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Background: There are three types of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC): basal (BCC), keratoacanathoma (KA), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). These three malignancies account for 99 percent of all tumors in this category. Because it slows DNA synthesis in quickly proliferating cells, methotrexate (MTX) is an effective treatment for tumors that are fast developing. To prevent the production of the purine nucleotide thymidine, it inhibits the development of tetrahydrofolate by binding to the dihydrofolate reductase. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of MTX in the treatment of NMSCs. Conclusion: When used as a less intrusive and less expensive treatment for NMSCs, MTX has the potential to be a very effective and safe alternative treatment, especially in patients who are elderly or have other medical conditions.

Medicinal plants have gained wide popularity at present time due the side effects of chemical drugs on the body in general and on the kidneys in particular. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of Arabic gum (AG) against nephrotoxicity of ciprofloxacin. Twenty-four rats divided into four groups administrated for 14 days as following: control group administrated orally with distilled water 1 ml/kg, ciprofloxacin group 750 mg/kg, orally. Third group administrated with AG solution 15% and fourth group administrated with ciprofloxacin 750 mg/kg combined with AG 15% respectively. Results demonstrated the effect of Ciprofloxacin in significant increased levels of nephrotoxicity biomarkers such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, MDA, and a significant decreased urine flow rate, creatinine clearance and degeneration in renal tissue via attenuate antioxidant system tissue. The combined administration of AG with Ciprofloxacin showed the ameliorative role of AG on nephrotoxicity biomarkers, nephron function, antioxidant availability and protected renal tissue from damage. We concluded that AG in concentration 15% has a protective role against renal toxicity exposed by ciprofloxacin in rats.

Background: This study aimed to observe the lipid profile in diabeticpatients and to find out correlation between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and lipid profile. Methods: Lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar and HbA1C values of 100 diabetic patients were studied. Blood samples of 41 male and 59 female diabetic patients were assessed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, TG, LDL and HDL andHbA1C. Results: The 100 diabetic patients were havingHbA1C mean valuewas 9.1?1.9%. Means of HbA1C, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and FBG were higher in females than males. In contrast, means of triglycerides and age were lower in female than males. All parameters have positive correlation with HbA1C. Significant correlation of HbA1C levels wereseen with FBG (p46mg/dl (1.2mmol/L) and >70% were having HDL>30mg/dl (0.8mmol/L). Findings indicate>50% of patients participated in this study may be at low risk, or in a good diabetic control or on medication, since, poor glycemic control in diabetic patients can lead to decreased HDL. Conclusion: Results in this study indicated the need for therapeutic attention for diabetic patients, especially those who are of small ages.Depending on antidiabetic medications only is not enough to treat diabetic patients.

Single crystal of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (potash alum) was grown by the slow evaporation technique of supersaturated aqueous solution at room temperature. The obtained crystal was characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction, DSC, TGA, electrical conductivity, optical transmittance and optical reflectance measurements. Structural and thermal analyses were performed on potash alum crystal. The electrical conductivity of potash alum as electrolyte sample was 1.894 × 10−6 S/cm. The optical transition and optical band gap energy of potash alum crystal were studied for the first time. Direct and indirect optical band gap energies were 5.75 and 4.50 eV respectively. Extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constants and optical conductivity were calculated for potash alum crystal at a range of photon energies between 1.4 and 6.2 eV. Normal dispersion parameters of potash alum crystal were calculated for the first time.

The herbal drugs have a protective effect for kidney function against chemical toxicity. 24 male rats divided into 4 groups and treated as following, control group administrated orally with 1ml/kg. B.W physiological solution (0.9%), One dose Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) 3 ml/kg. B.W, Silymarin 150 mg/kg. B.W and Silymarin150 mg/kg. B.W with CCl4 3 ml/kg. B.W for 30 days. Oxidative stress resulted by CCl4 caused increasing in Creatinine, Urea, total protein, Albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreasing in Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in serum and congestion, degeneration and desquamation in kidney tissue. We concluded that Silymarin showed protective effect via increasing GSH, decreasing creatinine, Urea, total protein and MDA levels in serum and protect kidney tissue in rats.

