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The leaves of Syzygium polyanthum is widely used in Indonesia as a spice . It has been reported to have significant antioxidant activity . However, the reports on compound s responsible for the activity are very scarce . The purpose of this research was to characterize the chemical profile of S. polyanthum fractions which showed the highest antioxidant activity . The dried leaves of S. polyanthum were fractionated using the different combination of non-polar to polar solvent, those are n -hexane, acetone, water. Fourteen fractions were collected and analyzed for their DPPH antioxidant activity . T he chemical profile of selected fractions was characterized using UHPLC-HRMS to identify compounds that might associate with the antioxidant activity of S . polyanthum . The results showed that at the dose of 500 μg/ml, four fractions showed the highest antioxidant activity with the following order : F9 (acetone:water=80:20) , F10 (acetone:water=60:40), F1 (hexane 100%) and F3 (hexane:aceton=80:20). UHPLC-HRMS analysis successfully identified several compounds in F9 and F10. Gallic acid, pyrogallol, and myricetin were identified in F9. Aconitic acid was identified in F 10. All of the identified compounds were previously reported to have antioxidant activity

Based on ethnobotanical surveys, an Indian traditional plant, i.e., Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench (Family – Asteraceae) was selected for detailed phytochemical investigations. B. anthelmintica seeds, purchased from local market, were extracted exhaustively in a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. A well-established method was adopted to obtain phenolic compounds and flavonoids rich fraction of methanol extract. This fraction yielded two isolates (AK-1 and AK-2) upon purification by column chromatographic process. AK-1 was characterized as mixture of two isomeric compounds − 3′,4′,5,6,7- and 3′,4′,5,7,8-pentahydroxy flavanone, and AK-2 as butein (chalcone derivative) by UV, IR and NMR spectral analysis. A TLC densitometric method was developed and validated to estimate the content of butein in B. anthelmintica seeds, and was found to be 1.252 mg/g. Bioactive Marker (butein) based standardized B. anthelmintica seeds will ensure reproducibility in efficacy and safety of the plant or authenticity of its products.

In order to investigate the possible options to improve the pore properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), the sorptive capacity of MOF-199 was assessed based on the two contrasting activation approaches (i.e., ‘chemical (C)’ and ‘thermal (T)’ activation) against four reduced sulfur (S) compounds (RSCs: H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S (DMS), and CH3SSCH3 (DMDS)). In order to represent the pristine (C1) and chemically activated forms of MOF-199 (C2), the pores were filled by N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) (i.e., as synthesized) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), respectively. For comparative purpose, these samples were further subject to thermal treatment (150 °C under 100 mL min−1) and named as T1 and T2, respectively. The combined effects of chemical/thermal activation were found to be most effective to enhance the sorption capacity of MOF-199. (Note that such advantage was not evident when treated by chemical activation only.) Overall, the relative ordering of sorption capacities between four different types of MOF-199, when tested against diverse S compounds, was found to be DMDS > CH3SH > H2S > DMS. The mechanism for such sorption patterns was ascribed to two major competing interactions: a) S-Cu for lighter S and b) –CH3 group (in S compound) and aromatic ring (in MOF ligand) for heavier S. This synergetic effect was also confirmed by both theoretically (density functional theory (DFT)) and experimentally (Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis). As such, MOF-199 prepared through both chemical and thermal treatments was identified as an efficient sorbent to capture S compounds even in ambient conditions.

In this paper, formation of zinc sulfide species during roasting of ZnO with FeS2 was investigated and its contribution on flotation was illustrated. The evolution process, phase and crystal growth were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) along with thermodynamic calculation and scanning electron microscopy-Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), respectively, to interpret the formation mechanism of ZnS species. It was found that ZnS was initially generated at about 450 °C and then the reaction prevailed at about 600 °C. The generated FexS would dissolve into ZnS and then form (Zn, Fe)S compound in form of Fe2Zn3S5 when temperature increased to about 750 °C. This obviously accelerated ZnS phase formation and growth. In addition, it was known that increasing of ZnO dosage had few effects on the decomposition behavior of FeS2. Then, flotation tests of different zinc oxide materials before and after treatment were performed to further confirm that the flotation performances of the treated materials could be obviously improved. Finally, a scheme diagram was proposed to regular its application to mineral processing. It was systematically illustrated that different types of ZnS species needed to be synthetized when sulfidization roasting-flotation process was carried out to treat zinc oxide materials.

Dickeya and Pectobacterium species cause blackleg / soft rot disease complex on potato in Zimbabwe. The disease is seedborne and difficult to control. This research focused on ways of increasing the inherent resistance of potato plants and tubers to blackleg and soft rot. Two field experiments were conducted at the University of Zimbabwe campus plots in 2008/9 and 2009/10 seasons in order to determine reproducibility of the results. Sprouted tubers of cv. BP1 were inoculated with a mixture of Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense and Dickeya dadantii. The inoculated tubers were planted in plots treated with different fertilizer combinations. The treatments were: 1) compound S (7N: 21P: 8K) + ammonium nitrate (34 %N); 2) compound D (7N: 14P: 7K) + calcium nitrate (19 Ca: 15.5N); 3) compound S + calcium nitrate and 4) compound D + ammonium nitrate. Blackleg disease incidence and severity were recorded fortnightly starting from 2 weeks after crop emergence (WACE) while soft rot disease was assessed at physiological maturity. Blackleg incidences and severity were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the plots where calcium nitrate was applied for both experiments. Blackleg disease incidence was reduced by more than 20% in both experiments 1 and 2. Soft rot incidence in the progeny tubers was also significantly reduced by the calcium treatment. In addition, calcium amendment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) soft rot losses of tubers in storage. Calcium nitrate was effective in reducing blackleg and soft rot diseases in combination with either compound D or compound S. The yield was significantly higher in plots where compound S was applied as a basal fertilizer than that recorded in plots treated with compound D fertilizer. This study shows that calcium soil amendments reduce blackleg and soft rot diseases under Zimbabwe’s growing seasons in red fersiallitic soils. Compound S produces better results in potato production than compound D and farmers should be encouraged to use compound S when growing potatoes. Key words : potato, disease resistance, blackleg, soft rot, storage losses, calcium: potato, disease resistance, blackleg, soft rot, storage losses, calcium

