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Background: The pathogenesis of renal disease in the context of overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance is not completely understood. This may be due to the lack of a definitive animal model of disease, which limits our understanding of obesity-induced renal damage. We evaluated the changes in renal histology and lipid deposits induced by obesity in a model of insulin resistance: the Iberian swine fed with fat-enriched food. Methods: Twenty-eight female sows were randomized to standard (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD: 6.8% of saturated fat) for 100 days. Weight, adiposity, analytics, oral glucose tolerance tests, and measured renal function were determined. Renal histology and lipid deposits in renal tissue were analyzed. Results: Animals on HFD developed obesity, hypertension, high levels of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and glomerular hyperfiltration. No animal developed overt diabetes. Animals on HFD showed “diabetoid changes”, including mesangial expansion [21.40% ± 4 vs.13.20% ± 4.0, p < 0.0001], nodular glomerulosclerosis [7.40% ± 7, 0.75 vs. 2.40% ± 4.7, p = 0.02], and glomerulomegaly (18% vs. 10%, p = 0.010) than those on SD. Tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, arteriolar hyalinosis, or fibrointimal thickening were mild and similar between groups. Triglyceride content in renal tissue was higher in animals on HFD than in SD (15.4% ± 0.5 vs. 12.7% ± 0.7; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Iberian pigs fed with fat-enriched food showed diabetoid changes and glomerulomegaly as observed in obese humans making this model suitable to study obesity-induced renal disease.

Simple Summary The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on prenatal development and metabolic traits in swine, a model of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pregnancies. No effects were found regarding sows’ weight and adiposity. Treated sows had larger litters, with smaller fetuses. However, these animals had better development of some major organs. Fetuses from the treated group had better glycemic and lipidic indexes, but no effects on anti/prooxidant profiles were found. Abstract Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n-3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-neonates. A previous studies showed beneficial outcomes of the combination of hydroxytyrosol and linoleic acid, but there is no data of its prenatal effects. The present study aimed to determine the possible prenatal implications of such maternal supplementation at prenatal stages in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. Results showed effects on litter size, with treated sows having larger litters and, therefore, smaller fetuses. However, the brain/head weight ratio showed a positive effect of the treatment in development, as well as in some other major organs like lungs, spleen, or kidneys. On the other hand, treated piglets showed better glycemic and lipidemic profiles, which could explain postnatal effects. However, further research on the implications of the treatment on litter size and prenatal and postnatal development must be done before practical recommendation can be given.

18 Pág. SGIT-INIA, Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-weight neonates. The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive leaves and fruits, and n3 PUFAs, from linseed oil, on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. The results obtained indicate that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol and n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy has no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows (prolificacy, homogeneity of the litter, and percentage of stillborns and low-birth-weight, LBW, piglets) and the postnatal features of the piglets (growth patterns, adiposity, and metabolic traits). Conversely, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, piglets from the supplemented sows showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate. Thus, at juvenile stages afterwards, the offspring from the treated group reached higher weight and corpulence, with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acid profiles, in spite of similar adiposity, than offspring in the control group. However, much caution and more research are still needed before practical recommendation and use in human pregnancies., The experimental work was supported by funds from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project AGL2013–48121-C3-2-R and AGL2016–79321-C2–1-R), co-funded by FEDER. AHM, CGC, and MVG were backed by the Spanish Government (AHM: FPI National Program Grant BES-2017-080541; CGC: FPI National Program Grant BES-2014-070464; MVG: FPU National Program Grant FPU014/01285)

Menopause strongly increases incidence and consequences of obesity and non-communicable diseases in women, with recent research suggesting a very early onset of changes in lipid accumulation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, there is a lack of adequate preclinical models for its study. The present trial evaluated the usefulness of an alternative method to surgical ovariectomy, the administration of two doses of a GnRH analogue-protein conjugate (Vacsincel&reg, ), for inducing ovarian inactivity in sows used as preclinical models of obesity and menopause. All the sows treated with the compound developed ovarian stoppage after the second dose and, when exposed to obesogenic diets during the following three months, showed changes in the patterns of fat deposition, in the fatty acids profiles at the different tissues and in the plasma concentrations of fructosamine, urea, &beta, hydroxibutirate, and haptoglobin when compared to obese fed with the same diet but maintaining ovarian activity. Altogether, these results indicate that menopause early augments the deleterious effects induced by overfeeding and obesity on metabolic traits, paving the way for future research on physiopathology of these conditions and possible therapeutic targets using the swine model.