This Study aimed to investigate the efficiency of aqueous extraction of Alhagi maurorum leaves against oxidative stress induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on spermatogenesis and the level of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde in adult rats. Plant Leaf's dried and then extracted. Experiment included 24 male rats divided into 4 groups 6 subjects in each group. groups treated orally for 30 days as following: first was control group which administered with 1ml of physiological saline 0.9%, second group administered once with CCl4 3ml/Kg, third and fourth groups administered with aqueous extract 300 mg/kg and aqueous extract together with CCl4 respectively. The results showed that CCl4 caused a significant decrease in sperm count, sperm vitality, normality, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), significant increase in sperm mortality, abnormality and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with control group. While aqueous extract treatment caused no significant difference in compare to control group. Groups treated with aqueous extract together with CCl4 showed a significant increase in sperm count, vitality, normality and GSH and decreasing in mortality, abnormality and MDA in compare to CCl4 group. It could be concluded that the aqueous extract of Alhagi maurorum have a positive effect on male reproduction and antioxidants in rats exposed to oxidative stress.

Akdeniz bölgesinde yayılış gösteren, ülkemizde gen merkezi konumunda olduğumuz Arum cinsine ait bazı türleri, tıbbi ve süs bitkisi amaçlı doğadan düzensiz toplanmakta ya da yetiştirilerek uzun yıllardır ihraç edilmektedir. Ülkemizde Arum italicum MILLER türünün üretiminde fungal hastalıklar yumru verimini azaltmakta, yavru yumru oluşturması için uzun zamana ihtiyaç duyması nedeniyle üretiminde sorunlar bulunmakta, ayrıca, doğadan düzensiz toplanması sonucu ekolojik problemlerle karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın da amacı, Arum italicum’da ilk kez doku kültürü teknikleriyle patojenlerden ari hızlı çoğaltımıdır. Çalışmada, Arum italicum yumruları dormansi kırılacak şekilde soğuk ortamda (+4 oC) kültüre alınmış, daha sonra sürgün uçları farklı konsantrasyonlarda sitokinin 6-Benzylaminopurin (BAP), Kinetin (KIN), Thidiazuron (TDZ) ve oksin Indol-3-asetik asit (IAA), Indol-3-bütirik asit (IBA) ve Naftalenasetik asit (NAA) içeren besin ortamlarında kültüre alınmıştır. En yüksek sürgün rejenerayonu (% 35.0) ve en yüksek eksplant başına sürgün sayısı (0.75 adet) 2 mg l-1 BAP ve 0.50 mg l-1 NAA uygulamasından elde edilmiş, bitkiciklerin ortalama % 52’si başarılı bir şekilde aklimatize edilerek yaşatılmıştır.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an extremely aggressive solid tumor and relates to numerous cases of cancer-associated deaths globally. Current studies reveal that natural compounds retain various therapeutic effects. This study was aimed to investigate the beneficial antitumor effects of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk antibodies (CM-IgG) on diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats. Hepatocarcinoma was induced in rats using DENA (50 mg/kg, twice/week) for 2 weeks followed by CCl4 (1 ml/kg, trice/week) for 6 weeks. At week 17th, HCC-bearing rats were orally administrated CM-IgG (100 mg/kg, orally) daily for 4 weeks. Liver enzyme activities and levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured in serum. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in liver homogenate. Histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin stain was examined in liver tissues. Hepatic mRNA gene expression of placental glutathione-s-transferase (GST-P) was determined by qRT-PCR. Treatment HCC-bearing rats with CM-IgG significantly reduced liver injury biomarkers and attenuated oxidative stress as well as enhanced antioxidant status. Moreover, CM-IgG significantly alleviated hepatocellular morphology alterations and down-regulated GST-P gene expression levels in liver. Our results revealed the potential role of total immunoglobulin IgG purified from camel milk in amelioration of DENA-induced hepatocellular dysfunction and oxidative stress in hepatocarcinoma-bearing rats.

