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The rapid and sensitive detection of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA), one of the main biomarkers of Bacillus anthracis, is of great significance for the screening and diagnosing of anthrax. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe based on zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)@AuNCs-Tb was constructed by embedding both gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and terbium ions (Tb3+) into ZIF-8 for high-resolution visual detection of DPA. Due to the aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIE) effect, AuNCs embedded in ZIF-8 emit a strong orange fluorescence. When Tb3+ is coordinated with DPA added to the nanoprobe, it will emit a strong green fluorescence owing to the antenna effect. The results reveal that ZIF-8@AuNCs-Tb nanoprobe can detect DPA effectively with a good linear relationship in the range of 40–200 and 200–1000 μmol/L, the limit of detection (LOD) is estimated at 1.8 μmol/L (3σ/k). The proposed nanoprobe shows a remarkable selectivity for DPA and is quite easy to realize visualization based on the fluorescent color changing from orange to green, which has potential application in clinical diagnosis. The feasibility of this method was verified by standard addition recovery experiments simulating the release of DPA from spores.

Iron chalcogenides have attracted great interest as potential substitutes of nature enzymes in the colorimetric biological sensing due to their unique chemodynamic characteristics. Herein, we reported the preparation of ultrathin FeS nanosheets (NSs) by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method and the prepared FeS NSs exhibit strong Fenton-reaction activity to catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for generation of hydroxyl radical (•OH). Based on the chromogenic reaction of resultant •OH with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), we develop colorimetric biosensors for highly sensitive detection of H2O2 and glutathione (GSH). The fabricated biosensors show wide linear ranges for the detection of H2O2 (5-150 μmol/L) and GSH (5-50 μmol/L). Their detection limits for H2O2 and GSH reach as low as 0.19 μmol/L and 0.14 μmol/L, respectively. The experimental results of sensing intracellular H2O2 and GSH demonstrate that this colorimetric method can realize the accurate detection of H2O2 and GSH in normal cells (LO2 and 3T3) and cancer cells (MCF-7 and HeLa). Our results have demonstrated that the synthesized FeS NSs is a promising material to construct colorimetric biosensors for the sensitive detection of H2O2 and GSH, holding great promising for medical diagnosis in cancer therapy.

The application of medical devices to repair skin damage is clinically accepted and natural polymer enjoys an important role in this field, such as collagen or hyaluronic acid, etc. However, the biosafety and efficacy of these implants are still challenged. In this study, a skin damage animal model was prepared by UV-photoaging and recombinant humanized type III collagen (rhCol III) was applied as a bioactive material to implant in vivo to study its biological effect, comparing with saline and uncrosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA). Animal skin conditions were non-invasively and dynamically monitored during the 8 weeks experiment. Histological observation, specific gene expression and other molecular biological methods were applied by the end of the animal experiment. The results indicated that rhCol III could alleviate the skin photoaging caused by UV radiation, including reduce the thickening of epidermis and dermis, increase the secretion of Collagen I (Col I) and Collagen III (Col III) and remodel of extracellular matrix (ECM). Although the cell-material interaction and mechanism need more investigation, the effect of rhCol III on damaged skin was discussed from influence on cells, reconstruction of ECM, and stimulus of small biological molecules based on current results. In conclusion, our findings provided rigorous biosafety information of rhCol III and approved its potential in skin repair and regeneration. Although enormous efforts still need to be made to achieve successful translation from bench to clinic, the recombinant humanized collagen showed superiorities from both safety and efficacy aspects.

Designing a core–shell nanointerface is beneficial for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Hence, a direct Z-scheme one-dimensional (1 D) CuBiOS@CuBi2O4 nanorods with a core (oxide)-shell (sulfide) nanostructure and O S interpenetrated nanointerface was controllably synthesized through in-situ anion exchange. The formation of O S interpenetration at the heterogeneous interface with surface oxygen vacancies could effectively boost light absorption, reduce the interface contact resistance, facilitate band bending, and thus enhance charge separation and transfer as a “bridge”. The as-prepared catalyst with tunable O S nanointerface greatly improved the photocatalytic performances in the H2O2 production with a yield of 201.9 μmol·L-1 and the in-situ generated H2O2 effectively accelerated the reduction of chromium(VI) (Cr(VI), 95.4% within 15 min). The excellent performances were due to the O S interpenetration with rich oxygen vacancies and unique shell-core structure with intimate contact inter-doping nanointerface. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism was discussed in detail. This work might provide a guideline in the design and construction of high-performance catalysts with well-defined nanointerface for various applications.

Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment, and posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common long-term complication of modern cataract surgery, which can cause severe visual impairment after surgery. The proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) stimulated by growth factors and cytokines, are the key pathological mechanisms involved in the development of PCO. This study demonstrated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), bromfenac, was capable of effectively inhibiting cell migration, overexpression of EMT markers, such as fibronectin (FN), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transcription factor Snail, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling induced by transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) in vitro. The inhibitory effect of bromfenac on TGF-β2-induced EMT was also verified on a primary lens epithelial cell model using human anterior capsules. Furthermore, based on ultrasonic spray technology, we developed a drug-eluting intraocular lens (IOL) using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with sustained bromfenac release ability for the prevention of PCO development. In the rabbit models of cataract surgery, bromfenac-eluting IOL exhibited remarkable PCO prevention and inflammation suppression effects with excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, bromfenac can inhibit TGF-β2-induced cell migration and the EMT of LECs via ERK/GSK-3β/Snail signaling. The present study offers a novel approach for preventing PCO through PLGA-based drug sustained-release IOLs., Graphical abstract TGF-β2 promoted migration and EMT of lens epithelial cells (LECs) through activation of ERK/GSK-3β/Snail signaling, which could be suppressed by bromfenac. Novel bromfenac-based drug-eluting IOLs exhibited excellent PCO prevention in vivo.Image 1, Highlights • Bromfenac inhibited TGF-β2-induced migration and EMT of LECs through ERK/GSK-3β/Snail signaling. • Drug-eluting IOLs with sustained bromfenac release were developed based on ultrasonic spray technology. • Bromfenac-eluting IOLs exhibited remarkable PCO prevention and inflammation suppression effects in vivo. • Bromfenac-eluting IOLs hold great potential for clinical application of PCO prevention.

