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The objective of this study was to develop grape ice cream spiked with agro-industrial grape residue flour (GRF). The attributes of color, aroma, flavor, texture and overall quality of ice cream with different GRF concentrations [P (0%), F1 (2%), F2 (6%), F3 (10%)] were evaluated by a panel of tasters, using hedonic scale of 9 points. The formulations with the best sensory characteristics were used to determine the chemical composition, the physical and chemical characteristics, the bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacity, besides the objective evaluation of color (CIELAB). The F1 ice cream (2% GRF) showed satisfactory sensory attributes that allowed to be appointed by the taste panel as the best formulation. The addition of 2% of GRF in to grape ice cream provided an increase in protein, lipids, ash, dietary fiber, total energy value, reducing sugars, total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and anthocyanins. Consequently, the radical scavenging ability of DPPH• (EC50) e ABTS•+ was hig...

The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition of cashew apples agro-industrial residue and optimize the process of polyphenols extraction in this residue. The extraction process conditions were defined using a 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design using acetone and methanol as solvents. The independent variables were: time (30 to 90 min), temperature (30 to 50 °C), solvent concentrations (50% to 90%), agitation speed (100 to 300 rpm); the dependent variables were: total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging capacity. The optimized process was carried out by applying the Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) considering the results obtained with the 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design. The residue presented bioactive compounds in its composition, with emphasis on the content of total phenolic compounds (1975.64 mg/ 100 g). The extraction process was not affected by methanol; however, acetone affected the amounts of extracted phytochemicals. Extracts with high levels of polyphenols and strong DPPH scavenging capacity (> 80%) were obtained using 55% acetone, 30 minutes, 30 °C, and 150 rpm. The results showed that cashew apple residue is a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant capacity. These compounds could be used partially or totally to replace synthetic antioxidants.

This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the agro-industrial waste from acerola. Hydroacetone, hydroethanolic, and hydromethanolic extracts were obtained using the sequential extraction process, and they were screened for their free radical DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil) and ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin 6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity and their effect on the linoleic acid peroxidation by the ferric thiocyanate method. Soybean oil with the addition of the extracts (200 ppm) was submitted to Schaal oven test (60 °C, 28 days), in which the samples were analyzed for peroxide value and conjugated dienes. Hydroethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts exhibited good DPPH scavenging activity (low value of EC50 and TEC50 and high value of AE), good ABTS scavenging capacity (1445.1 and 1145.5 µMol TEAC.g-1, respectively), and high percentage inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid (96.12 and 91.84%, respectively) and showed the ability to retard the formation of peroxides and conjugated dienes.

Healthy eating is associated with the consumption of fruits, which are notable for their beneficial effects on human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proximate composition, composition of fibers and components with antioxidant activity in soursops varieties Crioula, Lisa and Morada of physiological maturity (PM) and mature (M). The protein, lipid and moisture contents did not differ between soursop varieties, but the ash contents were higher in the Morada-PM (0.56%±0.03) and the Morada-M (0.82%±0.10) varieties. The Crioula-M variety showed higher levels of total dietary fibre (5.76%±0.12). The Lisa-M variety showed higher levels of insoluble dietary fibre (4.46%±0.00). The Lisa-M variety also showed a higher level of phenolic compounds (284.25 mg gallic acid/100 g of soursop pulp), differing significantly (p

Five fractions (β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin epoxide, lutein-5,6-epoxide, violaxanthin and neoxanthin) were isolated from a coriander ether extract using column chromatography and identified according to their chromatographic and spectral characteristics. No significant differences were noted with regard to their antioxidant properties using the β-carotene/linoleic acid model, however they were inferior to the BHT and the crude etheric extract. The β-carotene component represented 61.14% of the carotenoids detected in the extract suggesting that it is a principal component in coriander antioxidant action. The greater antioxidant effect of the crude extract compared to its component fractions suggests a synergistic action between the carotenoids.

