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National audience; Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) has a high energetic cost for legume plants; legumes thus reduce SNF when soil N is available. The present study aimed to increase our understanding regarding the impacts of the two principal forms of available N in soils (ammonium and nitrate) on SNF. We continuously measured the SNF of Medicago truncatula under controlled conditions. This permitted nodule sampling for comparative transcriptome profiling at points connected to the nodules' reaction following ammonium or nitrate applications. The N component of both ions systemically induced a rhythmic pattern of SNF, while the activity in control plants remained constant. This rhythmic activity reduced the per-day SNF. The nitrate ion had additional local effects; the more pronounced were a strong downregulation of leghaemoglobin, nodule cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides and nodule-enhanced nicotianamine synthase (neNAS). The neNAS has proven to be of importance for nodule functioning. Although other physiological impacts of nitrate on nodules were observed (e.g. nitrosylation of leghaemoglobin), the main effect was a rapid ion-specific and organ-specific change in gene expression levels. Contrastingly, during the first hours after ammonium applications, the transcriptome remained virtually unaffected. Therefore, nitrate-induced genes could be key for increasing the nitrate tolerance of SNF.

WOS: 000390502600021, The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 250 mgL(-1)) and zinc (0,3% ZnSO4) treatments on pre-harvest fruit drops, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), fruit weight, color characteristics, fruit firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity like quality attributes and antioxidant activity, total phenolics, micro and macro elements of Jersey Mac apples (Malus x domestica). Compared to control treatment, except for 22 July, pre-harvest drops were significantly reduced with all treatments in all measurement times. Zn +AVG treatment was found to be more effective in reducing pre-harvest fruit drops. IEC decreased with AVG, Zn and Zn +AVG treatments. Single AVG treatment was more effective on IEC decreases. While flesh softening was retarded with AVG treatments, Zn treatments stimulated flesh softening. Fruit weights increased with Zn treatments, but decreased with AVG and Zn +AVG treatments. Red color development was retarded with both AVG and Zn + AVG treatments, but stimulated with Zn treatment. SSC significantly decreased in the last measurement date (12 August) with AVG treatment. Compared to control fruits, AVG and Zn +AVG-treated fruits had higher titratable acidity, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity, but Zn-treated fruits had lower values. All micro element and nitrogen and phosphorus-like macro element contents of single Zn and AVG or Zn +AVG-treated fruits were higher than the control fruits. It was concluded that beside AVG, Zn could also play an active role in retarding pre-harvest fruit drops. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000354216000010, Apricots are grown in many countries and are marketed as dried or fresh. Sulfur fumigation is preferred as a low-cost pre-treatment to maintain apricot color. This study aims to determine the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration on quality and nutritional properties of dried apricot fruits during storage. Apricot fruits were treated with different concentrations of SO2 (1,250, 2,000, and 3,500 mg center dot kg(-1)) and then stored at 20A degrees C under 50-65% relative humidity conditions for 18 months. Fruit SO2 concentration decreased rapidly during the initial stage and then decreased at a slower rate. Fruit color darkening became more pronounced after 12 months, especially in the fruit treated with 1,250 and 2,000 mg center dot kg(-1) SO2. After 18 months of storage, total phenolic content (839-890 mg GAE 100 g(-1) dry weight), antioxidant activity (9.4-11.6 mu mol TE g(-1) dry weight), and beta-carotene levels (42.7-47.6 mg center dot kg(-1)) of all treatments varied only slightly, despite lower values overall. Therefore, SO2 levels must be chosen based on the expected storage conditions and length of the storage period., Aegean Exporters' Associations, This research is funded by the Aegean Exporters' Associations.

WOS: 000403635400021, The study was carried out to determine the effects of pre-harvest Parka and post-harvest MAP treatments on weight loss, decay ratio, color characteristics, firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity-like quality parameters and vitamin C, total phenolics, total antioxidant capacity (according to FRAP and TEAC) and total monomeric anthocyanin-like bioactive compounds of '0900 Ziraat' sweet cherry cultivar throughout cold storage and shelf life. MAP treatments significantly retarded weight loss throughout cold storage. Decay ratios throughout cold storage and shelf life were also lower in Parka, MAP and Parka + MAP treatments. In general, higher L*, chroma and hue angle values were measured in MAP and Parka + MAP treatments. As compared to control treatment, higher flesh firmness values were observed in Parka and Parka + MAP treatments at the end of storage and in Parka, MAP and Parka + MAP treatments in the last shelf life analysis (21st day). In cold storage and shelf life analyses lower SSC values were obtained from Parka and Parka + MAP treatments. Vitamin C contents were better maintained with MAP and Parka + MAP treatments. Total phenolics were higher in Parka + MAP treatments in all analyses of cold storage, but higher in control treatment in all shelf life analyses. In 21st day storage and shelf life analyses, antioxidant capacity (according to FRAP) of all treatments was lower than the control treatment. In all analyses, generally higher total monomeric anthocyanin contents were obtained from control fruits. It was concluded that combining pre-harvest Parka treatments with post-harvest MAP treatments could be used as an efficient tool in maintaining flesh firmness of sweet cherry fruits significantly influencing consumer preferences.

WOS: 000402039400007, PubMed ID: 27265551, Flavonoid compounds are strong antioxidant and antifungal agents but their applications are limited due to their poor dissolution and bioavailability. The use of nanotechnology in agriculture has received increasing attention, with the development of new formulations containing active compounds. In this study, kaempferol (KAE) was loaded into lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (LC NPs) to determine antifungal activity compared to pure KAE against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporium to resolve the bioavailability problem. The influence of formulation parameters on the physicochemical properties of KAE loaded lecithin chitosan nanoparticles (KAE-LC NPs) were studied by using the electrostatic self-assembly technique. KAE-LC NPs were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. KAE has been successfully encapsulated in LC NPs with an efficiency of 93.8 +/- 4.28% and KAE-LC NPs showed good physicochemical stability. Moreover, in vitro evaluation of the KAE-LC NP system was made by the release kinetics, antioxidant and antifungal activity in a time-dependent manner against free KAE. Encapsulated KAE exhibited a significantly inhibition efficacy (67%) against Fusarium oxysporium at the end of the 60 day storage period. The results indicated that KAE-LC NP formulation could solve the problems related to the solubility and loss of KAE during use and storage. The new nanoparticle system enables the use of smaller quantities of fungicide and therefore, offers a more environmentally friendly method of controlling fungal pathogens in agriculture., Hacettepe University Scientific Research Project [014 D12 101 005-820]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [2211/C], This work was supported by Hacettepe University Scientific Research Project grant (014 D12 101 005-820) and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with PhD Scholarship (2211/C).

WOS: 000371196700003, Antifeedant activity and growth inhibition effects of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), Heracleum platytaenium Boiss (Apiaceae), and Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae) extracts were tested on the third instar larvae of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Col: Chyrsomelidae) under laboratory conditions. Plant extracts were obtained treating "cones" of H. lupulus, leaves and stems of H. platytaenium and leaves, stems and flowers of A. millefolium with methanol using maceration technique. The plant extracts (50 g/L) were applied to potato leaflets and consumption area for individual insect was measure with a planimeter after 24, 48 and 72h. The single dose screening bioassay revealed that all tested plant extracts possessed antifeedant activity against the beetle larvae at 50 g/L concentration and average consumed leaf area were 0.04 cm(2), 0.05 cm(2) and 0.30 cm(2) for H. lupulus, H. platytaenium and A. millefolium respectively. In dose response bioassay, it was revealed that there was a negative correlation between the averages consumed leaflet area and the plant extract dose. The greatest antifeedant activity was seen in H. lupulus extract treated leaflets at 10 g/L concentration and the average consumed leaflet area was 0.68 cm(2) after 72 h. The H. platytaenium and H. lupulus extracts had similar effects on the larval growth indices. Both plants extracts had 1.2 growth index values at 30 g/L concentration. These results indicate that the H. platytaenium and H. lupulus extracts could have significant potential as antifeedant and larval growth inhibition agent in the control of larvae of Colorado potato beetle., Turkish Republic Prime Minister State Planning Organization [27-DPT-01-07-01]; Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy [TAGEM-BS-12 / 04-04 / 01- 04], This study was supported by Turkish Republic Prime Minister State Planning Organization (27-DPT-01-07-01) and by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy (TAGEM-BS-12 / 04-04 / 01- 04).

