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Carbohydrates from leaves, stems, and tubers of cultivated Helianthus tuberosus were studied. The quantitative contents of mono- and oligosaccharides, water-soluble polysaccharides, pectinic substances, and hemicellulose were determined. The qualitative monosaccharide composition and physical chemical properties were found. The amino-acid composition was determined. It was shown that syrup from the tubers exhibited hypoglycemic activity.

Dry extracts from roots and stems of Alcea rosea were prepared. Their chemical composition was studied by characterizing the carbohydrate, protein, and elemental compositions.

Structures of glucofructans isolated from Cousinii radians roots were studied by methylation, periodate oxidation, and IR and 13C NMR spectroscopies. It was found that fructofuranose units were bonded to each other by inulin-type β-(2→1)-gylcoside bonds.

Native acetylated glucomannan of molecular weight (MW) 32000 with a glucose:mannose ratio 1:30 was isolated from bulbs of Narcissus poeticus. Glucomannan was depolymerized to a fragment of MW 15000 with an unchanged primary structure and was studied using PMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the linear chain of the biopolymer consists of β→1-4-bound D-gluco- and D-mannopyranose units and the O-Ac groups are localized on C-2, C-3, and C-6 hydroxyls in certain anhydromannose units.

Roots of Arctium tomentosum (Compositae) were found to contain water-soluble polysaccharides (glucofructans), pectinic substances, and hemicellulose. The structure of the glucofructan was established by chemical methods and IR and 13C NMR spectroscopies.

The structure of the branched polysaccharide glucoarabinogalactan was investigated by periodate oxidation, methylation, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The main chain consists of α-1→6-bonded galactopyranoses. 1→2-Bonded D-glucopyranoses and 1→3-bonded D-galactopyranoses are located on the unreducing ends. There is a short side chain with β-1→3-bonded L-arabinopyranoses.

Cultivation ofBacillus subtilis-7A on waste from alcohol production yielded an active extracellular enzyme α-amylase with MW 75 kDa. The enzyme was isolated from the culture medium by 60% saturated ammonium sulfate and purified until homogeneous by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The optimum temperatures for the complex and purified enzyme are 30 and 50°C, respectively. The optimum activity for both preparations occurred at pH 6.5. The substrate specificity of the isolated preparations was studied.

The acidic polysaccharide rhamnoglucouronan, the structure of which was studied by chromic and periodate oxidation, methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and13C NMR spectroscopy, was isolated fromAlcea roseastems. The main polysaccharide chain consists ofα-1→2 andα-1→4 bound rhamnopyranoses and uronic acids and is branched

Galactomannans isolated from the seeds ofGleditsia macracantha (GMM) andGleditsia texana (GMT) have molecular masses (MM) of 750.000 and 795.000 and galactose to mannose ratios of 1.0∶4.9 and 1.0∶3.8, respectively. GMT and GMM are depolymerized to fragments of MM 25 and 19 kDa with retention of the primary structure and are studied by13C NMR spectroscopy. The principal chains of GMM and GMT are β-1-4-mannopyranose residues in which the hydroxyl groups of C-6 are substituted by single α-D-galactopyranose units.

Galactomannan, a nontoxic compound that exhibits in experiments with intact rats a slight hypocholesterinemic and hypoglycemic activity, was isolated from the coating of Gleditsia macracantha seeds. It prevents significantly the development of experimental hyperglycemia and diabetes when administered simultaneously with alloxan.

A homogeneous native acetylated glucomannan of molecular weight 32000 was isolated from bulbs of N. poeticus. A linear chain polymer consisting of β-1→4-bound D-manno- and D-glucopyranoses was found using periodate and chromic oxidation and methylation. The glucomannan has low toxicity and exhibits distinct hypolipidemic activity.

The lipid composition of ripe and green fruit of Hibiscus esculenthus cultivated in Uzbekistan was studied. The fatty-acid composition of pod and seed lipids was determined. Carbohydrate components including water-soluble polysaccharides, pectinic substances, and hemicellulose were characterized.

The carbohydrate and lipid compositions of seeds from Gleditsia triacanthos L. cultivated in Uzbekistan are investigated. Water-soluble polysaccharide (galactomannan), pectinic substances, and hemicellulose are isolated. Their physicochemical properties and monosaccharide composition are found. The content and fatty-acid composition of neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids are determined.