An aqueous coriander extract obtained through a sequential extraction process, was analysed using chromatography and mass spectrometry in order to identify the phenolic compounds responsible for its antioxidant activity. Four fractions were identified from the crude extract using chromatography in a silica gel column. Their antioxidant activity, according to the β-carotene/linoleic acid model, was similar to one another but inferior to that of the crude extract and of butylated hydroxytoluene. Of the phenols identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, it was noted that caffeic acid was present in high concentration (4.34 μg/ml in fraction I and 2.64 μg/ml in fraction III), whereas protocatechinic acid and glycitin were present in high concentration in fraction II (6.43 μg/ml) and fraction IV (3.27 μg/ml), respectively. These results, when considered with the recognized antioxidant ability of phenolic acids, suggest that they are principal components responsible for the antioxidant activity of the aqueous coriander extract.

Research has shown that aqueous and etheric coriander extracts, composed of phenolics and carotenoids, exhibit a considerable antioxidant action. Considering the importance of natural antioxidants in the reduction of free radicals and oxidised compounds, coriander extracts obtained through sequential extraction, were administered by gavage to Wistar rats during 30 and 60 d consecutively. At the end of each experimental period, the animals were sacrificed to obtain the blood and the liver. The effect of extracts on plasma and liver lipid peroxidation was assessed by evaluation of thiobarbituric reactive substances. Initially, the aqueous extract demonstrated a superior antioxidant activity in plasma but this was replaced by the etheric extract by the end of the experiment. Of the 2 extracts, in the etheric exerted a superior antioxidant activity in both liver and plasma. The effectiveness of the extracts appears to be related to the biological material that is used (liver or plasma), furthermore to the duration of administration and the type of extract.

Em decorrência de uma ampla diversidade genética, a pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) apresenta cor que varia do alaranjado até o vermelho escuro quase negro. Em Pernambuco, no entanto, é comum encontrá-la com coloração laranja-avermelhada. Como muitos fitoquímicos presentes em frutos exibem propriedades antioxidantes, com destaque para carotenóides e compostos fenólicos, e frente a escassez de informações sobre seus teores em pitanga, objetivou-se quantificá-los nas seleções cujos frutos apresentam coloração vermelha e roxa. Assim, foram determinados espectrofotometricamente os teores de carotenóides e fenólicos totais nos frutos destas seleções nos estádios maduro e semi-maduro. Na pitanga roxa madura e em sua película também foram determinados os teores de antocianinas, flavonóis e carotenóides totais. Os compostos fenólicos e os carotenóides totais na pitanga roxa madura encontram-se em maiores teores do que na pitanga vermelha no mesmo estádio de maturação. A seleção roxa exibiu quantidade significante de antocianinas, cujo teor foi mais elevado no fruto maduro do que no semi-maduro. Os carotenóides, antocianinas e flavonóis encontram-se mais concentrados na película do que na polpa deste fruto maduro. A presença de antocianinas, flavonóis e carotenóides totais na pitanga roxa fazem deste fruto uma fonte promissora de compostos antioxidantes cujo cultivo deveria ser estimulado. Because of the genetic diversity, fruits of Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) show colours that range from orange to deep, almost dark red. However, in Pernambuco, Brazil, it is common to find this fruit with an orange-red colour. Many phytochemicals in fruits have antioxidant properties with emphasis on phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Since the information on these phytochemicals in surinam cherry is scarce, the aim of this research was to analyse them in fruits which show red and purple colours. Half-mature and mature fruits were used to evaluate these phytochemicals. In purple surinam cherries and their peel, total anthocyanins, flavonols and carotenoids were determined. Phenolic compounds and carotenoids had higher concentration in purple mature cherries than in red ones, at the same stage of maturation. Purple cherries showed significant quantity of anthocyanin with values higher in mature fruits than in the half-mature. Total carotenoids, anthocyanins and flavonols were higher in the peel than in the pulp of mature fruits. The anthocyanin, flavonol and carotenoid contents in purple surinam cherry make this fruit a promising source of antioxidant compounds. For this reason the cultivation of this crop should be encouraged.