The needs of electrical energy that increase year by year cause electrical energy crisis. Alternative energy sources which are potential to be developed as a substitute of fossil fuels are organic solar cells or DSSC (Dye Sensitized Solar Cell). The purpose of this study is to determine the value of efficiency resulting from Ketapang leaf extract and to determine the effect of compound content in Ketapang leaf extract toward the value of DSSC efficiency. This study investigate the efficiency value of the DSSC which are senzitized by the N-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol extract of the Ketapang leaf and the mixture extract . The compound s from each axtract are characteriz ed used UV-Vis and FTIR. The measurement results of the efficiency value from n -hexane of Ketapang leaf extract, ethyl acetate, methanol and the mixture were respectively 0.0051%, 0.09%, 0.12% and 0.22%. The results of UV-Vis characterization with maximum wavelength were respectively 667 nm, 665 . 9 nm, 66 5. 9 nm and 209 nm. The FTIR identified an au x chrome group such as -OH, C-N, -NH, and C-O as well as chromophore groups such as C=O and C=C. These data support that the existence of flavonoid and alcaloid compound in the mixture extract generate significant efficiency value.

Quantum-chemical calculations using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach for structural analysis of the new dichroic mono azo dye: Sodium (E)-5-((4-carboxylatophenyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzoate (S) (trans isomer) was carried out using B3LYP methods with 6-311+G* basis set. After calculations, the new mono azo dye was synthesized. UV, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra of the compound S are reported. The electronic spectrum of the mono azo dye S was also carried out in the water solution. Interpretation of absorption strips in UV region of spectrum was also reported. On the basis of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the new dichroic synthesized azo dye thermostable polarizer film absorbing in the UV region of spectrum (λmax=388 nm) with effect of polarization (PE) in the absorption maximum 97% was developed. The main spectral-polarization parameters (transmittance, optical density) of stretched PVA-films were measured and discussed.It was also established that oriented colored PVA-films is phenomenon of anisotropy of thermal conductivity (l|| / l^). Thermal conductivity in the direction of orientation (l||) is higher than in the direction perpendicular to the orientations (l^). The developed thermostable polarizer film was used in polarizing microscopes, circular polarizers, magnetometers, spectropolarimeters and electrical signals sensors.

Abstracts The slow hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) releasing compound S -allyl glutathione disulfide (GSSA) from garlic, which can release H 2 S via α carbon substitution, showed anti-aging effects on the chronological lifespan (CLS) of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Hormesis was observed, showing lifespan extension at nanomolar concentrations (100–200 nM), whereas at high concentration (1 mM) toxicity were observed. A possible explanation therefore might be the beneficial properties of the recently discovered gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Yet, 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin (2-VDT) and 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin (3-VDT) from garlic appeared both inactive in terms of prolonging the lifespan of yeast. While for 2-VDT these findings seem reasonable since it cannot release H 2 S, for 3-VDT the contrary was expected as H 2 S releasing properties were observed. The underlying mechanism of H 2 S release of 3-VDT was proposed to be a similar α carbon substitution-like observed for GSSA.

In situ separation of a chiral target compound is realized for the first time as distillate on top of an integrated biocatalytic batch reactive distillation column. The applied reaction system is the racemic resolution of (R/S)-2-pentanol in a transesterification with propyl butyrate, which is catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym435). Biocatalyst integration is realized in baskets of wire gauze catalytic packings as column internals. The equilibrium limited reaction is shifted to the product side by fractional distillation of low boiling propanol and the target compound (S)-2-pentanol. Increased molar fractions up to x(S)-2-PeOH = 65 ± 4% with an enantiomeric excess of 90 ± 4% and 51 ± 3% overall conversion are reached for (S)-2-pentanol. Feasibility of the reaction system is investigated in our preselection tool. This tool is developed to evaluate predefined operation conditions in the column setup for transesterification reactions based on criteria regarding biocatalyst stabilit...

Annona muricata L contain bioactive compounds acetogenin s . Acetogenins which was synthesized through reaction between polyketide derived-acetic acid with 35-39 carbon atom in fatty acid, is the secondary metabolite of Annonaceae plant. This research aims to determine the variable that influence in leaf and Annona muricata seed extraction so that high yield value can be obtained and to prove the presence of acetogenins compound qualitatively. The materials used are Annona muricata leaves , Annona muricata seed s and aceton. The changing varia bles in this research is the mass of the samples for Annona muricata leaves powder that are 15 g , 25 g , 35 g and A nnona muricata seed s powder that are 10 g , 20 g , 30 g which the extraction time are 30 minutes , 40 minutes , 50 minutes and 60 minutes. This research divided into t wo steps. The first step is the e xtraction of Annona muricata leaves and A nnona muricata seed s using soxhletation method with 250 mL acetone for Annona muricata leaves, 200 mL aceton for A nnona muricata seed s and extraction temperature is ± 58 o C. The second step is purification of the extract using distillation process. In this research, the highest yield value extract of Annona muricata leaves obtained is 55,33% with 15g mass of sample and 60 minutes for the extraction time. The highest yield value extract of Annona muricata seed s obtained is 62 % with 10 g mass of sample and 40 minutes for the extraction time. FTIR analysis showed the presence of functional groups such as lactone, THF, hyrdroxyl and aliphatic chains which indicates acetogenin s compound ’s presence.

In this work, hydrotalcite-like compounds (prepared by a simple and environmentally-friendly method) were evaluated as adsorbent's precursors for arsenic (V) removal in water. Materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, N 2 adsorption-desorption at − 196 °C and thermogravimetric analyses. It was revealed by the XRD characterization that the calcined samples exhibited the characteristic reflections of the MgO and spinel crystalline phases. The thermal treatment increase gave rise to a specific surface area increment achieving a maximum at 550 °C. The effect of adsorbents' activation, reaction time, adsorbent amount, pH and initial arsenic concentrations were evaluated. Results showed that removal efficiency of arsenate increased with the increment of the annealing temperature reaching a maximum removal with the calcined sample at 550 °C. The adsorption isotherms can be well described by Freundlich model and adsorption kinetics of arsenate was adjusted by the pseudo-second-order, indicating that chemisorption was the limit step. It was demonstrated that removal capacity depends on the initial arsenic concentration where more than 98% removal was achieved with initial concentrations below 250 μg/L.

