopeia Monograph OFS 42-0069-07 “Determination of the efficacy of antimicrobial conservants in medicines”. The results of the studies reported here were obtained using a modified deep plate inoculation method recommended by the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation XII edition for determination of the microbiological purity of medicines. The modified deep plate method has potential for use as a supplementary method, and inclusion in the next edition of the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation is recommended.

Fatty acid (UFA) biosynthesis is essential for the maintenance of membrane structure and function in many groups of anaerobic bacteria. In this study isolation of cellular fatty acid distributed in unknown rhizobial strains collected from five different soil samples by pour plate method using YEMA medium. The five soil sample are namely Klt 1, Alg 2,Bdl 3, Rf 4 and Mdk 5.The isolated rhizobial sample was identified based on morphological and biochemical characterization. Then the purified culture was mass multiplied and used for isolation of fatty acid. The fatty acid profile of five different rhizobial isolates were identified by GC and the result of fatty acid was totally seven fatty acids from Rhizobial isolates. Among them the Myrestic acid (C:14) were present all the isolates respectively.

Определена эффективность антимикробных консервантов некоторых нестерильных лекарственных препаратов для приема внутрь в виде сиропов и растворов: Кларисенс®, сироп 1 мг/мл, Элькар®, раствор для приема внутрь 300 мг/мл, Лазолван®, сироп 15 мг/5 мл и др. Установлено, что качество 7 исследованных образцов, содержащих в составе такие консерванты, как бензойная кислота, метилпарабен, пропилпарабен, натрия бензоат, спирт этиловый, соответствует требованиям ОФС 42-0069-07 «Определение эффективности антимикробных консервантов лекарственных средств». Представленные результаты испытаний получены с помощью модифицированного глубинного чашечного метода посева, рекомендованного ГФ РФ XII издания при определении микробиологической чистоты лекарственных средств. Возможность применения модифицированного глубинного чашечного метода целесообразно внести как дополнение к методике и в дальнейшем включить в следующее издание Государственной фармакопеи РФ.

Yellowfin tuna (YFT) (Thunnus albacares) is among the most popular fish in seafood trade all over the world. The quality of tuna meat is the main determinant of its market price. This study was conducted to determine the shelf life of YFT flesh stored at 0-2oC in terms of microbial total plate count (TPC), histamine levels and flesh colour change within 15 days of storage. Twenty-five YFT samples collected from a seafood processing factory, on the same day they received from the multi-day boats, were used in the study. In each visit, five fish samples were collected with the same catching date (5 days before landing). Samples were vacuum packed and taken to the laboratory where they stored under 0-2oC. All experiments were conducted on 1st, 4th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 15th days of storage. Pour plate method was conducted for total microbial plate count. Histamine content was determined using competitive ELISA method. Flesh colour change was determined by calculating the value of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) colour ratios of the images using a colour detector mobile application. Results showed that the highest microbial count was exhibited on 7th day of storage and did not exceed more than 105 CFUg-1. Histamine levels were increased up to a maximum mean value of 14.24 ppm during the storage. Microbial counts and histamine results suggest that it is safe to consume YFT within 15 days under 0-2oC storage conditions.

Proteases are unique class of industrial biocatalyst; occupy a key chair with respect to wide range of utility in both physiological and commercial sector. Repertoire of various enzyme assays were suggested for determining enzyme units of protease. Majority of currently reported assays are expensive, time consuming and cumbersome. In this direction, a development of speedy and sensitive quantitative enzyme assay for the characterization of proteases is highly desirable. The present investigation reported a quick method for characterization of proteases using single substrate-agarose plate method. A trypsin (obtained from bovine pancreas) and bacterial protease (serine protease of Bacillus circulans MTCC 7942) on subsequent interaction with proteinaceous substrate gives proteolytic zone on substrate-agarose plate. The clear zone diameter of proteolysis was directly proportional to enzyme units of protease. Furthermore, enzyme activities of protease treated with various chemical activator/inhibitor gives vis-à-vis response and yielded significant data. The biochemical characteristics of proteases are documented using rapid single substrate-agarose plate method. A rapid, sensitive and reliable improved quantitative protease assay using single substrate-agarose plate method could be used at academic, research and commercial level.