WOS: 000363554800018, This study was conducted to determine the effects of some priming treatments on seed germination properties, grain yield, and several agromorphological characteristics of bread wheat. Two commonly grown bread wheat varieties, namely Adana-99 and Pandas, were selected for experimentation conducted during the 2007-08 and 2008-09 growing periods. The seeds of the Adana-99 and Pandas wheat varieties were primed with the following: (1) distilled water, (2) 100 ppm indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), (3) 2.5% potassium chloride (KCl), (4) 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), (5) 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), or (6) gibberellic acid (GA(3), used only for field experiments). Nonprimed seeds were used as the control group. First 1000 mL of priming media was prepared for each priming treatment, and seeds of both varieties were rinsed in the solution for 12 h at room temperature. Germination percentage at two different temperatures (10 degrees C and 20 degrees C), coleoptile length, seedling emergence percentage, and seedling growth rate were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Primed seeds of both varieties were sown on two different dates under field conditions to evaluate certain agromorphological characteristics. PEG, IAA, and distilled water treatments increased seed germination percentage, seedling emergence percentage, and seedling growth rate. PEG, KCl, and hydropriming treatments increased grain yield compared to the control. Among the different priming agents used in the study, PEG, KCl, and hydropriming were the most effective treatments to attain higher germination percentage and grain yield., Scientific Research Projects Unit, Cukurova University [KMYO2007BAP1], The authors express their gratitude to the Scientific Research Projects Unit, Cukurova University (KMYO2007BAP1), for its financial support.

WOS: 000349501500011, Variability in soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA, pH, total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC) and levels of vitamin C were evaluated in a broad array of northern and southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) and rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum) cultivars of blueberry, grown in different locations and years. When cultivars were grouped by decade of release, there were few significant overall trends observed over years in fruit quality and phytochemical content; however, individual cultivars varied significantly for all the traits analysed. Considerable overlap in most quality and phytochemical characteristics were found among cultivars of the three blueberry types, suggesting that genetic barriers do not exist among the various types of blueberries with regard to breeding cultivars with comparable sugar, acid and phytochemical properties. There were significant negative correlations observed between fruit weight and SS, TPC, FRAP and TMAC, suggesting that as breeders have been selecting for larger fruit, they have inadvertantly selected for tarter fruit with lower antioxidant capacity. However, SS was correlated positively with FRAP and TMAC, indicating that cultivars can be developed that have high antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin content, combined with high sugar content. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000368569700009, This study study was conducted to compare welfare indicators and some serum biochemical parameters of two different slow-growing genotypes (Hubbard S757; S757 and Hubbard Grey Barred JA; GB-JA) under organic housing system. A total of 240 day-old chicks were allocated randomly into 2 experimental group with 6 replicates and 20 chicks was reared in each replicate. The tonic immobility was a significant difference between genotypes and sex at 10 and 14 weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). Overall duration of tonic immobility was similar (P > 0.05) in genotypes and sex. The effect of sex was significant for width of tarsometatarsus at the joint with tibiotarsus; males had greater fluctuating and relativite asymmetry than females (P < 0.05). There were positively correlations between fluctuating and relative asimetry values of the third phalanx of the mid toe length and the fourth phalanx of the outer toe length from specific feet trait measurements. Serum cholesterol and uric acid had significant differences between genotypes (P < 0.01). Cholesterol levels was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in male than in female slow-growing broiler. It is concluded that slow-growing genotypes and sex had no effect on measures of welfare, such as the fluctuating asymmetry, relativite asymmetry, tonic immobility and rectal temperatures., Research Fund of Cumhuriyet University [ENF-003], This study was supported by the Research Fund of Cumhuriyet University (Project No: ENF-003), which was approved by the local Ethical Committee of Cumhuriyet University for Experimental Animals.

WOS: 000328800400020, Two watermelon genotypes, one commercial watermelon variety (Ustun F1) and five different doses of gamma rays coming from Co-60 were tested to develop useful haploidization procedures in watermelon. For this purpose, male flowers collected a day before anthesis were irradiated with 50, 150, 200, 275 and 300 Gy doses of gamma rays, and female flowers were pollinated with irradiated pollen the next day. Seeds extracted from fruits harvested 25 d later were opened individually in a laminar flow hood. Embryos obtained via embryo rescue technique were placed in glass tubes containing CP medium with 30 g L-1 sucrose, 8 g L-1 agar, 0.08 mg L-1 B12, and 0.02 mg L-1 IAA. Sixty haploid embryos were obtained from 43 watermelon fruits in this study. Genotype 1 was found to be the most successful genotype with 3.57 haploid embryos per 100 seeds. Among tested irradiation doses, 275 Gy was better than other doses, with 5.26 haploid embryos per 100 seeds. Considered together with irradiation dose and genotypes, the maximum number of haploid embryos was obtained from Genotype 1 pollinated with 275 Gy irradiation dose, with 6.25 haploid embryos per 100 seeds., Rijk Zwaan Company; Cukurova University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office [CU-BAP-ZF2011BAP24], The authors want to thank the Rijk Zwaan Company and the Cukurova University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (CU-BAP-ZF2011BAP24) for supporting this study.

WOS: 000320141300037, In this study, we tested the effects of short day (SD), chilling (Ch) and gibberalic acid (GA(3)) treatments on the yield and fruit characteristics of 'Camarosa' and 'Sweet Charlie' plug plants under a freeze-protected greenhouse in Mediterranean conditions for two growing seasons in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The treatments included control (ambient day length and temperature); SD (8 h days) and ambient temperature, SD + Chilling (Ch) (18/12 degrees C day/night temperatures); SD + Ch (10 degrees C); SD + Ch (2 degrees C); and, GA(3) (10 ppm applied to the plants in November). In each growing season, the plug plants were planted in mid-August using bag culture. Yield, fruit weight, firmness, total soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and SS/TA ratio were investigated. Considerable amounts of early yield (March and April) were recovered from 'Sweet Charlie'; 116 and 72 g/plant in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. 'Sweet Charlie' also had consistently higher total yield than 'Camarosa' (457 vs. 400 g/plant in the 2006-2007 season and 446 vs. 406 g/plant in the 2007-2008 season). Treatment did not have a consistent effect on the fruit quality traits measured. The results indicated that although SD conditioning, Ch and GA(3) treatments may have an effect on the total and early yield of strawberries, these effects may be cultivar-dependent and further regulated by environmental factors. Therefore, we propose that low-chilling varieties be utilized for early fruit production that can initiate flower buds in warmer, longer days., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TOVAG 1040338], This project was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project No: TOVAG 1040338).