The sorptive removal properties of a synthetic A4 zeolite were evaluated against sulfur dioxide (SO2) and four reference reduced sulfur compounds (RSC: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (CH3SH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS, (CH3)2S), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS, CH3SSCH3). To this end, a sorbent bed of untreated (as-received) A4 zeolite was loaded with gaseous standards at four concentration levels (10-100 part-per-billion (ppb (v/v)) at four different volumes (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 L increments) in both increasing (IO: 0.1-1.0 L) and decreasing volume order (DO: 1.0 to 0.1 L). Morphological properties were characterized by PXRD, FTIR, and BET analysis. The removal efficiency of SO2 decreased from 100% for all concentrations at 0.1 L (initial sample volume) to ∼82% (100 ppb) or ∼96% (10 ppb) at 3.6 L. In contrast, removal efficiency of RSC was near 100% at small loading volumes but then fell sharply, irrespective of concentration (10-100 ppb) (e.g., 32% (DMS) to 52% (H2S) at 100 ppb). The adsorption capacity of zeolite, if expressed in terms of solid-gas partition coefficient (e.g., similar to the Henry's law constant (mmol kg(-1) Pa(-1))), showed moderate variabilities with the standard concentration levels and S compound types such as the minimum of 2.03 for CH3SH (at 20 ppb) to the maximum of 13.9 for SO2 (at 10 ppb). It clearly demonstrated a notable distinction in the removal efficiency of A4 zeolite among the different S species in a mixture with enhanced removal efficiency of SO2 compared to the RSCs.

Structures are reported for the complexes [Rh(X)(PPh3)3] (X = NCO, NCS, N3, N(CN)2) and for the products obtained by the reaction of the NCO complex with O2 (giving [Rh(NCO)(O2)(PPh3)3]) and with triphenylboron (giving [Rh(η6-C6H5B(NCO)Ph2)(PPh3)2]), a reaction involving an unusual ligand migration from rhodium to boron. The N-bonded attachment of the cyanate and thiocyanate ligands in [Rh(X)(PPh3)3] (X = NCO, NCS) is confirmed by 31P{15N} NMR.

New water soluble, enantiopure arene ruthenium compound S Ru S N -(1 R ,4 S )-[(η 6 - p -cymene)Ru{ĸNH(Bn),ĸNOH}Cl]Cl (Bn = benzyl, 1a ′) has been synthesized. The novel compound along with that previously described R Ru R N -(1 S ,4 R )-[(η 6 - p -cymene)Ru{ĸNH(Bn),ĸNOH}Cl]Cl ( 1a ) was evaluated by polarimetry, ultra-violet and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The structure of novel ruthenium derivative 1a ′ was determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Both enantiomers have been tested against several cancer cell lines in vitro: prostate PC-3, lung A-549, pancreas MIA PaCa-2, colorectal HCT-116, leukemia Jurkat and cervical HeLa. Both enantiomers are active and versatile cytotoxic agents, showing IC 50 values from 2 to 12 times lower than those found for cisplatin in the different cell lines evaluated. The mechanism of cell death induced by the metal compounds was analyzed in A-549 and Jurkat cell lines. Derivatives 1a and 1a ′ induced apoptotic cell death of A-549 cells while dose-dependent cell death mechanisms have been found in the Jurkat cell line. Compound-DNA interactions have been investigated by equilibrium dialysis, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) melting assays and viscometric titrations, revealing moderate binding affinity of 1a and 1a ′ towards duplex DNA. Finally, the efficacy of 1a in a preliminary in vivo assay of PC-3 xenografts in nude mice has been evaluated, resulting in a promising inhibition of tumor growth by 45%. Analysis of tumor tissue also showed a significant decrease of levels of crucial molecules in the invasive phenotype of PC-3 cells.

A series of novel teraryl oxazolidinone compounds was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and toxicities. The compounds with aromatic N-heterocyclic substituents at the 4-position of pyrazolyl ring showed better antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria than other compounds with different patterns of substitution. Among all potent compounds, 10f exhibited promising safety profile in MTT assays and in hERG K(+) channel inhibition test. Furthermore, its phosphate was found to be highly soluble in water (47.1 mg/mL), which is beneficial for the subsequent in vivo test. In MRSA systemic infection mice models, 10f phosphate exerted significantly improved survival protection compared with linezolid. The compound also demonstrated high oral bioavailability (F = 99.1%). Moreover, from the results of in vivo toxicology experiments, 10f phosphate would be predicted to have less bone marrow suppression.

Nutrients such as boron, nitrogen and calcium stimulate the production of phenols. This research focuses on the role of calcium in increasing phenol metabolism in potato peels and the ensuing tuber resistance to soft rot pathogens was investigated. Two field experiments were conducted at the University of Zimbabwe campus plots in 2008 and 2009 summer seasons. Sprouted tubers of cv. BP1 were planted in plots treated with different fertilizer combinations. The treatments were: 1) compound S (7N: 21P: 8K) + ammonium nitrate (34 %N) 2) compound D (7N: 14P: 7K) + calcium nitrate (19 Ca: 15.5N) 3) compound S + calcium nitrate and 4) compound D + ammonium nitrate. The harvested progeny tubers were inoculated with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Calcium amendment increased the activities of enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidases) involved in the metabolism of phenolics and total soluble phenols. Calcium amendment significantly reduced (P

