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Purpose — to analyze the literature data on the benefits of preservative-free medication therapy for glaucoma.Materials and methods. 482 articles in the Pubmed database published from 1975 to 2020 were analyzed using the terms: “glaucoma”, “preservatives”, “preservative-free therapy”, “benzalkonium chloride”. The review includes 78 articles. Inclusion criteria: studies that examined the effect of local antihypertensive therapy on the condition of the ocular surface in comparison with preservative-free drugs.Discussion. BAC is the most common preservative used in ophthalmology, accounting for 70 % of eye drop formulations. But it has a pronounced toxic effect on the ocular surface, so other classes of preservatives have been developed. These include polyquaternium-1 detergent; oxidizing preservatives — stabilized oxychlorocomplex and sodium perborate; ionic buffer preservative. However, most of the publications are devoted to BAC, as it is considered the most toxic and, at the same time, the most commonly used preservative. There is a large number of switching studies from preservative therapy to preservative-free, in which almost all groups of drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma were studied, but the use of antihypertensive drugs is associated not only with the action of preservatives, but also with the active substance, excipients and buffers. However, most switching studies demonstrate the benefits of preservative-free drugs. Other studies compared preservative and preservative-free drugs with the same active ingredients, in which a comparable hypotensive effect and safety profile was revealed, which indicates that BAC is not required for adequate penetration of the active substance to the point of application. At the same time, statistically significant advantages in the tolerability of preservativefree therapy were also revealed.Conclusion. Glaucoma preservative therapy has a toxic effect on the ocular surface, which leads to a decrease in the quality of life and compliance. Switching to preservative-free drugs can help reduce iatrogenic complications during long-term treatment of patients with glaucoma

In the pathogenesis of most diseases of the intestine, inflammation is important, and, often, critical. Its pathogenetic role in the inflammatory bowel disease was studied broadly and comprehensively. In recent years, research has begun on its contribution to intestinal damage in functional pathology — irritable bowel syndrome. The participation of inflammation in the development of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the lower gastrointestinal tract on the background of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID-enterocolopathy) seems paradoxical. The role of phospholipids in the construction of cell membranes is well known. One of the main membrane phospholipids of most living organisms (with the exception of microbes) is phosphatidylcholine (PC). In membranes of the intestinal epithelium, the content of PC increases from 10 to 50 % in the direction from the apical surface to the basal one, and the maximum amount of PC is located on the outside of the cell membranes. Phosphatidylcholine showed its high efficacy and safety in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, such as non-specific ulcerative colitis. People taking NSAIDs have demonstrated the protective role of PC in preventing damage to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Given the common pathogenetic mechanisms between these diseases and irritable bowel syndrome, the use of PC in patients with irritable bowel syndrome seems promising, especially in its post-infection variant.

The population dynamics of different energy states of sensitizer molecules under intense laser irradiation was studied taking account of triplet-triplet absorption and intersystem crossing between highly excited states. It is shown which quantum states are predominantly populated under the given irradiation conditions. It was found that the efficiency of energy transfer from high electronic levels of xanthene dyes in the media containing Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis bacteria is very low and this bacteria inactivation channel can be ignored when describing the mechanisms of damage to pathogenic microorganisms in the presence of photosensitizers.

In most scenarios where detonations in fuel–air mixtures can present a hazard, such as in industrial accidents, or where they can be used for practical purposes, like detonative propulsion applications, the mixture is essentially non-uniform. For industrial accidents, it is important to understand what fraction of the mixture can detonate in order to limit the consequences of an explosion event by ensuring proper separation distances to critical facilities and personnel. For propulsion applications, mixture non-uniformities directly affect the performance of the device by limiting the detonable portion of the mixture. While it is known that detonation limits depend on mixture composition, geometry, and concentration gradients, these limits have only been defined for either uniform mixtures, or for detonation propagation in the direction of a smooth concentration gradient. In this study, a model is developed to generalize these classic detonation limits to consider arbitrary concentration distributions and is compared with experimental data for detonation propagation in non-uniform mixtures. The model is then applied to representative concentration distributions corresponding to two practical examples, a high-pressure hydrogen jet and a large-scale vapor cloud explosion (VCE). For both distributions, the model illustrates how a non-uniform mixture composition significantly limits the detonable portion of the flammable mixture created by a realistic release.

Objective — to study the clinical and microbiological effectiveness, tolerability and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with mild–to‑moderate nonspecific ulcerative colitis (NUC).Materials and methods. A single‑center, open, comparative, randomized clinical trial was conducted to study the effectiveness of FMT in patients with active mild‑to‑moderate NUC. Examinations involved 56 patients (36 men and 20 women) aged 22 to 48 years (mean age 32 ± 12 years) with verified mild‑to‑moderate NUC in the active phase. The severity of the NUC course and the degree of its activity was assessed based on the criteria of Truelove and Witt, as well as the endoscopic index of the NUC severity, the number of points on the Mayo scale and the level of fecal calprotectin. Depending on the treatment, all patients with NUC were randomized into 2 groups with the use of a computer random number method in a ratio of 1 : 1. Group I patients (10 women, 18 men) received basic mesalazine therapy in a daily dose of 3 g (2 g orally + 1 g rectally). In the second group, at baseline and against the background of mesalazine administration in the specified dose, each patient with NUC (19 men, 9 women) was undergone a single FMT procedure in which fecal material from a healthy superdonor was used. From them, fresh material was used in 14 cases and in 14 cases material was the frozen up to –80 ° С. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of treatment in both groups was carried out after 4 and 8 weeks. An incomplete Mayo scale was used to assess the achievement of clinical remission, and fecal calprotectin levels were also studied. Besides, in all patients, before and 1 month after the treatment, the study of intestinal microbiome (IM) was performed at the level of the main microbial phylotypes by determining the DNA of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, as well as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in fecal samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in real time.Results. The performance of a single FMT allowed to improve the results of the NUC basic treatment of with mesalazine, which manifested itself in the form of a significantly higher number of patients with clinical improvement after 4 weeks, a significantly lower number of patients requiring escalation of treatment, a significantly greater decrease in the Mayo index after 8 weeks, a significantly higher number of patients with clinical remission after 8 weeks. The fecal calprotectin level, despite a considerable decrease, in the specified time did not reach the norm, which indicates the need for prolongation of basic therapy. There were no serious adverse reactions to FMT, and mild adverse reactions were noted in 8 (28.6 %) patients. The clinical efficacy of treatment in both groups of patients was accompanied by an improvement in the state of IM (normalization of Bacteroidetes, an increase in the number of Firmicutes and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a decrease in the number of Actinobacteria) significantly more pronounced in the group of patients with NUC who were additionally treated with FMT.Conclusions. In a certain part of patients with mild‑to‑moderate NUC, even once performed FMT is a well‑tolerated and safe treatment method that promoted the increase of basic therapy effectiveness after 4 and 8 weeks, as well as significantly improved the condition of IM already 4 weeks after its implementation.