Silicosis is a leading cause of occupational disease-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, but the molecular basis underlying its development remains unclear. An accumulating body of evidence supports gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis as a key component in the development of various pulmonary diseases. However, there is little experimental evidence connecting silicosis and GSDMD-driven pyroptosis. In this work, we investigated the role of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in silicosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing of healthy and silicosis human and murine lung tissues indicated that GSDMD-induced pyroptosis in macrophages was relevant to silicosis progression. Through microscopy we then observed morphological alterations of pyroptosis in macrophages treated with silica. Measurement of interleukin-1β release, lactic dehydrogenase activity, and real-time propidium iodide staining further revealed that silica induced pyroptosis of macrophages. Additionally, we verified that both canonical (caspase-1-mediated) and non-canonical (caspase-4/5/11-mediated) signaling pathways mediated silica-induced pyroptosis activation, in vivo and in vitro. Notably, Gsdmd knockout mice exhibited dramatically alleviated silicosis phenotypes, which highlighted the pivotal role of pyroptosis in this disease. Taken together, our results demonstrated that macrophages underwent GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis in silicosis and inhibition of this process could serve as a viable clinical strategy for mitigating silicosis.

Background: Growing evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is related to mitochondrial autophagy mediated by FUN14 domain protein 1 (FUNDC1). Recent studies have shown that puerarin has protective effects against excessive oxidative damage in cells. We hypothesized that puerarin might be involved in the progression of COPD induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by regulating FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy.Material/Methods: Different concentrations of puerarin were used to intervene in CSE-treated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell activity and apoptosis. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and ATP content were detected by flow cytometry or kits; Western Blotting was used to detect mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins expression such as DRP1, FUNDC1, PINK1, Parkin. Next, protein phosphatase inhibitor (PH0321) was used to inhibit the phosphorylation of FUNDC1, the changes of MMP, ROS, ATP and mitochondrial autophagy related proteins were detected. Furthermore, mitochondrial autophagy inhibitors (Mdivi) were used to block autophagy, and then the changes of mitochondrial autophagy, cell activity and apoptosis were detected, respectively. Finally, the changes of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by Western Blotting.Results: Puerarin reversed cell activity decrease and apoptosis increase of CSE-induced HBECs, and down-regulated apoptosis-related proteins expression. Puerarin up-regulated MMP level and ATP content in CSE-induced HBECs, and down-regulated ROS content and mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins expression. PH0321 promotes mitochondrial autophagy by promoting the dephosphorylation of FUNDC1, puerarin inhibits the dephosphorylation of FUNDC1, up-regulated the MMP level and ATP content of CSE-induced HBECs, reduces ROS content and mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins expression. Compared with Mdivi group, the protein expression changes of PINK1 and Parkin in puerarin-treated group were not significantly different, and the cell activity decrease and apoptosis increase of CSE-induced HBECs were also significantly reversed by puerarin, which was not significantly different from Mdivi group. Puerarin significantly upregulated the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR, suggesting that puerarin may participate in the progression of COPD by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Conclusions: Puerarin inhibits FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy and CSE-induced apoptosis of HBECs by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

In this study, silicon carbide (SiC) composites reinforced with pitch-based carbon fibers and composed of heat transfer channels were fabricated by combining chemical vapor infiltration and reactive melting infiltration method. It was observed that the internal heat conduction skeleton of pitch-based carbon fibers was sequentially formed. The thermal conductivities from room temperature to 500 °C along through-thickness direction and in-plane direction were investigated. The results showed that Cpf/SiC composites with heat transfer channels possessed excellent thermal conductvity in two directions, and the thermal conductivity increased with increasing volume content of heat transfer channels. The thermal conductivity in through-thickness direction reached 38.89 W/(m·K), and that for in-plane direction reached 112.42 W/(m·K). Theoretical calculations were empolyed to study the temperature dependence of the Cpf/SiC composites. The variations in slope A′ and intercept B′ values of fitted curves were in good agreement with the experimental results. To verify the reliablilty of the theoretical model, the Cpf/SiC composites were heated at 1650 °C for 2 h and the thermal conductivity exhibited further improvement due to the formation of more perfect crystalline structure. Thermal conductivity through thickness direction improved to 43.49 W/(m·K), and that in in-plane direction improved to 142.49 W/(m·K), which could be identified by the theoretical model. Finally, the leading edge model was established by using ABAQUS finite element analysis software to evaluate the potential application of the composites. Owing to the outstanding thermal conductivity, the leading edge obtained by using Cpf/SiC composites in this study exhibited lower temperature gradient and a more uniform temperature distribution. Moreover, less thermal stress and displacement were generated during heating process.

For side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) bearing calamitic mesogens, nematic and typical smectic (Sm) phases are expected. Here, using a precise polyethylene derivative with the biphenyl...

Hypothesis Delivery of multiple payloads using the same micelle is of significance to achieve multifunctional or synergistic effects. The interacting distribution of different payloads in micelles is expected to influence the loading stability and capacity. It is highly desirable to explore how intermolecular interactions affect the joint distribution of multi-payloads. Experiments Dissipative Particle Dynamics simulations were performed to probe the loading of three payloads: decane with a linear carbon chain, butylbenzene with an aromatic ring connected to carbon chain, and naphthalene with double aromatic rings, within poly(β-amino ester)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) micelles. Properties of core-shell micelles, e.g., morphological evolution, radial density distribution, mean square displacement, and contact statistics, were analyzed to reveal payloads loading stability and capacity. Explorations were extended to vesicular, multi-compartment, double helix, and layer-by-layer micelles with more complex inner structures. Findings Different payloads have their own preferred locations. Decane locates at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface, butylbenzene occupies both the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface and the hydrophobic core, while naphthalene enters the hydrophobic core. More efficient delivery of multi-payloads is achieved since the competition of payloads occupying preferred locations is minimized. The fusion of micelles encapsulating different payloads suggests that specific payloads will move to their preferred positions without interfering other payloads.