Maternal supplementation with the polyphenol hydroxytyrosol in a swine model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) improves the fetal oxidative status, decreases the appearance of low birth-weight neonates and favors growth during early postnatal stages (lactation). The current study aimed to determine whether hydroxytyrosol supplementation can also improve developmental patterns, metabolic traits, and body composition of the offspring during later postnatal stages (from weaning to adulthood). A total of 21 piglets born from control untreated sows and 20 piglets born from sows treated with hydroxytyrosol during the last two-thirds of pregnancy were selected on the basis of similar body weights at weaning, for avoiding any interfering effects occurred during lactation. The pigs in the treated group had higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) and, therefore, reached higher body weight and corpulence, greater muscle development and higher adiposity than their control counterparts. The following were not found: significant effects on metabolism and body composition except changes in the muscular fatty acid composition of the treated pigs coming from the largest litters, those more affected by IUGR processes. These findings suggest that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol may improve juvenile development of offspring in at-risk pregnancies and pave the way for more specific studies aiming to elucidate effects on adiposity, metabolism, and meat organoleptic characteristics.

18-Fluorine sodium fluoride is a well-known radiotracer used for bone metastasis diagnosis. Its uptake correlation with cardiovascular (CV) risk was primarily suggested in oncological patients. Moreover, as a specific marker of microcalcification, it seems to correlate with CV disease progression and plaque instability. Our purpose was to systematically review clinical studies that characterized the use of this marker in CV conditions. In atherosclerosis, most studies report a positive correlation with the burden of CV risk factors and vascular calcification. A higher uptake was found in culprit plaques/rupture sites in coronary and carotid arteries and it was also linked to high-risk features in histology and intravascular imaging analysis of the plaques. In aortic stenosis, this tracer displayed an increasing uptake with disease severity. Sodium fluoride positron emission tomography is a promising non-invasive technique to identify high-risk plaques, which sets ground to a potential use of this tracer in evaluating atherosclerotic disease progression and degenerative changes in aortic valve stenosis. Nevertheless, there is a need for further prospective evidence that demonstrates this technique’s value in predicting clinical events, adjusting treatment strategies, and improving patient outcomes.

The use of polyphenols is a promising strategy for preventing or alleviating intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) because polyphenol supplementation increases plasma antioxidant capacity and improves oxidative stress at the feto-placental unit, which are recognized as main issues in IUGR. However, there is a scarcity of experimental data on both realistic benefits and potential hazards of polyphenol supplementation during gestation. Hence, we aimed to use a swine model of IUGR pregnancy to determine possible effects of maternal supplementation with polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol) on placental expression of genes involved in antioxidant homeostasis, vascularization and fetal growth and thus on antioxidant status, DNA-methylation and phenotypic traits (morphology and homeostasis) of the fetus. Hydroxytyrosol improves placental gene expression and fetal antioxidant status and glucose metabolism in a sex-dependent manner, in which males were favored in spite of developmental failures. Concomitantly, hydroxytyrosol prevented hypomethylation of DNA associated with oxidative stress. Finally, no major deleterious effects of hydroxytyrosol supplementation on constriction of the ductus arteriosus, a possible secondary effect of polyphenols during pregnancy, were found.

Background: Diets based on meat products are not recommended in the case of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, some foods, as those containing high oleic acid and a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio show anti-inflammatory properties. The objective here is to test if some traditional cured meat products, as acorn-fed ham (high levels of oleic acid), may be useful for controlling inflammatory diseases as UC in animal models. Methods: 3 rat cohorts have been used: vegetable rat feed, control ham and acorn-fed ham (a traditional ham where high oleic acid concentration from acorns is storage in the muscle fat). UC was induced with DSS in drinking water ad libitum for one week. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 16S rRNA from bacterial populations were analyzed in cecum samples. Colon samples were analyzed for histological parameters (inflammatory cell density, mucosa damages, myeloperoxidase). Results: In the acorn-fed ham cohort, a protective effect was observed with respect to UC disease activity index, inflammatory cells density, colon mucosa alterations, myeloperoxidase levels, blood total antioxidant capacity and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in comparison with feed cohort. Both ham diets caused a reduction in Firmicutes and an increase in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in comparison with rat feed diet. Also, acorn-fed ham diet induced changes in gut microbiota composition, with pronounced enrichments in anti-inflammatory bacterial genera such as Alistipes, Bacteroides, Blautia, Butyricimonas and Parabacteroides. Conclusions: In the acorn-fed ham cohort, as a result of the dietary intake of oleic acid and low intake of omega-6 fatty acids, a strong preventive effect against UC symptoms was observed, indicating a valuable effect of this traditional Mediterranean cured meat product.