A large body of research dealing with floral odors in many seed plants, including 90 families and 38 orders [1], has been conducted. Among them, Orchidaceae is by far the most investigated family. However, research into orchid fragrance has focused mainly on other genera instead of Cattleya [2, 3]. Although Cattleya is an intensively employed genus in the orchid family [4], the scent from this genus is rarely studied and thus poorly understood. In this study, we selected Rhyncholaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise “Gleneyrie s Green Giant” as the subject, one cultivar of Cattleya, collected the floral scent from naturally growing flowers through dynamic headspace adsorption, and identified the floral scent compounds by means of thermal-desorption cold trap/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In the experiment, volatiles were collected using an improved dynamic headspace aircirculation method, and the volatiles were trapped in 6 mm Dynatherm Centerless Ground SS sample tubes. After that, the tubes were desorbed using a PerkinElmer Turbo Matrix 650 automatic thermal desorber (ATD). Finally, analyses were carried out using a PerkinElmer Clarus 600 gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a PerkinElmer Clarus 600 T mass spectrometer. As shown in Table 1, the number of the scent volatile compounds from the flower of Rhyncholaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise “Gleneyrie s Green Giant” was 23, 32, 45, 28, and 32 at the corresponding time points 8:00 AM, 10:00 AM, 12:00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 4:00 PM, respectively. Thus, the Cattleya cultivar emitted the most volatile compounds at noon. A list of 71 chemical compounds identified from headspace samples of floral scent is presented in Table 1. The floral scent constituents are divided into six major compound classes based on inspection of their structures and knowledge of the major pathways of plant secondary metabolism. These classes were alcohols, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alkanes. Being important components, the percentages of 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, 6-octen-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl, and phenylethyl alcohol dramatically changed within a day. 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol increased to its maximum, which was as much as 30.8% in terms of percentage of relative contents at 2:30 PM, and sharply declined to less than 1% by 4:30 PM. Similarly, phenylethyl alcohol reached a summit at 10:30 AM, then fell to 1%. As for 6-octen-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl, it increased slowly after noon. In summary, there were fluctuations in the amounts of different volatile components from Rhyncholaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise “Gleneyrie s Green Giant” in the daytime. Among them, the amounts of linalool, phenylethyl alcohol, nonanal, 1,3,6-octatriene,3,7-dimethyl, and acetophenone changed markedly. Moreover, the amounts of linalool and 1,3,6-octatriene,3,7-dimethyl changed most. 1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-dimethyl, linalool, -pinene, and phenylethyl alcohol are the most significant odor-active volatiles, with low odor thresholds in air [5]. Because the volatile compound s odor activity value (OAV) is the ratio of the aroma concentration to its odor threshold in air [6], 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene could be regarded as an important compound representing the aroma characteristics of Rhyncholaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise ”Gleneyrie s Green Giant” given that its relative content is as high as 11.120% at the full blooming stage. Likewise, linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol found in many flowers and spice plants with many commercial applications, the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent. Numerous aroma extract dilution analysis show that linalool has a high OAV and a high FD (flavor dilution) factor, which is the ratio of the concentration of the odorant in the initial volatile oil to its threshold [7].

A new series of 5 - [4 - (substituted ) benzylidene or benzyl] thiazolidine - 2, 4 - dione (TZDs) have been synthesized using economical synthetic routes. The aim of the synthesis based on modification of linker region and effector region of rosiglitazone . Among these newly synthesized compounds, b ased on their docking results, some compound s were selected for study of oral hyp o glycemic activity on fructose ind uced hyperglycemia in Wistar rats. The results of selected compounds shows that , 5 - [4 - (2 - amino - 5 - ethoxypyridine ) sulphonyl benzylidene ] thiazolidine - 2, 4 - dione and 5 - [4 - (2 - amino - 5 - ethoxypyridine) ethoxy benzyl] thiazolidine - 2, 4 - dione have appreciable bloo d glucose - lowering effect compared to that of the reference drug, pioglitazone. Out of these two compounds, 5 [4 - (2 - amino - 5 - ethoxypyridine)ethoxy benzyl] thiazolidine - 2, 4 - dione shows better hydrogen bond interaction with amino acid residues of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor - gamma (PPARγ) and also shows better oral hypoglycemic activity in this series. Key w ords: Thiazolidinediones (TZD’s), Hyperglycemia , Docking , oral hypoglycemic activity .

A series of non-sulfur, fluorescent sensors (S 6 , S 6-1 or S 6-2 ) for mercury ions bearing 1 H -imidazo[4,5- b ]phenazine derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Among these sensors, a furan group into the sensor S 6 molecule was as the functional group, compound S 6-1 containing the 5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-furan group was synthesized, and in order to establish the furan group's contribution to the sensor's fluorescent sensing abilities, compound S 6-2 , which without containing the furan group was also synthesized. S 6 showed excellent fluorescent specific selectivity and high sensitivity for Hg 2+ in aqueous solution. The detection limit of the sensor towards Hg 2+ is 1.6×10 −7 M, and other ions, including Fe 3+ , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 3+ , and Mg 2+ had nearly no influence on the probing behavior. Notably, this sensor serves as a recyclable component in sensing materials. The test strips based on S 6 were fabricated, which could act as a convenient and efficient Hg 2+ test kits.

The compound S -equol (4′,7-dihydroxy-isoflavandiol), a gut bacterial metabolite of isoflavone daidzein, benefits health, but only 20–60% of humans can produce equol after ingesting isoflavones, and it exists only in foods of animal origin in trace amounts. A recent study found a source of stinky tofu contained S -equol. As stinky tofu is a popular traditional fermented soy food in Taiwan, we analyzed S -equol contents of commercial samples, surveyed the intake frequency, and investigated the bioavailability of S -equol by monitoring urinary kinetics following ingestion. Our results showed 91% of the 138 stinky tofu dishes contained S -equol. The mean content per serving (average 198 g) was 2.3 ± 2.5 mg, the highest being 16.3 mg. Stinky tofu eaters on average ingested this food 3.3 times per month. S -equol from ingested stinky tofu appeared in urine within 1 h, reaching maximum excretion at 3.4 h, and 67% of the ingested S -equol was recovered in urine, indicating a rapid and high absorption. Our studies suggest stinky tofu can be a promising dietary source of S -equol for its high content and bioavailability. Further study on the S -equol producing bacteria in stinky tofu is merited for the development of other S -equol rich soy products.

