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A novel, simple and accurate, Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol (PCM) and Caffeine (CAF) in mixture of standard and formulation tablets was validated in this research. The absorbance maximum of drugs using UV- spectroscopy was found at (244.8 and 272.6nm) for PCM and CAF respectively in deionized water: methanol mixture (60:40 V/V) as solvent. This method involves the separation of PCM and CAF on RP - HPLC Shimadzu type LC–20 - A, Japan, and Phenomenex column, C18 (250mm, 4.6mm and 5μm). The elution was done using an eluent phase composed of methanol and water in the ratio of (40:60 V/V with a pH adjusted at 4.0 using acetic acid). A separation was fixed for 10 min at 270nm, using a UV-Vis - detector and 1.0mL/min, flow rate and the drugs were eluted in (3.468 and 5.376 min) for PCM and CAF respectively. The suitable conditions such as the elution phase composition, rate of flow, pH and wavelength were studied. The linearity of the method was in the range of concentration within (0.5 – 25 and 0.1 - 30μg/mL), while, R2 values within (0.9995 and 0.9997), and the means of recovery were found within (99.57 and 100.36) for PCM and CAF respectively. The method was applied for the estimation of gradient active of drugs in different formulating form samples. The method accuracy was validated by the mean of recovery percentages which, were found in acceptable limit.

The development of efficient drug nanocarriers has remained an important challenge in advanced drug delivery in human body. Combination of graphene-based nanomaterials and cyanuric chloride (CC), as a linker, may improve the success of drug delivery. Herein, a simple approach was used for the synthesis of superparamagnetic graphene oxide (SPMGO) nanocomposite through a chemical precipitation method. The nanocomposite was readily functionalized with cyanuric chloride as a linker for loading the drug. The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the efficient synthesis of nanocarriers. So did the transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Subsequently, the synthesized nanocarriers were studied in terms of their potential for biomedical applications. Immobilization of methotrexate (MTX), as a drug for treatment of cancer was taken into action on the SPMGO and SPMGO/CC. The in vitro assays indicated that the drug nanocarrier systems, SPMGO/MTX and SPMGO/CC/MTX, are hemo-compatible and increase the efficiency of MTX against Caov-4, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. The MTX nanocarriers represented a considerably high drug loading and controlled drug release. The overall results indicated the great potential of SPMGO/CC/MTX nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery, particularly in MTX chemotherapy.

Grape seeds were utilized as a source for nanoparticle adsorbents. The objective of this work was to prepare a nano adsorbent from grape seeds (GS) and FeCl2. The physical and chemical properties of grape seed ferrous oxide nanoparticles (GS-IONPs) were investigated. Batch adsorption was used to investigate the adsorption of cadmium from industrial water with different initial concentrations, solution pH and contact time. The adsorption isotherm data for Cd(II) on GS-IONPs were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The data fit the Langmuir model well, with a maximum cadmium uptake of 16.3 mg/g. It was found that %removal of cadmium decreased from 98.0% to 88.0% as the initial concentration increased. The results revealed that the prepared adsorbent was effective in Cd(II) removal.

Aluminum matrix composites are widely used in many structural application due to properties like high specific strength, wear resistance, lightweight and fatigue properties. The aim of the current work is to investigate the effect of the addition of nanosize participles to AA6063-T4 aluminum alloy on the electrical conductivity, magnetic and fatigue properties of composites produced by stir casting method. It was revealed that the AA6063-T4/ composites were successfully prepared with 3 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt% TiO2 using a stir casting technique with electrical conductivity increasing with increasing amount of Also it was found that the electrical conductivity of all composites was higher than the base metal matrix and the conductivity was proportion to the frequency for both matrix and composites. The magnetic studies revealed an improvement of the nanocomposites in comparison with the base metal. The fatigue life and fatigue strength of 7 wt% TiO2 composite was found to be higher than that of other composites and base matrix.