Sr2MgWO6 (SMW) is a typical perovskite oxide compound, but there has been little research on the effects of processing on its dielectric properties. In this work, SMW ceramics were prepared by solid-state synthesis with sintering at 1450 °C, 1475 °C, 1500 °C and 1525 °C, respectively. XRD results confirmed that the samples possessed double perovskite structure (Fm-3m). The Raman and FTIR spectra were used to study the lattice vibrational modes. The FPSQ model was used to obtain the fitting curves of the FTIR spectra and derive the intrinsic properties of the material that were found to be in agreement with the measured data. The structure-property relationships were successfully established based on the Raman mode results. The optimal sintering temperature of SMW ceramics was identified as 1475 °C due to the excellent performances characteristics (er = 16.97, Q × f = 23,872 GHz, τf = −35.38 ppm/°C) obtained at this temperature. This study explored the relationships among the crystal structures, lattice vibrational characteristics and dielectric properties of SMW ceramics, so as to further understand their dielectric response mechanism and lay a solid theoretical foundation for the development of microwave ceramics.

Carbon/silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites are usually regarded as thermal protective system materials and widely applied in hypersonic vehicles or ramjet. However, poor thermal conductivity of C/SiC composites, leading to severe heat concentration and thermal stress during the high-speed operation of hypersonic vehicle, limits their broad-range of practical applications. Modification with high thermal conductive fillers is an optional method; however, controllable dispersion and orientation of the fillers to construct continuous and ordered heat conductive channel has been proven to be a challenging task. Herein, based on high thermal conductivity fibers, a three-dimensional micro-pipeline preform was developed for the preparation of structure–function integrated C/SiC composites. The technical feasibility of the method, the characteristics of microstructures, and the thermal conductivity and bending strength of the as-obtained composites were systematically studied. Results revealed that the thermal conductivities of as-obtained composites reached 150.2 and 46.7 W m−1 K−1 for in-plane and out-of-plane direction, respectively. The bending strength obtained herein is 264.4 MPa, which is lower than that of polyacrylonitrile C/SiC composites. However, the fine control over the component and microstructure or densification could provide a higher value in the future research. In sum, the proposed method provides a convenient and feasible approach to prepare high thermal conductive C/SiC composites.

Yttrium silicate was introduced into the matrix of SiCf/SiC composites via the slurry impregnation and reactive chemical vapor infiltration (RCVI) methods to improve the water and oxygen corrosion resistance of the modified composite materials. The effects of heat treatment on the modified matrix and strength of the composites were systematically investigated. The results showed that the modified matrix was composed of a mixture of yttrium monosilicate, yttrium disilicate, and silicon carbide. The modified yttrium silicate matrix (named Y-Si-O matrix) and the silicon carbide matrix were laminated and well combined. After heat treatment, the amount of Y-Si-O in the mixed matrix increased. The modified composites with yttrium silicate had a similar flexural strength as SiCf/SiC composites (∼400 MPa). After treated at 1000 °C – 1300 °C, the strength of the modified composites increased by 17 %–26 %. The highest strength was measured for composites treated at 1200 °C.

The development of semiconductor-based room-temperature methane (CH4) gas sensors is appealing but challenging. Herein, we report a CH4 gas sensor operating at room temperature based on Ti2CTx MXene, a novel p-type sensing material, achieving high-performance CH4 detection with visible light assistance. The Ti2CTx MXene based device showed more than seven-fold improvement for CH4 detection under visible-light irradiation, and the response/recovery times were also sharply decreased. The excellent CH4 sensing performance at room temperature could be attributed to the visible-light photocatalytic CH4 oxidation activity of the Ti2CTx sensing material. CH4 oxidation was revealed by photocatalytic measurement, O2-TPD and in-situ IR spectroscopies. The present work demonstrates the novel application of Ti2CTx MXene as a promising p-type sensing material for methane detection at room temperature. Moreover, the concept of “photocatalysis-enhanced gas sensing” can be employed in room-temperature gas sensors based on other novel semiconductors.

Cadaverine is an important C5 platform chemical with a wide range of industrial applications. However, the cadaverine inhibition on the fermenting strain limited its industrial efficiency of the strain. In this study, we report an engineered Escherichia coli strain with high cadaverine productivity that was generated by developing a robust host coupled with metabolic engineering to mitigate cadaverine inhibition. First, a lysine producing E. coli was treated with a combination of radiation (ultraviolet and visible spectrum) and ARTP (atmospheric and room temperature plasma) mutagenesis to obtain a robust host with high cadaverine tolerance. Three mutant targets including HokD, PhnI and PuuR are identified for improved cadaverine tolerance. Further transcriptome analysis suggested that cadaverine suppressed the synthesis of ATP and lysine precursor. Accordingly, the related genes involved in glycolysis and lysine precursor, as well as cadaverine exporter was engineered to release the cadaverine inhibition. The final engineered strain was fed-batch cultured and a titer of 58.7 g/L cadaverine was achieved with a yield of 0.396 g/g, both of which were the highest level reported to date in E. coli. The bio-based cadaverine was purified to >99.6% purity, and successfully used for the synthesis of polyurethane precursor 1,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI) through the approach of carbamate decomposition.