BACKGROUND: Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5 produces an antifungal compound under in vitro conditions in an inducerdependent manner. The main objective of the present study was to partially characterise this antifungal compound by UV–visible, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and GC/MS analyses and also to assess its potentiality against a number of food spoilage, plant-pathogenic and human-pathogenic fungal species. RESULTS: The strain produced a broad-spectrum antifungal compound(s) that was induced by certain constituent factors of MRS and malt extract media. The production was higher in solid culture than in broth culture. The product was found to be a mixture of lactic acid and a compound of molecular mass 83. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90, 1.32–2.86 g L −1 ) of the active extract were much lower than those of sodium benzoate and calcium propionate. Scanning electron micrographs proved its drastic action on the development of conidial structures. CONCLUSION: The chemical analysis indicated a novel compound with fungicidal activity. This compound could be used in fermented foods and feeds to extend their shelf life and also in agricultural crop plants against certain fungal pathogens. c � 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Na-containing surface compounds is likely to form during the formation of CZTS absorber. Still, the understanding of any potential influence on buffer layer growth and device performance is limited. In this work, we observed that NaxS compound can possibly form on the CZTS surface after annealing, and negatively affect the growth of the subsequent CdS buffer. The Na x S compound is oxidized to Na 2 SO 4 via air exposing the annealed CZTS surface, which allows greatly improved quality of the CdS layer. This provides new insights for improving the CdS/CZTS interface during the fabrication of CZTS solar cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been heavily studied over the past two decades due to its multitude of physiological functions and its potential therapeutic promise. Of major interest is the desire to fabricate or coat implanted devices with an NO releasing material that will impart the appropriate dose and duration of NO release to positively mediate the biological response to the medical device, thereby improving its safety and efficacy. To date, this goal has not yet been achieved, despite very promising early research. Herein, we describe the synthesis and NO release properties of a novel NO donor which covalently links the S-nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP), to the macrocycle, cyclam (SNAP-cyclam). This compound can then be blended into a wide variety of polymer matrices, imparting NO release to the polymer system. This release can be initiated and controlled by transition metal catalysis, thermal degradation or photolytic release of NO from the composite NO-releasing material. SNAP-cyclam is capable of releasing physiologically relevant levels of NO for up to 3 months in vitro when blended into poly(l-lactic acid) thin films.

It is well known that the intramolecular methyl transfer plays an important role in chemistry. In this paper, a novel intramolecular methyl-to-double bond transfer in the model compound S -2-alkenyl-dimethylsulfonium ion has been given systematic theoretical study with density functional theory (DFT) method. Three possible methyl transfer pathways have been assumed: (i) [1,4]-methyl-transfer, (ii) [1,5]-methyl-transfer and (iii) formation of the bridged methyl-onium ion. It is found that the type of substituent and its site have a great influence over the methyl transfer pathway. Moreover, whichever pathway the methyl transfer proceeds in, the advantageous transition state always exhibits methyl retention-chair mode.

Phase transitions and ferroelectric properties of (S)-(+)-4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl 4′-(4-cyanoacetoxybut-1-oxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate will be described in this article. This compound exhibits the synclinic smectic C* phase and it has the ability to induce an antiferroelectric phase in mixtures with the other ferroelectric compounds. New systems with induced antiferroelectric phase and their properties are presented.

– The petroleum ether fraction of ethanol extract of Mangifera indica red leaves decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) level of approx. 90% in alloxan induced diabetes rats (AIDRs). However, the specific compound(s) has not been clarified. The present study has been designed to separate hypoglycemic compound(s) using preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) from petroleum ether fraction of ethanol extract of Mangifera indica red leaves. Development of TLC demonstrated the presence of distinct three layers having the Rf values 0.86, 0.56 and 0.28 on solvent system, chloroform: nhexane (80:20). Compounds with Rf values 0.86 and 0.56 reduced fasting blood glucose level by 92 and 96%, respectively in AIDRs. However, the compound with Rf value 0.28 did not have any significant antihyperglycemic effect. It was found from the experiment that the compound with Rf value 0.56 had predominant hypoglycemic effect than the other. Therefore, it can be a potential candidate for screening the lead for newer antidiabetic drugs that can offer a natural key to manage diabetes for the future.

Adsorption of heterocyclic sulfur and nitrogen compounds by activated carbon was studied using model diesel fuels, light cycle oils and shale oil. It is observed that the carbon favours adsorption of cyclic nitrogen compounds. This work also investigates the equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of nitrogen and sulfur compounds from diesel fractions by activated carbon. Quinoline, indole, and carbazole are typical N compounds while dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene are the representatives of refractory S compounds in diesel fractions, were selected as the model compounds. The total N adsorbed by the activated carbon is more than the S compound. Comparing the three nitrogen compounds, quinoline shows a greater removal rate than indole and carbazole. Adsorptive removal kinetics for N/S compounds was monitored by a GC-FID (gas chromatograph coupled with flame ionization detector) technique and was found to follow pseudo second-order kinetics. The external diffusion is not a controlling step in the adsorption process. The isotherm indicates that activated carbon presents a highly heterogeneous surface in the adsorption of DBT, quinoline and indole, while a homogeneous surface is observed in the adsorption of carbazole. Negative adsorption free energy suggests that the adsorption process is favourable and spontaneous for all S/N compounds.

During a routine truck-tank washing operation, five healthy workers were found motionless inside an empty tanker. Four of them died inside the tanker while the fifth died the following day in hospital. Since the true nature of the fatal compound(s) were not known, a rigorous environmental and toxicological approach supported by autopsy findings was essential to clarify the cause of death. Environmental results indicated that H 2 S fumes arising from the liquid sulfur previously shipped were responsible for the serial deaths, also confirmed by a simulation performed on two similar truck-tanks. These environmental findings were supported by toxicological analyses through the measurement of thiosulfate, one of the main H 2 S metabolites. Abnormal thiosulfate concentrations from 1.1 to 186.2mg/kg were revealed in all post-mortem biological samples (blood, lung, liver, kidney, brain and fat). Finally, the cluster analysis performed on thiosulfate body distribution contributed to establishing the time of death according to the accident scene reconstruction. This report presents valuable findings in correctly identifying the cause of death in gas asphyxiation cases by unknown compound(s).

The work was aimed at investigating short-term metabolic changes caused by S-methylmethionine (SMM) and at clarifying the gene expression background of these changes in order to gain a better understanding of the protective effect of SMM against stress. When examining the expression of genes coding for the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of polyamines, which play an important role in responses to low temperature stress, and that of the C-repeat binding transcription factor (CBF1) gene, it was found that both SMM and cold treatment increased the expression of genes responsible for the polyamine synthesis pathway starting from arginine. It caused only a slight increase when applied alone, but when SMM pre-treatment was followed by cold stress, it resulted in a considerable extent of up-regulation. SMM caused a similar increase in the expression of CBF1. The changes in the expression of genes responsible for the polyamine synthesis were clearly reflected in changes in the putrescine and agmatine con...