Purpose Although dental impression disinfection is determinant to reduce the cross-infection risk, some studies have shown that, in real practice, the disinfection procedures vary considerably. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness and the impact on the dimensional stability of addition silicone' impressions of water wash and the most clinically used disinfection solutions: 3% hydrogen peroxide, commercial disinfectant MD520 (Durr) and 1% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. Materials and methods For this investigation, dental impressions were taken on 16 volunteer dental students. The antimicrobial effectiveness of each procedure was evaluated by pour plate method. The dimensional stability was evaluated using a standardized stainless-steel model, according to ANSI/ADA no19 specification. Results The study results showed that water wash does not alter the dimensional stability of addition silicone impressions but doesn't reduce the microbial load of the material (P>.05). On the other hand, addition silicone disinfection by immersion with 3% hydrogen peroxide, MD520 (Durr), or sodium hypochlorite at 1% and 5.25% does not alter the dimensional stability significantly but reduces > 99.9% of the microbial load of the impressions (P Conclusion Addition silicone impressions should always be disinfected after water wash in order to reduce effectively the cross-infection risk. All disinfectants tested showed high antimicrobial efficiency without significant changes in three-dimensional shape of impressions. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite are of particular importance because are easily accessible in dental setting. The less explored hydrogen peroxide could be a valuable alternative for silicone impressions disinfection.

Raw egg products are often associated with salmonellosis. The Australian guidelines recommend raw egg mayonnaise to be prepared and stored under 5 &deg, C and adjusted to a pH less than 4.6 or 4.2. Despite these guidelines, a significant amount of salmonellosis outbreaks are recorded annually in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pH and temperature on the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) in peptone water (PW) and mayonnaise. The pH of PW and mayonnaise was adjusted to 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6 using acetic acid and vinegar, respectively. The PW and mayonnaise were inoculated with ST and incubated at 37 &deg, C, 23 &deg, C, and 4 &deg, C. The survival of Salmonella was determined using the drop plate method. Survival was significantly (p &lt, 0.05) improved at 4 &deg, C. In both mayonnaise and PW, following 24 h, there was no ST growth at pH 4.2. Resuscitation of ST was rapidly observed at 4 &deg, C while complete inactivation was observed at 37 &deg, C at pH 4.2, 4.4, and 4.6 in both PW and mayonnaise. Lower temperatures protected ST from the bactericidal effect of low pH. &ldquo, The preparation of mayonnaise at pH 4.2 or less and incubating it at room temperature for at least 24 h could reduce the incidence of salmonellosis&rdquo

A new series of ten poly-functionalized pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine formimidate derivatives were successfully synthesized. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS, and FT-IR spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity by using the well plate method and MIC by the broth micro dilution method against the strains of bacteria as well as fungus. Four compounds exhibited good to excellent antimicrobial activity. The theoretical binding mode of the target molecules was evaluated by docking studies, which revealed a new molecular scaffold for enhancing the antimicrobial activity of compounds. Studies on synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity, and molecular docking of novel pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine formimidate derivatives (10) are reported. Four of the compounds exhibited excellent activity.

Rice straws are widely used in Daqu (starter) preparation for Maotai-flavour liquor brewing to provide adequate thermal insulation, water retention and aeration. As the straws have direct contact with the Daqu during its preparation, the microorganisms carried by the straws can be transferred to the Daqu. In this study, yellow pigment-producing strains were isolated from the rice straws using a dilution plate method. Most of these strains were characterized as toxoflavin-producing Burkholderia spp. by 16S rRNA sequencing, toxA gene-specific PCR and toxoflavin detection. The PCR assays revealed the existence of Burkholderia in the Daqu samples. The toxoflavin content in a number of Daqu samples was determined using HPLC. The highest observed content of toxoflavin in the Daqu was >8 mg/kg, close to its LD50. Although no toxoflavin was detected in the distilled liquor, the safety problem regarding the use of rice straws in Daqu preparation is still noteworthy, since Burkholderia and toxoflavin can be transferred and can accumulate during the brewing process. The results can contribute to a further assessment of the contamination risk in liquor brewing caused by Burkholderia and to safer production in this traditional process. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Some novel analogs of 4H-1,4-benzothiazines were synthesized under environmentally benign solvent free conditions by one pot oxidative cyclocondensation of substituted 2- aminobenzenthiols with compounds having active methylene group and then converted in to sulfones. These compounds were examined as antitubercular agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using REMA plate method. The best results have MICs from 6.4 to 8.8 μg/mL, comparable to phenothiazines. IR, NMR and mass spectral investigations are included for structural elucidation.