WOS: 000328438300033, The cultivated strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch. is the natural hybrid of F chiloensis (L.) Mill. and F. virginiana Mill. The progenitor species have high genetic diversity compared with the cultivated genotypes; therefore, the use of wild relative in F. chiloensis breeding could provide a good for broadening the available genetic variations of cultivated species. In present study, 13 genotypes selected from strawberry super core collection were tested under Fe (-) and Fe (+) conditions for their response against Fe deficiency conditions in a growth medium (GM) (soil + sand + perlite), potentially able to simulate the actual GM in nature. SPAD-meter readings indicating chlorophyll levels of the leaf, shoot dry matter yield, Fe-efficiency rate, shoot total and active Fe concentrations were determined to evaluate the resistance levels of strawberry genotypes against Fe deficiency. Results of this study indicated that different response for strawberry subspecies and genotypes of the same subspecies grown in GM against Fe deficiency. Symptom for Fe deficiency of genotypes varied between 1-5, SPAD-meter readings 3, shoot dry matter yields and shoot Fe concentrations varied between 6.5-38, 1.02-6.06 g plant(-1) and 41.8-233.1 mg kg(-1) respectively. Iron-efficiencies of genotypes were found between 58-98%. Strawberry subspecies, E virginiana spp. glauca, F. chiloensis ssp. chiloensis and F. chiloensis ssp. pacifica showed Fe-efficiency values of 93 8, 79.5 and 79.1% respectively. We concluded that shoot growth performance, Fe intake from GM, transfer of Fe from roots to shoots, shoot Fe-use efficiency, Fe deficiency symptom levels and SPAD-meter readings indicating chlorophyll levels were significant parameters to evaluate the resistance of strawberry genotypes against Fe deficiency. The most Fe-efficient genotypes belonging to F. virginiana spp.glauca could be used in breeding programs aiming at developing new strawberry genotypes suitable for growing under Fe deficient conditions., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TOVAG 1040199], This project was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project No: TOVAG 1040199).

WOS: 000222742000009, The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities, antioxidant and properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare plants. The chemical composition of a hydrodistilled essential oil of O. vulgare ssp. vulgare was analyzed by a GC/MS system. A total 62 constituents were identified. Caryophyllene and spathulenol were found to be the main constituents, followed by germacrene-D and alpha-terpineol. Antioxidant activity was measured employing two methods namely, scavenging of free radical DPPH and the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation by methanol extracts and the essential oil of O. vulgare ssp. vulgare. Antioxidant studies suggested that methanol extract behaved as a strong free radical scavenger providing IC50 at only 9.9 mug/ml, whereas the oil showed weaker activity with IC50 at 8.9 mg/ml. Total phenolic constituents based on gallic acid equivalents revealed the presence of total soluble phenolics in the extract as 220 mug/mg dry extract (22%, w/w) and, most probably, they are responsible for the radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts. Methanol extract was not effectively able to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation and only 32% inhibition was achieved at 2 mg/ml concentration, far below that of the positive control (butylated hyroxytoluene, BHT) at the same concentration. However, 2.2 mg/ml essential oil solutions provided 50% inhibition in the linoleic acid oxidation test system. The antimicrobial test results showed that the essential oil of O. vulgare ssp. vulgare had great potential of antimicrobial activity against all 10 bacteria, and 15 fungi and yeast species tested. In contrast, the methanol extract from aerial parts of O. vulgare plant showed no antimicrobial activity. The result may suggest that the essential oil O. vulgare ssp. vulgare possesses compounds with antimicrobial properties as well as antioxidant activity, and therefore can be used as a natural preservative ingredient in food and/or pharmaceutical industry. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000464089800042, Two new organic compounds based on 8-hydroxyquinoline have been successfully synthesized, and characterized by FT-IR, 1H, C-13 NMR and Elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds namely tert-butyl((8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)-methyl)-carbamate (BHQC) and Ethyl 3-(((8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)-methyl)-amino)-3-oxopropanoate (EHQP) are evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl solution using electrochemical techniques, UV - visible and SEM at 298 K. Electrochemical measurements showed that these organic compounds are mixed type inhibitors. The adsorption of both inhibitors on the carbon steel surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Furthermore, DFT calculations and Monte Carlo simulation were performed to theoretically establish the relationship between molecular structure and inhibition efficiency. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000448772700042, This study was conducted on sediment and overlying water samples from Mogan Lake, an important recreational area, in April, July and October 2015 and January 2016. The noteworthy data for this study were presented as follows: a) Sediment adsorption/desorption characteristics dependent on phosphate concentration, temperature and time were determined using models, and the relevant parameters were derived. b) Sediment equilibrium phosphate concentrations (EPC0) and the critical dissolved phosphorus in the overlyingwater were estimated. Presentation of the research data is as follows: a) Phosphorous adsorption in the sediment samples was theoretically between 421 mgP kg(-1) and 1,001 mgP kg(-1), and phosphorus sorption efficiency was estimated at 0.21-1.92 L mg(-1). Based on the Langmuir Model, the mean maximum adsorption capacity obtained for the July samples was significantly higher than that obtained for October (p < 0.05). Moreover, regarding the very low degree of sediment phosphorus desorption (, Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council TUBITAK [TOVAG : 115Y375], This research is supported by Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council TUBITAK Project No. TOVAG : 115Y375).

WOS: 000472985900013, PubMed ID: 31158733, The objective of the present was to determine the effect of long-term release GnRH agonists "deslorelin" on suppression and restoration of testicular and accessory sex glands functions, and expression of HSP in testes of adult male rats. A group of twenty-eight male rats and fifty-six female rats were kept for eleven months. The male rats were subdivided into treatment (n = 18; deslorelin, an analogue of GnRH, 4.7 mg, S.C; six months) and control (n = 10; untreated), and the adult female rats were introduced with either treatment or control male rats at the 2nd, 6th and 11th months post implant insertion. At 6th month of deslorelin implants insertion, six male rats from treatment and five rats from control group were sacrificed. The remaining (twelve treatment and five control) male rats were sacrificed at 11 months. The testicular dimension were measured monthly in both treatment and control rats. The blood samples were collected for testosterone and HSP70 antibody, whereas, the testes and accessory glands were isolated for histological examination at each sacrificial time. The results showed that testicular dimension were significantly lesser in treatment group until 9 months post treatment. HSP70 protein expression was negligible at 6 months in treatment group but its intensity increased in spermatids 11 months of treatment similar to control group. Significantly lower testosterone concentrations with poor semen quality, and smaller litter size were observed in treatment group. The histological picture of accessory sex glands and seminiferous tubules shown a variable integrity in treatment group than control at 6 months implant insertion. In conclusion, the subcutaneous application of 4.7 mg of the GnRH-analogue deslorelin represents a practicable, like in the female rats, method to suppress testicular, accessory sex glands functions, testicular HSP expression and fertility in male rats. Moreover, the suppressive effects of deslorelin, continued until 11th months after removal of the implant. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., Scientific Research Coordination Unit of Yuzuncu Yil University [2014-HIZ-VF063], This study was supported by Scientific Research Coordination Unit of Yuzuncu Yil University as a Project (2014-HIZ-VF063) and a part of this study was as a poster presented in 49th Annual Conference on Physiology & Pathology of Reproduction and also 41st Joint Conference of Veterinary and Human Reproductive Medicine, p.141, 10th-12th February, Leipzig, Germany, 2016.

WOS: 000375613200005, Eight samples of mature sourdough were collected from five provinces of Turkey. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were isolated and identified and used in different combinations to produce liquid sourdoughs. Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the experimental sourdoughs made with different flour types and dough yields were studied. The main lactic acid bacteria species identified were Lactobacillus (L.) sanfranciscensis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, L. plantarum, L. namurencis, L. rossiae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and L. zymae. L. spicheri, L. paralimentarius, L. mindensis, L. farciminis, L. acetotolerans, L. casei, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans were also found in sourdoughs at subdominant levels. Among yeasts, mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but also Pichia guiliermondii and Torulaspora delbrueckii were the predominant species of yeasts identified in sourdoughs. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts of liquid sourdoughs after fermentation were in the range of 9.61-9.89 log cfu/g and 6.55-7.36 log cfu/g, respectively. Various chemical parameters such as pH, total titratable acidity, lactic and acetic acids, ethanol and sugars were determined for liquid sourdoughs. Acidification and metabolite contents of these products were different, depending on the starter culture, flour type and dough yield. Total titratable acidity was more pronounced in the sourdoughs produced with whole wheat flour (14.08 mL NaOH) and rye flour (13.56 mL NaOH), dough yield 250 (13.93 mL NaOH) and control sample (13.12 mL NaOH) which were produced without inoculum., Cukurova University Academic Research Projects Unit [ZF2009D20], This work has been funded by a grant from Cukurova University Academic Research Projects Unit (ZF2009D20). The authors also thank Prof. F. Ozcelik (Ankara University, Turkey), Assoc. Prof. M.S. Ozer (Cukurova University, Turkey) and Prof. H. Ozkan (Cukurova University, Turkey) for their kind collaboration.