Impaction techniques have so far been efficiently used for formation of films from nanoparticles when coupled to synthetic process. However, this approach limits the choice of shapes and compositions of particles, so techniques of impaction of ready-made particles are desirable. To this end, the use of nanoparticle inks as a source of solid material is first described in this paper. The films are cast from dispersions of polar solvent-susceptible Si/SiOx nanoparticles. Water, ethanol, and acetonitrile are studied for solvents, and the latter two are shown to be suitable, as they possess lower surface tension and lower boiling points. Microscopically uniform films of nanoparticles are formed when aerosol and substrate are heated, with density of films approaching 40% of that of the bulk material. Higher stagnation pressure is beneficial for deposition, while further heating of the aerosol beyond the solvent evaporation can cause oligomerization of the solvent. Deposition of dense films in subsonic part of the jet appears possible with the technique.

The base-free reactions of 2-thiobenzothiazole, -imidazole, and -oxazole with iodomethyldimethyl(ethynyl)- and (phenyl)silanes have been studied. Depending on the reaction conditions, organosilicon acetylenic, organosilicon aromatic, or siloxane thiobenzazolium iodides and polyiodides have been synthesized and identified using the data of NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy.

The transformations of the solid and liquid phases at high energy planetary ball milling of heptane together with titanium powder were investigated. The sequence of structural heptane transformations using UV-and FT-IR spectroscopy was investigated. Phase constitutions of ball milled titanium powders were studied by X-ray diffraction. It is shown that mechanically induced destruction of heptane occurs by the mechanism of catalytic cracking. The main solid products of the mechanosynthesis were hexagonal (HCP) and cubic (FCC) titanium carbohydrides. Evolution of lattice parameters, crystallite sizes, and micro-stresses of the solid phases during ball milling as a function of the ball milling time have been discussed.

Previously unknown carbofunctional organosilicon derivatives of azoles are synthesized by the reactions of sulfanyl derivatives of benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, and triazole with (iodomethyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane and (iodomethyl)(ethynyl)dimethylsilane.

Memristive heterostructures, composed of reduced graphene oxide with different degree of reduction, were demonstrated through a simple method of ‘direct electron-beam writing’ on graphene oxide. Irradiation with an electron beam at various doses and accelerating voltages made it possible to define high- and low-conductivity graphene-oxide areas. The electron beam-reduced graphene oxide/graphene oxide heterostructure clearly exhibited a nonlinear behavior and a well-controlled resistive switching characteristic at a low operating-voltage range (

Derivatives of a triazole are used not only as fungicides to prevent infection of plants, but also for treatment. These drugs are actively used against plant diseases caused by basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, and some deuteromycetes. Due to their chemical stability, they have a long-term protective effect, and their solubility in water ensures their movement from the roots to the aerial part of plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of seed treatment with tebuconazole-containing preparation “Bunker” on the growth of shoots and roots of winter wheat in the light and physiological and biochemical parameters. We used a fungicide of prophylactic and therapeutic action tebuconazole-containing seed treater “Bunker” (August, Russia), the active ingredient of which is tebuconazole (60 g/L). The shoot length and total root length, wet and dry biomass, as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments, reactive oxygen species – hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation products (LPO) reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBA-RP) in the tissues of shoots and roots were analyzed. The content of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in the extract was determined spectrophotometrically at wavelengths of 665, 649, and 440 nm, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the action of the drug is aimed at inhibiting the growth of shoots and reducing the ratio of shoot length to root length, while on the 7-9th day of growth, the effectiveness of its action is higher, and the most significant effect is exerted by an increased dose of the disinfectant (1.5 μL/g). It was found statistically significant stimulation of root growth on the 9th day of cultivation, regardless of the dose of the dressing agent. Despite the significant growth-inhibiting effect, treatment with Bunker was not accompanied by activation of oxidative processes in shoot tissues, with the exception of an increase in the content of H2O2 and TBA-RP at the initial stage of growth (5 days). In root tissues, the content of H2O2 and TBA did not change under the action of the studied preparation. No differences in the content of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in the tissues of wheat shoots after treatment with the studied fungicide were found. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that seed dressing agents containing tebuconazole as an active ingredient can be used to ensure plant resistance to moisture deficiency and improve mineral nutrition.