A well-defined hexamethylenetetramine (abbreviated as HMTA) based two-dimensional (2D) MOFs metalloligand (termed Zn-HMTA), with free uncoordinated tertiary amine groups, has been synthesized via solution diffusion method for the first time. The crystal structure of 2D Zn-HMTA metalloligand was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The SCXRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses have revealed that the 2D Zn-HMTA metalloligand is rich in- free tertiary amine groups, which are of strong coordination ability to transition metal ions (e.g. Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+). As a result, a 2D bimetallic Co@Zn-HMTA MOFs was synthesized via coordination-assisted impregnation (CAI) strategy attributed to the unique feature of strong coordinated ability of free tertiary amine groups. Furthermore, a series of self-supported Co-ZnO-CN nanocatalysts were afforded upon the as-synthesized Co@Zn-HMTA MOFs served as a self-sacrificial template for pyrolysis at different temperatures. The optimized catalyst (termed as Co-ZnO@CN-CAI) demonstrated the excellent catalytic performance for hydrogenation-alkylation tandem reaction in comparison with the classic ZnO@CN composite (derived from Zn-HMTA MOFs) supported metallic Co catalyst (Co-ZnO@CN-IWI) prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. Moreover, the kinetic study was also performed to confirm that the alkylation is the rate-determining step in the hydrogenation-alkylation tandem reaction. The origin of enhanced catalytic performance of Co-ZnO@CN-CAI and the role of Co@Zn- HMTA MOFs precursor have been explored by way of various characterizations, e.g. HADDF-STEM-EDS, SEM-EDS, 13C MAS NMR, XRD, Raman and XPS, etc. It is anticipated that the prepared low-cost and easily prepared 2D Zn-HMTA metalloligand will become a general template for synthesis of highly self-supported catalysts with coordination-assisted impregnation strategy (CAI) for various catalytic reactions.

Calcium phosphate-based materials (CaP) have been widely used as bone graft substitutes with a decent osseointegration. However, the mechanism whereby cells function and repair the bone defect in CaP micro-environment is still elusive. The aim of this study is to find the mechanism how osteoclast behaviors mediate bone healing with CaP scaffolds. Recent reports show that behaviors of osteoclast are closely related with osteogenesis, thus we make a hypothesis that active osteoclast behaviors induced by CaP facilitate bone healing. Here, we found a new mechanism that CaP can regulate osteoclast-mediated osseointegration. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is selected as a representative CaP. We demonstrate that the osteoclast-mediated osseointegration can be strongly modulated by the stimulation with CaP. An appropriate Ca/P ratio in CaP can effectively promote the RANKL-RANK binding and evoke more activated NF-κB signaling transduction, which results in vigorous osteoclast differentiation. We observe significant improvement of bone healing in vivo, owing to the active coupling effect of osteoclasts. What is more noteworthy is that the phosphate ions released from CaP can be a pivotal role regulating osteoclast activity by changing Ca/P ratio readily in materials. These studies suggest the potential of harnessing osteoclast-mediated osteogenesis in order to develop a materials-manipulated approach for improving osseointegration., Graphical abstract Slight release of phosphate ions from high Ca/P ratio CPC promoted osteoclast-mediated osseointegration via robust RANKL-RANK signaling.Image 1, Highlights 1. Calcium phosphate-based materials (CaP) can directly participate in bone healing by released ions. 2. Excessive phosphate ions released from CaP can inhibit the affinity of RANKL and RANK. 3. Altering Ca/P ratio in CaP can significantly regulate osteoclast differentiation and function through RANKL-RANK dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.

Methods to detect and quantify disease biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity in biological fluids play a key role in enabling clinical diagnosis, including point-of-care testing. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an emerging biomarker for the detection of inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease, where excess MPO can lead to oxidative damage to biomolecules in homeostatic systems. While numerous methods have been developed for MPO analysis, most techniques are challenging in clinical applications due to the lack of amplification methods, high cost, or other practical drawbacks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are currently used for the quantification of MPO in clinical practice, which is often limited by the availability of antibodies with high affinity and specificity and the significant nonspecific binding of antibodies to the analytical surface. In contrast, nucleic acid-based biosensors are of interest because of their simplicity, fast response time, low cost, high sensitivity, and low background signal, but detection targets are limited to nucleic acids and non-nucleic acid biomarkers are rare. Recent studies reveal that the modification of a genome in the form of phosphorothioate is specifically sensitive to the oxidative effects of the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system. We developed an oxidative cleavage-based three-dimensional DNA biosensor for rapid, ratiometric detection of HOCl and MPO in a "one-pot" method, which is simple, stable, sensitive, specific, and time-saving and does not require a complex reaction process, such as PCR and enzyme involvement. The constructed biosensor has also been successfully used for MPO detection in complex samples. This strategy is therefore of great value in disease diagnosis and biomedical research.

To develop effective mitigation policies, a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the chemical composition, formation mechanisms, and the contribution of sources at different pollution levels is required. PM2.5 samples were collected for 1 year from August 2016 to August 2017 at an urban site in Zibo, then chemical compositions were analyzed. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SNA), anthropogenic minerals (MIN), and organic matter (OM) were the most abundant components of PM2.5, but only the mass fraction of SNA increased as the pollution evolved, implying that PM2.5 pollution was caused by the formation of secondary aerosols, especially nitrate. A more intense secondary transformation was found in the heating season (from November 15, 2016, to March 14, 2017), and a faster secondary conversion of nitrate than sulfate was discovered as the pollution level increased. The formation of sulfate was dominated by heterogeneous reactions. High relative humidity (RH) in polluted periods accelerated the formation of sulfate, and high temperature in the non-heating season also promoted the formation of sulfate. Zibo city was under ammonium-rich conditions during polluted periods in both seasons; therefore, nitrate was mainly formed through homogeneous reactions. The liquid water content increased significantly as the pollution levels increased when the RH was above 80%, indicating that the hygroscopic growth of aerosol aggravated the PM2.5 pollution. Source apportionment showed that PM2.5 was mainly from secondary aerosol formation, road dust, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions, contributing 36.6%, 16.5%, 14.7%, and 13.1% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The contribution of secondary aerosol formation increased remarkably with the deterioration of air quality, especially in the heating season.

Foam stability is significantly important for enhancing oil recovery and sequestration of carbon dioxide underground. Nanoparticles have been widely used to improve foam stability, but traditional ...