Ni-based catalysts are prone to deactivation (poisoning) of their active surface sites by sulphur and carbon species contained in the gas fed to the reactor. This study focuses on Ni/Al2O3-based catalyst samples which had allegedly been deactivated by sulphur poisoning. The samples had been collected from a 10 kW methanation reactor fed with producer gas from the industrial biomass gasifier in Gussing (Austria). The samples allowed intensive investigation using several analytical tools to identify the chemical nature (inorganic, organic) of the S-poisoning species. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) allowed quantification of the sulphur content, but not the identification of the S species responsible. S 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) pointed at the presence of sulphide and sulphate, but the data were too noisy to reach more specific conclusions. Ni K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in the fine structure (EXAFS) region suggested the presence of elemental or thiophenic sulphur, but the contribution was masked heavily by other backscattering paths. Only S Kedge analysis in the near edge (XANES) region showed unambiguously that the catalyst could not have been deactivated by inorganic H2S only. This conclusion is supported by S K-edge XANES results with model catalysts which had either been poisoned by H2S or thiophene (C4H4S), representing a cyclic, aromatic S compound. Short-term H2S poisoning in the absence of air led to a white-line position characteristic for sulphide (2470 eV), whereas with thiophene the white-line position started at 3 eV higher energy. The XANES signatures changed with the catalyst samples after contacting air, but remained unique for each of the two S-poison types studied here. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solvent extraction of the trivalent lanthanoids (except Pm) with mixtures of a chelating extractant, either 1-(2-thienyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione (thenoyltrifluoro-acetone, HTTA) or 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (HP) and diphenylsulphoxide (S), from chloride solutions has been studied in C6H6. It was found that, in the presence of a diphenylsulfoxide, the lanthanoids were extracted as Ln(TTA)3⋅S and LnP3⋅S. The extraction data have been analyzed by a graphical method taking into account aqueous phase speciation and the plausible complex extracted into the organic phase. On the basis of the experimental data, values of the equilibrium constants have been calculated. Positive values of the synergistic coefficients show that all lanthanoids are extracted synergistically upon the addition of compound S to the chelating extractant. The separation of the lanthanoids with synergistic mixtures was, in most cases, a little higher than those obtained using HTTA or HP alone.

Synthetic natural gas (SNG), which is produced from petroleum and distributed via pipeline in Honolulu by The Gas Company, was analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (GC/SCD). Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), methyl mercaptan (MM), ethyl mercaptan (EM), dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), tetrahydrothiophene (THT), ethyl disulfide (EDS), and one unidentified compound (UN1) were detected. Among these sulfur compounds, THT is added as an odorant and was present in the highest concentration. A commercial activated carbon (Calgon OLC plus 12X30) was modified by oxidation and impregnation methods and the resulting materials were evaluated for their ability to adsorb sulfur compounds present in SNG. The evaluation results indicate that all of the modification methods can improve the retention of individual sulfur compounds or the total sulfur capacity compared with the untreated virgin carbon. It is also found that activated carbons impregnated with metal impurities have different selectivity for sulfur compounds. Cu and Zn loaded carbons had the highest capacity for H 2 S removal, Fe loaded carbon was more efficient for DMS removal (the most difficult S compound to remove), and carbon oxidized by HNO 3 was the best for THT removal. Based on these findings, a composite sorbent consisting of Cu loaded and Fe loaded carbons was designed and tested. The test results indicate that the composite sorbent had improved performance in the removal of individual sulfur compound. A linear programming model was used to design a composite sorbent optimized to minimize the required sorbent mass based on a 1-kW scale fuel cell system service target. Validation tests showed that the optimized sorbent required less of the individual modified carbon components than when they were individually used for the same sulfur removal target.

Silylium ion-like reagents, R3Si δ+(carboraneδ-), are successful where silver salts fail in abstracting chloride ion from IrCl(CO)(PPh3) 2 in arene solvents. Replacement of chloride by a very weakly coordinating carborane anion such as CHB11H5Cl 6- promotes unusually facile oxidative addition of chlprobenzene, giving the coordinatively unsaturated IrCl(CO)(C 6H5)(PPh3)2]+ cation. Other arene solvents promote disproportionation with loss of aphosphme ligand to give labile Ir(I) cations of the type [Ir(arene)(CO)(PPh3)] +, having three latent vacant coordination sites. © 2008 American Chemical Society.

Reichstein's compound S was transformed into prednisolone in a single-step fermentation using immobilized mixed cultures, entrapped in different gels or adsorbed on clay particles. Calcium alginate at a gel concentration of 2% gave the highest transformation activities and prednisolone yields. The entrapped mixed cultures could be repeatedly used in batch-wise transformation for at least six times when suspended in diluted nutrient medium and for three times when suspended in distilled water; in the latter case the entrapped cultures required to be reactivated in nutrient medium for further reuse. Mixed cultures adsorbed on clay particles were successfully reused 18 times, with reactivation after the 9th and 15th uses. Continuous transformation of substance S into prednisolone by mixed cultures adsorbed on clay particles was more efficient than batch-wise reused adsorbed cultures and was dependent on the daily working medium volume.

The optical study of transmission T ( λ ) and reflection R ( λ ) spectra has enabled us to determine compounds that possess gaps close to 1.5 eV. The conditions for preparation of a ternary compound whose gap is 1.48 eV have been used to create a Pb 1− x Cd x S- n /Si- p heterojunction. The heterojunction thus obtained presented a low yield (0.5%), as determined from the study of the J – V characteristic. In order to improve its efficiency, we have studied the effect of thermal treatment on the prepared heterojunction. X-ray diffraction has been used to determine the variation in the crystalline parameter and the ratio of cadmium in the Pb 1− x Cd x S compound, and the dependence of its gap on the cadmium concentration. We have also used the C – V technique to determine the average concentration of impurities in the Pb 1− x Cd x S compound.