Anthocyanins from 12 acerola genotypes cultivated at the Active Germplasm Bank at Federal Rural University of Pernambuco were isolated for antioxidant potential evaluation. The antioxidant activity and radical scavenging capacity of the anthocyanin isolates were measured according to the β-carotene bleaching method and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, respectively. The antioxidant activity varied from 25.58 to 47.04% at 0.2 mg.mL-1, and it was measured using the β-carotene bleaching method. The free radical scavenging capacity increased according to the increase in concentration and reaction time by the DPPH assay. At 16.7 μg.mL-1 concentration and after 5 minutes and 2 hours reaction time, the percentage of scavenged radicals varied from 36.97 to 63.92% and 73.27 to 94.54%, respectively. Therefore, the antioxidant capacity of acerola anthocyanins varied amongst acerola genotypes and methods used. The anthocyanins present in this fruit may supply substantial dietary source of antioxidant which may promote health and produce disease prevention effects. Antocianinas de acerolas, isoladas de 12 genótipos cultivados no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, foram testadas quanto à atividade antioxidante e à capacidade de sequestrar radicais livres através do sistema modelo β-caroteno/ácido linoleico e do radical livre 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazila (DPPH), respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante das antocianinas, na concentração de 0,2 mg.mL-1, variou de 28,58 a 47,07%. A capacidade de sequestrar radical livre DPPH aumentou com a concentração e tempo de reação. Na concentração 16,7 μg.mL-1 e após 5 minutos e 2 horas de reação, o percentual variou de 36,97 a 63,92% e de 73,27 a 94,54%, respectivamente. Portanto, a capacidade antioxidante das antocianinas extraídas de acerola variou entre os genótipos e o método utilizado. As antocianinas presentes nesse fruto são uma fonte dietética de antioxidante e assim podem atuar na promoção da saúde e na prevenção de doenças.

The aimed of this work was to investigate the effects of maturity stages on the physicochemical characteristics of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which were cultivated in Recife-PE. During one year, the fruits were harvested from five different trees (unidentified variety) in mature and half-mature stages. They were analysed on total soluble solids (TSS), oxalic acid and vitamin C. Ripe fruits had the highest levels of TSS and vitamin C and lowest levels of oxalic acid, independently of weather conditions. The results showed that maturity stage influenced on physicochemical characteristics of bilimbi fruits.

Extratos aquoso e acetônico de 15 frutas foram submetidos a ensaios para investigar a habilidade de seqüestrar o radical estável 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e a capacidade de inibir a oxidação em sistema modelo β-caroteno/ácido linoléico. Todas as frutas exibiram propriedade antioxidante, entretanto a ação foi diferenciada entre elas. O extrato aquoso da acerola, caju, mamão "Formosa", mamão Havaí, laranja pêra e goiaba foram os mais eficazes (superior a 70%), enquanto que o do abacaxi, laranja cravo, manga rosa, melão espanhol, melão japonês, melão orange flesh e pinha apresentaram ação moderada (60-70%) e o da manga espada e melancia exibiram a mais fraca capacidade de seqüestrar o radical DPPH. Os extratos acetônico da acerola, caju, pinha e goiaba exibiram uma forte capacidade de seqüestrar o radical DPPH (superior a 70%). Em sistema modelo β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, o extrato aquoso da pinha e o acetônico da goiaba exibiram moderada capacidade antioxidante (60-70%) enquanto que a acerola (extrato aquoso) e o mamão formosa (extrato acetônico) os menores percentuais. Frente à capacidade antioxidante exibida, as frutas podem ser apontadas como fontes de antioxidantes naturais, destacando-se a acerola, caju, mamão Formosa, mamão Havaí, goiaba, laranja pêra, e a pinha por terem apresentado uma potente capacidade antioxidante. Aqueous and acetone extracts from 15 fruits have been screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH method and ß-carotene/linoleic acid model. All fruits studied showed antioxidant activity, but in different extent. Acerola, cashew-apple, papaya "formosa", papaya "solo", orange and guava showed the higher antioxidant activity (>;70%) in DPPH method, followed by pineapple, bergamont, mango "rosa", melon "reticulares", melon "inodorus", melon "orange flesh" and sugar-apple aqueous extract (moderate, 60-70%) and mango "espada" and watermelon aqueous extract, the lowest activity. Acerola, cashew-apple, sugar-apple and guava acetone extracts exhibited higher scavenging activity toward DPPH radicals (>;70%).β-carotene/linoleic acid model index of sugar-apple aqueous extract and guava acetone extract demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity (60-70%), meanwhile acerola aqueous extract and papaya "formosa" acetone extract the lower. According to antioxidant activity, fruits can be indicated as natural antioxidants sources, pointing out acerola, cashew-apple, papaya "solo", papaya "formosa", guava, orange and sugar-apple as the highest in antioxidant capacity.

