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We investigate the mechanism of energy transfer between ruthenium(II) (Ru) and osmium(II) (Os) polypyridyl complexes affixed to a polyfluorene backbone (PF-RuOs) using a combination of time-resolved emission spectroscopy and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG MD). Photoexcitation of a Ru chromophore initiates Dexter-style energy hopping along isoenergetic complexes followed by sensitization of a lower-energy Os trap. While we can determine the total energy transfer rate within an ensemble of solvated PF-RuOs from time-dependent Os* emission spectra, heterogeneity of the system and inherent polymer flexibility give rise to highly multiexponential kinetics. We developed a three-part computational kinetic model to supplement our spectroscopic results: (1) CG MD model of PF-RuOs that simulates molecular motions out to 700 ns, (2) energy transfer kinetic simulations in CG MD PF-RuOs that produce time-resolved Ru and Os excited-state populations, and (3) computational experiments that interrogate the mechanisms by which motion aids energy transfer. Good agreement between simulated and experimental emission transients reveals that our kinetic model accurately simulates the molecular motion of PF-RuOs during energy transfer. Simulated results indicate that pendant flexibility allows 81% of the excited state to sensitize an Os trap compared to a 48% occupation when we treat pendants statically. Our computational experiments show how static pendants are only able to engage in local energy transfer. The excited state equilibrates across a domain of complexes proximal to the initial excitation and becomes trapped within that unique, frozen locality. Side-chain flexibility enables pendants to swing in and out of the original domain spreading the excited state out to ±30 pendant complexes away from the initial excitation.

The fundamental chemistry underlying the photo-induced degradation of cochineal (carmine), a red dye extracted from South American scale insects and used as an artist colorant, and its stability in solution and as a lake pigment in different paint media exposed to light in various ambient environments is examined. The influence of oxygen on the photodegradation was examined for dye solutions and for solid paint samples containing the lake pigment, and the effect of ambient humidity was assessed for the paint samples. The degradation was followed using absorbance spectroscopy, and characterized using IR and LC-MS. Results indicate lower reaction rates of the carminic acid chromophore in solution and in oil paints during light exposure in anoxic conditions; whereas watercolor paints demonstrated a stronger dependence of the rates on the ambient humidity. A ring opening of the anthraquinone core is suggested in the breakdown of the dye and pigment. This study illustrates that solution phase systems may serve as simple models to assess the kinetics and mechanism of photochemical breakdown of organic-based pigments in solid samples.