Biodiesel is a renewable and clean-burning fuel used as a substitute for petroleum diesel. Biodiesel, as a biofuel, increases energy security and environment quality and provides safety benefits. The objective of this chapter is to study the effectiveness of various lime-based materials as catalysts for the preparation of biodiesel from crude sunflower oil through transesterification with methanol and ethanol. First, biodiesel was prepared from pure sunflower oil using methanol and NaOH as a catalyst. Then, biodiesel was prepared from pure sunflower oil using ethanol and rejected lime as a catalyst. Later, biodiesel was prepared from crude sunflower oil using methanol and various lime-based materials such as rejected lime, pure lime, and limestone as catalysts. Biodiesel was checked for its properties such as free fatty acid, density, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, flash and fire points, and cloud and pour points. From the results, it was found that pure lime is the suitable catalyst for the production of biodiesel from crude sunflower oil. A concise review on biodiesel production using lime-based materials as a catalyst was also presented.

Zn–Al–NO3–LDH nanostructure was synthesized via the coprecipitation method at molar ratio Zn2+/Al3+ = 4 and pH = 7. The resultant sample was thermally treated at calcined temperatures of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 °C. The layered structure of the Zn–Al–NO3–LDH samples was stable below the calcination temperature 200 °C as shown in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of calcined samples. The calcination products showed a collapse of LDH structure and ZnO phase was formed at 200 °C and above. The dielectric spectroscopy of LDH was explained using anomalous low frequency dispersion (ALFD) due to the low mobility of LDH carriers. The conductivity spectra of LDH can be theoretically described according to the effective phase within the calcination products of LDH. In the comparison with previously researches, this study presented higher values of DC conductivity for all studied samples.

Background: The clinical usefulness of gentamicin (GM) is limited due to the development of nephrotoxicity. Potential therapeutic approaches to protect (or) reverse GM damage would have been of very important clinical consequences in increasing the safety of the drug. Several natural agents have been used to ameliorate drugs toxicity. The survey of literature reveals that the Mentha piperita Linn. are found to be used in the traditional system of medicine. However, ameliorative and membrane stabilizing activity of M.piperita have not been scientifically investigated. So, the present study was design to evaluate effects of M.piperita L. on nephrotoxicity in rat model. Methodology: Kidney damage was induced in rats by administrating Gentamicin (GM) intraperitonially at the dose of 100mg/kg body weight for 6 consecutive days. Freshly prepared ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M.piperita (EMPet and AMPet) were orally administered to rats. Results: The altered renal markers (urea, uric acid, creatinine, and BUN) after GM administered were normalized in extracts treated animals. The membrane stabilizing effects were confirmed by erythrocytes osmotic fragility and to RBC morphology. The ameliorative effects were also confirmed by histopathology of renal tissues. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that Mentha piperita may emerge as a ameliorative and membrane-stabilizing agent against nephrotoxicity. Further studies need to be undertaken in order to confirm these findings and its extrapolation in humans.

Solid polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) complexed with different amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g) were prepared using solution cast method. The effect of NaCl dopant amount on the optical properties was characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Absorbance spectra, direct and indirect optical band gap energies of PVA/NaCl samples were studied. These band gap energies decreased as NaCl amount in PVA matrix increased. The Urbach energy of samples was also calculated using the Urbach relation which increased significantly as the NaCl amount increased due to the increase in the disorder of the polymer occurred by doping. The electrical conductivity of PVA/NaCl electrolyte samples has been estimated by DC conductivity as function in the NaCl amount at room temperature. DC conductivity of prepared electrolytes containing different amounts of NaCl salt increased from 2.06 × 10−2 S/m at doped amount 0.1 g of NaCl to 4.60 × 10−2 S/m at doped amount 0.5 g of NaCl. This increasing was due to the increase in the degree of conjugation of π-orbitals, thus, the increase in the polarons amount in PVA matrix.