The atmospheric parameters observations enable to made continental and global scales by remote sensing devices existent in space. One of these instruments is the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite. We characterize the vertical distribution of troposphere carbon monoxide (CO) measured by AIRS over IRAQ. This study presents one year data. Results shown standard deviation of monthly troposphere CO for five locations: Baghdad, Basrah, Maysan, Al Fakka, and Mosul, from January to December 2012, was 107.15 ±18.75 ppbv for entire period depend on whether circumstance and topography. The seasonal differences undulate between winter and summer seasons, with higher values CO in the winter than in the summer and autumn seasons. In addition, the rising in troposphere CO values can be measured during year over the manufacturing and crowded urbanized zones. AIRS observations reveal enhanced abundances of CO, with values that can exceed 120 ppbv at approximately 4 km altitude over Baghdad and Mosul. The lower CO amounts observed of approximately 88–90 ppbv at 253 mb (altitude 11 km) during October. Comparisons over Baghdad station in 2012 showed close agreement between the ground CO data and the observed CO from AIRS, and regression result showed high correlation coefficient (R = 0.962). The vertical CO observation by AIRS is providing meaningful information for different altitude layers closer to the troposphere, and the satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere CO concentrations over varied regions.

Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a trace gas with important impact on atmospheric chemistry, human health and a key pollutant in particular cities, measured from space since the mid-1990s by the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 instruments. This study present ten years (monthly and yearly averaged) dataset from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) used to investigate tropospheric NO2 characteristics and variations over Iraq during 2005–2014. Annual NO2 shows an elevation from the northern to the southern and highest values was at central parts of Iraq. Monthly distributions revels higher values NO2 in winter and summer than spring and autumn seasons, and rising NO2 throughout study period over industrial and crowded urban zones. The trend analysis over Baghdad shows a linear growth rate 9.8% per year with an annual average (5.6·1015 molecules per 1 cm2). The air mass trajectory analysis as hotspot regions shows seasonal fluctuations between winter and summer seasons depend on weather conditions and topography. The increased NO2 values in winter are due to anthropogenic emissions and subsequent plumes from Europe. In addition, in summer because of hot weather and large paddy fields emissions. The lowest NO2 value was at monsoon period mostly linked to the rains. The OMI data and satellite information are able to observe the troposphere NO2 elevation at different regions.

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection affects people of different ages. It is important to explore the antibiotics susceptibility of the bacterial agents to improve the empirical antibacterial prescription because of emerging of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study including 322 patients with UTI at the largest hospital at the center of Al-Basrah Governorate in the far south of Iraq from August 2018 to November 2019. Bacterial isolates from urine samples with significant bacteria were investigated by automated VITEK® 2 compact system to determine the causative bacteria and their antibiotics susceptibility. Results: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the first and second most frequent Gram-negative isolates, whereas Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Enterococcus faecalis were the first and second most frequent Gram-positive isolates. Fosfomycin, tigecycline, colistin, meropenem, imipenem, amikacin and nitrofurantoin had high susceptibility rates against Gram-negative isolates. Nitrofurantoin, tigecycline, daptomycin, teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid had a high effect against Gram-positive isolates. Conclusion: The leading causative isolates especially the most predominant Gram-negative isolates E. coli and K. pneumoniae show high resistance rates against important antibiotics including penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitors piperacillin/tazobactam, third-generation cephalosporins as ceftazidime, and cefepime quinolones as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which call for reconsidering them for treatment of UTI.

In this paper, some new bis-aryl hydrazone derivatives (4a-f) were prepared through the reaction of carboxylic acid hydrazides with 1,4-diacetylbenzene using classical methods, microwave and ultrasound irradiation methods. These compounds are obtained through a series of reactions where some carboxylic acids react with ethanol first in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to give the corresponding esters (2a-f), which when treatment with aqueous hydrazine give carboxylic acid hydrazides (3a-f).thus, The results proved that the use of microwave and ultrasound techniques is much better than the classical methods, as it gave a higher yield, shorter reaction time, and the absence of the use of solvents. All newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, (1H & 13C) NMR spectral analysis and the corresponding reactions were monitored by TLC using the reported eluent