The most commonly reported serotype of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is O157:H7. This pathogen presents a threat to public health and is a cause of foodborne illness worldwide. The efficient and sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 remains a challenge for food safety. In this report, we developed a sensitive and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction coupled with a lateral flow (LF) assay to rapidly detect E. coli O157:H7. Six specific primers were targeted to the genetic marker z3276. Two loop primers were labeled with either fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or digoxin (Dig), which facilitated analysis by the LF assay. The LAMP-LF assay detected E. coli O157:H7, and no cross-reactivity was observed with the other bacterial strains tested, including non-O157 STEC and other E. coli. The detection limit of the LAMP-LF assay was 1.3 CFU/mL for E. coli O157:H7 in broth culture, which was of equal or higher sensitivity than the other amplicon detection methods tested (agarose electrophoresis and dye). Analysis of samples from slaughterhouses indicted that the z3276-LAMP-LF assay was superior in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and rapidity in detecting E. coli O157:H7 compared with conventional PCR. A further advantage of this method is that it is not dependent upon specialized equipment or techniques and therefore has wide potential applications in the field.

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) can protect intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and decrease inflammatory response mediated by the Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/phospholipase Cγ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling pathway. IPEC-J2 monolayers were treated without or with TNF-α in the absence or presence of CaSR antagonist (NPS 2143), CaSR overexpression, and Rac1 silencing, PLCγ1 silencing or spermine. Results showed that spermine increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), tight junction protein levels, the protein concentration of Rac1/PLC-γ1 signaling pathway, and decreased paracellular permeability in the presence of TNF-α. NPS2143 inhibited spermine-induced change in above-mentioned parameters. CaSR overexpression increased TER, the levels of tight junction proteins and the protein concentration of CaSR, phosphorylated PLCγ1, Rac1, and IP3, and decreased paracellular permeability and contents of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and TNF-α after TNF-α challenge. Rac1 and PLCγ1 silencing inhibited CaSR-induced increase in barrier function and the protein concentration of phosphorylated PLCγ1, Rac1, and IP3, and decrease in contents of IL-8 and TNF-α after TNF-α challenge. These results suggest that CaSR activation protects intestinal integrity and alleviates the inflammatory response by activating Rac1 and PLCγ1 signaling after TNF-α challenge, and spermine can maintain barrier function via CaSR/Rac1/PLC-γ1 pathway.

Cocatalyst engineering and interface engineering are two highly accredited strategies for improving photocatalytic activity. However, the combination of these two strategies is still challenging du...

Sixty-four percent of adults in America drink coffee daily, and caffeine is the main reason people tend to drink coffee habitually. Few studies have examined the association between caffeine and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The objective of this study was to examine the association between caffeine and all-cause and cause-specific mortality using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2014 database. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine 23,878 individuals 20 years and older. Daily caffeine intake was measured once at baseline. A total of 2206 deaths occurred, including 394 cardiovascular (CVD) deaths and 525 cancer deaths. Compared to those with a caffeine intake of &lt, 100 mg/day, the hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality were significantly lower in the participants with a caffeine intake of 100–200 mg/day (HR, 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45–0.88), and those with a caffeine intake of &gt, 200 mg/day (HR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.50–0.88) after adjusting for potential confounders. The HRs for all-cause mortality were significantly lower in the participants with a caffeine intake of 100–200 mg/day (HR, 0.78, 95% CI, 0.67–0.91), and those with a caffeine intake of &gt, 200 mg/day (HR, 0.68, 95% CI, 0.60–0.78). Subgroup analyses showed that caffeine may have different effects on all-cause mortality among different age and body mass index (BMI) groups. In conclusion, higher caffeine intake was associated with lower all-cause and CVD mortality.

Manipulating O2 activation via nanosynthetic chemistry is critical in many oxidation reactions central to environmental remediation and chemical synthesis. Based on a carefully-designed plasmonic Ru/TiO2–x catalyst, we first report a room-temperature O2 dissociation and spillover mechanism that expedites the "dream reaction" of selective primary C–H bond activation. Under visible light, surface plasmons excited in the negatively-charged Ru nanoparticles decay into hot electrons, triggering spontaneous O2 dissociation to reactive atomic •O. Acceptor-like oxygen vacancies confined at the Ru-TiO2 interface free Ru from oxygen-poisoning by kinetically boosting the spillover of •O from Ru to TiO2. Evidenced by an exclusive isotopic O-transfer from 18O2 to oxygenated products, •O displays a synergistic action with native •O2– on TiO2 that oxidizes toluene and related alkyl aromatics to aromatic acids with extremely high selectivity. We believe the intelligent catalyst design for desirable O2 activation will contribute viable routes for synthesizing industrially important organic compounds., Chemical Science, 12 (46), ISSN:2041-6520, ISSN:2041-6539

Considering the variation of the diffusion character of the three anhydrides, ultrasonication was applied for investigating its impact on the reaction efficiency of the rice starch acylation from three short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The current data indicated that the signal peak of the FTIR spectrum at 1720 cm−1 and additional resonances in the NMR confirmed the occurrence of the acylation reaction onto the starch molecules. More interestingly, this is the first study to reveal that a lower power density ultrasonication improved the reaction efficiencies of acetylation (19%), while a higher power density could lead to a reduced acylation reactivity of propionylation compared to the control one. On the contrary, the reaction efficiency of butyrylation (64%) was significantly enhanced by the ultrasound-assisted treatment with a greater association between reaction efficiency and ultrasonic power density, indicating the importance of the diffusion character for impacting the acylation reactivity among these three anhydrides. The ultrasonic-assisted SCFAs-modified rice starch has a lower peak viscosity and setback value, indicating that the replacement of the acyl groups for OH groups in the starch avoids starch molecules rearrangement. Meanwhile, the rheological properties exhibited that the starch achieved from ultrasonic-assistance significantly reduced the area of the hysteresis curve, suggesting a destroyed gel textural property. Thus, an appropriate ultrasonication but not all could effectively enhance the acylation efficiency and improve starch rheological property.