This study represents both a study case about the fungi associated with a description ofEgypt volumes V Planches Antiquities in the Central library of Islamic manuscripts in Cairo,were used for identification of isolates from these brownish area from a description of EgyptThe plate method with a DNA was used for identification of fungi. The two internal transcribedspacers and the 5.8S gene (ITS1-5.8S- ITS2) from the nuclear ribosomal DNA wereamplified. The results show that the most dominant fungi isolated from the examined oldpaper samples belong to Aspergillus spp. (niger – flavus – fumigates and – terreus). In thepresent study, culture-independent molecular methods were applied to identify fungicommunities colonizing paper samples. Some of these fungi are cellulolytic species. Purefungal strains were used to constitute a marker for further comparative investigations of adescription of Egypt volumes V Planches Antiquities. This study represents both a study case about the fungi associated with a description ofEgypt volumes V Planches Antiquities in the Central library of Islamic manuscripts in Cairo,were used for identification of isolates from these brownish area from a description of EgyptThe plate method with a DNA was used for identification of fungi. The two internal transcribedspacers and the 5.8S gene (ITS1-5.8S- ITS2) from the nuclear ribosomal DNA wereamplified. The results show that the most dominant fungi isolated from the examined oldpaper samples belong to Aspergillus spp. (niger – flavus – fumigates and – terreus). In thepresent study, culture-independent molecular methods were applied to identify fungicommunities colonizing paper samples. Some of these fungi are cellulolytic species. Purefungal strains were used to constitute a marker for further comparative investigations of adescription of Egypt volumes V Planches Antiquities.

A novel method was developed for the screening and detection of fucoidanase activity in bacterial colonies using fucoidan–agarose plates and staining with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cetavlon). Colonies with fucoidanase activity were indicated by a transparent halo. The medium containing undegraded fucoidan showed as a milk-colored background, but areas with degraded fucoidan under the colonies were visualized as a transparent halo.

A new plate method was developed for rapid screening of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare mutants overproducing 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG). The screening methodology took the advantage of the acidity caused by 2-KLG, which changes the color of bromothymol blue (pH indicator) from blue to yellow. Using the proposed method, a mutant, K. vulgare 65, was selected from 20,000 colonies produced by a strain subjected to spaceflight mutagenesis. When co-cultured with Bacillus megaterium 2980 in 20-L fermenters, K. vulgare 65 showed a high conversion rate (94.45%) of l-sorbose to 2-KLG. In contrast to the traditional screening method, this one significantly improved the frequency of obtaining positive mutants. The proposed plate screening method is cost-effective and easy to run and is thus useful for the isolation and screening of K. vulgare mutants overproducing 2-KLG.

Aim: To synthesize and evaluate 4-aminoantipyrine related schiff’s bases as antibacterial agents. Objective: To synthesize, purify, characterize and evaluate 4-aminoantipyrine. Method: Schiff bases derived from 4-aminoantipyrine play a vital role in biological and pharmacological activities. Knowing the importance of 4-aminoatipyrine schiff bases and their analogues wide varieties of bioactivities like analgesic, antiviral, antipyretic, anti-rheumatic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities have been widely studied. 4-aminoantipyrine compounds C1 (anisaldehyde), C2 (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and C3(vanillin) were prepared by condensation between 4-amino antipyrine and substituted aromatic benzaldehydes. The products were purified by recrystallization by using ethanol, characterized by IR spectroscopy. The N-H stretching in 4-aminoantipyrine is shown at 3430 cm-1 and -3325 cm-1. The -HC=N- stretching is observed in the range of 1508-1504 cm-1 The –OCH3 stretching is found at 1888 cm-1. 4-amino antipyrine related schiff’s bases evaluated their activity as antimicrobials in-vitro by spread plate method against E.coli. Schiff bases have potent antibacterial activity with gram negative bacteria E.coli. Results: Synthesis and characterization of a schiff bases derived from substituted benzaldehydes and 4-aminoantipyrine was evaluated and characterized with the IR spectroscopic techniques and schiff bases have shown potent antibacterial activity against E.Coli.