A series of glass samples of the tungsten–tellurite system TeO2-WO3-Bi2O3-(4-x) La2O3-xEr2O3, x = 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.2, 2, 4 mol%, CEr = 0 - 15 × 1020 cm−3 were synthesized from high-purity oxides in an oxygen flow inside a specialized sealed reactor. In all samples of the series, an extremely low content of hydroxyl groups was achieved (~n × 1016 cm−3, more than 4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentration of erbium ions), which guarantees minimal effects on the luminescence properties of Er3+. The glasses are resistant to crystallization up to 4 mol% Er2O3, and the glass transition temperatures do not depend on the concentration of erbium oxide when introduced by replacing lanthanum oxide. Thin 0.2 mm plates have high transmittance at a level of 20% in the 4.7–5.3 µm range, and the absorption bands of hydroxyl groups at about 2.3, 3, and 4.4 µm, which are typical for ordinary tellurite glass samples, are indistinguishable. The introduction of erbium oxide led to an insignificant change in the refractive index. Er2O3-concentration dependences of the luminescence intensities and lifetimes near the wavelengths of 1.53 and 2.75 μm were found for the 4I13/2–4I15/2 and 4I11/2–4I13/2 /transitions of the Er3+ ion. The data obtained are necessary for the development of mid-infrared photonics, in particular, for the design of Er3+-doped fiber lasers.

—Biotechnologies involving phosphate-accumulating organisms, which collect inorganic phosphates from the medium as polyphosphates during cyclic growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, are presently applied for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Betaproteobacteria of the candidate genus ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ carry out phosphate accumulation in most systems for wastewater treatment. However, no member of ‘Ca. Accumulibacter’ has been isolated in pure culture. Metagenomic analysis of the microbial consortium formed in a laboratory setup for phosphate removal from wastewater and removing up to 80% phosphorus from the medium was carried out. Members of the phyla Proteobacteria (82.5%), Bacteroidetes (10.5%), and Chloroflexi (1.6%) predominated in the community. Among the proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria were revealed, among which ‘Ca. Accumulibacter’ predominated, as well as Gammaproteobacteria (26.8%), which mainly belonged to the family ‘Ca. Competibacteraceae.’ Metagenomic data were used to obtain the genome of the dominant phosphate-accumulating bacterium, which belonged to a new ‘Ca. Accumulibacter’ species. The studied community was promising both for further basic research on metabolism of phosphate-accumulating organisms and for improvement of existing biotechnologies for phosphorus removal from wastewater.

Lactic acid bacteria are ubiquitous and occupy various ecological niches. These microorganisms are widely used in various industries due to their high and diverse enzymatic activity. Industry collections of microorganisms with technological valuable properties are created for the construction of bacterial sourdough compositions. The aim of our study was to study mesophilic Lactococci isolated from various ecological niches. Only 9 cultures (out of 100 strains of mesophilic Lactococci isolated from plants) can be attributed to promising for further use in industry. The proportion of strains with industrially valuable properties among animal lactobacilli was 19% higher. Therefore, objects of animal origin are the most appropriate source for isolation of mesophilic Lactococci strains, promising for use in the dairy industry. Key words: Lactic acid bacteria; Mesophilic lactococci; Ecological niches; Bacterial compositions.

The reaction of imidazole and benzotriazole derivatives with 1,3-diiodopropan-2-one in the absence of bases and catalysts leads to the formation of linear and cyclic salt systems in one preparative step.

2,2′-(Disulfanediyl)- and 2,2′-[alkanediylbis(sulfanyl)]-bisbenzimidazoles react with aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic α-iodoketones in the presence of elemental iodine without solvents, basic media, and catalysts to afford polyiodides of the N- and S-S-acetonyl derivatives. The selectivity of the alkylation reaction depends on the structure of the starting substrates. In the case of the disulfide, the reaction involves the sulfur atoms to give hitherto unknown disulfanium derivatives. The introduction of an organic bridge between the sulfur atoms leads to the formation of polyiodides of 2,2′-[alkanediylbis(sulfanyl)]bisbenzimidazole N-acetonyl derivatives.

The reactions of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol and di(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide with (iodomethyl)silanes containing exocyclic and endocyclic silicon atoms occurs in the presence of elemental iodine to afford organosilicon benzothiazolium and disulfonium iodides and polyiodides.

The earlier unknown organosilicon polyiodides of 2-thiobenzimidazolium have been synthesized basing on the three-component reaction of 2-thiobenzimidazole, bis(iodomethyl) derivatives of siloxanes or silanes, and molecular iodine; the products have been identified by means of NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy.

1,3-(Di)acetonylimidazolium and -benzimidazolium triiodides were synthesized in a one-pot fashion by reactions of imidazole, 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, benzimidazole, benzimidazol-2-amine, and 2-ethylbenzimidazole with 1-iodopropan-2-one and molecular iodine under solvent-free conditions in the absence of a base and catalyst at room temperature. The reaction of 1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol with 1-iodopropan-2-one and iodine afforded 2-(2-oxopropylsulfanyl)imidazolium triiodide. The reaction direction and yield did not change when 2-iodo-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethanone was used instead of 1-iodopropan-2-one.

This work evaluates the oxygen reduction system (ORS) approach to fire prevention in large-scale fire tests. A two-tier fuel array of standard commodities is used in a rack-storage configuration within an enclosure. A constant nitrogen/air mixture flow is supplied to the enclosure at a desired oxygen concentration. The oxygen concentration varies from 9% to 17%. A premixed propane ignitor is used as ignition source. The tested materials include five standard commodities of Class 3, CUP, CEP, UUP and UEP. The results of fire propagation success are obtained for the five standard commodities under different oxygen concentrations with a sustained igniter (hard limits) and without a sustained igniter (soft limits). The resulting limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) values are shown to be generally lower than the oxygen design concentrations recommended by existing standards including VdS 3527 and EN 16750 due to different test conditions. The hard limits are close to the fundamental LOC values for gases and vapors and do not depend significantly on the ignition duration and array size, while the soft limits vary significantly with the size and configuration of the fuel array and ignition duration. It is concluded that the hard limits are more suitable for ORS design purposes.

The present work deals with the investigation of the transformations of the solid and liquid phases at high energy planetary ball milling of toluene together with titanium powder. The sequence of structural toluene transformations using FT-IR spectroscopy was investigated. Phase constitutions and morphology of ball milled titanium powders were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that mechanically induced destruction of toluene occurs by the mechanism of catalytic cracking. During ball milling, concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the liquid phase decreases, at the same time the content of alkenes, cycloalkanes, and isoalkanes increases. The main solid products of the mechanosynthesis were cubic and hexagonal titanium carbo-hydrides.Evolution of lattice parameters, crystallites sizes, and micro-stresses of the solid phases during ball milling as a function of the mechanical energy dose have been discussed.