A ampla variabilidade genética nos pomares de aceroleiras brasileiros tem gerado frutos de coloração amarela a vermelha púrpura dificultando a obtenção de produtos de coloração avermelhada, cor esperada pelos consumidores. As antocianinas são pigmentos instáveis, responsáveis pela cor vermelha deste fruto maduro. Com o objetivo de determinar o teor destes pigmentos em polpa de acerola submetida ao congelamento foi instalado um experimento inteiramente casualisado. As polpas obtidas de frutos de 12 acessos (plantas) do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) foram armazenadas a -18ºC, por um período de 06 meses. Unidades amostrais de 30g foram coletadas ao acaso, no período inicial e final do experimento, e submetidas a determinação quantitativa de antocianinas totais utilizando um método espectrofotométrico. Grande variação nos teores de antocianinas totais foi observada nos acessos estudados. No tempo zero de armazenamento o valor mínimo e máximo deste fitoquímico foi de 59,74mg e 3,79mg.100g -1 de polpa, respectivamente. Após seis meses de congelamento foi constatada uma redução de 3,4% a 23,6% no teor desse pigmento nas amostras avaliadas. Evidenciou-se, portanto, que o armazenamento a -18ºC por seis meses reduziu o teor de antocianinas e que os pigmentos antociânicos dos acessos 08 e 13 apresentaram-se mais estáveis ao congelamento. The great variability of the Brazilian acerola orchards results in fruits with yellow to red color, producing a light colored acerola pulp which is not as appealing as full red pulp. Anthocyanins are unstable pigments, responsible for red color in mature acerola. In order to examine some pigment degradation in frozen pulp acerola, it was installed a randomized experiment. Pulps obtained from 12 accesses (plants) of Germoplasm Active Bank from Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) were stored (-18°C) for 6 months. Total anthocyanins were determined in randomized samples (30g) collected at the beginning and end of the experiment, using spectrophotometer method. Great variation on the total anthocyanin content was observed in the studied accesses. At time zero of storage the lowest and highest level of this phytochemical were 3.79 mg and 59.74 mg 100 g-1 of pulp, respectively. After 6 months of storage, a reduction of 3.4 % to 23.6 % on content of these pigments were shown. The storage at -18ºC for six months reduced the anthocyanin content. The anthocyanin pigments of accesses 08 and 13 were the most stable during frozen storage.

The physicochemical properties of the starch extracted from Jacatupe (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) were studied. The small-sized granules (approximately

Foram elaboradas seis formulações de geléia mista de pitanga e acerola, contendo diferentes concentrações de sucos de frutas e pectina. As geléias foram avaliadas sensorialmente pelo Método Perfil de Características - Teste Análise Descritiva Quantitativa e submetidas à análises físico-químicas para determinar os seguintes parâmetros: pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e teor de vitamina C. Todas as geléias apresentaram características físico-químicas próprias de produto de qualidade e retenção de vitamina C de aproximadamente 93%. Duas das formulações estudadas apresentaram as melhores características sensoriais.