Tribolium castaneum is an important insect pest of stored milled rice in Indonesia. The effect of T. castaneum on fungal infection of stored milled rice was investigated together with moisture content and weight loss. Milled rice were placed in glass jars (250 g/jar) and infested with 5, 10, and 20 pairs of T. castaneum. As control, the jars contained only milled rice. Three replications were made for each treatment (including the control). The jars were stored in storage room for 1, 2, and 3 months. Moisture contents (based on wet weight) of milled rice were determined using the oven method. Fungi were isolated and enumerated using dilution plating, followed by pour plate method on Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG18). Weight loss (based on dry weight) was determined after 3 months of storage.The results showed, that the population of adult T. castaneum increased with the increase in the number of pairs of infested T. castaneum and storage duration. The moisture contents of milled rice were relatively constant during storage. It was assumed, that the moisture contents were more influenced by the environmental conditions rather than the occurrence of T. castaneum. Nineteen fungal species were isolated Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum were the dominant fungal species. Total fungal population decreased after 2 and 3 months of storage, with the increase in the number of pairs of infested T. castaneum. Weight loss increased with the increase in the number of pairs of infested T. castaneum. Based on weight loss of milled rice, the best storage duration was found when the number of pairs of T. castaneum was five pairs, the duration of storage was 1, 2 or 3 months of storage.

A highly sensitive, rapid immunoassay performed in the multi-channels of a micro-well array consisting of a multicapillary glass plate (MCP) and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slide is described. The micro-dimensions and large surface area of the MCP permitted the diffusion distance to be decreased and the reaction efficiency to be increased. To confirm the concept of the method, human immunoglobulin A (h-IgA) was measured using both the proposed immunoassay system and the traditional 96-well plate method. The proposed method resulted in a 1/5-fold decrease of immunoassay time, and a 1/56-fold cut in reagent consumption with a 0.05 ng/mL of limit of detection (LOD) for IgA. The method was also applied to saliva samples obtained from healthy volunteers. The results correlated well to those obtained by the 96-well plate method. The method has the potential for use in disease diagnostic or on-site immunoassays.

Some new N’-benzylidene-5-bromothiophene-2-carbohydrazide derivatives possessing thiophene nucleus were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using cup plate method. All the compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity and anti fungal activity

Some new 2-azetidinone derivatives possessing benzimidazole nucleus were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using cup plate method. All the compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity and anti fungal activity.

A new series of N-[5-(4-(alkyl/aryl)-3-nitro-phenyl)-[1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionamide 4 (a–l) and 6-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-alkyl/aryl)-3-nitro-phenyl)-Imidazo [2,1-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazole 6 (a–l) were synthesized starting from 5-(4-Fluoro-3-nitro-phenyl)-[1,3,4] thiadiazole-2-ylamine. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis. All the compounds were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds were assessed by well plate method (zone of inhibition). Compounds 4a, 4c and 6e, 6g displayed appreciable activity at the concentration 0.5–1.0 mg/mL.

In an effort to develop antimicrobial agents, a series of chalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation by trituration method. Appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and ethanol at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were characterized by means of their IR, ‘H-NMR spectral data. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities by the cup plate method.

Sulfobetaine-type surfactants containing a hydroxy group were synthesized by the reaction of long chain monoalkyl dimethyl tertiary amine with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid sodium salt. The structures were characterized by 1H NMR and ESI-MS. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in aqueous solution were determined by the plate method in the temperature rang from 298.15 to 328.15 K. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (\(\Delta G_{\text{mic}}^{\theta}\), \(\Delta H_{\text{mic}}^{\theta}\) and \(\Delta S_{\text{mic}}^{\theta}\)) and surface adsorption (\(\Delta G_{\text{ad}}^{\theta}\), \(\Delta H_{\text{ad}}^{\theta}\) and \(\Delta S_{\text{ad}}^{\theta}\)) were calculated from CMC data. The results showed that the micellization and surface adsorption of these surfactants in aqueous solution was a spontaneous and entropy-driven process. The micellization and surface adsorption became easier when the alkyl chain length increased from 12 carbon atoms to 14. The enthalpy–entropy compensation of micellization and adsorption was investigated. The compensation temperature were found to be (311 ± 2) K for both micellization and adsorption. The \(\Delta H_{\text{mic}}^{*}\) and \(\Delta H_{\text{ad}}^{*}\) decreased, but the \(\Delta S_{\text{mic}}^{*}\) and \(\Delta S_{\text{ad}}^{*}\) increased with increasing the hydrophobic chain length from 12 to 14.