The current study aimed to determine, using a swine model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), whether short- and long-term neurological deficiencies and interactive dysfunctions of Low Birth-Weight (LBW) offspring might be related to altered pattern of neurotransmitters. Hence, we compared the quantities of different neurotransmitters (catecholamines and indoleamines), which were determined by HPLC, at brain structures related to the limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala) in 14 LBW and 10 Normal Body-Weight (NBW) newborn piglets. The results showed, firstly, significant effects of sex on the NBW newborns, with females having higher dopamine (DA) concentrations than males. The IUGR processes affected DA metabolism, with LBW piglets having lower concentrations of noradrenaline at the hippocampus and higher concentrations of the DA metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA), at both the hippocampus and the amygdala than NBW neonates. The effects of IUGR were modulated by sex; there were no significant differences between LBW and NBW females, but LBW males had higher HVA concentration at the amygdala and higher concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the serotonin metabolite, at the hippocampus than NBW males. In conclusion, the present study shows that IUGR is mainly related to changes, modulated by sex, in the concentrations of catecholamine neurotransmitters, which are related to adaptation to physical activity and to essential cognitive functions such as learning, memory, reward-motivated behavior and stress. © 2016 ISDN

Vitamin A is a key regulator of gene expression, influencing adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in animal tissues. This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary vitamin A level and administration time on productive traits, intramuscular fat (IMF) content in ham muscles, tissue fatty acid composition, and expression of a panel of adipogenic and lipogenic candidate genes in Iberian pigs. Sixty piglets of 16.3 kg (SD = 2.5 kg) live weight (LW) were either fed a vitamin A-enriched diet (10,000 IU vitamin A/kg; CONTROL, n = 20) or a diet without supplemented vitamin A, applied from 16.3 kg (SD = 2.5 kg; early restriction group, ER, n = 20) or from an average weight of 35.8 kg (SD = 3.1 kg; late restriction group, LR, n = 20). Two slaughters were performed when pigs reached the averaged weights of 101.4 (SD = 4.1 kg) and 157.9 kg LW (SD = 7 kg) and samples from liver, heart, and backfat were obtained in both sacrifice times. In addition, ham subcutaneous fat and Semimembranosus (SM) and Biceps Femoris (BF) muscles were sampled at the last sacrifice. Dietary vitamin A level produced no effect on carcass traits in any of the harvests, while a small effect was observed on fatty acid composition in backfat at 101.4 kg LW. However, at 157.9 kg LW, the ER and LR groups showed higher MUFA content and lower SFA content in backfat, ham fat, and IMF (P < 0.01). In IMF, a decrease in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was observed in the restricted groups (P < 0.005). Intramuscular fat content in SM muscle was greater (P < 0.05) in the ER group than in the CONTROL and LR groups, while no difference was detected in BF muscle. Little effect of dietary vitamin A was observed in liver. Regarding changes in gene expression, ACSL4, CEBPB, and IGF1 genes were upregulated (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.05, respectively) in the ER group in hepatic tissue, whereas CRABPII and SCD genes were upregulated (P < 0.05) in the same group in adipose tissue. On the other hand, was downregulated ( < 0.05) in the ER group in adipose tissue. Results found in this experiment show that long-term restriction of dietary vitamin A has a positive effect on nutritional and sensorial parameters of ham meat. Moreover, gene expression results were consistent with the vitamin A transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis and with the changes observed in meat and fat composition.