Helianthus tuberosus has unlimited potential for multi-faceted application to food, feed, technical, medicinal, and ecological problems. Lipids [1], carbohydrates, and protein constituents of H. tuberosus variety Faiz Baraka that was developed in Uzbekistan were studied earlier [2]. In continuation of this research, we studied carbohydrates and proteins of H. tuberosus variety Muzhiza that was developed at the Uzbekistan Research Institute of Horticulture by individual and mass selection from voucher samples. The starting material of air-dried finely ground tubers was worked up with CHCl3–MeOH (2:1) in order to remove lipophilic substances. Successive extraction of the remaining raw material isolated water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) using H2O at room temperature; inulin, hot H2O; pectinic substances (PS), a mixture of oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate solutions; and hemicellulose (HMC), base solution (5%). A light-brown powder was obtained after evaporation of the alcoholic mother liquor and work up with Me2CO. It contained glucose, fructose, and a series of FOS. The homologous series of FOS began with a saccharose of the lowest homolog (for n = 0) that was followed by trisaccharides differing from the previous one by a single fructose residue. The highest homolog of this series was inulin [3]. The contents of FOS and inulin were 35% and 9.1%, respectively. The polysaccharide contents in H. tuberosus tubers of the two studied varieties were compared. The results are given below

The structure of galactomannan from seeds ofGleditsia macracantha is studied by methylation, periodate oxidation, and partial acid hydrolysis. The principal polyglycoside chain consists of β-1→4-bonded mannopyranose units, where the mannose is substituted in the 6-position by single α-D-galactopyranose units.

The dynamics of the accumulation of galactomannans (GMs) in the seeds ofGleditsia macracantha have been studied. Their maximum content was observed during dormancy. It was found that with the development and growth of the fruit the yield and characteristic viscosity of the GMs and the amount of mannose in them increased.

The water-soluble polysaccharides of the seeds of eight species of Gleditsia have been isolated and studied. They are galactomannans with different viscosities, specific rotations, and ratios of galactose and mannose. A study of their chemical transformations and IR spectral data has shown that the monosaccharide residues are pyranoses linked by β-1-4-glycosidic bonds having in the second componentD-galactose with the α-configuration of the glycosidic center and the most probable chair conformation of the pyranose ring.

Pectins have been isolated from five species of wild apples and have been characterized. They contain galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, and arabinose residues. The titrimetric indices of the substances isolated have been determined. It has been shown by IR spectroscopy the pectins isolated are extracted partially in the form of pectic acids.

The dynamics of the accumulation of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances of Aconitum zaravschanicum Steinb over the vegetation periods have been studied. The maximum amounts of polysaccharides have been established and their comparative physicohemical characteristics have been determined.

We studied previously plants of the families Liliaceae [1, 2], Amaryllidacea [3], Malvaceae [4], and Caryophyllaceae [5]. In continuation of work in this area, we studied water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) from seeds of higher plants of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). The composition and content and physicochemical characteristics of seeds from representatives of this family have not been reported. Furthermore, many Umbelliferae plants have great economic value as food, drug, feed, and technical plants [6]. Therefore, our goal was to isolate and determine qualitatively and quantitatively WSPS from seeds of 15 plant species of the family Apiaceae. The common determination method for WSPS from all seeds included grinding air-dried seeds (10 g), treatment with EtOH:CHCl3 (1:2, v/v) to remove lipids and pigments, and extraction (3 ) of WSPS with water at room temperature (1:10 ratio). The extracts were evaporated. Polysaccharides were precipitated by alcohol. The precipitate was washed with acetone and dried. The monosaccharide composition of WSPS was established after total acid hydrolysis (H2SO4, 2 N, 100°C, 5 h) and subsequent analysis. GC of aldononitrile acetates [7] was performed on a Chrom-5 instrument with a flame-ionization detector, glass column (250 0.20 mm), 5% Silicone XE-60 on inerton NAW (0.200–0.250 m), 205°C, N2 carrier gas, 30 mL/min. Samples of WSPS were white powders with a cream tint. They did not have reducing power and did not contain starch according to a negative test with iodine. Fehling solution was added to aqueous solutions of the polysaccharides using the principle of selective precipitation of mannose-containing polysaccharide [8]. A precipitate formed for seeds of Angelica ternata, Coriandrum sativum, Heraclim lehmannianum, Ferula tenuisecta, F. diversivittata, Foeniculum vulgare, and Mediasia macrophylla. Polysaccharides of the mannan type were probably present in the isolated WSPS. Table 1 shows that the studied polysaccharides were obtained in different yields from the seeds. The WSPS content was 0.38-5.96% and was greater in seeds of Anethum graveolens, Daucus carota L., Ferula tschimganica (>4%); and in Foeniculum vulgare (5.6%) and Mediasia macrophylla (5.96%). The hydrolysis products of the WSPS contained from two to five monosaccharides. Rhamnose was present in all studied polysaccharides from plant seeds. The principal components were rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose. This indicated that the polysaccharide fractions contained rhamnoarabinogalactan, rhamnoxylogalactan, glucan, and rhamnoglucan. Thus, screening of seeds from 15 plant species of the family Apiaceae found that the isolated WSPS differed in quantitative content of WSPS and monosaccharide composition. Some WSPS (A. ternata, C. sativum, H. lehmannianum, F. tsehimganica, F. diversivittata, F. vulgare, M. macrophylla) contained mannan-type polysaccharides. As stated above, polysaccharides affect the physiological activity of many food additives [9]. In this respect, screening of WSPS from seeds of Anethum graveolens, C. sativum, Ferula, Foeniculum vulgare, and M. macrophylla are interesting for further medical and biological testing.