4th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants -- APR 18-22, 2018 -- Antalya, TURKEY WOS: 000471131900009 Elicitors have been widely used as biotic and abiotic stimulants in triggering the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell culture. The present study aimed to enhance the production of camphor and phenolic compounds and cell growth using methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) in the cell suspension culture of Turkish endemic species Achillea gypsicola. Various concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 100 mu M) of MeJA and SA were applied to 8-day-old cell cultures. The camphor and phenolic compound contents were determined using a headspace gas chromatographic-mass spectrometer device and spectrophotometer. Increasing doses of MeJA and SA significantly enhanced the accumulation of the camphor and phenolic compounds in general. The highest amount of camphor accumulation occurred in cells treated with 100 mu M MeJA (0.3449 mu g/g) and 50 mu M SA (0.3816 mu g/g). Increasing concentrations of MeJA resulted in a significant decrease in the total anthocyanin when compared to the initial culture. The present study showed that MeJA and SA could effectively be used as potent elicitors to enhance the production of camphor and phenolic compounds, along with cell growth, in cell suspension cultures of the endemic Turkish yarrow species Achillea gypsicola. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [1001-114O564] The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for providing financial support for this work under Project No. 1001-114O564. This study is a part of Dr Muhammed Akif Acikgoz's doctorate thesis.

WOS: 000467668800012 In the last decade, nerve tissue engineering has attracted much attention due to the incapability of self-regeneration. Nerve tissue regeneration is mainly based on scaffold induced nanofibrous structures using both bio and synthetic polymers. The produced nanofibrous scaffolds have to be similar to the natural extracellular matrix and should provide an appropriate environment for cells to attach onto. Nanofibrous scaffolds can support or regenerate cells of tissue. Electrospinning is an ideal method for producing the nanofibrous scaffolds. In this study, Bacterial cellulose (BC)/Poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) blend nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully prepared by electrospinning for nerve tissue induced repair. The produced nanofibrous scaffolds contain well defined interconnected nanofiber networks with hollow micro/nanobeads. Firstly, in-vitro biocompatibilities of nanofibrous scaffolds were tested with L2929 murine fibroblasts and improved cell adhesion and proliferation was observed with polymer blends compared with PCL only. The primary cell culture was performed with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells on nanofibrous samples and the samples were found suitable for enhancing neural growth and neurite outgrowth. Based on these results, the BC/PCL (50:50 wt.%) nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited nerve-like branching and are excellent candidate for potential biomimetic applications in nerve tissue engineering regeneration.

12 Páginas.-- 4 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has prompted the development of alternative therapies, including the use of natural products with antibacterial properties. The antibacterial properties of Zantaz honey produced in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated and analyzed using chemometric tools. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. aureus were the lowest (112.5 ± 54.5 mg/mL), revealing that this species was most sensitive to Zantaz honey. P. aeruginosa showed an intermediate sensitivity (MIC= 118.75 ± 51.9 mg/mL), while E. coli was the most resistant to treatment (MIC = 175 ± 61.2 mg/mL). Content of monosaccharides, certain minerals, and phenolic compounds correlated with antibacterial activity (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis of physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial activity indicated that the parameters most associated with antibacterial activity were color, acidity, and content of melanoidins, fructose, epicatechin, methyl syringate, 4-coumaric acid, and 3-coumaric acid., This research was funded by the C.S.I.C. Program for Scientific Cooperation for Development (Program I-COOP + 2018) and CEF-Forest Research Centre is a research unit funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P. (FCT), Portugal: UIDB/00239/2020 and. UIDB/05183/2020.

WOS: 000424989200003, Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial and subshrub herb of the Asteraceae family, which originates from South America. Stevia has long been used as a sweetener and herbal medicine throughout the world. The most important feature of stevia is its sweetness with zero calories. This natural feature of Stevia is of utmost importance to everyone, especially those with diabetes and those who diet. In this study, samples were taken from Stevia rebaudiana plants of different ages (2, 3 and 4 years) in different growth periods (H1: 1 July, H2: 1 August, H3: 1 September and H4: 1 October) and an evaluation was made on the nutritional content values, the chlorophyll and sugar rates found in these samples according to the age and growth period of the plant. It was determined that the age of the plant and the harvesting period had an effect on the macro-micro nutritional elements, and chlorophyll and steviol glycoside rates contained in the stevia plant. In addition, as a result of correlation analysis, significant correlations were determined between the parameters measured in the plant. The results of the study demonstrated that in the cultivation of stevia, the best values were obtained from plants that were 3 years old and harvested in July.

WOS: 000454950700021 Background: The aim of this study was to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of Giant Snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii Hook). Objective: Giant Snowdrop, the second most common snowdrop in cultivation, has a long traditional use in folk medicines as it contains some alkaloids and phenolics. Material and Methods: The plant material was grown in Amasya province of Turkey during autumn-winter growing period in 2016-2017. The plant samples were taken from different organs (root, leaf, flower and bulb) at different growing stages (at the beginning of flowering, after flowering and fruit ripening) and the samples were air dried at room temperature. The phenolic contents were determined by reversed phase HPLC and antioxidant properties were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating capacity. Result: The HPLC chromatogram showed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, camphorol, quercetin, myricetin and formonenitin. Higher concentrations of phenolic compounds were detected in the leaf samples than the other plant parts, especially after flowering stage. Conclusion: Our results showed that antioxidant activity of snowdrop might be considerably vary based on plant part and growing stage with the leaf showing higher antioxidant activity than the other plant parts. Scientific Research Projects Unit (BAP) of Ordu University [TF-1645 BAP] Scientific Research Projects Unit (BAP) of Ordu University for providing support to this research, as a part of TF-1645 BAP Project. The authors wish to thank to the members of Research Central Laboratory of Amasya University for their help in HPLC analysis.

WOS: 000439763000008, This study was carried out to investigate the effects of rain protective covering (RPC) together with Parka and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) treatments on cracking rates and quality attributes of jujube fruits. RPC was mounted 5 weeks before the commercial harvest date. 1% Parka (containing 7.5% stearic acid, 5% cellulose and 1% calcium) and GA(3) (15 mg L-1) were sprayed to experimental trees 3 and 2 weeks before the commercial harvest date. As compared to the control, all treatments (Parka, GA(3) and GA(3) + Parka) yielded lower cracking rates. Cracking rates were also significantly lower in covered trees than in uncovered trees. However, GA(3) + Parka treated fruit had significantly lower cracking rates than both the control and the other treatments. GA(3) treated fruits had significantly higher weight, width, hue angle and firmness values, but significantly lower L* values than the control fruits. As compared to the control, all treatments yielded a significantly lower respiration rate and soluble solids content, but higher titratable acidity, vitamin C and total phenolics. The covered fruits had significantly higher hue angle, respiration rate, vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity on DPPH and FRAP) than the uncovered ones. It was concluded based on the present findings that rain-protective covering could be used as an efficient tool to reduce cracking rates in jujube fruits without any negative effects on the other quality attributes. It was also concluded that Parka and GA(3) treatments reduced cracking rates significantly and such a reduction was more remarkable with combined GA(3) + Parka treatments., Scientific Research Unit of Ordu University [TF-1632], This research was supported by the Scientific Research Unit of Ordu University with project number TF-1632. Acknowledgements are extended to Assoc Prof Dr Zeki GOKALP for his technical support for the presentation of this paper and Ahmet KARAN, the owner of Yesil Vadi Farm.