Hydroxytyrosol is a polyphenol with antioxidant, metabolism-regulatory, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties. The present study aimed to determine whether supplementing the maternal diet with hydroxytyrosol during pregnancy can improve pre-and early post-natal developmental patterns and metabolic traits of the offspring. Experiment was performed in Iberian sows fed a restricted diet in order to increase the risk of IUGR. Ten sows were treated daily with 1.5 mg of hydroxytyrosol per kg of feed between Day 35 of pregnancy (30% of total gestational period) until delivery whilst 10 animals were left untreated as controls. Number and weight of offspring were assessed at birth, on post-natal Day 15 and at weaning (25 days-old). At weaning, body composition and plasma indexes of glucose and lipids were measured. Treatment with hydroxytyrosol was associated with higher mean birth weight, lower incidence of piglets with low birth weight. Afterwards, during the lactation period, piglets in the treated group showed a higher body-weight than control piglets; such effects were even stronger in the most prolific litters. These results suggest that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol may improve pre-and early post-natal development of offspring in pregnancies at risk of IUGR. © 2017 Vazquez-Gomez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Sex-related differences in lipid availability and fatty acid composition during swine foetal development were investigated. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the mother were strongly related to the adequacy or inadequacy of foetal development and concomitant activation of protective growth in some organs (brain, heart, liver and spleen). Cholesterol and triglyceride availability was similar in male and female offspring, but female foetuses showed evidence of higher placental transfer of essential fatty acids and synthesis of non-essential fatty acids in muscle and liver. These sex-related differences affected primarily the neutral lipid fraction (triglycerides), which may lead to sex-related postnatal differences in energy partitioning. These results illustrate the strong influence of the maternal lipid profile on foetal development and homeorhesis, and they confirm and extend previous reports that female offspring show better adaptive responses to maternal malnutrition than male offspring. These findings may help guide dietary interventions to ensure adequate fatty acid availability for postnatal development. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The objectives of this experiment were to study the effect of dietary supplement of a commercial source of CLA, supplied either in the gestation/lactation period or during the post-weaning period, on sow and piglet performance and on the transfer of CLA into colostrum and milk. The experiment was designed to assess both the effect of dietary CLA supplementation to the sow in lactation and on the piglets in the nursery. There were four treatments for nursery piglets arranged factorially, two dietary treatments for origin sows (0 g/kg vs 10 g/kg CLA) and two treatments for weaned piglets (0 g/kg vs 10 g/kg CLA). Immediately after parturition, 10 mL of colostrum was collected from the functional glands of each sow. On day 23 after farrowing, milk samples were also collected. Lower backfat thickness was observed after 28 days of lactation in all groups, and the loss was higher for the control than CLA group (P c 9, t 11 and t 10, c 12 proportions (P n -7 (P n -7/C16:0 and C18:1 n -9/C18:0 (P c 9, t 11, t 10, c 12, C20:0, C20:1, C20:5 n -3 and SFA proportions (P n -9, C16:1 n -7, C17:1, C18:1 n -9, C20:4 n -6, MUFA, MUFA/SFA, C16:1 n -7/C16:0 and C18:1 n -9/C18:0 (P

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) administration during the lactation and post-weaning period or in the post-weaning period exclusively on fatty acid (FA) composition and enzymatic regulation in suckling and in 63-d-old piglets. During the nursery phase, 18 piglets individually penned were used and three dietary treatments ( n = 6) were applied: (1) piglets that proceeded from control sows fed a control diet (0 g CLA/kg) (CT-CT), (2) piglets from control sows fed a diet containing 10 g CLA/kg (CT-CLA) and (3) piglets from CLA fed sows fed diets containing 10 g CLA/kg (CLA-CLA). Suckling piglets (28 d of age) from sows fed the CLA enriched diet showed higher concentration of saturated FA (SFA), lower concentration of total monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and lower MUFA/SFA, C16:1 n -7/C16:0 and C18:1 n -9/C18:0 ratios in subcutaneous backfat than those from sows fed the control diet ( P c 9, t 11-CLA and 0.12 g/100 g TFA t 10, c 12-CLA were observed in piglets from CLA fed sows. Also, increased c 9, t 11-CLA, t 10, c 12-CLA and SFA proportions ( P n -7/C16:0 ratios were found in the liver of piglets from CLA fed sows ( P P c 9, t 11-CLA and t 10, c 12-CLA at weaning was negligible in piglets from sows fed the control diet, but after being fed for 35 d the diet enriched with CLA, the concentration was similar to that of piglets fed milk and diet containing CLA. Little alteration of enzyme regulation induced by CLA feeding was found in piglets either at 28 or 63 d of age, except for malic enzyme activity, which was lower in 63-d-old piglets fed the CLA enriched diet after weaning.

