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Gelatin has been widely used as an additive in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industry. The similar physical appearance between bovine and porcine gelatin causes an issue for some communities like a Muslim due to awareness of halal food. A Muslim community consider porcine gelatin is non-halal material which must be avoided. So there is a demand to distinguish and labeling the origin source of the gelatin in any products. In turn, it lead to development of a method to identify the source of gelatin. In this study, performance of a modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor to identify halal gelatin has been investigated. A QCM sensor was modified by depositing polyaniline/nickel compound on the surface of gold electrode QCM carried out by Layer by Layer (LbL) deposition technique. Bovine and porcine gelatin were measured in demineralized water at pH 9. This modified QCM sensor shows good frequency response to distinguish bovine and porcine gelatin. The measurements gave a negative frequency shifts for bovine gelatin and a positive frequency shifts for porcine gelatin. The modified QCM sensor also worked well in the real sample. This indicates that a modified QCM sensor is very useful and effective technique to distinguish bovine gelatin (halal) from porcine gelatin (non-halal).

Gelatin in ice cream samples has been successfully identified using Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors. The sensor was prepared by polyaniline and nickel nanoparticles modification. The modification was deposited on the surface of QCM gold electrode using layer by layer (LbL) method. Performance of the sensor was investigated for gelatin determination in the homemade ice cream samples. The homemade ice cream was made with and without porcine or bovine gelatins addition. The experiments were performed in various concentration of the ice cream (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) at pH 9. The measurement was compared to the standard of porcine and bovine gelatins. The results showed that the sensor can be identified gelatin in ice cream samples. Frequency shift of ice cream that contained porcine gelatin was appeared as positive value, whereas a negative shift value was occurred for ice cream that contained bovine gelatin.

Liquid fuel from polystyrene plastic waste with co-reactant of cooking oil waste biodiesel has been obtained. The catalysts used in catalytic cracking are Al-MCM-41/ceramic and Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalysts. Morphology and elemental composition were observed with SEM EDX, the crystal structure observed with XRD, surface area and pore volume were analyzed by Nitrogen adsorption-desorption each calculated by BET and BJH method, acidity determined by FTIR-Pyridine, and temperature resistance analyzed by DTA. The results of catalytic cracking were investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Characterization of the catalyst showed that acidity was reduced because the Si/Al ratio was reduced after the impregnation and the surface area of Al-MCM-41/ceramics also decreased. SEM EDX shows that the composition of the carbon element on the surface of the Pd/Al- MCM-41/ceramic catalyst is smaller compared to the Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst. The results of the GC-MS characterization of liquid fuels from catalytic cracking using Pd/Al- MCM-41/ceramics catalyst, have a percentage of gasoline fraction (C7-C12) of 74.9% at 120 minutes cracking. The mixture of fuel from the addition of 150 mL liquid fuel resulting from catalytic cracking with Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst has the highest calorific value of 19160.61 (kcal/kg) and the performance of the gasoline Genset engine has the highest thermal efficiency of 28.27%.

Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste and co-reactants biodiesel from nyamplung oil (Calophyllum Inophylum) have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41: Ceramics with ratio 7:3. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The Liquid fuels obtained was mixed with commercial fuels (Premium RON 88) and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) with ratio (10:87.5:2.5). The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C7-C12) are 93.92 fraction produced. The performance of liquid fuels is enhanced with the additive MTBE investigated by generator set engine with gasoline-based fuel. Physical characteristic as density, caloric value, viscosity of liquid fuels were also investigated before and after adding commercial fuels. The performance of liquid fuels has optimum thermal efficiency (BTE) at 2090 watts loading of 27.18%. Addition of MTBE improving the physical characteristic of liquid fuels. Characteristic of liquid fuels produced were also suitable with commercial gasoline standard.

Fabrication of pH sensor based on fiber optic coated bromophenol blue and cresol red has been done. Briefly, jacket in the middle part of the fiber optic was removed for 5 cm. Then the core of each of fiber optics was washed in ethanol. Nitric acid, demineralized water, and ethanol again consecutively. Then the cleaned core was coated using active material using sol-gel immobilization technique. Tetraehyl orthosilicate was used as a binder in the immobilization of active materials. Bromophenol blue will start change the color to yellow at below pH 3.00±0.01 and blue at above pH 4.60±0.01, while the cresol red will start change the color to yellow at below pH 7.20±0.01 and violet at above pH 8.80±0.01. The pH sensors which have been made show the sigmoidal response over pH from 1.00±0.01 to 11.00±0.01. The sensor has a better performance in comparation with the other sensor.

The production of hydrocarbon (C 7 -C 20 ) and alcohol (C 11 -C 1 9) from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) compound are produced from the transesterification of the seed oil of the Nyamplung that has been conducted by the catalytic hydrocracking using Al-MCM-41 and Pd 2+ -impregnated-Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The performance of catalysts were compared by various analysis including the acidity that was determined by pyridine and FTIR, the crystal structure observed by XRD, the surface area and pore volume analyzed by BET/BJH, the surface morphology observed by TEM, the metal on the surface of catalyst observed by XPS and the product of the hydrocracking analyzed by GC-MS. Hexagonal structure of the MCM-41(100) was shown in the 2θ = 3 o -5 o of the diffractogram. The presence of impregnated Al and Pd observed at the 2θ = 20 o and 34 o , respectively. The Pd/Al-MCM-41 catalyst was more acidic than Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased after the impregnation process. The tendency of catalytic hydrocracking of hydrocarbon produced was indicated that more amount of Palladium have more hydrocarbons aliphatic than alcohol. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reserved Received: 21 st November 2016; Revised: 24 th May 2017; Accepted: 25 th May 2017 ; Available online: 27 th October 2017; Published regularly : December 2017 How to Cite: Juwono, H., Triyono, T., Sutarno, S., Wahyuni, E.T., Harmami, H., Ulfin, I., Kurniawan, F. (2017). Production of Hydrocarbon (C7-C20) from Hydrocracking of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters on Pd/Al-MCM-41 Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis , 12 (3): 337-342 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.3.811.337-342)

Composite polymer-carbon has resistance change if come into contact with gas. Composite polymer-carbon can be used as a gas sensor. This research will be characterized the sensor composite polymer-carbon that has been made from 6 types of polymer, which are; PEG6000, PEG20M, PEG200, PEG1540, Silicon and Squelene. The 6 sensors will be tested by 9 types of gas, which are; Aceton, Aceton Nitril, Benzene, Etanol, Methanol, Ethyl Aceton, Chloroform, n-Hexan and Toluene. This characterization will be grouped into 4 claster of characteristics, which are; the selectivity (influence type of gas), the sensitivity (influence volume of gas), the influence of temperature and the influence of humidity. Test using method testing sensors that paleced in an isolated chamber which is connected with data acquisition. variations of temperature, humidity, type and volume of gas will be condition in the chamber. Correspondence analysis and regression will be used to process the data. Test results found that each sensor of type of polymers have different sensitivity and selectivity towards a particular type of gas. Resistance sensors increases with rising temperature and humidity environment with a polynomial equation of order-2 and order-3