WOS: 000449068700005, PubMed ID: 30301497, The efficient DNA extraction from insects has been suggested as a critical and main step affecting molecular entomology for taxonomic identification, the establishment of DNA barcoding library and analysis of genetic diversity relationship between insect populations. For successfully apply these molecular techniques, high-quantity and high-quality of the extracted DNA are required. Several protocols for efficient genomic DNA extraction from insects have been developed. In this research, we represent a rapid, reliable and cost-effective method that it is not reliant on poisonous and enzymatic reagents for DNA extraction from insect tissues. Results showed that high quantity and high-quality of the isolated DNA by this method is suitable and can be used directly for PCR, also is enough to do hundreds of molecular reactions. In conclusion, we described a fast, cost-effective, non-toxic and enzyme-free protocol for high yield genomic DNA extraction from green Lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea) tissues in basic equipment laboratories.

WOS: 000425228900008, PubMed ID: 29433627, In this study, the efficiency of the different nitrogen doses (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha(-1)) on biological activity levels (antioxidant and antimicrobial activity) of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. was investigated. In addition, methanol extracts were obtained by maceration method from different doses of fertilizer applied stevia. The components in methanol extracts of plants were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Antimicrobial activities of stevia extracts were investigated by microdilution method. The antioxidant activity evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric thiocyanate (FTC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), reducing power, total phenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) methods. According to the results, the fertilizer doses effects on antimicrobial activity of stevia were not made much difference. But in antioxidant activity, there were some variations in the activity-dependent on fertilizer amount.

WOS: 000413291700070, PubMed ID: 29037726, Hybrid nanostructures composed of gamma-Fe2O3 (maghemite) and carboxylated-multi walled carbon nanotube (cMWCNT) were used for the magnetic solid phase extractions and determination of Sudan I, II, III, IV, Para Red, Sudan Black B and Sudan Red 7B in chili products. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the measurements. Limit of quantification (LOQ) values were found in the range 0.44-2.82 ng mL(-1) for analytes. The best extraction parameters were determined as pH 8.0, 40 mg of magnetic nanoparticle, 4.0 min of contact time, 0.3 mL desorption by acetonitrile. The samples were dissolved in acetone-dichloromethane-methanol (3: 2: 1, v/v/v) and diluted with acetonitrile-methanol (v/v; 80: 20) before the method was applied. Concentrations of Sudan dyes and Para Red were determined in four samples of chili powder from less than LOQ to 31.21 +/- 1.6 ng g(-1), two samples of chili tomato sauces (lower than LOQ) and two samples of ketchup (lower than LOQ)., Mardin Artuklu University [MAU-BAP-14-SHMYO-09], The present work was carried out under the financial support of Mardin Artuklu University (MAU-BAP-14-SHMYO-09).

WOS: 000410880200012, With this study, the effect of different nitrogen (N) doses applied to sweet herb (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200N kg ha(-1)) on the macro/micro nutrient element content, dry matter ratio and on the chlorophyll amount in the plant leaves is examined. The research was carried out in the research and trial field of Faculty of Agriculture Agronomy department, Akdeniz University, during the 2012-2013 growing season under field conditions for 2years with four replications according to the randomized block trial design. Chlorophyll amounts were determined and the average was obtained with three readings from each leaf by a chlorophyll meter when the plants were in the beginning of flowering. Post-harvest macro and micro nutrient elements of the sweet herb were also investigated. According to the obtained data, while the highest chlorophyll and N amounts in the leaf for both the first and second years were determined as 46.97 SPAD (Minolta Corp, NJ, USA) and 1.34N% 44.9 SPAD, 1.42N%, respectively, under 200kg ha(-1) N application, the lowest chlorophyll and N amounts were determined in the control group. In addition, N application in different doses for both years increased the phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents and increased the microelement contents, especially in the second year. At the same time, a correlation between the chlorophyll content in the plant leaves and the N amount was determined and a linear increase was observed in the chlorophyll amount with the increased green part.

WOS: 000408334500004, Origanum dubium Boiss. is an economically important wild oregano species that is intensely collected from the natural flora of Antalya, Turkey. This herb is used mainly to produce an essential oil due to its high yield and high carvacrol content. The aim of this study was to improve the biomass yield and essential oil and carvacrol content of O. dubium for industrial use. In preliminary studies, a basic population was established using seeds collected from wild plants and then trials of A and B clones were run. Dry biomass yield per A clone plant and essential oil content varied at 5.05-40.86 g and 5%-14%, respectively. Carvacrol was the main constituent in all samples and varied from 72.26% to 88.21%. Dry biomass yield per B clone plant was 21.64-95.52 g, dry leaf yield per plant was 14.80-48.77 g, essential oil content was 6%-9%, and carvacrol rate was 80.99%-88.46%. After evaluating the B clones, 10 clones were selected and they were planted in a plot with a randomized block design and three replications in Antalya in 2014. In this trial, clone 7 produced the highest biomass yields per plot (2874.33 g fresh and 1185.00 g dry) and the highest fresh (2379.67 g) and dry (795.33 g) leaf yields per plot. Essential oil content varied from 7.97% to 11.16%. Clone 137 had the best essential oil content (11.16%), followed by clone 7 (10.76%) and clone 119 (10.59%). Clone 7 appeared to be superior to the others in terms of agronomic features, followed by clone 119. Essential oil and carvacrol rates were 10.76% and 85.02% in clone 7 and 10.59% and 91.04% in clone 119, respectively. Consequently, clones 7 and 119 appeared to be superior to the others., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [110O702], This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (project no. 110O702).

WOS: 000413854600008, Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L, is an important medicinal plant belonging to Apiaceae family, which is grown in many parts of Turkey. In this study, essential oil and composition of 6 Turkish coriander cultivars (Gamze, Arslan, Erbaa, Pelmus, Kudret, Gurbuz) were examined in two different (Mardin and Tokat) ecologies. Essential oils were isolated with distillation method in maturated fruits and component composition was determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Main component was linalool in all cultivar, and it was higher in the conditions of Mardin having a warmer climate in all the cultivars than that of Tokat with temperate climate. Contrary to linalool, -pinene and neryl acetate contents of all cultivar were higher in Tokat.

WOS: 000404745100030, PubMed ID: 28720958, Shalgam, a traditional red, cloudy and sour soft beverage, is produced by lactic acid fermentation of black carrot, sourdough, salt, bulgur flour, turnip and adequate water. The present study was designed to characterize the volatile compounds of shalgam obtained from different methods. The aroma compounds of shalgams produced by traditional and direct methods, and addition of Lactic acid bateria (LAB) cultures were examined. Volatile components of shalgam samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction technique with pentane/dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sixty aroma compounds were identified in shalgam samples including 20 terpenes, 9 esters, 9 alcohols, 5 volatile acids, 6 volatile phenols, 5 lactones, 3 naphthalenes, 2 carbonyl compounds and 1 C13-norisoprenoids. It was found that the aroma profiles of shalgams were quite similar. However, the total volatile content of the shalgam samples increased with addition of Lb. plantarum., Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [106O670]; Cukurova University Academic Research Projects Unit [ZF2006D31], The authors thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project No: 106O670), Cukurova University Academic Research Projects Unit (ZF2006D31) for their financial support and Hacinin Salgami Co. (Adana, Turkey) for providing raw materials for this study.

WOS: 000313365900002, Six purple-black barberry accessions (Berberis vulgaris L.) were obtained from various sites in Sivas province of Turkey. Fruits were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) contents and for their antioxidant capacity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and TEAC assays. Sugar and organic acid composition were also determined by HPLC. TP and TMA contents were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and pH differential methods, respectively. Variability between the accessions was not high. Variability among accessions was greatest for FRAP content (C.V. 17.9%); individuals ranged from 41.0 to 65.6 mu mol TE center dot g(-1) on a fresh weight basis. Variation among the accessions was also evident for TP, TMA, and TEAC values (C.V. 16.21%, 14.85%, and 7.13%, respectively). The major sugars of barberry fruits were glucose (8.84 g center dot 100 mL(-1)) and fructose (6.12 g center dot 100 mL(-1)) and dominant organic acids were malic (7.59 g center dot 100 mL(-1)) and citric (1.34 g center dot 100 mL(-1)). Within this limited study of six different accessions, chemical profile and antioxidant capacity of barberry fruits have rich source of natural antioxidant substances.