Vitamin supplementation is a widely extended practice in swine nutrition. Certain vitamins such as vitamins A and E are related to meat quality and have been reported as antagonists. Thus, their tissue levels are of interest for swine producers and consumers. This experiment was undertaken to study the effect of dietary vitamin A supplementation or withdrawal duration and timing on the evolution of vitamin A deposition in tissues, α-tocopherol accumulation and gene expression in heavy pigs. Eighty weaned Iberian piglets (16.3 ± 2.5. kg) were either fed a vitamin A-enriched diet (10,000. IU vitamin A/kg) (CONTROL) or given a diet without added vitamin A applied from the beginning of the trial at 16.3. kg (early restriction group, ER) or from an average weight of 35.8. kg (late restriction group, LR). Pigs fed ER and LR had lower ADG and worse feed efficiency than those from the CONTROL group at 101.4. kg (P=0.001 and P=0.034, respectively). However, final weight, average daily gain, average daily intake and feed conversion efficiency were not statistically affected by dietary treatment during the starter (

The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary vitamin A level is associated with differences in adipocyte differentiation or lipid accumulation in Iberian pigs at early growing (35.8. kg live weight) and at finishing (158. kg live weight). Iberian pigs of 16.3. kg live weight were allocated to two feeding groups, one group received 10,000. IU of vitamin A/kg diet (control); the other group received a diet with 0. IU of vitamin A (var) for the whole experimental period. The dietary vitamin A level had no effect on growth performance and carcass traits. The early suppression of vitamin A increased the preadipocyte number in Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle in the early growth period (P.

Thirty Large White×Great York gilts were fed six experimental diets containing three levels of poly and monounsaturated fatty acids. Within each dietary fat treatment, one group was fed a basal level of vitamin E (20 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) and the other group received a supplemented level (200 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet). Concentration of α-tocopherol was significantly higher in hams from pigs fed supplemented dietary levels of vitamin E (P

Background Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have suggested that taking ALA supplements could be an effective way of treating diabetes and its complications, although its use in diabetic older adults is still controversial. Aim To determine the effect of intake of ALA on oxidative stress and chronic inflammation markers in diabetic older adults. Design A randomized, double-blind controlled trial was carried out. We evaluated 108 older adults diabetics without hepatic or renal damage. They were divided into 3 groups: i) treatment group (TG), n= 42 subjects, intake 600 mg/day of ALA, ii) placebo group (PG), n= 38 subjects, intake 600 mg/day of placebo and iii) control group (CG), n= 28 subjects, without intake of ALA or placebo. We measured before and after of six months of treatment, the plasmatic levels of isoprostane by ELISA, SOD and GPx by spectrophotometry, and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 by flow cytometry. Differences within and between groups were compared by repeated measures ANOVA test. Outcomes: After 6 months the serum isoprostane levels the TG and PG had a decreased statistically significance in comparison to CG, however it was not observed significantly differences between both (TG, basal 100±5 vs. post 57±3; PG, basal 106±7 vs. post 77±5; CG, basal 94±9 vs. six months 107±10 pg/mL, p Conclusion Our findings suggest that the intake of 600mg/day of ALA has an effect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory similar to placebo.

The effect of feeding high levels of α-tocopherol to pigs on the susceptibility to oxidative deterioration and weight loss in dry cured hams was investigated. The α-tocopherol concentration in thigh muscle from pigs fed the basal and the supplemented diet (200 mg kg −1 α-tocopheryl acetate) in unprocessed thighs was 8.69 and 16.87, μg g −1 dry matter, not including ash, respectively ( p -value=0.015), while the concentration was 6.65 and 14.28 μg g −1 , respectively, in the final products ( p -value=0.011). Hams from pigs fed the basal diet oxidized more during storage ( p -value=0.015) as measured by formation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and had a higher rate of weight loss ( p -value=0.0001). The total loss in red color after 4 days of storage was similar in all treatments. However, the rate of discoloration was more pronounced during the first 2 days of storage in hams from pigs fed the basal diet ( p -value=0.016). This result indicates that high dietary level of α-tocopheryl acetate to pigs increases the oxidative stability in dry cured hams manufactured on the basis of such pigs.