This study discriminated fatty acid profile and flavor characteristics of Beijing You Chicken (BYC) as a precious local breed and Dwarf Beijing You Chicken (DBYC) eggs. Fatty acid profile and flavor characteristics were analyzed to identify differences between BYC and DBYC eggs. Four classification algorithms were used to build classification models. Arachidic acid, oleic acid (OA), eicosatrienoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), hexadecenoic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and 35 volatile compounds had significant differences in fatty acids and volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (p

Hydrogen sulfide and biothiol molecules such as Cys and GSH acted important roles in many physiological processes. To simultaneously detect and distinguish them was quite necessary by a suitable fluorescent probe. A novel chemosensor 4-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (BMNO) was designed to detect H2S/Cys/GSH using the combination of nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) and benzothiazole fluorophores linked by a facile ether bond. The probe BMNO was developed for simultaneous identification of H2S, Cys and GSH. Noticeably, the color changes (from colorless to light purple, light orange and light yellow) of probe BMNO solutions for sensing H2S, Cys and GSH could be observed by naked eyes, respectively. The probe BMNO exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for H2S, Cys and GSH showing distinct optical signal with detection limit as low as 0.15 μM, 0.03 μM and 0.14 μM, respectively. The sensing mechanism was clarified by spectrum analysis and some controlled experiments. In addition, these outstanding properties of probe BMNO enabled its practical applications in detection H2S in beer, and in cell imaging for Cys and GSH as well.

Weaning stress can cause tight junctions damage and intestinal permeability enhancement, which leads to intestinal imbalance and growth retardation, thereby causing damage to piglet growth and development. Spermine can reduce stress. However, the mechanism of spermine modulating the intestinal integrity in pigs remains largely unknown. This study aims to examine whether spermine protects the intestinal barrier integrity of piglets through ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling pathway. In vivo, 80 piglets were categorised into 4 control groups and 4 spermine groups (10 piglets per group). The piglets were fed with normal saline or spermine at 0.4 mmol/kg BW for 7 h and 3, 6 and 9 d. In vitro, we investigated whether spermine protects the intestinal barrier after a tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) challenge through Rac1/PLC-γ1 signaling pathway. The in vivo study found that spermine supplementation increased tight junction protein mRNA levels and Rac1/PLC-γ1 signaling pathway gene expression in the jejunum of piglets. The serum D-lactate content was significantly decreased after spermine supplementation (P

Enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 frequently have a highly infectious nature and are considered effective natural delivery systems exhibiting high efficiency and specificity. Since simultaneously enhancing the activity and selectivity of lipopeptides is a seemingly unsolvable problem for conventional chemistry and pharmaceutical approaches, we present a biomimetic strategy to construct lipopeptide-based mimics of viral architectures and infections to enhance their antimicrobial efficacy while avoiding side effects. Herein, a surface-nanoengineered antimicrobial liposome (SNAL) is developed with the morphological features of enveloped viruses, including a moderate size range, lipid-based membrane structure, and highly lipopeptide-enriched bilayer surface. The SNAL possesses virus-like infection to bacterial cells, which can mediate high-efficiency and high-selectivity bacteria binding, rapidly attack and invade bacteria via plasma membrane fusion pathway, and induce a local “burst” release of lipopeptide to produce irreversible damage of cell membrane. Remarkably, viral mimics are effective against multiple pathogens with low minimum inhibitory concentrations (1.6–6.3 μg mL−1), high bactericidal efficiency of >99% within 2 h, >10-fold enhanced selectivity over free lipopeptide, 99.8% reduction in skin MRSA load after a single treatment, and negligible toxicity. This bioinspired design has significant potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of lipopeptides and may create new opportunities for designing next-generation antimicrobials., Graphical abstract Image 1

Brazilin, a constituent of the Chinese medicine heartwood, exhibits pronounced anti-tumor effects. To date, brazilin quantification mostly relies on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which is not accurate enough because of an easily oxidizable structure. Herein, a thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-based method was developed for the quantitative analysis of brazilin. A water solution of purified brazilin was spotted on a GF254 silica gel plate and developed using a mixture of chloroform‒acetone‒formic acid (8:4:1, V/V). After ammonia vaporing, AlCl3 solution (90 mg/mL) was sprayed to form a stable compound. Detection was performed at 508 nm using a dual-beam TLC scanner, and brazilin was quantitatively analyzed by using an external standard. The optimal time for ammonia vaporing was 6 min. Sample stability remained for 10‒200 min. At 508 nm, brazilin absorbance showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0‒6 μg (R2 = 0.9962). Precision RSD was no more than 3.40%, and recovery was between 100 and 105%. This novel TLC-based method has great potential for the quantitative assessment of brazilin. It is simpler, more reliable, and faster than HPLC-based analysis.

Rubichaetoglobin A (1), a new cytochalasan alkaloid, together with nine closely related known ones (2-10), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic fungus Chaetomium tectifimeti S104 harbored in the root of Rubia podantha Diels. Their structures were elucidated based on comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. All isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxic, antibacterial, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities. The results showed that 2, 4, and 5 possessed moderate cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells with the IC50 values of 19.14, 11.43, and 10.27 μM, respectively.

In November 2019, muscone content was measured from musk secreted by 114 male captive Alpine musk deer in Xinglongshan Alpine Musk Deer Farm located in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, western China. The relationships between muscone content and individual age, health, mating history and enclosure condition were analyzed. The results showed that the muscone content ranged from 0.35% to 5.55% (dry weight percentage of muscone in musk), which was correlated with age (r = −0.132). The muscone content of adults (1.5–8.5 yrs.;1.17 ± 0.09%) was significantly higher than in older individuals (9.5–11.5 yrs.; 0.85 ± 0.06%; p 0.05). The males in the enclosure with lower (1.04 ± 0.12%), medium (1.14 ± 0.16%) and higher density conditions (1.17 ± 0.13%) did not significantly differ in muscone levels. Males that lived with females had slightly higher muscone content (1.18 ± 0.12%) than those who did not (1.06 ± 0.10%; p > 0.05). In general, muscone content of musk decreased with age and poor health, but mating history or captive environment had insignificant effect. In musk deer farming, the farms could enhance the health of musk deer and concentrate on younger individuals in order to improve the musk quality and sustainable production of musk resources.