Palmitate has been implicated in the induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis via reducing the activity of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We sought to evaluate whether high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), known for their cardioprotective features and their potential to increase AMPK activity, can reduce palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and whether this effect is AMPK-dependent. Therefore, cardiomyocytes were isolated from adult Wistar rat hearts via perfusion on a Langendorff-apparatus and cultured in free fatty acid-free BSA control medium or 0.5 mM palmitate medium in the presence or absence of HDL (5 μg protein/ml) with or without 0.1 μM of the AMPK-inhibitor compound S for the analysis of Annexin V/propidium, genes involved in apoptosis and fatty acid oxidation, and cardiomyocyte contractility. We found that HDLs decreased palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis as indicated by a reduction in Annexin V-positive cardiomyocytes and an increase in Bcl-2 versus Bax ratio. Concomitantly, HDLs increased the palmitate-impaired expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, HDLs improved the palmitate-impaired cardiomyocyte contractility. All effects were mediated in an AMPK-dependent manner, concluding that HDLs reduce palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, resulting in improved cardiomyocyte contractility through a mechanism involving AMPK.

Objective— Cellular redox balance is regulated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems and freely diffusible nitric oxide (NO) promotes antioxidative mechanisms. We show the NO-dependent transcriptional regulation of the antioxidative thioredoxin system. Methods and Results— Incubation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (RPaSMC) with the NO donor compound S -nitroso-glutathione (GSNO, 100 μmol/L) suppressed thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), an inhibitor of thioredoxin function, by 71±18% and enhanced thioredoxin reductase 2.7±0.2 fold (n=6; both P P cis -regulatory elements between −1777 and −1127 bp upstream of the start codon. Hyperglycemia induced Txnip promoter activity (3.9±0.2-fold; P P Conclusions— NO can regulate cellular redox state by changing expression of Txnip and thioredoxin reductase. This represents a novel antioxidative mechanism of NO independent of posttranslational protein S -nitrosylation of thioredoxin.

We characterized the arsenate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing population of Mono Lake, California, by analyzing the distribution and diversity of rrnA , cbbL , and dissimilatory arsenate reductase ( arrA ) genes in environmental DNA, arsenate-plus sulfide-amended lake water, mixed cultures, and isolates. The arsenate-reducing community was diverse. An organism represented by an rrnA sequence previously retrieved from Mono Lake and affiliated with the Desulfobulbaceae ( Deltaproteobacteria ) appears to be an important member of the arsenate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing community. Sulfide oxidation coupled with arsenate reduction appears to proceed via a two-electron transfer, resulting in the production of arsenite and an intermediate S compound that is subsequently disproportionated. A realgar-like As/S mineral was formed in some experiments.

Outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) andgas-phase compound s were investigatedin Mira Loma, a semi-rural community in southern California, between September 2001 andJanuary 2002. Outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations for the study duration averaged 41.8m gm � 3 , with nitrate andorganic carbon being the major contributors ( � 26% each). Higher PM2.5 concentrations were observed during the first half of the study relative to the second half, corresponding with actinic flux calculations. Gas-phase ammonia concentrations were 6–7 times greater than nitric acid concentrations, while formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were consistent with Air Resources Board results. Use of a back trajectory model together with PM2.5 chemical composition data showed distinct differences in nitrate andtrace element concentrations for back trajectories originating from Los Angeles andOrange counties versus those originating from Nevada. Source apportionment using a chemical mass balance model helped demonstrate that the total contribution of secondary aerosol (56%) was greater than the total primary vehicular exhaust contribution to PM2.5 by a factor of 5. These results highlight the importance of region-wide secondary sources to the local air quality in this semi-rural area. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Combined effects of cosolvency and inclusion complexation on drug solubility were studied using a model hydrophobic compound (carbamazepine) and a model hydrophilic compound (Compound S). Propylene glycol (PG) was used as the nonaqueous solvent, and deionized water was employed for the aqueous systems. Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) was chosen as the complexing agent and studied at concentrations up to 28% (w/v). Complex formation constants (Kc) and solubility enhancement ratios were determined for the respective compounds in various water/PG vehicles. The data suggested that the inclusion of the compounds was most favorable when water alone was used as the vehicle. However, the combined approach of cosolvency and complexation resulted in a significant increase in the total apparent solubility of carbamazepine (the hydrophobic compound). The same was not observed with Compound S (the hydrophilic model), since PG weakened the interactions between the molecule and HPbetaCD, and thus, no synergistic or additive effects were observed with the combined approach of complexation and cosolvency.

The rates of degradation, catalysed by Zn(2+), of four classical penicillins-amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillins G and V-were followed at 20 degrees C in methanol by spectrophotometric assays. Kinetic schemes of the reactions of degradation catalysed by Zn(2+) ions were analogous to those given previously for the reaction catalysed by Cd(2+) ions. The methanolysis of penicillin V occurs with the formation of a single intermediate substrate-metal complex (SM), whereas the degradations of amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin G occur with the initial formation of two complexes with different stoichiometry, SM and S(2)M, both in equilibrium. In all cases, the degradation reaction is of the first order with respect to SM, with velocity constants at 20 degrees C of 0.0093, 0.0288, 0.0304 and 0.0349 min(-1), for amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin V and penicillin G, respectively. The compound S(2)M degraded at a much lower rate than SM and constitutes a zero-order process. The catalytic effect of the ion Zn(2+) in the degradation of the penicillins was much weaker than that of the ion Cd(2+), owing to the lesser ionic radius of the former and the fact that in the case of the reaction catalysed by Zn(2+), the compound S(2)M occurred in a much greater amount than the SM. At the end of the degradation reaction, the corresponding penamaldic derivative of the antibiotic was produced, established by the coordination of the Zn(2+) ion, forming a single complex 2:1 (derivative penamaldic-metal) in the case of amoxicillin and ampicillin; and two complexes, 1:1 and 2:1, for the other antibiotics. Finally, the molar absorption coefficients of the products of reaction at the wavelength of maximum absorption at 20 degrees C were calculated.