Extracts from plant materials have great potential as alternatives to inorganic corrosion inhibitors, which typically have harmful consequences. Experimental and theoretical methodologies studied the effectiveness of agricultural waste, namely, date palm seed extract as a green anti-corrosive agent in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. Experimental results showed that immersion time and temperature are closely related to the effectivity of date palm seed as a corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency reduced from 95% to 91% at 1400 ppm when the immersion time was increased from 72 h to 168 h. The experimental results also indicated that the inhibition efficiency decreased as the temperature increased. The presence of a protective layer of organic matter was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption studies indicated that date palm seed obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm on the carbon steel surface, and Gibbs free energy values were in the range of −33.45 to −38.41 kJ·mol−1. These results suggested that the date palm seed molecules interacted with the carbon steel surface through mixture adsorption. Theoretical calculations using density functional theory showed that the capability to donate and accept electrons between the alloy surface and the date palm seed inhibitor molecules is critical for adsorption effectiveness. The HOMO and LUMO result indicated that the carboxyl (COOH) group and C=C bond were the most active sites for the electron donation-acceptance type of interaction and most auxiliary to the adsorption process over the Fe surface.

This study was aimed to investigate the prophylactic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract derived from bulbs of Allium iranicum Wendelbo. (Alliaceae; AI) on mouse model of Staphylococcosis, and to decipher which phytochemicals of AI may involve in its anti-staphylococcal property. Male mice were allocated into four groups, i.e. normal control (NC) and three other groups received AI at 0.192, 0.384 and 0.768 mg/ml in drinking water for 9 days. Thereafter, mice were intravenously injected 10(6) colony forming unites (CFUs/ml) of Staphylococcus aureus suspension at 10th day and tissue homogenates were colony counted for S. aureus 9 days post-inoculation. Molecular docking among cardinal proteins involved in Staphylococcosis and phytochemicals of AI has been performed using PyRx software and the best ligand submitted to compute molecular and biological attributes. Induction of murine Staphylococcosis and inclusion of AI did not adversely alter bodyweights of mice while colony counts in selected tissues of mice infected with S. aureus were different among groups (P(ANOVA) = 0.016). Generally, the colony counts tended to decrease in AI 0.192 (P = 0.099) and AI 0.768 (P = 0.818) groups as compared to NC, however AI 0.384 (P = 0.005) group showed lesser colony counts than NC. In addition, colony counts decreased in AI 0.384 as compared to AI 0.768 (P = 0.009). The colony counts in kidneys of AI 0.0384 group were lesser than those of NC (P = 0.051) and AI 0.768 (P = 0.048). Among target proteins, trans-caryophyllene (TCP) showed reliable binding affinities (kcal/mol) to three hydrolase enzymes [beta toxin (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase − 8.1), sortase B (protease − 8.1), and FtsZ (GTPase − 8.7) of S. aureus]. The ADMET properties of TCP showed that it followed the Lipinski’s rule of five with one violation with respect to its miLogP 5.17. In addition, Molinspiration bioactivity score indicated ion channel modulatory and enzyme inhibitory effect for TCP. Computational findings of admetSAR software revealed that TCP leads to carcinogenicity, Tetrahymena pyriformis, fish, rat, and honey bee toxicities, weak inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related gene, and cytochromes inhibitory promiscuity. The TCP showed promising in human intestinal absorption, blood–brain barrier permeability, Caco-2 penetration, and solubility. The results of Toxtree software showed that TCP is not an endogenous molecule of the body and contains no functional groups associated with enhanced toxicity and considered as class I toxic compound close to terpenes. In conclusion, we found the hydro-alcoholic extract derived from of bulbs AI has a significant protective effect against Staphylococcosis in mouse model. In silico findings demonstrated that TCP has acceptable ADMET score to be considered as a bioactive compound for designing phytobiotics. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00078-x.

Allium porrum L. (leek; AP) is an edible plant that contains a variety of phytocompounds which their pharmaceutical properties are yet to be investigated. In this study, the computational analyses focused on PlcR protein as a putative target along with in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate the phytobiotic potential of the hydro-alcoholic extract of A. porrum against Bacillus cereus. The extract of the AP bulbs was prepared by using 70% (v/v) hydro-alcoholic solution. The antibacterial activity of this extract was then tested against B. cereus. Furthermore, a complete set of phytochemical compounds reported for AP were docked against the PlcR protein of B. cereus to evaluate their binding affinities. According to the results, this extract showed a remarked activity against B. cereus with the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) of 4 μg/ml and 213 μg/ml, while the bacterial strain was resistant to chloramphenicol (30 μg/ml). It was revealed that all phytocompounds of AP showed significant binding affinities against PlcR protein. Among them, five compounds, including neoporrigenin B, porrigenin C, porrigenin B, Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside, Seco-porrigenin and Neoagigenin, demonstrated the highest affinity with -9.17, -8.88, -8.77, -8.1, -9.69, and -8.73 kcal/mol, respectively. These features were considerably higher than that of chloramphenicol (-6 kcal/mol), suggesting them as potential binders against PlcR protein. Eventually, neoporrigenin B and porrigenin C are proposed as phytobiotic components against B. cereus PlcR protein.