This study was carried out to compare the fatty acid and α-tocopherol composition and the susceptibility to oxidation of egg yolks from hens fed grass and a commercial mixed diet under free-range conditions or in cages with only the commercial diet. Grass had a relative high proportion of α-linolenic acid (534 g kg−1 total fatty acids) and α-tocopherol (162.3 mg kg−1 DM). Eggs from hens fed under free-range conditions had a higher concentration of total (n−3) fatty acids than eggs from hens fed the commercial diet (P

The effects of olive (MONO) or sunflower (POLY) oil-enriched (30 g/kg) diets with either a basal (10 mg/kg food) or supplemented (200 mg/kg) level of a-tocopheryl acetate on some measures of production, fatty acid composition of animal tissues and susceptibility to oxidation of rabbit meat and membrane extracts have been studied. MONO diet produced higher levels of C18:1 in animal tissues. Animals that received POLY diet had a higher level of C18:2 in perirenal and neutral fraction of intramuscular fat and higher levels of C18:2, C20:4, C22:4 and C22:5 in phospholipid, reaching a higher overall unsaturation (P = 0·001). Muscle samples from rabbits given the POLY diet were more susceptible to lipid oxidation (P = 0·0001). Differences in membrane lipid oxidation, between groups followed a similar pattern to that of meat. Diets rich in C18:2 resulted in increases in concentration of pentanal (P < 0·001), hexanal (P = 0·0001) and total volatile aldehydes (P = 0·0001) in meat as monitored by headspace gas liquid chromatography. Dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate reduced the overall concentration of volatile aldehydes (P < 0·05), particularly hexanal (P < 0·05). Dietary administration of monounsaturated fatty acids not only reduces membrane and meat lipid oxidation but also modifies the relative proportion of volatile aldehydes generated upon heating, with a specific decrease in those generally related to rancidity and off-flavour of meats.

The present study was conducted to determinate the responsiveness of different levels of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle and fat in pigs fed from 59.5 to 133.5kg. Forty female Large Whitex(Large WhitexLandrace) pigs were used. Four levels (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) of a commercial enriched CLA oil supplementation (60% of CLA isomers, 30% cis-9, trans-11 and 30% trans-10, cis-12) were fed to pigs. Carcass, ham, foreleg and loin weights were recorded. Dietary CLA enrichment increased the loin weight (P

The effects of rearing (outdoor vs indoor) and feeding systems (acorn and grass vs mixed diets) on ham quality from Duroc x Iberian pigs were studied. Seven groups of 5 females each were used. One group was reared under freerange conditions and fed with acorns and grass (outdoor pigs). Six group were fed mixed diets in confinement (indoor pigs) under a factorial design 3 x 2 with three types of dietary fat: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and medium (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) and two levels of α-tocopheryl-acetate. The α-and γ-tocopherol contents were higher (P < 0.05) in hams from outdoor pigs than in hams from indoor pigs. The hams from indoor pigs were lighter than hams from outdoor pigs and redness values were larger in hams from outdoor pigs than in hams from indoor pigs. At 4 days of storage ham samples from outdoor pigs showed a tendency (P < 0.10) to lower weight loss than those from pigs fed a basal level of vitamin E. These results indicate that rearing outdoor and feeding Iberian pigs by acorn and grass increase the α-and γ-tocopherols and improve color and weight losses in dry-cured hams.Se ha estudiado el efecto del régimen de producción (en libertad vs estabulados) y el sistema de alimentación (bellota y pasto vs piensos formulados) en la calidad del jamón de cerdos Ibéricos cruzados con Duroc. Siete grupos de 5 hembras cada uno fueron usadas. Un grupo fue criado en condiciones de libertad y alimentado con bellotas y pasto (Cerdos en libertad). Seis grupos fueron alimentados con dietas formuladas en confinamiento (Cerdos estabulados) usando un diseño factorial de 3 x 2 con tres tipos de grasa en la dieta: monoinsaturada, poliinsaturada y media (monoinsaturada y polinsaturada) y dos niveles de acetato de α-tocoferol. Los contenidos de α- y γ-tocoferol fueron más altos (p < 0.05) en jamones de cerdos criados en libertad que en jamones de cerdos estabulados. Los jamones de cerdos estabulados pesaron menos que los jamones de cerdos en libertad y los valores de color rojo fueron mayores en jamones de cerdos en libertad que en cerdos estabulados. Después de 4 días de almacenamiento, la muestra de jamón de cerdos en libertad mostraron una menor tendencia (p < 0.10) a perder peso que aquellos de cerdos alimentados con un nivel basal de vitamina E. Estos resultados indican que cerdos Ibérico criados en libertad y alimentados con bellota y pasto incrementan su contenido en tocoferoles y mejoran el color y las pérdidas de peso de los jamones curados.