WOS: 000290815300009, Three pepper cultivars (PM-702: resistant, Demre-8 and KM-hot: susceptible) with different resistances to Phytophthora capsici-22 (P. capsici-22) were inoculated with different concentrations of zoospores to analyze the time course of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), praline and total protein. Samples were collected from the leaves of three pepper cultivars on the 2nd, 4th. and 6th days after infection; important differences were observed in PAL activity, MDA amount, H(2)O(2), proline, and total protein with respect to zoospore concentration, infection time, and type of pepper cultivars. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, was increased in inoculated leaves of all three cultivars. The increase in production of PAL upon challenge was higher in the infected plants compared to the non-infected (control) plants. An early induction of PAL was observed in the leaves of all peppers infected with P. capsici within two days, making it one of the detected earlier responses to infection. Moreover, pathogen stress increased the rate of lipid peroxidation (which is indicated by increasing MDA content). Production of reactive oxygen species, H(2)O(2), and lipid peroxidation increased in pepper leaves by increasing time of infection and inoculum concentration. The findings suggested that PM-702 pepper cultivar was inherently better protected against lipid peroxidation under P. capsici stress than KM-hot and Demre-8. In addition, it was observed that proline content in the leaves of infected susceptible cultivars increased with time, but highest proline and total protein in non-infected (control) leaves were recorded in resistant cultivar. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000269935300002, This Study was performed to evaluate the effect of different feeding systems (choice feeding and conventional system) oil performance and emission of carbon dioxide (CO.) and enteric methane (CH(4)) in dairy Awassi ewes. One chamber was equipped with gas analyzers to measure CH(4) and CO(2) for 23 h day(-1). In total, 16 ewes were used. The ewes were divided into two groups: the Free Choice (FC) group received feed ingredients separately and the Total Mixed Ration (TMR) group received a standard mixed concentrate: forage diet in a ratio of 60:40. The results showed no significant differences between treatments in performance parameters. However, the results of CH, and CO(2) measurement indicated significant differences between groups in the amounts of CH(4) and CO(2) produced per kg dry matter intake. The ewes in the FC group produced less CH(4) per animal than the ewes that received the TMR system. In ewes on the FC system, the level of propionate was greatly increased relative to the total VFA components. There were no significant differences in ruminal pH and acetate level between treatments. The results indicate that the FC system may be a potential mitigating effect on enteric emission of CH(4) and CO(2).

Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000-2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F graminearurn, 479 F culmorum, and 3 F cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. grarninearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified. Ministere de l'Agriculture, de la Viticulture et de la Protection des Consommateurs-Administration des Services Techniques de l'Agriculture; M.I.U.R. Project AGROGEN (Laboratory of GENomics for traits of AGROnomic importance in durum wheat: Identification of useful genes, functional analysis and assisted selection by biological markers for the development of the national seed chain) [602/Ric]; Felix Thornley Cobbold Trust; John Oldacre Foundation; Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Agriculture, Czech Republic [800415]; Spanish Ministry MINECOSpanish Government [AGL201.4-53928-C2-2-R]; Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Norway; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (GABI-KANADA), BonnFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) [FKZ 0313711A]; German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), BonnDeutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) [A/06/92183]; Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Direction Generale de l'Agriculture, Direction de la Recherche [D31-3159, D31-1162, D31-7055]; P.O.R. SARDEGNA F.S.; Danish Directorate for Food, Fisheries and Agri Business [FFS05-3]; Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland [126917, 131957, 250904, 252162, 267188, 266984]; Olvi Foundation; Turku University Foundation; CIMO travel grant; Nordic network project New Emerging Mycotoxins and Secondary Metabolites in Toxigenic Fungi of Northern Europe - Nordic Research Board [090014] The Luxembourg institute of Science and Technology, LU, acknowledges the Ministere de l'Agriculture, de la Viticulture et de la Protection des Consommateurs-Administration des Services Techniques de l'Agriculture for financially supporting the Sentinelle project. The work on Italian strains has been financially supported through the M.I.U.R. Project AGROGEN (Laboratory of GENomics for traits of AGROnomic importance in durum wheat: Identification of useful genes, functional analysis and assisted selection by biological markers for the development of the national seed chain) (D. D. 14.03.2005 n. 602/Ric). Funding for the research of Ryan Basler was provided by Felix Thornley Cobbold Trust and the John Oldacre Foundation.; The work of JC was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. 800415. The research of MG and PG was supported by the Spanish Ministry MINECO (AGL201.4-53928-C2-2-R). The Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Norway funded the work of IH. The research of TM was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (GABI-KANADA #FKZ 0313711A), Bonn and by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Bonn (code no.: A/06/92183). PP acknowledges the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for funding the project FinMyco on Fusarium and mycotoxins in Finland. The research of JS was funded by the Direction Generale de l'Agriculture, Direction de la Recherche (ref. D31-3159, D31-1162, D31-7055), in the framework of a project entitled Caracterization et dynamique des fusarioses sur mais en Region Wallonne. BS acknowledges support by P.O.R. SARDEGNA F.S.E. 2007-2013-Obiettivo competitivita regionale e occupazione, Asse IV Capitale umano, Linea di Attivita 1.3.1 (research project Identification of natural and natural-like molecules inhibiting mycotoxin biosynthesis by Fusaria pathogenic on cereals). UT thanks the Danish Directorate for Food, Fisheries and Agri Business grant FFS05-3 for financial support. The work of TY was financially supported by the Academy of Finland (no. 126917, 131957, 250904, 252162, 267188, and 266984), Olvi Foundation, Turku University Foundation, a CIMO travel grant to Taha Hussien, and the Nordic network project New Emerging Mycotoxins and Secondary Metabolites in Toxigenic Fungi of Northern Europe (project 090014), which was funded by the Nordic Research Board.

WOS: 000239284800008, PubMed ID: 16785043, The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of Parmelia saxatilis (L) Ach., Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Club. & C.F. Culb., Ramalina pollinaria (Wesstr.) Ach., Ramalina polymorpha (Liljeblad) Ach. and Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) H. Magn. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by two separate methods: scavenging of free radical DPPH and the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Extracts of Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca., Ramalina pollinaria and Ramalina polymorpha did not exert any activity in both assays, whereas those of Umbilicaria nylanderiana provided 50% inhibition at 400.2 mu g/ml concentration in the former and gave 53% inhibition at 2g/l concentration. Total phenolic constituents of extracts from lichen species tested (P. saxatilis, P. glauca, R. pollinaria, R. polymorpha and U. nylanderiana) were 1.0% (w/w), 1.1% (w/w), 1.0% (w/w), 0.8% (w/w) and (3.0% w/w), respectively (as gallic acid equivalent); implying that the observed activity could be related to the amount of polar phenolics. Extracts were also found to possess antimicrobial activity against some test bacteria and fungi and yeast. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000228878200010, This study was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and various extracts prepared by using solvents of varying polarity from Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden. & Scheng. The essential oil was particularly found to possess stronger antimicrobial activity while other non-polar extracts and subtractions showed moderate activity and polar extracts remained almost inactive. GC and GC/MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 26 compounds, representing 99.6% of the oil; pulegone (49.8%), menthone (32.5%) and limonene (6.0%) were the main components. The samples were also subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and P-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, the free radical scavenging activity of polar subfraction of deodorized methanol extract (DeMW) was superior to all other extracts. Especially polar extracts exhibited strongest activity than the non-polar extracts. In the case of linoleic acid system, oxidation of linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by non-polar (chloroformic) subfraction methanol extract (MC), where the oil was less effective. MC extract exhibits 79.2% inhibition that is close to synthetic antioxidant reagent BHT when compared to the other extracts tested. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000183824200009, PubMed ID: 12822930, The present study was designated to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil, obtained by using a Clevenger distillation apparatus, water soluble (polar) and water insoluble (nonpolar) subfractions of the methanol extracts from aerial parts of Satureja hortensis L. plants, and methanol extract from calli established from the seeds using Gamborg's 135 basal media supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (1.0 ppm), 6-benzylaminopurine (N-6-benzyladenine) (1.0 ppm), and sucrose (2.5%). The antimicrobial test results showed that the essential oil of S. hortensis had great potential antimicrobial activities against all 23 bacteria and 15 fungi and yeast species tested. In contrast, the methanol extract from callus cultures and water soluble subfraction of the methanol extract did not show antimicrobial activities, but the nonpolar subfraction had antibacterial activity against only five out of 23 bacterial species, which were Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Antioxidant studies suggested that the polar subfractions of the methanol extract of intact plant and methanol extract of callus cultures were able to reduce the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl to the yellow-colored diphenylpicrylhydrazine. In this assay, the strongest effect was observed for the tissue culture extract, with an IC50 value of 23.76 +/- 0.80 mug/mL, which could be compared with the synthetic antioxidant agent butylated hydroxytoluene. On the other hand, linoleic acid oxidation was 95% inhibited in the presence of the essential oil while the inhibition was 90% with the chloroform subfraction of the intact plant. The chemical composition of a hydrodistilled essential oil of S. hortensis was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detection (FID) and a GC-mass spectrometry system. A total 22 constituents representing 99.9% of the essential oil were identified by GC-FID analaysis. Thymol (29.0%), carvacrol (26.5%), gamma-terpinene (22.6%), and p-cymene (9.3%) were the main components.

