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Partial substitution of margarine by microencapsulated chia oil (rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids) in carnauba wax solid lipid microparticles was investigated, to obtain cookies containing omega-3 and omega-6. The microparticles were prepared by the hot homogenisation in which the lipid phase is molten and dispersed as small droplets in an aqueous phase followed by a cooling/solidification step. Cookies were produced using only margarine (control) and also with partial substitution of margarine by microencapsulated chia oil (15% and 30%wt). Texture profile analysis results of the cookie dough (pre-baking) were affected (p

Whey protein supplements (WPS) intake has been increasing worldwide as they are mainly used to improve overall athletic performance. Adding other bioactives such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may be an alternative to help fulfill nutritional needs. Microencapsulation is able to protect PUFA-rich oils from oxidation, but important aspects of particle production and their influence on food properties must be evaluated. This study aimed to develop WPS with microencapsulated green coffee and walnut oils using stearic acid as a wall material. Oxidative stability (differential scanning calorimetry) of the oils increased (from 82 ± 4 to 110 ± 10 kJ mol−1 for green coffee oil and from 90 ± 5 to 149 ± 1 kJ mol−1 for walnut oil) after encapsulation and WPS rheological properties were not affected by the microcapsules (p 0.05). Sensory analysis of the supplement containing microencapsulated green coffee oil showed a lower sensory preference than the blank sample, but no difference was found with the blank sample in the case of walnut oil (p 0.05). The encapsulation strategy used to produce an enriched WPS was efficient in protecting the oils from oxidative degradation. This study was financed in part by the Coordenaç~ao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. This work was financially supported by Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM (UIDB/50020/2020) and CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Encapsulation of poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)is an alternative to increase its stability during processing and storage. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil is a reliable source of both omega-3 and omega-6 and its encapsulation must be better evaluated as an effort to increase the number of foodstuffs containing PUFAs to consumers. In this work chia oil was extracted and encapsulated in stearic acid microparticles by the hot homogenization technique. UV-Vis spectroscopy coupled with Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least-Squares methodology demonstrated that no oil degradation or tocopherol loss occurred during heating. After lyophilization, the fatty acids profile of the oil-loaded microparticles was determined by gas chromatography and compared to in natura oil. Both omega-3 and omega-6 were effectively encapsulated, keeping the same omega-3:omega-6 ratio presented in the in natura oil. Calorimetric analysis confirmed that encapsulation improved the thermal stability of the chia oil.

The aim of this work was to analyze the fatty acid and proximate composition of five brands of breaded chicken steak (A, B, C, D, and E) by accurate chromatographic quantification and to compare the experimental results with food label nutrition facts. The protein values of all brands were in agreement with the Brazilian regulation values, except for that of sample E, which presented the highest lipid content. Thirteen fatty acids were identified in the studied brands and the major ones were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratios were within the values considered appropriate for human health; however, the high n-6/n-3 ratios found can result in an unbalanced intake of these fat acids. Only samples D and E can be considered trans free according to the regulations. The comparison of the analyses' results and the food label nutrition facts showed little variation in protein values. Nevertheless, most brands underestimated their lipid and energy levels. Brand B and C labels declared "free of trans", but the obteined results showed levels excedding those especified by regulation to be considered trans free values. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos de cinco marcas de steak empanado de frango (A, B, C, D e E). As análises de ácidos graxos foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa e técnicas de quantificação absoluta. Os resultados experimentais foram comparados com valores constantes nos rótulos. Os valores encontrados para proteína de todas as marcas estavam em acordo com o estabelecido pela legislação brasileira, exceto o da amostra E, a qual apresentou o maior teor lipídico. Treze ácidos graxos foram identificados nas marcas avaliadas, sendo os majoritários os ácidos: oleico, linoleico e palmítico. As razões dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados/ácidos graxos saturados encontraram-se dentro dos valores considerados adequados para a saúde humana, porém, as elevadas razões n-6/n-3 encontradas podem resultar em um desequilíbrio na ingestão destes ácidos graxos. Apenas amostras D e E podem ser consideradas livres de trans de acordo com a legislação vigente. A comparação entre os resultados das análises e os valores constantes nos rótulos apresentaram pequenas variações nos teores de proteína, entretanto, a maioria das marcas subestimou os teores de lipídios e valor energético. Os rótulos das marcas B e C declaravam-se livre de trans, entretanto os resultados obtidos apontam teores acima dos valores permitidos pela legislação para serem consideradas livre de trans.