Curcuma longa L. is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Zingiberaceae and is indigenous to South Asia, tropical Australia, etc. The principal raw material of C. longa is the rhizomes, yellowish-gray on the outside, golden-yellow in cross section. The pear-shaped or egg-shaped I order rhizomes or cylindrical side runner II order rhizomes are used commercially. Rhizome powder is widely used as a spice to improve the taste of food, to give it a yellow color, and to improve digestion. It exhibits cholegogic, diuretic, and stimulant activity [1–4]. Our goal was to study the content and composition of the carbohydrates depending on the introduction site, in particular, under Tashkent oasis conditions. We studied air-dried powdered I and II order rhizomes, roots, and leaves. Lipophilic compounds were isolated from raw material by treatment with CHCl3:EtOH (2:1, v/v). Then sugar soluble in alcohol (SSA) was isolated by EtOH (82%). The SSA content was dominant in II order rhizomes (11.8%). The SSA composition was analyzed by descending PC on FN-13 paper using n-BuOH:Py:H2O (6:4:3). Sugars were identified using anilinium acid phthalate (hexoses) and alcoholic urea (5%, ketoses). The SSA contained arabinose, glucose, and fructose. The raw material remaining after SSA isolation was extracted exhaustively with water at room temperature, oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate (1:1) solutions (0.5%) at 70°C, and aqueous base (5%). The aqueous and acidic extracts were condensed and precipitated by EtOH to afford the corresponding water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) and pectinic compounds (PC). The basic extract was neutralized with CH3COOH, dialyzed against tapwater, evaporated, and treated with alcohol (three times the volume) to isolate hemicellulose (HC). The monosaccharide compositions of the polysaccharide fractions were determined after acid hydrolysis (H2SO4, 2 N, 100°C, 5–12 h). The hydrolysates were treated with BaCO3 until neutral, filtered, evaporated, and analyzed by PC and GLC. Sugars were identified using markers. GLC scans were recorded on a Chrom-5 chromatograph with a flame-ionization detector, glass column (250 0.20 mm), 5% Silicone XE-60 on inerton, super-grain (0.16–0.20 mm), 205°C, N2 carrier gas, 30 mL/min. Sugars were analyzed as aldononitrile acetates [5]. Table 1 presents the polysaccharide (PS) content and its monosaccharide composition. It can be seen that PS were distributed differently in various plant organs. There were more PS in I-II order rhizomes than in roots and leaves. The dominant PS in all plant organs were base-soluble PS, i.e., HC. The WSPS content in various organs was 0.86–2.6%; in roots, traces. The principal WSPS monosaccharide of I order rhizomes and leaves was glucose. Mainly xylose, mannose, and glucose were detected in the WSPS hydrolysate of II order rhizomes. WSPS of rhizomes were a friable white powder with a yellow tint that was soluble in water to form a slightly cloudy solution. The aqueous solution of PS gave a positive test with iodine. This suggested that the PS were glucans. Glucose dominated in the hydrolysate. Table 1 shows that PC accumulated in rhizomes. Their principal monosaccharide was glucose. There were less PC in roots and leaves. Glucose also dominated. This was consistent with the presence of starch (positive test with iodine). The isolated PC were a white powder with a yellow tint that dissolved with heating in water and formed viscous solutions. The PC differed from each other qualitatively and quantitatively. Galacturonic acid, arabinose, xylose, and glucose were detected in the PC hydrolysates.

