1. Coordinate Regulation of the Production and Signaling of Retinoic Acid by Estrogen in the Human Endometrium
- Author
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Russell Broaddus, Peter J.A. Davies, James H. Pickar, David S. Loose-Mitchell, Lei Deng, George M. Stancel, and Gregory L. Shipley
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Estrone ,Receptors, Retinoic Acid ,medicine.drug_class ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Retinoic acid ,Tretinoin ,Biology ,Endometrium ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Biochemistry ,Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor ,Placebos ,CYP26A1 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Homeostasis ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Equilin ,Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ,Transglutaminases ,Estrogen Replacement Therapy ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Retinal Dehydrogenase ,Estrogens ,Middle Aged ,Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase ,Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ,Isoenzymes ,Postmenopause ,Retinoic acid receptor ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Premenopause ,chemistry ,Estrogen ,Enzyme Induction ,Female ,Biomarkers ,Signal Transduction ,medicine.drug - Abstract
To determine whether estrogen regulates retinoic acid (RA) production and signaling in the human endometrium as it does in the rodent uterus, we investigated the effects of estrogens on the expression of RA-metabolizing enzymes, retinoid receptors, and biomarker genes in the post- and premenopausal human endometrium. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) 2, a critical enzyme in RA biosynthesis, was induced 4-fold by estrogen replacement therapy with either Premarin or a mixture of estrone and equilin sulfates for 3 months. Estrogen replacement therapy also increased the expression of the RA receptor RAR alpha 1.9-fold. In parallel, there was a marked increase in the expression of two RA-regulated genes, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II and tissue transglutaminase. In the premenopausal endometrium, the levels of RALDH1, RALDH2, RAR alpha, and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II were increased in the estrogen-dominated proliferative phase, and the transcripts for the RA catabolic enzyme retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase (CYP26A1) and tissue transglutaminase were significantly increased in the secretory phase. Our results suggest that estrogen coordinately up-regulates RA production and signaling in the human endometrium. This coordinate mechanism may play a role in the antiproliferative effects that counterbalance the estrogen-induced endometrial proliferation.
- Published
- 2003