Objective The aim of study was to evaluate hepatoprotective activity and antimicrobial activities on roots of Schrebera swietenoides methanolic (SSM) extract and also study the occurrence of bioactive metabolites responsible for activities. Methods The methanolic extract of S. swietenoides roots was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxic model and antimicrobial activity was tested upon various types of organisms by cup plate method. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out with soxhlet apparatus followed by column chromatography. Results The rats were treated with the methanolic extracts of S. swietenoides roots and silymarin showed a significant (P Conclusions The methanolic extract of S. swietenoides roots showed hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxic model at a dose of 800 mg/kg body weight and also possessed good antimicrobial activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw. The phytochemical investigation revealed that the presence of six compounds among which oleanolic acid might be responsible for the activities.

When drug-resistant bacteria pose a threat, a simple and inexpensive method for identifying their presence and quickly determining the right antibiotic for treatment, is critical. A simple optical detection technique combined with microfluidic technology will have great potential for configuring a portable antibiogram device. We report a colorimetric antibiogram method, based on viability-dependent resazurin dye reduction (intense blue colour changing to pink and leuco). The antibiogram protocol was developed initially in a 96-well plate format. This was tested using 20 clinical bacterial isolates against the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four antibiotics after 6 h of incubation. The antibiogram results obtained colorimetrically or visually were matched and confirmed with those of the liquid turbidity method (LTM). This antibiogram protocol was then transferred to a Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastic microfluidic chip containing 40 micro wells (8 rows and 5 columns, 20 μl volume per well). These microfluidic units can serve as disposable devices for portable instrumentation. The plastic microfluidic chip antibiogram showed 98% match with what was obtained in the 96-well plate method. The microfluidic chip offers a novel, compact and inexpensive platform technology for testing/screening of drug-resistant bacteria, and determining their antibiogram. This approach will lead the way for developing portable and low-cost point-of-care antibiotic susceptibility testing instrumentation for the future.

Background: Grahaṇimihira tailam is an unexplored ayurvedic oil preparation which consists of 34 ingredients. The efficacy of this traditional ayurvedic medicine is undisputable. Proper clinical standardization of this formulation will go a long way in securing greater recognition for it. The main objective of this study was to develop standardization parameters for the formulation in a multidisciplinary way. Materials and Methods: A simple and efficient method for the quantification of umbelliferone by high performance thin layer chromatography was developed and validated. Presence of the major fatty acids and their percentage were assessed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Various physio-chemical parameters, microbiological load, aflatoxins and mineral oil were also evaluated. Spread plate method was used for checking microbial contamination. Results: The results were validated as per standard protocols. Quantitative estimation revealed the percentage of umbelliferone to be in the range of 0.88-0.98 (w/w). GC-MS analysis of sample led to the identification of 14 fatty acids, in which linoleic acid was obtained as the major fatty acid. Microbes, aflatoxins and mineral oils were found to be absent in the tailam. Conclusion: The results which give the quantitative estimates of various physico-chemical parameters can be adopted to establish new standards for analysis of batch-to-batch variation and this data will facilitate shelf life studies in the future.

Silver nanoparticles supported on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Ag/TiO2) were incorporated and evaluated as antibacterial additive for polystyrene materials. These particles were synthesized using a deposition-precipitation method by adding silver nitrate as metallic precursor, sodium hydroxide as reducing agent, and commercial TiO2 (P25) as support. Rectangular pieces of polystyrene (PS) containing 100, 300, 500, and 700 ppm (wt.%) of the additive were made using an extrusion-injection molding process, and they were evaluated for their antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli using the Pour Plate method. Particles were distributed on the PS surface, and PS pieces presented a good antibacterial efficiency at 100, 300, and 500 ppm and decreased for 700 ppm due to an additive agglomeration on the PS surface. These results validate the antibacterial properties of Ag/TiO2, determine a concentration limit at which the additive is well distributed on the PS surface, and assess the importance of Ag in this system.