We aimed to determine whether the response of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) tissue concentration to dietary C18:2 n-6 administration, in the finishing period, is done in a different way in Iberian pig compared with a lean genotype. Therefore, 48 pigs, 24 of a lean genotype (Large White × Great York) and 24 of a fat genotype (Iberian × Duroc) were offered three commercial diets, for each genetic type, in order to provide three levels of C18:2 n-6, but maintaining constant the concentration of saturated and linolenic fatty acids (FA) in each genotype. Samples from adipose tissue (subcutaneous backfat and intramuscular fat (IMF) from Longissimus dorsi muscle) were taken. Six pigs of each genotype (two per each C18:2 n-6 level) were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial fatty acids composition. The C18:2 n-6 proportions at slaughter were higher in the subcutaneous backfat outer layer than in subcutaneous backfat inner layer for both genetic types. In both backfat layers, as the dietary C18:2 n-6 increased, the C18:2 n-6 proportions also increased in both genotypes. In IMF, the concentration of C18:2 n-6 was also altered in lean genotype according to dietary treatment, but no response was observed in Iberian pigs. Linoleic acid concentrations was higher in lean pig genotypes than in the Iberian pig, both in subcutaneous and IMF throughout the whole range of dietary linoleic acid concentration used in this experiment. These results indicate the resistance of Iberian pig to modify the proportion of linoleic in their tissues, particularly in the IMF.

Sixty Large White x Great York pigs weighing approximately 60 kg were individually fed on six experimental diets. The experiment was organized in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement design with three different fat sources and a basal or supplemented (200 mg/kg diet) level of alpha-tocopheryl acetate. All diets contained the same concentration of saturated fatty acids (15 +/- 0.2 g/kg dry matter) but differed in the concentration of C18 : 2 (14 +/- 0.5, 18 +/- 0.4 and 21 +/- 0.6 g/kg) and monounsaturated fatty acids (19 +/- 0.2, 15 +/- 1.2 and 10 +/- 1.3 g/kg). No effect of dietary treatment was observed on weight gain and feed consumption. A histological study of the jejunal mucosa showed lower cell desquamation in groups containing a supplemental level of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (p=0.080). A higher cell desquamation was found in the groups fed diets containing the higher concentration of C18 : 2 (p=0.087). We also observed an interaction effect (p < 0.001) of dietary fat source and vitamin E supplementation on jejunal cell desquamation in which the effect of dietary vitamin E was lower when diets with a low concentration of C18 : 2 were administered. In vitro-induced oxidation of jejunal mucosa homogenates was lower in pigs fed diets supplemented with alpha-tocopheryl acetate (p < 0.002). The dietary concentration of C18 : 2 significantly affected oxidation of pig jejunal mucosa (p < 0.002).