The growing burden of antibiotic resistance worldwide calls for developing new classes of antimicrobial strategy. Recently years, the use of adjuvants that rescue antibiotics identified as a promising strategy for overcoming bacterial resistance. In this study, three ruthenium complexes functionalized with furan-substituted ligands([Ru(phen)2 (CAPIP)](ClO4 )2 (Ru(Ⅱ)-1), [Ru(dmp)2 (CAPIP)](ClO4 )2 (Ru(Ⅱ)-2) and [Ru(dmb)2 (CAPIP)](ClO4 )2 (Ru(Ⅱ)-3) (dmb=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, dmp=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, CAPIP=(E)-2- (2-(furan-2-yl)vinyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)) were designed and synthesized. The antimicrobial activities of all compounds against S. aureus were assessed by growth inhibition assays. The MIC values of three complexes range from 0.015 to 0.050 mg/ml. Subsequently, the Ru(II)-2 complexes which exhibited strongest antibacterial activity were further tested against bacteria biofilms formation and toxin secretion. In addition, aimed to test whether ruthenium complexes have potential value as antimicrobial adjuvants, the synergism between Ru(Ⅱ)-2 and some antibiotics against S. aureus were examined through checkerboard method. Interestingly, Ru(Ⅱ)-2 could not only effectively inhibit biofilms formation of S. aureus and inhibit the hemolysin toxin secretion, but also selectivity show synergism with two common antibiotics. More importantly, mouse infection study also verified Ru(Ⅱ)-2 were highly effective against S. aureus in vivo.

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is a critical coniferous species ecologically. In addition, its fruits have numerous nutraceutical properties and its wood is high quality timber. However, this plant has a low propagation rate and is under risk of extinction. To accelerate breeding of the excellent seedlings and selection from Korean pine, determining methods to increase the number of Korean pine trees successfully is imperative. In this present study, using sprouted seeds as the initial explants, the de novo organogenesis system for this coniferous species has been successfully developed. After 30 days of incubation on Gupta and Durzan (DCR) medium containing 2 mg L−1 kinetin (KT) and 0.5 mg L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ), 92.67% of explants produced direct buds with an average of about 15 buds per explant. We confirmed the organogenic regeneration pattern by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For bud elongation after 60 days of culture, we obtained the highest mean length of 34.99 mm on DCR basal media supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (6-BA, 0.2 mg L−1), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 0.1 mg L−1), and activated charcoal (AC, 1 g L−1). The highest rooting rates of 20.74 and 21.48% were obtained within two months of culturing on 1/2 DCR medium (halved major elements) supplemented with 0.05 mg·L−1 NAA and 0.5 or 1 mg ·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), respectively. Rooted shoots showed a survival rate of 90.28% after acclimatization in the substrate consisting of perlite, peat, and vermiculite (1:1:1). This protocol is a successful and efficient biotechnological approach to the micropropagation of Korean pine, and the results will be helpful to the clonal propagation and conservation of Korean pine. This study developed a useful protocol for multiplying plantlets from sprouted seed explants of Korean pine, an economically and ecologically important coniferous species.

In light of the intriguing potential of anti-angiogenic approach in suppressing choroidal neovascularization, we attempted to elaborate synthetic gene delivery systems encapsulating anti-angiogenic plasmid DNA as alternatives of clinical antibody-based therapeutics. Herein, block copolymer of cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lysine-thiol) [RGD-PEG-PLys(thiol)] with multifunctional components was tailored in manufacture of core-shell DNA delivery nanoparticulates. Note that the polycationic PLys segments were electrostatically complexed with anionic plasmid DNA into nanoscaled core, and the tethered biocompatible PEG segments presented as the spatial shell (minimizing non-specific reactions in biological milieu). Furthermore, the aforementioned self-assembly was introduced with redox-responsive disulfide crosslinking due to the thiol coupling. Hence, reversible stabilities, namely stable in extracellular milieu but susceptible to disassemble for liberation of the DNA payloads in intracellular reducing microenvironment, were verified to facilitate transcellular gene transportation. In addition, RGD was installed onto the surface of the proposed self-assemblies with aim of targeted accumulation and internalization into angiogenic endothelial cells given that RGD receptors were specifically overexpressed on their cytomembrane surface. The proposed anti-angiogenic DNA therapeutics were validated to exert efficient expression of anti-angiogenic proteins in endothelial cells and elicit potent inhibition of ocular neovasculature post intravitreous administration. Hence, the present study approved the potential of gene therapy in treatment of choroidal neovascularization. In light of sustainable gene expression properties of DNA therapeutics, our proposed synthetic gene delivery system inspired prosperous potentials in long-term treatment of choroidal neovascularization, which should be emphasized to develop further towards clinical translations., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

Background/Objective We seek to figure out the effect of stable and powerful mechanical microenvironment provided by Ti alloy as a part of subchondral bone scaffold on long-term cartilage regeneration. Methods: we developed a bilayered osteochondral scaffold based on the assumption that a stiff subchondral bony compartment would provide stable mechanical support for cartilage regeneration and enhance subchondral bone regeneration. The subchondral bony compartment was prepared from 3D printed Ti alloy, and the cartilage compartment was created from a freeze-dried collagen sponge, which was reinforced by poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). Results In vitro evaluations confirmed the biocompatibility of the scaffold materials, while in vivo evaluations demonstrated that the mechanical support provided by 3D printed Ti alloy layer plays an important role in the long-term regeneration of cartilage by accelerating osteochondral formation and its integration with the adjacent host tissue in osteochondral defect model at rabbit femoral trochlea after 24 weeks. Conclusion Mechanical support provided by 3D printing Ti alloy promotes cartilage regeneration by promoting subchondral bone regeneration and providing mechanical support platform for cartilage synergistically. Translational potential statement The raw materials used in our double-layer osteochondral scaffolds are all FDA approved materials for clinical use. 3D printed titanium alloy scaffolds can promote bone regeneration and provide mechanical support for cartilage regeneration, which is very suitable for clinical scenes of osteochondral defects. In fact, we are conducting clinical trials based on our scaffolds. We believe that in the near future, the scaffold we designed and developed can be formally applied in clinical practice., Graphical abstract Image 1