Destruction of calcified tissue was caused by acids which are by product of carbohydrate metabolism of acidogenic bacteria consequent to dental caries. The purpose of this study was to assess the existence of acidogens potentially causing the dental caries and comparatively evaluation of efficacy of different toothpastes. The dental plaques of fifty persons belong to three age groups (1 - 20, 21 - 40, 41 - 60 year and above) were examined to identify microorganisms by the culture method. Thirty nine bacteria were isolated by spread plate method on BSMY I minimal media. Thirteen out of thirty nine, acidogens colonized in the dental plaques. Seven potentially acidogens CD17, CD26, CD27, CD28, CD29, CD34 and CD35 were treated with five different toothpastes. Inhibition effect of Triclosan and Fluoride containing tooth pastes were found more efficient. The results of the present study revealed that bacteria that commonly cause dental caries colonized in dental plaques of children and alcoholic person. Therefore, dental plaques must be considered a specific reservoir of colonization and subsequent dental caries. To reduce the dental problem triclosan and fluoride containing product should be recommended.

Eight new Schiff's bases were prepared in three steps. The first step includes synthesis of phthalamic acid from the reaction between phthalic anhydride with p-amino acetophenone which in turn fused in the second step to form the corresponding phthalimide. The third step involved condensation of the prepared phthalimide with different primary aromatic amines to form new Schiff's bases. These compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Most of the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial activities by using agar cup plate method against two types of bacteria .The results showed that the new Schiff's bases exhibit good to moderate antibacterial activity.

Chemical investigation of the 70% ethanol extract of the unripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa resulted in the isolation of a novel caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, lianqiaoxinoside B, together with the known compound forsythoside H. The new compound was elucidated to be 1'',2''-[β-(3,4,-dihydroxylphenyl)-α,β-dioxoethanol]-3''-O-caffeoyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-glucopyranoside by extensive spectroscopic and chemical studies. Lianqiaoxinoside B and forsythoside H showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in vitro by the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radical-scavenging assay and plate method. This study can be further extended to exploit for the possible application of caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides as the alternative antioxidants and antimicrobial agents of natural origin.

A great deal of works has been carried out assessing dye-decolorization capabilities of fungi, but only few species were investigated. In this present study, ten fungal species were screened for laccase activity by indicator plate method, of which five species were found to be laccase-positive. Laccase activity varied during growth and maximal laccase activity was observed during the 9th day, except for Agaricus bisporus. Pleurotus ostreatus gave the highest laccase activities, showing average value around 570 U/L, which were higher than other strains. Addition of 1 mM copper sulphate induced the laccase production efficiently by 60 to 80%, while veratryl and benzyl alcohol induced laccase production in all the laccase positive species except for A. bisporus. Constitutive expression of laccase was observed in F. solani in the presence of copper sulphate. In addition, the extracellular laccase from the P. ostreatus could decolorize reactive dyes, which suggests the potential application of laccase in textile effluent treatment. Key words: Dyes, decolorization, inducer, laccase, Pleurotus, textile.

The aim of this study is to know the viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria isolates on ration and combination of ration with molasses. This study used a mixture of lactic acid bacteria isolates from the duck intestine (B4, B7, B8). The third bacterial isolates were inoculated on two different treatment media, on rantion media (R1), and combination of rantion + molasses (R2). The study was arranged by randomized block design (RAK) 6x2 factorial treatment pattern. Factor A is the incubation time of 0 hours, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours and 10 hours. Factor B is two types of growing media of lactic acid bacteria, is ransum media, and combination of ransum + molasses. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. This research uses pour plate method with the calculation of the colony using colony counter. Data analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the addition of 1.6% molasses (R2) maintains the number of LAB population at 4th hour with the cell number 7,36 x 10 5 CFU / g. While on the ration medium (R1) can maintain the amount of LAB at 6th hour with the cell number of 6,20 x 10 5 CFU / g. LAB population viability on feed medium with addition of molases 1.6% (R2) has increased on storage time at 4th hour with cell number 7,36 x 10 5 CFU / g, while on feed medium (R1) decreased cell count 6,08 x 10 5 CFU / g. Keywords: Viability, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Ransum, Molase.

Six new chalcones were synthesised by condensing 2-acetyl pyridine with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen-Schmidt condensation. All these compounds were characterised by means of their IR,1H NMR spectroscopic data and microanalyses. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was evaluated by the cup plate method.

In an effort to develop antimicrobial agents, a series of chalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and ethanol at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were characterized by means of their IR,1H-NMR spectral data and elemental analysis. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by the cup plate method.