The experiment was organized in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three dietary fat blends and a basal (20 mg kg(-1) diet) or supplemented (220 mg kg(-1)) level of alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Dietary vitamin E and monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio (dietary MUFA/PUFA) affected muscle alpha-tocopherol concentration (alpha-tocopherol [log microg g(-1)] = 0.18 (+/- 0.105) + 0.0034 (+/- 0.0003) x dietary alpha-tocopherol [mg kg(-1) diet] (P0.0001) + 0.39 (+/- 0.122) x dietary MUFA/PUFA (P0.0036)). An interaction between dietary alpha-tocopherol and dietary MUFA/PUFA exists for microsome alpha-tocopherol concentration (alpha-tocopherol [log microg g(-1)] = 1.14 ( +/- 0.169) (P0.0001) + 0.0056 ( +/- 0.00099) x dietary alpha-tocopherol [mg kg(-1) diet] (P0.0001) + 0.54 (+/- 0.206) x dietary MUFA/PUFA (P0.0131) - 0.0033 (+/- 0.0011) x dietary alpha-tocopherol [mg kg(-1))] x dietary MUFA/PUFA (P0.0067)), and hexanal concentration in meat (hexanal [ng x g(-1)] = 14807.9 (+/- 1489.8)- 28.8 (+/- 10.6) dietary alpha-tocopherol [mg x kg(-1)] (P0.01) - 8436.6 (+/- 1701.6) x dietary MUFA/PUFA (P0.001) + 24.0 (+/- 11.22) x dietary alpha-tocopherol-dietary MUFA/ PUFA (P0.0416)). It is concluded that partial substitution of dietary PUFA with MUFA lead to an increase in the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in muscle and microsome extracts. An interaction between dietary alpha-tocopherol and fatty acids exists, in which at low level of dietary vitamin E inclusion, a low MUFA/ PUFA ratio leads to a reduction in the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in microsome extracts and a concentration of hexanal in meat above the expected values.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) enrichment for finishing heavy fatty pigs on performance, carcass traits and fatty acid composition in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (IMF), including CLA main isomers concentration. Forty castrated Iberian × Duroc pigs, half males and half females, with 120 (±2.83) kg live weight were used. Pigs were fed experimental diets containing two levels (0 and 1%) of CLA. No effect of CLA was observed on backfat thickness or IMF concentration. In subcutaneous backfat, dietary CLA increased the C16:0, C18:0, c9,t11-CLA , t10,c12-CLA and saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportion and decreased those C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) proportions and MUFA/SFA and C18:1 n-9/C18:0 and C16:1 n-7/C16:0 ratios. In the IMF, dietary CLA increased C16:0, SFA, c9,t11 and t10,c12 proportions and reduced C18:1 n-9 and MUFA, MUFA/SFA and C18:1 n-9/C18:0 ratios, but showed no effect on C18:2 n-6 and PUFA proportion. Subcutaneous backfat fatty acid profile was affected by gender, but no gender effect on intramuscular fatty acid profile was observed. CLA isomer accumulation was lower in heavy pigs compared to the lean genotype probably as a consequence of the higher carcass fat concentration in the former. El objetivo de esta investigación fue valorar el efecto del enriquecimiento con ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) en la dieta de cerdos grasos durante la fase de acabado sobre el crecimiento, el rendimiento de la canal y la composición de ácidos grasos en la grasa subcutánea e intramuscular (IMF), incluyendo la concentración de los principales isómeros del CLA. Se usaron cuarenta cerdos castrados Ibérico × Duroc, mitad machos y mitad hembras, con un peso vivo de 120 (±2.83) kg. Los cerdos se alimentaron con dietas experimentales que contenían dos niveles (0 y 1%) de CLA. No se observó ningún efecto del CLA sobre el espesor de grasa subcutánea o en la concentración de IMF. En la grasa subcutánea el CLA incrementó la concentración de C16:0, C18:0, c9,t11-CLA, t10,c12-CLA y la proporción de ácidos grasos saturados (SFA) y redujo el C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6, las proporciones de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) y poliinsaturados (PUFA) y las proporciones de MUFA/SFA y C18:1 n-9/C18:0 y C16:1 n-7/C16:0.En la IMF el CLA incrementó el C16:0, y la proporción de SFA, c9,t11 y t10,c12 y redujo el C18:1 n-9 y las proporciones de MUFA, MUFA/SFA y C18:1 n-9/C18:0, pero no se mostró ningún efecto sobre la proporción de C18:2 n-6 y los PUFA. El sexo tuvo influencia sobre la concentración de ácidos grasos de la grasa subcutánea, pero no se observó ningún efecto sexo sobre los ácidos grasos intramusculares.Un efecto de dilución de la gran acumulación de grasa en la canal de estos animales grasos, con marcado carácter adipogénico, comparados con los genotipos magros podría ser la explicación del efecto del CLA de la dieta sobre la menor concentración de los isómeros del CLA en sus tejidos.

The effect of increasing the energy concentration of growing-finishing pig diets through inclusion of lard on performance, carcass and meat composition and lipid susceptibility to peroxidation was studied. A total of 720 Landrace × Large White male and female pigs (equal number of entire males and females) were used. Experimental diets were formulated to have a low (3000 kcal ME kg−1) or high (3200 kcal ME kg−1) energy level, but in all cases to have a constant lysine:ME ratio. This was achieved using a low (6.8 g kg−1) and a high (49.3 g kg−1) level of dietary lard inclusion. Gilts had lower daily gain (P