Objective — to study the frequency of the syndrome of intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and to establish the effects of its eradication on the clinical course of various subtypes of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Materials and methods. The examinations in an open comparative randomized study involved 88 patients with IBS (35 men, 53 women) aged 26 to 56 years (mean age — 40 ± 14 years). The IBS diagnosis in all patients was established on the basis of Roma criteria IV. The IBS with diarrhea (IBS‑D) was established in the majority of patients (47 subjects, 53.4 %), a mixed subtype of IBS (IBS‑M) was revealed in 30 (34.1 %) patients, and IBS with constipation (IBS‑C) in 11 (12.5 %). The following IBS duration was defined: less than 5 years in 37 (42 %) of patients, 5 ‑ 10 years in 35 (39.8 %) subjects, more than 10 years in 16 (18.2 %) patients. The IBS course was mild in 30 (34.1 %) patients, mild to moderate in 45 (51.1 %) and severe disease was in 13 (14.8 %). The control group consisted of 30 clinically healthy people (18 women, 12 men, the mean age (33 ± 12) years). Diagnosis of SIBO was performed using the H2‑breath test with lactulose (H2‑LDT). Results. The overall frequency of SIBO detection (positive H2‑LDT) in patients with IBS (73.9 %) significantly exceeded its frequency in the controls (6.6 %, p

Recently, our knowledge of gut microbiota (GM) disorders in various pathologies has significantly increased. In particular, to date, there is sufficient evidence that various disorders of GM may play a pathogenetic role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, various methods of GM modification are now considered as a new promising strategy for the treatment of patients with IBS. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are considered as methods of GM modification. Many clinical trials have been conducted to examine the therapeutic effect of probiotics on general or specific symptoms of IBS, but most of these studies have been very heterogeneous. Although some meta‑analyzes or systematic reviews show that probiotics may be useful in treating the symptoms of IBS, their findings in the studies differ due to insufficient sample size, poor study design, and the use of different probiotic strains. Currently, only one selective intestinal antibiotic with eubiotic properties is known — rifaximin, the effectiveness and safety of which have been proven in large randomized trials. The authors presented their own experience of rifaximin use at IBS that confirmed its efficiency. Own experience of the FMT conduction in patients with IBS is also presented. It has been revealed that even one‑time treatment significantly affected the GM by reducing the frequency and severity of dysbiotic disorders; it was accompanied by significant clinical effects in most patients that lasted up to 3 months of follow‑up.

Purpose To assess the influence of the frequency of retinal protective therapy courses on the indicators of regional hemodynamics of the eye. Material and methods The study included 17 patients (34 eyes) with a diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), advanced stage. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the first group received a course of retinal protective therapy with Retinalamin every 3 months, the second group received a course of retinal protective therapy with Retinalamin every 6 months. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination including standard automatic perimetry according to the 24-2 program, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) of the macular area and optic disc. Results The comparison of hemodynamic parameters of all vascular plexuses of the retina at the beginning and at the end of the study, as well as intergroup comparison did not reveal any statistically significant differences (p>0.05). However, when studying the density and fractal dimension of the vascular bed, multidirectional trends were observed. Specifically, in the peripapillary region, there was a decrease in the length from 19.8 (1/mm) to 19.0 (1/mm) (p=0.37) and the density from 36.6% to 35.7% (p=0.63) of the vascular bed of the peripapillary capillary plexus of the retina in patients of the first group. In the superficial vascular plexus, the trend in the density of the vascular bed in both groups slightly changed (in group 1 - 38.1% and 38.3%, p=0.97; group 2 - 37.8% and 38.7%, p=0.46). The fractal dimension of the vascular bed in the first group tended to increase during treatment from 18.8 (1/mm) to 19.1 (1/mm) (p=0.5), while in the second group, on the contrary, it had tendency to decrease from 18.6 (1/mm) to 17.9 (1/mm) (p=0.63). In the deep vascular plexus, the density of the vascular bed trended to decrease in both groups, but in group 2 (42.5% and 42.4%, p=1.0) it was more pronounced than in the first group (42.5% and 42.6%, p=0.82). However, the fractal dimension of the vascular bed increased in group 1 (21.0 (1/mm) and 21.3 (1/mm), p=0.43) and showed a slight tendency to decrease in group 2 (21.5 (1/mm) and 21.0 (1/mm), p=0.86). Conclusion The general trend of changes in hemodynamic parameters demonstrates a potential positive effect, especially in the data related to the deep vascular plexus.

Tellurium dioxide based glasses with a low hydroxyl groups concentration were synthesized in an atmosphere of dried oxygen from initial high purity oxides. Large high-quality optical elements were manufactured and investigated from the point of view of nonlinear propagation of ultrashort pulses in the mid-IR range. Optical homogeneity, thermophysical, optical, including nonlinear properties were studied.