This paper studied the effect of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) on the workability and mechanical properties of the produced cement based mortar. However, five different waste PET weight fractions of 0, 5, 15, 25 and 50% were replaced with river sand in cement mortar mixtures with constant cement content and water to cement ratio of 525 kg/m3 and 0.48, respectively. The workability of the mixtures is enhanced by increasing the replacement level of plastic waste PET. On the other hand, the dry density, compressive and flexural strengths were reduced as waste PET incorporation increased except the mix contained 5% of PET which improved the compressive and flexural strengths. As a result of the dry density and compressive strength results, it was determined that the mixture containing 25% waste PET is considered as a lightweight mortar and suitable for structural purposes.

Recently, emulgel has emerged as one of the most interesting topical preparations in the field of pharmaceutics. In this research clotrimazole was formulated as topically applied emulgel ; different formulas were prepared. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance , rheological behaviour , and in vitro drug release . The influence of the type of gelling agent (carbopol 934 and methyl cellulose), the concentration of both the emulsifying agent (2% and 4% w/w of mixture of span 20 and tween 20) and the oil phase (5% and 7.5% w/w of liquid paraffin) and the type of oil phase (liquid paraffin and cetyl alcohol), on the drug release from the prepared emulgels was investigated. Commercially available topical canestin® cream was used for comparison. All the prepared emulgels showed acceptable physical properties concerning colour, homogeneity, consistency, and pH value. Rheological studies revealed that all emulgels formulations exhibited a shear – thinning behaviour with thixotropy, indicating structural break down of intermolecular interaction between polymeric chains. Clotrimazole emulgels exhibited higher drug release than canestin® cream. The results of in vitro release showed that methyl cellulose – based emulgel gave better release than carbopol 934 – based one. Also it was found that the emulsifying agent concentration had the most pronounced effect on the drug release from the emulgels, followed by the oil phase concentration, which has a retardation effect, and finally the type of the gelling agent. It was suggested that the clotrimazole emulgel formulation prepared with methyl cellulose, with low concentration of oil phase (5%w/w liquid paraffin) and high concentration of emulsifying agent (4%w/w), showed an optimum formula for highest drug release (74.4% after three hours), which followed higuchi diffusion model with a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Key words: Emulgel , carbopol , methyl cellulose , clotrimazole

The first series preparation of polyaniline (PANI) - silver composites by the oxidation of aniline with silver nitrate in the 0.2 and 1 mol L-1 M aqueous solutions of acetic acid, the reaction condition produce a composite that have a conductivity of about 4000 S cm-1 at 72 wt. % (20 vol%) of silver (Ag). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) illustrates the formation of nanostructured Ag (nanowires) coated with polyaniline. In the second series, the preparation of polyaniline - multiwall Carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) composites were included MWCNTs of 0.25wt %, 0.5wt % or 1wt % added to 0.1 M distilled aniline under reflex procedure with 0.3M H2S04 (pH 4) investigated by cyclic voltammetry. A cyclic potential ranged from -100 mV to 1500 mV (scan rate of 30mV S-1) at room temperature for fabricating PANI/MWCNTs composite. Images of SEM showed that the PANI/MWCNTs Nanofieber structure with diameters has the range of 50nm-70 nm. Results of current-voltage (I-V) curves showed increase in electrical conductivity with increasing proportion of MWCNTs. PANI-silver composite which has been prepared in 1 mol L-1 of acetic acid and PANI-1wt% MWCNTs composite as hydrogen sensor, the results have showed that PANI-MWCNTs sensor have more sensitivity compared to PANI-silver sensor.)