WOS: 000345129500002, Pyrophosphate (PPi) is the by-product of several reversible key reactions of primary metabolism. Thus, generated PPi should be removed by hydrolysis via pyrophosphatases to prevent accumulation and to drive anabolism. In plastids, a plastidic, soluble pyrophosphatase splits PPi released by ADPG pyrophosphorylase. The cytosolic PPi pool is believed to be hydrolyzed by tonoplast- and/or Golgi-integral H+-translocating pyrophosphatases. The Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. genome encodes 6 soluble pyrophosphatase isoforms (PPas), 1 of which was shown to be localized in plastids. The remaining 5 of those PPas (PPas 1-5) are more similar to each other with highly conserved protein sequences. They all lack known targeting sequences and are thought to reside in the cytosol. To address their role and redundancy in plants, we performed (i) subcellular targeting of C-terminal PPa:EGFP fusions, (ii) analysis of transgenic promoter beta-glucuronidase (GUS) lines to depict differential expression during plant development, and (iii) transcript quantification via real-time PCR to corroborate promoter-GUS data. The results revealed pronounced tissue specificity and developmental regulation for each PPa isoform, but also partial redundancy with coexpression of several PPa isoforms in all plant tissues.

Ground level ozone is increasing around the world as a result of industrialization and anthropogenic activities, and this increase has become an environmental concern in agricultural production. Tomato is one of the ozone sensitive plants. To explore how the shoots and roots respond to acute ozone exposure, tomato plants were exposed to ozone at two growth stages. The plants were grown under a white net house throughout the growth study, and transparent plastic chambers were used for ozone exposure. In Experiment I, 500 mu g m(-3) (250 ppb) was applied to 30-day-old plants. In Experiment II, 200,350 and 500 mu g m(-3) (100, 175 and 250 ppb) were applied to 51-day-old plants. The experiments were conducted at Kasetsart University, Thailand, from August 2010 to February 2011. Leaf injuries were higher in the younger plants than in the older ones depending on leaf rank. Reduction of the internode growth rate suggested that 500 mu g m(-3) ozone could delay the plant's growth just after exposure. Altered partitioning of dry matter in favour of the above ground parts was observed under ozone stress. Ozone depressed the relative total root length and root number depending on concentrations and plant ages. Depressed root growth was observed in both young and old plants. Younger plants showed reduction in root growth earlier than older ones but for a shorter duration. Comparison of root length and emergence (relative to the control plants) between the two growth stages suggested that plants better compensated for a loss of resources when ozone was applied at the younger stage, and this could be linked with the absence of fruits at this time. It can be concluded that tomato plants responded to ozone differently based on the period of their lives when they experienced ozone stress and the concentrations of it. Recovery processes after ozone injury largely depend on crop developmental stages at the time of stress. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The technological and safety properties of 35 indigenous strains of Enterococcus faecium isolated from two Egyptian cheeses were characterised in order to determine their ability for rational manufacture of diversified and typical dairy products in the Middle East. A great diversity was observed within the 35 strains on the basis of their technological properties. A statistical analysis made it possible to distribute the 35 strains of E. faecium into different groups. Three groups were identified in terms of their acidification activity, measured by the Cinac system: a group of strains that quickly acidified milk, a second that moderately acidified milk, and a last cluster that revealed weak acidification activity. On the basis of texturing properties that were evaluated using a texturometer and a viscometer, a cluster of strains produced viscous and firm gels, a second cluster included fairly viscous, firm and cohesive gels, and a last group generated slightly viscous, but firm and very cohesive gels. By considering the aroma profiles that were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, four clusters were identified. One cluster displayed a high dimethyl disulfide level, a second group of strains was highly aromatic, a third cluster led to typical "lactic" products, and the last cluster made it possible to obtain low aromatic products. None of the 35 strains proved to be beta-haemolytic on the basis of the characterisation of their safety properties. The resistance to 20 antibiotics was assessed by the disc diffusion method. The 35 isolates were sensitive to 12 antibiotics, and among them, one isolate was resistant to only two antibiotics (nalixidic acid and streptomycin). The resistance to eight antibiotics was strain-dependant. Finally, this study demonstrates that some indigenous strains of E. faecium displayed interesting technological properties for cheese manufacture, together with good safety characteristics. They could be useful for the manufacture of typical products in Egypt. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO; EC 1.5.99.12) irreversibly degrades the plant hormones cytokinins. A recombinant maize isoenzyme 1 (ZmCKO1) produced in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation by endoglycosidase H. Spectrophotometric assays showed that both activity and thermostability of the enzyme decreased after the treatment at non-denaturing conditions indicating the biological importance of ZmCKO1 glycosylation. The released N-glycans were purified with graphitized carbon sorbent and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The structure of the measured high-mannose type N-glycans was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a Q-TOF instrument with electrospray ionization. Further experiments were focused on direct analysis of sugar binding. Peptides and glycopeptides purified from tryptic digests of recombinant ZmCKO1 were separated by reversed-phase chromatography using a manual microgradient device; the latter were then subjected to offline-coupled analysis on a MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument. Glycopeptide sequencing by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS demonstrated N-glycosylation at Asn52, 63, 134, 294, 323 and 338. The bound glycans contained 3-14 mannose residues. Interestingly, Asn134 was found only partially glycosylated. Asn338 was the sole site to carry large glycan chains exceeding 25 mannose residues. This observation demonstrates that contrary to a previous belief, the heterologous expression in Y. lipolytica may lead to locally hyperglycosylated proteins. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

After a conditioning period, seed dormancy in obligate root parasitic plants is released by a chemical stimulus secreted by the roots of host plants. Using Phelipanche ramosa as the model, experiments conducted in this study showed that seeds require a conditioning period of at least 4 d to be receptive to the synthetic germination stimulant GR24. A cDNA-AFLP procedure on seeds revealed 58 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) whose expression pattern changed upon GR24 treatment. Among the isolated TDFs, two up-regulated sequences corresponded to an abscisic acid (ABA) catabolic gene, PrCYP707A1, encoding an ABA 8'-hydroxylase. Using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, two full-length cDNAs, PrCYP707A1 and PrCYP707A2, were isolated from seeds. Both genes were always expressed at low levels during conditioning during which an initial decline in ABA levels was recorded. GR24 application after conditioning triggered a strong up-regulation of PrCYP707A1 during the first 18h, followed by an 8-fold decrease in ABA levels detectable 3 d after treatment. In situ hybridization experiments on GR24-treated seeds revealed a specific PrCYP707A1 mRNA accumulation in the cells located between the embryo and the micropyle. Abz-E2B, a specific inhibitor of CYP707A enzymes, significantly impeded seed germination, proving to be a non-competitive antagonist of GR24 with reversible inhibitory activity. These results demonstrate that P. ramosa seed dormancy release relies on ABA catabolism mediated by the GR24-dependent activation of PrCYP707A1. In addition, in situ hybridization corroborates the putative location of cells receptive to the germination stimulants in seeds. Abbreviations:ABAabscisic acidAbzabscinazoleAECadenylate energy chargeAFLPamplified fragment length polymorphismRACErapid amplification of cDNA endsSLstrigolactoneTDFtranscript-derived fragment