Objective — to clarify the rifaximin effectiveness in the treatment of abdominal pain in patients with IBS without constipation compared with antispasmodics.Materials and methods. An open‑label comparative randomized study has been performed to assess the efficacy of primary and repeated use of rifaximin in the treatment of abdominal pain in patients with IBS without constipation. For this purpose, 60 patients with IBS without constipation were examined and treated, who, depending on the treatment, were randomized into 2 groups. In the first group of patients, in addition to diet, patients were administered rifaximin (Alpha Normix) in a daily dose of 1200 mg/ day (400 mg 3 times a day) for 14 days, subject of the second group received mebeverin 200 mg 3 times a day for the same period. The clinical effectiveness of treatment in each group of patients was assessed by the number of responders (patients who responded positively to treatment). The severity of abdominal pain was assessed daily using a visual analogue scale in points from 0 to 10. The effectiveness has been assessed for primary treatment and the repeated course for IBS recurrence occurring within 18 weeks of observation.Results. The treatment was successful in both groups, however, the effectiveness in the group 1 of patients was higher at all stages of its assessment (after 2, 4, and 12 weeks). Four weeks after the treatment start, the number of responders and the intensity of pain in both groups of patients was significantly higher than 2 weeks after the start of treatment. At all stages of effectiveness assessment, the intensity of the abdominal pain in both groups of patients significantly decreased compared to the initial level, although it did not differ significantly in the groups. Nevertheless, the improvement of stool in patients of group 1 after 2, 4 and 12 weeks was significantly more pronounced than in group 2. The course treatment with rifaximin was accompanied by an anti‑relapse effect, since in the majority of patients within 18 weeks of observation, in contrast to patients receiving antispasmodics, IBS recurrence was not observed (57.9 % vs 27.8 %, p, Цель — уточнить эффективность рифаксимина в лечении абдоминальной боли у больных с синдромом раздраженного кишечника (CРК) без запора по сравнению со спазмолитиками.Материалы и методы. Проведено открытое сравнительное рандомизированное исследование эффективности первичного и повторного применения рифаксимина в лечении абдоминальной боли у больных с СРК без запора. Обследовано и пролечено 60 больных, сопоставимых по возрасту, анамнезу и клиническим проявлениям. В зависимости от лечения пациентов с помощью компьютерного метода случайных чисел в соотношении 1 : 1 распределили в две группы. В 1‑й группе, кроме диеты, назначали рифаксимин («Альфа Нормикс», АльфаСигма) в дозе 1200 мг/ сут (по 400 мг 3 раза в сутки) в течение 14 дней, во 2‑й — мебеверин по 200 мг 3 раза в сутки в течение 14 дней. Клиническую эффективность лечения в каждой группе больных оценивали по количеству респондеров (больных, положительно ответивших на лечение). Выраженность абдоминальной боли оценивали ежедневно с помощью визуальной аналоговой шкалы в баллах от 0 до 10. Изучали эффективность как первичного лечения, так и повторного курса лечения по поводу рецидива СРК, возникшего в течение 18 нед наблюдения.Результаты. В обеих группах пациентов лечение было успешным, но на всех этапах его оценки (через 2, 4 и 12 нед) эффективность в 1‑й группе пациентов была выше. Через 4 нед после начала лечения число респондеров в обеих группах было статистически значимо больше, чем через 2 нед, а интенсивность болевого синдрома — ниже. На всех этапах оценки эффективности лечения интенсивность болевого синдрома в обеих группах больных статистически значимо уменьшалась по сравнению с исходным уровнем, но в группах статистически значимо не отличалась. Улучшение стула у больных 1‑й группы через 2, 4 и 12 нед было статистически значимо более выраженным, чем во 2‑й группе. Курсовое лечение рифаксимином сопровождалось противорецидивным эффектом, так как у большинства больных (57,9 %) в течение 18 нед наблюдения в отличие от пациентов, получавших спазмолитики (27,8 %, р, Мета — уточнити ефективність рифаксиміну в лікуванні абдомінальної болю у хворих із синдромом подразненого кишечника (CПК) без запорупорівняно зі спазмолітиками.Матеріали та методи. Проведено відкрите порівняльне рандомізоване дослідження ефективності первинного та повторного застосування рифаксиміну в лікуванні абдомінального болю у хворих із СПК без запору. Обстежено і проліковано 60 хворих, порівнянних за віком, анамнезом та клінічними виявами. Залежно від лікування пацієнтів за допомогою комп’ютерного методу випадкових чисел у співвідношенні 1 : 1 розподілили в дві групи. У 1‑й групі, крім дієти, призначали рифаксімін («Альфа Нормікс», АльфаСигма) в дозі 1200 мг/ добу (по 400 мг тричі на добу) протягом 14 днів, у 2‑й — мебеверін по 200 мг тричі на добу протягом 14 днів. Клінічну ефективність лікування в кожній групі хворих оцінювали за кількістю респондерів (хворих, які позитивно відповіли на лікування). Виразність абдомінального болю оцінювали щодня за допомогою візуальної аналогової шкали в балах від 0 до 10. Вивчали ефективність як первинного лікування, так і повторного курсу лікування з приводу рецидиву СПК, який виник протягом 18 тиж спостереження.Результати. В обох групах пацієнтів лікування було успішним, але на всіх етапах його оцінки (через 2, 4 і 12 тиж) ефективність у 1‑й групі пацієнтів була вище. Через 4 тиж після початку лікування число респондерів в обох групах було статистично значущо більше, ніж через 2 тиж, а інтенсивність больового синдрому — нижче. На всіх етапах оцінки ефективності лікування інтенсивність больового синдрому в обох групах хворих статистично значущо зменшувалася порівняно з вихідним рівнем, але в групах статистично значущо не відрізнялася. Поліпшення випорожнення у хворих 1‑ї групи через 2, 4 і 12 тиж було статистично значущо більш вираженим, ніж у 2‑й групі. Курсове лікування рифаксиміном супроводжувалося протирецидивним ефектом, так як у більшості хворих (57,9 %) протягом 18 тиж спостереження на відміну від пацієнтів, які отримували спазмолітики (27,8 %, р

The paper discusses the possibilities of using 3D-printing technology to create radar absorbing coatings and elements of electronic equipment. The frequency dependences of the relative changes in the dielectric constant of a filament for a 3D printer measured at an open resonator are presented for 1-3% nanotube concentrations in the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the range of 8-14 GHz. By the quasi-optical method, the relative changes in the dielectric constant in the range 115-258 GHz were measured. The electromagnetic response for shield in the EHF range was calculated.