This paper presents the results obtained through experimental work and numerical simulation of the kinetic energy dissipation of lactic acid after application of the impact load. The experimental tests were performed according to ASTM standards using the motion drop arrow test. It has been designed according to the standard ASTMD7136.The specimens were plates completely constrained with two edges by the clamping fixture. Two energy absorption parameters (namely saturation impact energy and damage degree), and two relevant characteristic values of the impact force history (namely the first damage force and the maximum force) were included. The impact energy of 2.4 J was measured by the difference in the thickness mode. The finite element method was used by FE symbol (Abaqus/Explicit Dynamic) implemented by a User Defined Sub routine (VUMAT). The results showed areas of shock injury and sample tolerance, and there was a match between the experimental and numerical results. Diagrams are presented to show the history of relevant kinematical, dynamic and energetic quantities, both to synthesize the dependency of the energy parameters and force threshold values on the impact velocity. This study will help to measure the absorbed and kinetic energy of polymers, thus, it will help define the properties of polymers used in critical applications such as medicine.

Polymeric macrocycles are important as complexation agents in chemistry. The multivalent binding of heteroatoms inside the macrocycle to metals and organic pollutants has gained much interest. A protecting group strategy was applied to synthesise functionalized crown ether based on glucose. The 4,6-position was protected by benzylidene, and arms were introduced on the remaining hydroxyls in 2- and 3-positions. Cyclization was achieved through sodium sulfide in ethanol. The selective cleavage of the benzylidene protecting group left the free hydroxyl group on C-6 position. The propargyl group was introduced and attached the macrocycles to polyvinyl azide by click reaction. The compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and the morphology and thermal stability of the polymer were characterized via field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The removal of metal ions Co, Cd and Pb was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry in different experimental conditions. The results indicated that synthesised crown ether can effectively removal such metals and has highly sufficient recyclability.

(NiO)1-x(CuO)x Thin Films have been deposited on glass substrates by chemical spray paralysis technique for with different ratios at temperature (375±10) °C with spray rate 4s./1min. The structural properties of thin films have been investigated by the study of X-Ray diffraction analysis and morphological by study atomic forces microscope (AFM) . From the XRD result showed all simples are polycrystalline and various structural parameters were calculated. all the films show most preferred orientation along (111), (200) and (220) planes. The (AFM) results shows that the roughness decreases with mixing ratios.

Palm oil fronds were used to prepare activated carbon using the physiochemical activation method, which consisted of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasification. The effects of variable parameters activation temperature, activation time and chemical impregnation ratios (KOH: char by weight) on the preparation of the activated carbon and for the removal of pesticides: bentazon, carbofuran and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were investigated. Based on the central composite design (CCD), two factor interaction (2FI) and quadratic models were respectively employed to correlate the effect of variable parameters on the preparation of activated carbon used for the removal of pesticides with carbon yield. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum conditions for preparing the activated carbon from oil palm fronds were found as follows: activation temperature of 750 °C, activation time of 2 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 2.38. The percentage error between predicted and experimental results for the removal of bentazon, carbofuran and 2,4-D were 8.2, 1.3 and 9.2%, respectively and for the yield of the palm oil frond activated carbon was 5.6.

The fresh water green alga Chlorella vulgaris was selected to study its ability to degrade one of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs)known is anthracene (ANT). ANT is widely used in artificial products such as wood preservatives; insecticides; dye and coating materials. This algae was cultivated in CH-10 medium under constant laboratory conditions and exposed to different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mg/l) of anthracene for 3, 5, 7, 9 and 15 days, with the concentration of ANT measured by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC). The results showed that C.vulgaris has high ability to reduce anthracene to 80% at 1mg/Lcon centration after 3 days and 100% after 5 days, while at 3 and 5 mg / L concentration, the highest percentages were 89% and 99%, respectively after 9 days, with the complete removal (100%) was achieved after 15 days. The results indicate that this alga(C. vulgaris) has high ability for remediation of ANT and yield not toxic compound to environment