Free and bound lipids from Helianthus tuberosus tubers were investigated. Neutral, glyco-and phospholipid classes and their fatty-acid compositions were determined. The composition of unsaponified substances was established.

The class composition and fatty-acid composition of the neutral lipids of kenaf processing wastes have been studied. The presence of acetates of triterpene alcohols and of free triterpenols has been established by physicochemical methods of analysis in the neutral lipids of kenaf. Hemicelluloses and cellulose predominate in the polysaccharide complex of kenaf chaff. Among the hemicelluloses, the xylans predominate.

The results of a study of the structure of ungeromannan-V fromUngernia vvedenskii Khamidkh by oxidation with chromic oxide and with sodium periodate and by methylation have shown that the monosaccharide residues in it are linked by β-1 → 4 glycosidic bonds. The macromolecule of ungeromannan-V has slight branching.

The group carbohydrate composition of the bulbs ofUngernia trisphaera has been studied. The homogeneous ungeromannan-Tr, acetylated in the native state, has been isolated. On the basis of the results of periodate oxidation, methylation, partial hydrolysis, and IR and13C NMR spectroscopy, it has been shown that ungeromannan-Tr consists of a linear polymer D-mannopyranose with β-(1 → 4)-glycosidic bonds.

Water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances have been isolated from various organs ofA. neglectus and their quantitative amounts and monosacchardie compositions have been determined. Native acetylated glucomannans (A, B, and C) containing 13, 15, and 20% of acetyl groups and being homogeneous according to the results of gel chromatography have been isolated from the roots. On the basis of the results of periodate oxidation, methylation, and IR spectroscopy it has been established that the neutral polysaccharides of the roots ofA. neglectus is a mixture of three glucomannans consisting of β-1→4 linear-bound D-gluco- and D-mannopyranose residues.

Several fractions of alkali-soluble polysaccharides have been isolated from the seeds ofIris sogdiana Bge. The separation of one of the fractions has yielded a glucomannan consisting of glucose and mannose residues in a ratio of 1:1.2. On the basis of the results of oxidation with chromium trioxide of the acetate of the glucomannan, and of periodate oxidation and methylation, it has been established that its molecule consists of a linear chain composed of β-D-glucopyranose and β-D-mannopyranose residues connected by β-1→4 bonds, although the presence of branching is not excluded. The possibility has been shown of isolating D-mannose by the hydrolysis of the seeds.

A comparative investigation of the acid hydrolysis of the guza-paya [stems and bolls] and seed husks of the cotton plant has shown that the hydrolysates differ in their quantitative levels of monosaccharides, but in the pentose hydrolysates xylose predominates in both cases. The extracts after the preliminary enrichment of the raw material contain a large amount of xylose. The sulfuric-acid lignin obtained from the guza-paya contains a far smaller amount of unhydrolyzed polysaccharide and a larger amount of functional groups than the lignin from the husks.

The characteristics of the pectin from the leaves ofUngernia sewerzowii are given. The pectin isolated consists of residues of: galacturonic acid — 51%; rhamnose — 23.6%; arabinose — 4.9%, xylose — 1.3%; glucose — 4.1%; and galactose — 15.3%, [α]D25+206° (c 0.5; water, OCH3 — 5.4%. Partial hydrolysis of the pectin gave a galacturonan containing only galacturonic acid residues. On the basis of the results of periodate-silver nitrate oxidation and methylation it was shown that the galacturonic acid residues in the galactone are linked by α-1 → 4-glycosidic bonds.

The water-soluble polysaccharides of the rhizomes of thePolygonatum sewerzowii Regl. have been studied. A method has been developed for separating the polysaccharide fraction. A new native acetylated glucomannan has been isolated which has been called severan and consists of manno- and glucopyranose residues linked with one another by β-1 → 4 bonds in a ratio of 15.4:1.

A glucofructan has been isolated from the rhizomes ofPolygonatum sewerzowii Bunge and has been called pseverin. According to its chemical and spectral characteristics, pseverin is a polysaccharide containing both inulin, 2 → 1, and leven, 2 → 6, glycosidic bonds. The problem of the correlation between the molecular structure of a glucofructan and its supermolecular organization has been considered. X-radiographic and electron-microscope studies have been made of pseverin and its acetate. It has been established that on precipitating from solution pseverin forms globular particles which aggregate to give elongated necklace-like formations. Fine lamellar structures are characteristic for the acetate.