Oxidation of HF vapor-etched nanocrystalline silicon films, prepared by drop coating from nanocrystalline Si sol in acetonitrile, was studied. Oxidation of nanocrystalline silicon at room temperature in air with 5% and 86% relative humidity was observed by means of infrared spectroscopy for 2 days. The change in film mass after 15 h of oxidation was determined using quartz crystal microbalance. In dry air, film mass and integral intensity of bands attributed to vibrations in Si3 − x–Si–Hx and Si–O–Si groups changed linearly with time. In humid air, intensity of in Si3 − x–Si–Hx band decays exponentially and intensity of Si–O–Si band increases as a square root of oxidation time. Film mass gain after 15 h of oxidation corresponds to an average oxide layer thickness of 0.02 nm in dry air and 0.51 nm in wet air.

The goal of antihypertensive therapy is to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP). Sometimes it can only be achieved by using two or more drugs, which can lead to undesirable side effects on the ocular surface. The use of drugs that do not contain preservatives leads to fewer undesirable side effects, while also reducing the need for instillations of artificial tears, making it economically beneficial for patients.To assess the state of ocular surface in patients with POAG when switching to preservative-free carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (ICA) containing 0.18% sodium hyaluronate in combination with prostaglandin analogues and beta-adrenergic blocking agents.The study was conducted in 2019; according to selection criteria, it included 46 patients (80 eyes) with POAG and a control group of healthy persons. At the start of the study and one month later, after a change of treatment to uninterrupted ICA containing 0.18% sodium hyaluronate, the patients had state of their ocular surface examined: Norn's test (tear break-up time; TBUT), Schirmer's test, vital staining with lissamine green and an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) survey.Replacing the ICA with benzalkonium chloride in the combination therapy of glaucoma with a preservative-free ICA containing 0.18% sodium hyaluronate - Dorzolan Solo (Solopharm, Russia) - expectedly did not lead to additional decrease of IOP, but resulted in a decrease in the width of the confidence interval according to both Maklakov's and Icare tonometers, which may be associated with increased treatment adherence. At the same time, the state of ocular surface in the observation group was statistically significantly improved according to Norn's test - from 3.57±1.3; 3.0 (3.0; 5.0) to 4.9±2.5; 5.0 (3.0; 6.0) (V=16.5; p=0.0039).According to Schirmer's test and vital staining with lissamine green, no statistically significant changes have occurred. OSDI survey did not reveal changes in the study patients during 4 weeks of the follow-up, while the control group exhibited improvement.Гипотензивная терапии направлена на снижение уровня внутриглазного давления. Для достижения цели в некоторых случаях необходимо назначение двух и более препаратов, что может привести к нежелательным побочным эффектам со стороны глазной поверхности. Применение средств, не содержащих консерванты, не только приводит к меньшим нежелательным побочным эффектам, но и снижает потребность в инстилляции слезозаместительных препаратов, что является экономически выгодным для пациента. Цель исследования - оценить состояние глазной поверхности у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ) при переходе на бесконсервантный ингибитор крбоангидразы (ИКА), содержащий натрия гиалуронат 0,18%, в сочетании с аналогами простагландинов и бета-адреноблокаторами (ББ). Материал и методы. Работа выполнена в 2019 г. в соответствии с критериями включения и невключения, объектом исследования стали 46 пациентов (80 глаз) с ПОУГ и здоровые люди. На старте исследования и через 1 мес после замены лечения на бесконсервантный ИКА, содержащий натрия гиалуронат 0,18%, у пациентов изучали состояние глазной поверхности: проводили тест Норна, пробу Ширмера, витальное окрашивание лиссаминовым зеленым и опрос по опроснику OSDI. Результаты. В результате замены ИКА, содержащего бензалкония хлорид, в комбинированной терапии глаукомы на бесконсервантный ИКА, содержащий натрия гиалуронат 0,18%, Дорзолан Соло (Solopharm, Россия), уровень офтальмотонуса не изменился, однако уменьшилась ширина доверительных интервалов по данным всех тонометров, что, возможно, связано с увеличением приверженности к лечению. При этом состояние глазной поверхности в группе наблюдения статистически значимо улучшилось по показателям теста Норна с 3,57±1,3; 3,0 (3,0; 5,0) до 4,9±2,5; 5,0 (3,0; 6,0) с (V=16,5; р=0,0039)). По данным пробы Ширмера, витального окрашивания лиссаминовым зеленым статистически значимых изменений не выявлено, по опроснику OSDI в основной группе не обнаружено изменений за 4 нед наблюдения, а в группе контроля отмечено улучшение. Заключение. Замена ингибитора карбоангидразы, содержащего бензалкония хлорид, в комбинированной терапии глаукомы на бесконсервантный ИКА, содержащий натрия гиалуронат 0,18%, - Дорзолан Соло (Solopharm, Россия) приводит к улучшению состояния глазной поверхности, по крайней мере по данным пробы Норна.

Objective.To assess the dynamics of structural-functional markers in patients with combined pathology: primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with the background of lutein-containing drugs at long-term follow-up.Patients and Methods.The period of research was from November 2016 to January 2018; A parallel prospective study of patients (88 eyes), mean age 67.81 ± 8.41 (M ± σ); 67.64 (63.14; 73.08) (Me, Q25%, Q75%) years with combined pathology POAG and AMD (AREDS I and II). Patients were divided into 2 groups, the first group — a study group received Retinorm, by 1 capsule 3 times a day during a meal for 1 year, a second control group of 17 patients (32 eyes) did not receive lutein-containing medicines during the observation period. The study group consisted of 29 patients (55 eyes). There were 7 males and 22 females among them. The control group consisted of 19 patients (33 eyes), 2 males and 17 females among them. Visual acuity, standard automatic computer perimetry, optical coherence tomography, determination of spatial contrast sensitivity was carried out in all patients at the beginning of the study and after 1 year.Results.The maximum correlated visual acuity (MCVA) according to the table ETDRS increased in the study group and decreased in the control group, 95% the confidence interval for the changes in the MCVA: 0.1813636; 1.018182; 1.927273 и –3.878788; –2.393939; –0.8477273 (optotypes), respectively (W = 499.5; p = 0,0002919). Statistically significant changes in the thickness of the layer of nerve fibers of the retina (RNFL) neither in the middle nor in the sectors was revealed, and the thickness of the retina in oval foveal zone by sector: upper, temporal and lower statistically significantly decreased in the control group, while remaining unchanged in the observation group (р < 0.05). Spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) after 1 year of use Retinorm remained at the same level in the control group, while there was a statistically significant increase in spatial contrast sensitivity in the main group, especially at high spatial frequencies is observed (р < 0.05).Conclusion.The results of the study indicate a positive effect of Retinorm used for 1 year. It was reflected in the improvement visual acuity in the distance, improvement of spatial contrast sensitivity, especially at high spatial frequencies, and the preservation of structural retinal indices both in the foveal zone and peripapillary.