A sensitive, efficient, reproducible and rapid method for the specific determination of uric acid as pure and in human serum has been developed using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP - HPLC). This method involves separation of uric acid on reverse phase HPLC Shimadzu LC–20 A, Japan and Phenomenex C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5µm). The elution was done using a mobile phase consisting of sodium acetate buffer: acetonitrile (ACN) as the ratio of (95:05 v/v with pH adjusted at 4.0 using acetic acid). The separation was monitored for 10 min. at 285 nm using a UV-visible detector and 1.2 mL/min flow rate. The optimum conditions such as the composition of the mobile phase, flow rate, wavelength and pH were studied. The obtained results revealed that the value of R2 is (0.9994), the detection limit (0.01), the quantitative limit (0.033), the linear ranges (0.05 – 30) µg / mL. Quantitative recoveries of pure uric acid and spiked serum samples were between 98.75 – 101.20%. Compared to the other methods, the current method is rapid, simple and economical for the determination of uric acid as pure and in human serum.

Background: Nicotine is the chief addictive substance in cigarette smoking which conceder as the main cause of mortality worldwide. Aims: Through the current in vivo study, we tried to evaluate the harmful effect of nicotine injection on the lungs of mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 healthy male mice were divided into four groups of 10 mice each, injected subcutaneously with 0.1 ml of (1 mg/kg) nicotine for 5 days a week for (8, 12, and 16) weeks, whereas the control group injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline. The mice were sacrificed, lungs were isolated and divided into two parts, the first for measurement malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), the second was subjected to histopathological examination. Results: The results showed that the levels of MDA were significantly elevated (P ≤ 0.01) in all work groups and the mice of Group D had the highest MDA value (23.13 ± 3.4 nmol/ml) with statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.01), and GSH levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in all workgroups, the Group D had the lowest value (6.77 ± 1.33 mM/ml) with statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.01), also the results clarified that nicotine injection was caused a pathological effect in mice lung tissues such as alveoli damage and emphysema, congestion of blood vessels, hemorrhage, alveolar edema, lung fibrosis, lymphocytes infiltration, and these effects were graded in terms of severity depending on the injection period of nicotine. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the nicotine injection causes significant changes in lung tissues and oxidant markers levels (MDA and GSH).

Ozone (O 3 ) is a radiatively active trace gas, and naturally present in our atmosphere, that plays a prominent role in atmosphere heating rates due to its good capability to absorb the infrared radiation. O 3 occurs both naturally in the Earth’s upper atmosphere and at the ground level. As we breathe the air on Earth, O 3 causes damage to the lung tissue and plants as it is an injurious pollutant; it is a major constituent of smog. The atmospheric O 3 observations can only be made on global and continental scales by remote sensing instruments situated in the space. The satellite-borne sensor, namely the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) included on the EOS Aqua satellite, was employed to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of diurnal total column Ozone burden over Peninsular Malaysia for the year 2011. The analysis of O 3 above five dispersed stations in the study area shows the seasonal variation in the O 3 fluctuated considerably observed between NEM and SWM seasons. The mean and the standard deviation of monthly O 3 was 244.7 ± 26.8 DU for the entire period, and O 3 values strongly correlated with weather conditions. The highest O 3 values occurred over industrial and congested urban zones (271.5 DU) on May at Johor. The lowest O 3 values were observed during NEM in the pristine coastal environment on December at Kuantan (217 DU; at 3.45°N, 103.20°E). The O 3 has an inverse relationship with the rain and positive with temperature. The monthly O 3 maps were obtained from the NASA-operated Giovanni portal ( http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni ). The AIRS data and the satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere O 3 concentrations over different areas.

The adsorption of insecticide, carbofuran from aqueous solution onto activated carbon derived from palm oil fronds (PFAC) was investigated through batch study. The effects of both initial concentration and pH of the carbofuran over the range of 25 to 250 mg/L and 2 to 12, respectively, on the adsorption of the prepared PFAC were studied in batch experiments. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, the Freundlich, and the Temkin isotherm models. The results obtained from application of these models show that the best fits were achieved with the Langmuir model, and a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 164 mg/g was obtained at 30°C. The regeneration efficiency of spent activated carbon was studied and it was found to be 90.0–96.4%. The results indicated that PFAC has good capability as adsorbent for the removal of carbofuran from aqueous solutions.