By fractionating the initial water-soluble polysaccharide from the tuberous roots ofEremurus altaicus, a homogeneous naturally acetylated glucomannan with a molecular weight of 108,000–120,000 has been isolated. On the basis of the results of periodate oxidation and methylation and a study of the products of partial cleavage of the glycosidic bonds, the structure of a repeating heptasaccharide section of the chain consisting of β-1→4-linked D-glucopyranose (2 moles) and D-mannopyranose (5 moles) residues has been established. The glucomannan apparently contains 95–100 such sections. It has been shown that in each repeating solution there is one O-acetyl group at a C3 atom of a glucose residue.

Ten oligosaccharides have been isolated from the products of the partial hydrolysis of a native acetylated glucomannan obtained fromEremurus lactiflorus O. Fedtsch. Their structures have been studied with the aid of acid hydrolysis before and after reduction with NaBH4, by the GLC method, and also by chromatography with markers. The compositions and sequence of the monomers in tetra- and heptaoligo-saccharides have been determined by the13C NMR method. The glucommannan ofE. lactiflorus differs from theEremurus glucomannans studied previously by the ratio of monosaccharides, the presence of 0-Ac groups, the degree of polymerization, and the presence of a cellobiose unit (Glcp-Glcp) in the polymer chain. The repeating unit consists of 14 hexose residues.

The structure of severan has been studied by13C NMR spectroscopy. Severan and its derivatives have been investigated by electron microscopy and x-radiography. It has been established that severan has only one-dimensional ordering of the chains with a period of 4.23 A. The purification of severan led to practically no changes in its diffractograms. At the supermolecular level, severan forms fairly disordered aggregates which consist of smaller globular particles. In acetylated severan there are ellipsoidal particles of a lamellar type with a higher degree of structural order.

The13C spectra of the glucomannans fromEremurus lactiflorus andE. luteus are analyzed in comparison with the spectra of low-molecular-weight model compounds. It has been shown that the linear polymer chain consists of 1 → 4-bound glycosidic residues in the pyranose form, which confirms the results of earlier chemical investigations of these polysaccharides.

Water-soluble polysaccharides have been isolated from two species ofEremurus — E. lactiflorus andE. luteus — with yields of 13.5% and 20.5%, respectively. They contained mainly glucose and mannose in ratios of 1:5 and 1:3.1. The polysaccharides ofE. lactiflorus were separated from a column of DEAE-cellulose. The yield of neutral fraction was 10.3%. Gel filtration of the polysaccharides on Sephadex G-200 showed their polydispersity. Homogeneous fractions were obtained by fractional precipitation with ethanol. They have been characterized with respect to monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and IR spectra.

By separating the total alkaloids ofV.erecta according to their basicities in an APS, in addition to bases known previously we have isolated ervincidine, apovincamine, (+)-quebrachamine, dl-eburnamine, (−)-1,2-dehydroaspidospermidine, and kopsanone. This is the first time that these alkaloids have been obtained from this plant. Thin-layer chromatography showed the presence of another 10–12 uncharacterized alkaloids.

1. Picrinine and a new base, vincaricine, have been isolated from the epigeal part ofVinca erecta Rgl. et Schmalh.

The structure of the glucomannan established on the basis of the results of methylation, chromium trioxide oxidation of the acetylated glucomannan, and partial hydrolysis, is given. The partial hydrolysis of the glucomannan gave a series of oligosaccharides — 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannopyranose, di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides, and β-1→4-bound D-mannooligosaccharides — the structures of which follow from the results of hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, methylation, and mass spectrometry. A structure is proposed for the repeating unit.

1. In a study of the carbohydrates ofEremurus regeli Vved., according to the period of development of the plant, it has been found that in the leaves the maximum amount of pectin substances is present in the period of the ripening of the seeds. In the tuber roots, water-soluble polysaccharides form the main component and they are present in maximum amount after the withering of the epigeal part.

It has been established by oxidation with chromium trioxide and sodium periodate and by methylation that the monosaccharide residues in the glucomannan ofEremurus lactiflorus O. Fed. are linked by β-1 →; 4 bonds, and there is a mannose residue at the nonreducing end. The glucomannan macromolecule has a linear structure.

The results are given of a chemical study of one of the fractions of ammonium pectate, PAP-12 with a molecular weight of 18,000, obtained from sugar-beet pulp. PAP-12 contains mainly D-galacturonic acid residues in the pyranose form linked by α-1→4 bonds, and also rhamnose, galactose, and traces of arabinose.