BACKGROUND In recent years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have become important treatment strategies for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the clinical evidence for successful off-label use of targeted drugs for patients with NSCLC following progression on multiple lines of treatment is still lacking. CASE SUMMARY We describe a 62-year-old male patient with a right lung adenocarcinoma who harbored an EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation. He received gefitinib combined with six cycles of vinorelbine, cisplatin, and recombinant human endostatin as the first-line therapy. Then gefitinib was administered in combination with recombinant human endostatin as maintenance therapy, resulting in a progression-free survival (PFS) of 14 mo. Chemoradiotherapy was added following progression (enlarged brain metastases) on maintenance treatment. Unfortunately, the brain lesions were highly refractory and progressed again after 15 mo, at which time next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 1021 cancer-related genes was performed using peripheral blood to identify potential actionable mutations. NGS revealed that the patient harbored a BRCA2 germline mutation, the EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation disappeared, and no additional targetable genetic variant was detected. Therefore, the patient received olaparib combined with gefitinib and recombinant human endostatin, with a rapid and long-lasting clinical response (PFS = 13.5 mo). CONCLUSION This is a rare case of lung adenocarcinoma in a patient with a BRCA2 germline mutation who had long-term benefit from olaparib combination treatment, suggesting that NGS-based genetic testing may render the possibility of long-term survival in NSCLC patients after disease progression.

One-pot direct synthesis of imines via reductive amination of nitroarenes with aromatic aldehydes remains a great challenge due in part to its over-hydrogenation of imines to secondary amines. Herein, a novel Co3ZnC and ZnO supported on N-doped carbon nanosheet catalyst with the thickness of ca. 5.0 nm was fabricated through the direct pyrolysis of a Co/Zn bimetallic MOFs at 500 °C (named as Co3ZnC-ZnO/NC-500). Surprisingly, the developed Co3ZnC-ZnO/NC-500 catalyst delivers 99.9 % conversion of nitrobenzene and 98.5 % selectivity to N-benzylideneaniline in one-pot reductive amination of nitrobenzene with benzaldehyde. Various characterizations (including as SEM, XRD, TEM, AFM, XPS, Raman and N2 adsorption–desorption) have revealed that the generated small size of Co3ZnC alloy, abundant structural defects, larger specific surface area (105.5 m2·g−1) as well as more basic sites are responsible for the outstanding catalytic activity of Co3ZnC-ZnO/NC-500 catalyst for tandem reaction. Moreover, the Co3ZnC-ZnO/NC-500 catalyst exhibits high stability during the recycling experiments without the loss of its catalytic activity. Notably, the results of contrast experiments have demonstrated that the intentional introduction of ZnO in Co3ZnC-ZnO/NC-500 catalyst plays a key role in the selectivity to N-benzylideneaniline in the tandem reaction. This study provides a new guideline for designing tandem catalysts with high selectivity.

Despite the high cure probability for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), a minority of patients will relapse and the risk factors for relapse are unclear. We retrospectively analysed 212 patients who were diagnosed with non-high-risk APL and received all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus arsenic as front-line therapy at Peking University Institute of Hematology from February 2014 to December 2018. A total of 176 patients (83%) received oral arsenic (realgar-indigo naturalis formula) plus ATRA, 36 patients (17%) received arsenic trioxide plus ATRA and 203 patients were evaluable for relapse. After a median (range) follow-up of 53·6 (24·3-85·4) months, two patients had molecular relapse and eight had haematological relapse. A promyelocytic leukaemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARA) transcript level of ≥6·5% at the end of induction therapy was associated with relapse (P = 0·031). The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse, event-free survival and overall survival were 5·5%, 92·3% and 96·3% respectively. In conclusion, the present long-term follow-up study further confirmed the high cure probability of ATRA plus oral arsenic as front-line therapy for non-high-risk APL and showed that the PML-RARA transcript level at the end of induction therapy was associated with relapse.

Nitrogen regulation can effectively promote the improvement of berry components and the formation of flavor compounds in wine grapes. In order to understand the effects of foliar nitrogen spraying on grape quality and flavonoid substance, took Cabernet Sauvignon as the test subject, grape leaves were sprayed by ammonium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea, phenylalanine, and glutamate during veraison, and clear water was used as the control. The results showed that spraying ammonium sulfate could improve the contents of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and total phenols of grape berries; spraying phenylalanine significantly increased the content of titratable acid and tannin and decreased the ratio of sugar to acid in grape berries; compared with the control group, spraying glutamate could significantly upregulate some flavonol monomers; spraying calcium ammonium nitrate can adjust the monomer content of some flavanols; urea spraying significantly increased the contents of most anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonol and increased the contents of total anthocyanins, total flavanols, and total flavonol in grape skins, laying a foundation for the improvement of the nutritional value of grapes and wine in the future., In this experiment, ammonium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea, phenylalanine and glutamic acid were sprayed on the leaves during veraison stage period of the grapes，spraying clean water on the leaves as a control. The results showed that spraying urea had a significant effect on the up‐regulation of most anthocyanins, flavanols and flavonol monomers, and increased the content of total anthocyanins, total flavanols, and total flavonols in grape skins.

Using nerve guide conduits (NGCs) to promote the regeneration of PNI is a feasible alternative to autograft. Compared with NGCs made of single material, composite NGCs have a greater development prospect. Our previous research has confirmed that poly(D, L-lactic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate/hyaluronic acid/chitosan/nerve growth factor (PDLLA/β-TCP/HA/CHS/NGF) NGCs have excellent physical and chemical properties, which can slowly release NGF and support cell adhesion and proliferation. In this study, PDLLA/β-TCP/HA/CHS/NGF NGCs were prepared and used to bridge a 10 mm sciatic nerve defect in 200–250 g Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat to verify the performance of the NGCs in vivo. Substantial improvements in nerve regeneration were observed after using the PDLLA/β-TCP/HA/CHS/NGF NGCs based on gross post-operation observation, triceps wet weight analysis and nerve histological assessment. In vivo studies illustrate that the PDLLA/β-TCP/HA/CHS/NGF sustained-release NGCs can effectively promote peripheral nerve regeneration, and the effect is similar to that of autograft.