Encapsulation of poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is known to be an alternative to increase its stability during processing and storage. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil has raised interest as a reliable source of both omega-3 and omega-6 but its encapsulation must be better evaluated. In this work, chia oil was extracted and encapsulated in stearic acid microparticles by the hot homogenization technique. UV-Vis spectroscopy coupled with Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least-Squares methodology demonstrated that no oil degradation or tocopherol loss was expected to occur during the encapsulation procedure. After lyophilization, the fat acids profile of the oil loaded microparticles was determined by gas chromatography and compared to that of the in natura oil. Both omega-3 and omega-6 were effectively encapsulated keeping the same omega-3:omega-6 ratio presented in the in natura oil.

This study evaluates physicochemical parameters and fatty acids (FA) composition during five frying processes of cassava fries using soybean oil. FA were determined using gas chromatography (GC), after verifying the empirical correction factors for fatty acid methyl esters. During frying, the cassava released water and absorbed oil. Hydrolysis and oxidation reactions in oils were accompanied by an increase in the values of free FA and peroxide. Two methods were used to evaluate total polar compounds – silica gel chromatography column (silica gel classic) and using the Test 265 device – and their efficiency was compared. An increase in total polar compounds was observed through both methodologies, with the Test 265 method being the most sensitive. The transfer of fatty acids from the oil to the cassava was accurately observed by gas chromatography for using theoretical correction factor in the quantification. Trans fatty acids detected in the original oil were absorbed by the cassava; however, the amount of essential fatty acid decreased in the frying oil.

The aim of this work was to elaborate a skimmed symbiotic yoghurt, using starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus), Lactobacillus casei as probiotic microorganism and inulin and oligofructose as prebiotic ingredients. The probiotics characteristics (acid and bile resistance) of L. casei and the number of lactic acid bacterias in the product had been tested, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the yoghurt (pH, acidity, chemical composition and viscosity). Acceptance tests had been carried out with the symbiotic yoghurt added with strawberry pulp and flavour, and two different types of sweetening agents. The yoghurt supplemented with prebiotics presented pH 4.33, acidity of 1.15% and amount of lactic acid bacteria superior to the minimum necessary to characterize it as probiotic. L. casei showed resistance to acid and bile, confirming important probiotics characteristics. The prebiotic yoghurt presented higher viscosity than the not supplemented one. There was no significant difference between the acceptance (above 80%) of yoghurts sweetened with the two types of sweetening agents.

Food industry is increasingly concerned about their role in environmental responsibility. Recycling of meat package is a challenge since the presence of residual lipids limit the amount of recycled material that could be added to the pure material. In this work the efficiency of an enzymatic detergent in removing total lipids residues from discharged meat polyethylene package was evaluated. The experimental parameters were the enzymatic detergent concentration, temperature and the mass of package used during the detergent application. Soxhlet extraction (3 hours, 40 ºC,) was used to determine the amount of total lipids present in the package both before and after the use of the detergent. The solvent used was petroleum ether and the amount of total lipids was determined gravimetrically. The polyethylene meat package presented an initial amount of total lipids of (15.7± 0.7) %. Results demonstrated that the efficiency increased with the increase in temperature and detergent concentration as well as with the decrease in the mass of the polyethylene sample. Any decrease in the enzymatic activity was observed for the evaluated temperatures. Also there was a limit in the amount of polyethylene package that could be used probably because greater amounts of sample hindered stirring and homogenization. According to the experimental design the maximum efficiency is expected to be 81.72% when the following conditions are used: 54°C, enzymatic detergent concentration of 19g/L and a package sample amount of 4 grams.DOI: 10.14685/rebrapa.v5i3.178

In recent years several researchers have conducted studies comparing total lipids extraction methods, to find the most efficient method. The objective of this work was to study four different total lipids extraction methods in soybean crumbs and chicken thigh hillbilly with solvents of different degrees of toxicity and polarity (n-hexane, n-hexane-isopropanol, chloroform, methanol and ethanol). The study showed that the Soxhlet method, using ethanol as solvent was more efficient in the total lipids extraction present in soybean crumbs (5.38%), but not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) for organic chicken thigh (3.35%), among the methods. The Bligh & Dyer cold method was the most efficient for the soybean crumbs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.19