Reactions of 2-methyl-1H-imidazole, 1H-benzimidazole, 4H-1,2,4-triazole, and 1H-benzotriazole with 1-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-2-iodoethan-1-one in the absence of a base gave the corresponding N-mono- and N,N′-disubstituted derivatives. 4H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol reacted with 1-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-2-iodoethan-1- one to afford 1-([1,3]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl)-1H-benzotriazolium triiodide.

Morphology, chemical composition and electrical properties of long monoaxonic spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellid sponge Hyalonema sieboldi were studied. In this paper we show for the first time that the spicules have an electrical resistance and can produce the piezoelectric effect. The piezoelectric properties of the organosilicon spicules seem to result from their complex multilayered organization. Mechanical tension can be detected between these layers in different parts of the spicules that disappears following the destruction of a spicule. Our findings on the presence of the piezoelectric effect in composite organosilicon material of the hexactinellid spicules may contribute to the creation of biomimetic materials capable of generating light emission.

Reaction of 2-sulfanylbenzoxazole with 1-iodopropan-2-one, 2-iodo-1-phenylethanone, and 2-iodo-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethanone without solvent and bases afforded bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)disulfonium derivatives in a single preparative stage. The reaction proceeds as a domino-process and includes the alkylation of a sulfanyl group of benzoxazole, the reduction of iodoketone with hydrogen iodide, the oxidation of 2-sulfanylbenzoxazole to disulfide, the alkylation of disulfide atoms of sulfur, and the formation of triiodideanions. The yield of disulfonium derivatives increases twice in the presence of equimolar amount of iodine.

The working process in the regenerative gas generators of liquid rocket engines is analyzed and a method for computer simulation based on the Zel’dovich’s model of “quenching” the composition of the products of high-temperature combustion as a result of rapid cooling on supplying an excess of the low-temperature component and the resulting chemical quasi-nonequilibrium is developed. The method is implemented and tested on the basis of the TERRA software package in calculations of the composition and properties of the propellant produced by regenerative gas generators using oxygen as the oxidizer and methane as the fuel. The vacuum specific impulse of the considered fuel is calculated for the possible conditions of a quasi-nonequilibrium working process.

International audience; We report a novel technique for doping InP quantum dots (QDs) with silver that makes use of a AgCl TOP complex as a source of silver and PH3 as a phosphorus precursor. Formation of two types of nanoparticles in the reaction mixture is observed Ag-doped InP QDs form at lower silver concentrations and novel Ag/InP core-shell nanostructures form at high Ag-precursor concentrations. Ag-doped QDs possess two luminescent bands an excitonic band at approx. 670 nm and an IR-band, indicative of dopant luminescence, at approx. 900 nm. Post-synthetic covering of the quantum dots with ZnS leads to a significant increase in both types of luminescence. The core-shell Ag/InP nanoparticles did not emit any luminescence in the visible and near-IR spectral regions.

Information on the ecology of the "phage-bacterial host" system is given. The interaction of cultures of lactococci from the collection of the Siberian Research Institute of Cheese with associations of phages was investigated. Infection of sensitive cells with bacteriophage led to cell lysis, which was manifested by negative colonies on the lawn of a lactococcal culture. Characteristics of the biological properties of bacteriophages in the composition of phage associations are given (lytic activity, spectrum of lytic activity, specificity of action). Differentiation of species lysotypes of bacteriophages of mesophilic lactococci, selected at a single cheese enterprise in the Altai Territory was noted. The index of the lytic activity of the investigated phage associations ranged from 0.19 (sample of Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis biovar diacetylactis) to 0.24 (sample of Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis) from studied strains. The value of the lyotype updated coefficient for the entire array of data varied from 0.25 to 1.00. It is concluded that the specificity of cheese biotechnology together with the evolutionary and genetic determinants of the microworld predetermine a constant high risk of cell phagolysis of starter cultures. Experimental studies confirmed the need to consider the phagocyte of lactic acid bacteria in biotechnology.

The technological process of the production of silicon nanoparticles from silicon monoxide and methods of the deposition of nanosilicon coatings onto solar cells are developed. The process makes it possible to control the particle dimensions in the range from 2 to 10 nm. The effect of such nanosilicon coatings on the efficiency of solar cells is studied. It is shown that nanosilicon films possess good antireflection and passivation properties and can be successfully used in the technology of the production of solar cells.

A new facile method is proposed for the preparation of aqueous sols of highly crystalline tungsten trioxide with a particle size of 60–150 nm, containing no organic stabilizers/surfactants. These sols possess high sedimentation stability, which is quite unusual for inorganic colloidal systems containing relatively large particles, with a rather high density (ρ c(WO3) = 7.3 g/cm3). The method is based on the thermal decomposition of ammonium paratungstate, followed by dispersing the resulting powders in water under ultrasonic treatment. Thermal decomposition of ammonium paratungstate, and the composition and structure of the resulting tungsten trioxide and its aqueous dispersions, were investigated with thermal analysis combined with the mass spectrometry of gaseous thermolysis products, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, IR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. It has been demonstrated that the high sedimentation stability of WO3 results from electrostatic stabilization, which might be caused by the formation of tungstic acid on the surface of WO3 particles when they come into contact with water. The nanocrystalline WO3 obtained can be used to produce gas sensors for ammonia.