Methane (CH4) is a significant greenhouse gas (GHG's) with a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of about 12 years, and is released to the atmosphere by biological processes occurring in anaerobic environments. The CH4 is second in importance only to CO2 with regard to its environmental effects, and its relative global warming ability is 23 times that of CO2 over a time horizon of 100 years. The interannual distribution of atmospheric CH4 has been studied in Peninsular Malaysia during the period 2003-2009 using Atmosphere Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data, onboard NASA's Aqua Satellite. The analysis of CH4 above five dispersed stations in the study area shows that the high CH4 growth rates observed at the end of each year can be attributed to the increased emissions from biomass burning and wetlands, and the reduced hydroxyl (OH) sink. In particular, we observe a quasi-biennial variation in CH4 emissions in Peninsular Malaysia, with varying magnitudes in peak emissions occurring in 2004, 2006, and 2008. The seasonal variation in the CH4 fluctuated significantly between northeast (NEM) and southwest (SWM) monsoon seasons. The CH4 value in the NEM season was higher than in the SWM season, and higher in the north regions, above the latitude 4°, than in the rest of area throughout the year. To study the CH4 distribution over peninsular Malaysia for 2009, monthly CH4 maps were generated using the Kriging interpolation technique. The AIRS data and satellite measurements are able to measure the increase in the atmospheric CH4 concentrations over different regions.

Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and carbofuran using commercial granular activated carbon, Filtersorb 300 (GAC F300) were studied in a batch system with respect to initial concentration of 2,4-D and carbofuran. The Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data of 2,4-D and carbofuran adsorption. Observed results showed that the equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir equilibrium model in the studied concentration range of 2,4-D and carbofuran. The monolayer adsorption capacities of GAC F300 were 181.82 and 96.15 mg/g for 2,4-D and carbofuran, respectively. Two simplified models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic, were used to test the adsorption kinetics of 2, 4-D and carbofuran on GAC F300. The data was best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Problem statement: Daily retrieved Ozone (O3) column data for 12 day for periods varying (11-18 August) 2005 and 2003 and (12-19 February) 2005, obtained from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder AIRS, are utilized to investigate the ozone distribution over the Southeast Asia. Approach: AIRS included on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite launched on 4 May 2002. Ozone (O3) is the gas that naturally present in our atmosphere and is a critical atmospheric trace species in the stratosphere and troposphere. Most ozone resides in the stratosphere. Ozone can be “good” or “bad” for your health and the environment. Closer to Earth, in the air we breathe, Ozone is a harmful pollutant that causes damage to lung tissue and plants; it is a major constituent of smog. Results: The aim of this study was to investigate Daily Distribution map and Indonesia forest fires influences on O3 over Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. The land use map of the study area was conducted by using total column O3 obtained from AIRS/Aqua Level 3 Daily (AIRX3STD) 1×1° spatial resolution ascending Standard, are used to study the O3 distribution and the impact of Indonesia forest fire. Considerable variations demonstrate annual changes in rainfall and drought patterns in various seasons (dry and wet season). Note such variations in the Ozone emissions over study area, while highest O3 occurs over Industrial, congested urban zones and existence of Swamps and lakes during dry season and a greater draw down of O3 occurs in the pristine marine environment over Surat Thani during wet seasons. Conclusion/Recommendations: In particular, we observe a quasi-biennial variation in O3 emissions from study area with two contrary cases, the higher concentrations around the equatorial regions at dry season and less at wet season. Examining satellite measurements, we find the enhanced O3 emission correlates with occasions of less rainfall during dry season.

Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from branches of pomegranate trees (BP) using physiochemical activation (potassium hydroxide treatment and carbon dioxide gasification). Based on the central composite design (CCD), two factor interaction (2FI) and quadratic models were respectively employed to correlate the activated carbon preparation variables. The effects of the activation temperature, activation time, and chemical impregnation ratios on the carbon yield, methylene blue (MB) removal were investigated. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from branches of pomegranate trees (BP) were found to be activation temperature of 620.5°C, activation time of 1.4 h, and chemical impregnation ratio of 1.5. The carbon yield was found to be 16% while the removal of methylene blue was found to be 92.5%.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important pervasive atmosphere trace gas affecting to the climate. Worldwide, the anthropogenic sources produce about 50% of CO emissions with the remainder coming from biomass burning and oxidation. The CO plays as a significant indirect greenhouse gases due to its influences on the budgets of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and Ozone (O 3 ). Results from the analysis of the retrieved monthly (AIRX3STM) 1°×1° spatial resolution, from the Atmosphere infrared sounder (AIRS) data were utilized to analyze the distribution of CO mixing ratio in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 2003–2009. AIRS is one of the several instruments onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS), onboard NASA's Aqua Satellite, launched on May 4, 2002. The analysis for five dispersed stations shows the quasi-biennial variation in CO over study area in October is plainly evident in the monthly average AIRS CO figures. Maximum values occur in 2004, 2005, and 2008, with minima in 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2009. The highest values of CO occurred during biomass burning in dry season, and over the industrial and congested urban zones. A greater draws down of the CO occurs over the pristine continental environment in the northeast region regions on June at Perak (101.5°×5°) during the wet season. The high values of CO coincide with the impact of El Nino, especially in the southern region. The monthly CO total column maps for 2009 were generated using Kriging Interpolation technique. The AIRS data and the Satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere CO concentrations over different regions.

The damage resulting from global warming was faster than any experts have predicted or anticipated. Global mean temperature has increased by 0.3–0.6 C during the past 100 years, and warming has been accelerating at a rate of 0.15 since the mid-1970s. The result of an increase of temperature is the greenhouse gases (GHGs). Results from the analysis of the retrieved monthly (AIRX3STM) 1°×1° and (AIRX3C2M) 2.5°×2° spatial resolution, from the Atmosphere infrared sounder (AIRS) data were utilized to analyze the impacts of the GHG's (CO 2 , O 3 , CH 4 and H 2 O vapor) on the air surface temperature (AST) in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 2003–2008 using multiple regression analysis. AIRS is one of the several instruments onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS), onboard NASA's Aqua Satellite, launched on May 4, 2002. Among the four pollutants, AST was most affected by water vapor (H 2 O vapor) indicated by strong positive Beta coefficient (0.244–1.587). O 3 shows a different positive effect with season's variations (0.264–1.558), and CH 4 has disparate negative influence. CO 2 yields a reasonable relationship with AST by low to moderate Beta coefficient values ranged from −0.592 to 0.238. The variation of pollutants on the average explains change 60.5% of the AST. This indicates that about 60.5% of the AST are attributed to these pollutant gases. The AIRS data and the Satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere greenhouse gases over different regions.

Ozone (O 3 ) is a radiatively active trace gas that plies important role in atmosphere heating rates because of its good ability to absorb the infrared radiation and occur both at the ground level and naturally in the earth's upper atmosphere. Results from the analysis of the retrieved monthly (AIRX3STM) 1°×1° spatial resolution Atmosphere infrared sounder (AIRS) data were utilized to analyze the distribution of O 3 column burden in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 2003–2009. AIRS is one of the several instruments onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS), onboard NASA's Aqua Satellite, launched on May 4, 2002. The analysis of O 3 above five dispersed stations in study area shows the seasonal variation in the O 3 values fluctuated considerably between wet and dry periods, and O 3 values strongly correlated with weather conditions. The lowest O 3 observed during rainy months, low temperature and low sunshine hours, vice versa. The highest O 3 values occurred over Industrial and congested urban zones. The monthly O 3 maps were generated, to study O 3 distribution over peninsular Malaysia for 2009, using Kriging Interpolation technique. The AIRS data and the Satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere O 3 concentrations over different regions.

This paper deals with the effect of natural pigments (chlorophyll and anthocyanin) on the secondary bonds in (poly vinyl chloride PVC), which play an important role in the physical and chemical behavior of it. Natural pigments extracted from plants by a simple method and blended with PVC powder in different ratio of natural pigments, and the properties of the blend were determined and compared. The extracted pigments were characterized by UV- visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The blend of PVC with pigments were characterized by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hardness, and density. The results show that anthocyanin shows higher depression in glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVC than chlorophyll pigment, where the maximum effect of chlorophyll is 3%. The obtained Tg used in calculations depending on molecular models which its content the simplest idealized model of a linear molecule is the chain model without branching. The hardness and density of PVC decrease as anthocyanin and chlorophyll percent increases. All these results were contributed to that chlorophyll and anthocyanin act as plasticizers by effecting on secondary bonds of PVC polymer.