WOS: 000299632200001, This study was conducted to investigate the effects of differing amounts of natural Ca-zeolite on bone and some blood parameters. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to four treatments with three replicates, each containing 20 day-old chicks of mixed sex. A clinoptilolite+mordenite type of zeolite was added in the broiler diets at levels of 0 g/kg, 10 g/kg, 30 g/kg, and 50 g/kg. Stocking density was 14 broilers/m(2). During the six-week trial, blood parameters and bone characteristics were monitored. The inclusion of Ca-zeolite, at various levels, did not have any significant effect on the concentration of blood serum biochemical parameters; serum glucose, cholesterol, total protein, uric acid; concentrations of Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, and on tibial bone characteristics (tibia weight, ash, volume, specific gravity, and Ca and P contents) in the two sexes and mixed-sex between the groups at 21 and 42 days of age., Cumhuriyet University [ENF-001], The authors are very grateful to the Scientific Research Project Fund of the Cumhuriyet University under the project number ENF-001 for their financial support. We would also like to express our thanks to Ahmet Aker for making the laboratory facilities available. Thanks also go to the anonymous reviewers and Editorial Board whose helpful reviews of the manuscript have greatly improved it.

Udgivelsesdato: January The present experiment examined the effect of offering either a high- (H) or low- (L) energy-density diet in late gestation and early lactation on physiological parameters, body condition score (BCS) and milk production in early lactation. In all, 40 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, where the factors were H- or L-energy density in a total mixed ration (TMR) both pre- and post-calving. Consequently, there were four treatment groups: HH, HL, LL and LH. The pre-calving treatment was initiated 100 days prior to expected calving; the H TMR was fed ad libitum whereas the L TMR was restricted to 10 kg dry matter/day during late lactation, and to approximately 75% of energy requirements from drying off until calving. Both diets were offered ad libitum post-calving. Feeding diet H compared to L pre-calving led to higher BCS at calving (2.68 v. 2.34, P < 0.01). Energy corrected milk yield and energy-intake post-calving were not affected by pre-calving diets. Changes in BCS and blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose in early lactation showed that cows offered diet H pre-calving generally mobilised more body reserves compared to cows offered diet L pre-calving. An interaction between pre- and post-calving diets showed that cows offered diet H pre-calving had lower body tissue mobilisation when offered diet H post-calving compared to diet L. Cows offered diet L pre-calving, did not mobilise differently whether they were offered diet H or L post-calving. The pre- and post-calving diets had no effect on liver triacylglycerol, whereas liver glycogen was higher in cows on treatment HH compared to the other three treatments. Collectively, these results indicate that overfeeding should be avoided in late gestation and that a high-energy-density diet is desirable in early lactation in order to obtain a more favourable metabolic profile

WOS: 000255109900015, PubMed ID: 17936619, Essential oils of three different Salvia species [Salvia aucheri var. aucheri (endemic), Salvia aramiensis and Salvia pilifera (endemic)] were screened for their possible antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as well as their chemical compositions. According to the gas chromatography (GC)/EIMS (gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrum) analysis results; 41 (97.2%), 51 (98.5%) and 83 compounds (98.2%) were identified, respectively. While 1,8-cineole (30.5%), camphor (21.3%) and borneol (8.50%) are the major compounds for S. aucheri var. aucheri oil, beta-pinene (10.3%), was the main constituent for S. aramienesis together with 1,8-cineole (46.0%) and camphor (8.7%). In the case of S. pilifera oil, alpha-thujene (36. 1%) and alpha-pinene (13.8%) determined as the major compounds. Antioxidant activity was employed by two complementary test systems namely 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and beta-carotene/linoleic acid systems. Antioxidant activity of S. aramiensis was found to be higher than those of the others for the both systems (12.26 +/- 1.09 and 92.46% +/- 1.64 mu g mg(-1), respectively). Additionally, antioxidant activities of BHT, curcumin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol were determined in parallel experiments. In the case of antimicrobial activity, similar activity pattern was obtained (both in disc diffusion and MIC tests). Antimicrobial activity of S. aramiensis was followed by S. aucheri var. aucheri and S. pilifera, respectively. In these experiments, the most sensitive microorganism Acinetobacter lwoffii was followed by Candida albicans. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000238193400003, The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of Cladonia foliacea Willd. Hudson, Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann., Everinia divaricata (L.) Ach., Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., and Neofuscella pulla (Ach.) Essl. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by two separate methods: scavenging of free radical DPPH and the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Extracts of C. foliacea , E. divaricata , E. prunastri , and N. pulla did not exert any activity in both assays, whereas those of D. miniatum provided 50% inhibition at 396.1 mu g/ml concentration in the former and gave 49% inhibition in the latter. Total phenolic constituents of extracts from lichen species tested ( C. foliacea , D. miniatum , E. divaricata , E. prunastri , and N. pulla ) were 1.7% (w/w), 2.9% (w/w), 3.0% (w/w), 2.6% (w/w), and 1.5% (w/w), respectively (as gallic acid equivalent), implying that the observed activity could be related to the amount of polar phenolics. Extracts were also found to possess antimicrobial activity against some of the bacteria and fungi tested, but no activity was observed against the yeasts.

WOS: 000223392800007, The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oil and methanol extracts from a unique and endemic plant, Thymus spathulifolius (Hausskn. and Velen.). The antimicrobial test results showed that the essential oil of T spathulifolius strongly inhibited the growth of test microorganisms studied, except for 4 fungi species while polar and non-polar subfractions of the methanol extract had moderate antibacterial, but not antifungal and anticandidal activity. The antioxidative potential of the samples was evaluated using two separate methods, inhibition of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and beta-carotene-linoleic acid systems. The polar subfraction of the methanol extract was able to reduce the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with an IC50 of 16.15 +/- 0.5 mug/ml, which was lower than that of synthetic antioxidant, BHT, (19.8 +/- 0.5 mug/ml). Inhibition values of linoleic acid oxidation were calculated as 92% and 89% for the oil and the polar subfraction, respectively. Gallic acid equivalent total phenolic constituent of the polar subfraction was 141.00 +/- 0.90 mug/mg (14.1%, w/w). The chemical composition of a hydrodistilled essential oil of T spathulifolius was analyzed by a GC and GUMS system. A total of 28 constituents representing 99.2% of the oil were identified; thymol (36.5%), carvacrol (29.8%), p-cymene (10.0%) and gamma-terpinene (6.3%) were the main components comprising 82.6% of the oil. Results presented here may suggest that the essential oil and extracts of T spathulifolius possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and therefore, they can be used as a natural preservative ingredient in food and/or pharmaceutical industry. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000179153700017, PubMed ID: 12413716, GC-MS analysis of the isolated essential oils from air-dried aerial parts of Achillea setacea and Achillea teretifolia, an endemic taxon, resulted in the identification of 51 constituents (79.8% of the total oil) and 42 constituents (87.1% of the total oil), respectively. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) was the major constituent of both oils studied (18.5 and 19.9%, respectively). The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were individually evaluated against 14 microorganisms. Both oils exhibited inhibitory effects on Clostridium perfringens, Acinetobacter Iwoffii and Candida albicans with a range of minimum inhibitory concentration values extended from 0.28 to 2.25 mg/ml. Camphor and their derivatives, borneol, terpinen-4-ol and eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) can be considered as the main antimicrobial constituents of the oils studied. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.