The alkylation of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thiol with 1-iodomethyl(dimethyl)phenylsilane, 1-(iodomethyl)-1,1,3,3,3-pentamethyldisiloxane, and 1,3-bis(iodomethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane involved iodine-catalyzed cleavage of the Si–Csp 2 and Si–O bonds with liberated (in situ) hydrogen iodide to afford 2-({[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolium-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxanylmethyl}sulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolium di- and tetraiodides. Replacement of iodide ion in the products by triiodide gives new organosilicon ionic liquids with several charged fragments.

The alkylation of 2,2′-(methylenedisulfanediyl)- and 2,2′-(ethane-1,2-diyldisulfanediyl)bis-(1,3-benzothiazoles) with 1-iodopropan-2-one involves exclusively the exocyclic sulfur atoms. The presence of an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group between the bridging methylene units in 1,3-bis(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)propane-2-one forces the alkylation to occur at the endocyclic nitrogen atoms.

The evolution of the structure and substructure of metals Ti and Mg with hexagonal close-packed (hcp) lattice is studied during their mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill in liquid hydrocarbons (toluene, n-heptane) and with additions of carbon materials (graphite, fullerite, nanotubes) by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The temperature behavior and hydrogen-accumulating properties of mechanocomposites are studied. During mechanical activation of Ti and Mg, liquid hydrocarbons decay, metastable nanocrystalline titanium carbohydride Ti(C,H) x and magnesium hydride β-MgH2 are formed, respectively. The Ti(C,H) x and MgH2 formation mechanisms during mechanical activation are deformation ones and are associated with stacking faults accumulation, and the formation of face-centered cubic (fcc) packing of atoms. Metastable Ti(C,H)x decays at a temperature of 550°C, the partial reverse transformation fcc → hcp occurs. The crystalline defect accumulation (nanograin boundaries, stacking faults), hydrocarbon destruction, and mechanocomposite formation leads to the enhancement of subsequent magnesium hydrogenation in the Sieverts reactor.

2-Methyl-1,3-bis[(1-methylsilolan-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazolium triiodide, 1,3-bis{[dimethyl-(phenyl)silyl]methyl}-2-methyl-1H-imidazolium iodide and triiodide, and cyclic 3,3,5,5,10-pentamethyl-4-oxa-7-aza-1-azonia-3,5-disilabicyclo[5.2.1]deca-1(10),8-diene iodide were synthesized by solvent-free reactions of 2-methyl-1H-imidazole with 1-(iodomethyl)-1-methylsilolane, (iodomethyl)(dimethyl)phenylsilane, and ethynyl(iodomethyl)(dimethyl)silanes, respectively, in the absence of base catalyst.

The potential energy surface for the formation of heterocyclic disulfonium dications from 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol and 1-iodopropan-2-one has been analyzed at the DFT B3LYP level of theory. The reaction involves oxidation of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol to the corresponding disulfide, followed by alkylation of the exocyclic sulfur atoms. Stabilization of the salt with iodide anion is initiated by thermodynamically controlled reaction with molecular iodine, leading to the formation of stable structure with triiodide anion.

Mathematical modeling of the biotechnology for the removal of ammonium nitrogen from wastewater based on the anammox process was performed with the specialized BioWin software suite (EnviroSim Associates Ltd., Canada). Nitrogen removal by means of the transformation of ammonium nitrogen to molecular nitrogen was conducted in a continuous stirred bioreactor carrying both suspended and immobilized activated sludge. Both basic values of the kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients are incorporated in the BioWin software, and those that changed based on the results of the experimental studies were used for the calculations. The optimal temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration revealed by mathematical modeling were 35°C and 0.14 mg/L. The results obtained from calculations were similar to those obtained in the experiments. The calculated and experimental concentrations of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates in the treated water were similar and comprised 10.7 and 11.7% of the initial concentration entering the bioreactor, respectively. The selected mathematical model possessed a high predictive ability for the calculation of biotechnologies based on the anammox process

The three-component reaction of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol with iodomethyl(dimethyl)phenylsilane and molecular iodine in the absence of a base and phase-transfer catalyst afforded 2-[(dimethyl(phenyl)-silylmethylsulfanyl]-1,3-benzothiazolium triiodide and 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4,2]thiazasilolo[5,4-b][1,3]-benzothiazolium triiodide.

Oxidation of HF vapor-etched nanocrystalline silicon films, prepared by drop coating from nanocrystalline Si sol in acetonitrile, was studied. Oxidation of nc-Si at room temperature in air with 5% and 86% relative humidity was observed by means of IR spectroscopy for 2 days. The change in film mass after 15 hours of oxidation was determined using quartz crystal microbalance. In dry air, film mass and integral intensity of bands attributed to vibrations in Si3-x‒Si‒Hx and Si-O-Si groups changed linearly with time. In humid air, intensity of in Si3-x‒Si‒Hx band decays exponentially and intensity of Si-O-Si band increases as a square root of oxidation time. Film mass gain after 15 hours of oxidation corresponds to an average oxide layer thickness of 0.02 nm in dry air and 0.51 nm in wet air.

The aim of this investigation is the search of novel promising materials for solid-state and fiber lasers emitting in the spectral range 2÷3 microns, i.e. out of the range where the well-developed rare-earth doped silica fibers can successfully operate. We have stopped our choice on tellurite and calcium aluminate glasses. In contrast to silica glasses, both these glass types can contain high (>1021 cm−3) amounts of rare earth dopants. In contrast to ZBLAN glass that is widely used for mid-infrared fiber lasers, both tellurite and aluminate glasses can be quite stable to air moisture. Furthermore, calcium aluminate glasses are prominent for their extraordinary mechanical properties (better than those of fused silica).