This paper reviews recent developments in biofiltration as a process for the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) from contaminated air using synthetic media. The paper includes results of extensive research, as well as data collected from a commercial biofilter installation at a municipal wastewater pumping station in Ontario, Canada. The results indicate that, for H 2 S concentrations of up to 40 ppm inlet, only 30-second empty bed residence time (EBRT) is required. But, for lower concentrations (

In the present study, we have investigated the effects of a novel prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26, PEP) inhibitor, compound S 17092, on substance P (SP) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) metabolism in the rat brain. In vitro experiments revealed that S 17092 inhibits in a dose-dependent manner PEP activity in rat cortical extracts (IC50 = 8.3 nm). In addition, S 17092 totally abolished the degradation of SP and α-MSH induced by bacterial PEP. In vivo, a significant decrease in PEP activity was observed in the medulla oblongata after a single oral administration of S 17092 at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg (−78% and −82%, respectively) and after chronic oral treatment with S 17092 at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg per day (−75% and −88%, respectively). Concurrently, a single administration of S 17092 (30 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in SP- and α-MSH-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the frontal cortex (+41% and +122%, respectively) and hypothalamus (+84% and +49%, respectively). In contrast, chronic treatment with S 17092 did not significantly modify SP- and α-MSH-LI in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus. Collectively, the present results show that S 17092 elevates SP and α-MSH concentrations in the rat brain by inhibiting PEP activity. These data suggest that the effect of S 17092 on memory impairment can be accounted for, at least in part, by inhibition of catabolism of promnesic neuropeptides such as SP and α-MSH.

Two iridium(I) complexes, [IrCl(COD)(PEt3) n ], n = 1 or 2, have been prepared and structurally characterised. Although [IrCl(COD)(PEt3)] is a known compound the spectroscopic data on both compounds is presented and discussed. In addition, the X-ray crystal structure of the previously described orthometallated isomer of Vaska's compound, [IrHCl(CO)(PPh3)η 2-PPh2(C6H4)], is reported to show the hydride ligand trans- to the carbonyl ligand.

This paper deals with the cytotoxic chaetoglobosins obtained from culture on maize of the strains ATCC 26115 and MRC 2654 of the fungusPhomopsis leptostromiformisBoth strains produced, in more or less important amounts, the known chaetoglobosins M (1) and N (2). In addition, the new chaetoglobosin O (3), was isolated from the ATCC 26115 strain and characterized by HRMS and 2D NMR experiments. With the MRC 2654 strain, a fungal metabolite4, more polar than the chaetoglobosins M and N, was extracted and purified. Spectroscopic and chromatographic data of metabolite4led to its identification to the bridged chaetoglobosin named compoundS, which previously has been obtained by intramolecular Michael reaction on the chaetoglobosin M. Moreover, a methylation under Williamson conditions of the chaetoglobosin4resulted in the formation of the trimethylated chaetoglobosin5.

Objective: The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of biologically active new indole derivatives viz., 2-((1 H -benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)- N -(4-(3-(1 H -indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)acetamide 6a-d, N -(4-(3-(1 H -indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-2-((5-methoxy-1 H -benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide 7a-d and N -(4-(3-(1 H -indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthio)acetamide 8a-d. Methods: All these newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by an agar plate diffusion method, antioxidant activities: like 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), ferric ions (Fe 3+ ) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous (Fe 2+ ) metal ion chelating activity. Results: The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR, 1 HNMR, mass spectral studies and elemental analysis. Compounds 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a and 8b exhibited good radical scavenging activity (RSA) at a concentration 100 µg/ml, compounds 7b, 7c, 7d and 8b displayed good ferric ions (Fe 3+ ) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at a concentration 100 µg/ml, compounds 7b, 7d, 8b and 8d showed good ferrous (Fe 2+ ) ion metal chelating activity. Compounds 7d and 8d exhibited good activity against all the screened bacteria and fungi. Conclusion: The synthesised compounds 7d having methoxy group at 5 positions of benzimidazoles ring, bromo group at 5 positions of indole ring, and 8d having bromo group at position 5 of indole ring, both the compounds have exhibited potent antimicrobial activity. Some compound s have shown very good antioxidant activity.

Research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah)s compound at Jakarta Bay seawater were carried out on July 2011. The objectives of this research were to measure the concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compound, concentration of individual PAH compound, and to identify sources of PAH compound in seawater. PAH compound concentration was measured by Gas Chromatography (Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector) and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compound were identified by diagnostic ratio analysis. The results show that the concentration of PAH compound in the middle of Jakarta Bay was higher compared to the west and the east. In the west and middle of Jakarta Bay, it is found that 11 PAH types, and 10 types in the east. Individual PAH compound dominated by high moleculer weight of PAH Benzo(a)Anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b)Fluoranthene, Benzo(a)Pyrene, dan Indeno(123-cd) Pyrene. The results of PAH compound ratio individual analysis showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compound at Jakarta Bay seawater came from oil spill and incomplete combustion mixture of organic material such as wood, grass, fuel oil, and fuel industry combustion activity.

Density functional calculations on oxo–manganese complexes of corrole (1) and porphyrin (2 and 3) show a fundamental difference. The ground state of 1 is the singlet manganese(V) state, 1A(MnV), in which corrole is a closed shell. In contrast, 2 and 3 have high-spin manganese(IV) states, 3A1u and 3A2u, respectively. This difference and the state ordering for each system are rationalized based on the competition between the intrinsic tendency of manganese to prefer high-spin electronic configurations, vis-a-vis the general tendency to prefer double occupancy in the low-lying orbitals. The outcome of this competition is determined primarily by the identity of the macrocycle, corrole versus porphyrin. Corrole with a small cavity holds the MnO moiety with a high off-plane displacement, and thereby prefers the low-spin state. On the other hand, porphyrin with the wider cavity holds the MnO moiety closer to the plane, and thereby prefers high-spin states.

The aromas of fruits, vegetables, and flowers are mixtures of volatile metabolites, often present in parts per billion levels or less. We show here that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) plants transgenic for a heterologous Clarkia breweri S-linalool synthase (LIS) gene, under the control of the tomato late-ripening-specific E8promoter, synthesize and accumulate S-linalool and 8-hydroxylinalool in ripening fruits. Apart from the difference in volatiles, no other phenotypic alterations were noted, including the levels of other terpenoids such as γ- and α-tocopherols, lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein. Our studies indicate that it is possible to enhance the levels of monoterpenes in ripening fruits by metabolic engineering.