This study was conducted to investigate if silymarin can prevent the adverse effect of oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) on some characters of male rat reproductive system. Twenty male albino rats were divided into 4 groups, 5 for each included, control group, CCl4 group, silymarin group and silymarin plus CCl4 group. Groups with silymarin received dose (150mg/kg) and group with CCl4 received (3ml/kg) at the end of experiment. The period of the study was 35 days. CCl4 can induce male reproductive toxicity through damage testis structure, weights, reduction in epididymis, sperm count, morphology, viability and motility. Silymarin plays its antioxidant role with scavenging free radical resulted by CCl4 and showed significant increasing in body and testis weight, normal sperms counting and vital sperms in compared to CCl4 group. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.23.2018.029

AIM To evaluate the effect of Monobond Etch & Prime on the micro-shear bond strength (MSBS) of resin cements to leucite surface and to compare the MSBS of two different resin cements to conditioned leucite surfaces with different primer systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one leucite ceramic disks (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were divided into three groups (n = 7). Group I: 9.6% hydrofluoric (HF) acid and Monobond S (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), then conventional resin cement was applied. Group II: Monobond Etch & Prime (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), then conventional resin cement was applied. Group III: 9.6% HF acid and with Monobond N (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), then adhesive resin cement was applied. The assigned resin cement was applied in each disk through five plastic tubes with an inner diameter of 1.6 and 1.9 mm height, and then light cured. Micro-shear bond strength was determined by pulling out the resin cement using universal testing machine (Instron®, USA). RESULTS One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test were used to determine statistical difference (a = 0.05) between each two groups. The results showed that group III had the highest MSBS values (7.32 ± 2.47) followed by group II (6.24 ± 2.16), whereas group I had the lowest MSBS values (5.7 ± 2.7). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference between the results of all the groups. CONCLUSION Monobond Etch & Prime has shown comparable results to the most popular combination of HF acid and silane. The combination of HF acid and Monobond N and self-adhesive resin cement has shown the best MSBS results, though not statistically significant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The clinicians can use simplified ceramic primer technique (Monobond Etch & Prime) which has comparable MSBS to the most popular combination of HF acid and silane.

Herein, we present the effect of ethylene glycol (EG) concentration on the size of CdO–NiO–Fe2O3 nanocomposites with the intention to enhance their structural and optical properties for antibacterial activity. The self-combustion method was used to prepare trimetal oxide (TMO) nanocomposites. Structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of TMO nanocomposites were investigated using a UV–visible spectrophotometer and PL spectroscopy. XRD measurements showed that CdO and NiO have a face-centered cubic structure, while Fe2O3 showed pure maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) phase with a cubic spinel crystalline structure. TEM measurements showed that the size of the TMO nanocomposites increased from about 9.4 to 20.8 nm as the EG concentration decreased from 1 M to 0.001 M. FTIR spectra showed the characteristics peaks for CdO, NiO, and γ-Fe2O3. Optical bandgap values of samples showed variation related to EG concentration due to the quantum confinement of TMO nanocomposites. Antibacterial activity of TMO nanocomposites was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). It is the first time TMO nanocomposites have been tested against M. catarrhalis. The zones of inhibition of TMO nanocomposites were 13, 25, 25, and 25 mm for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus, respectively. The enhanced ZOI of TMO nanocomposites makes them good candidates for antibiotic development.

We proposed two simple, rapid, and convenient spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of Amoxicillin in bulk and its pharmaceutical preparations. They are based on the measurement of the flame atomic emission of potassium ion (in first method) and colorimetric determination of the green colored solution for manganite ion at 610 nm formed after reaction of Amoxicillin with potassium permanganate as oxidant agent (in the second method) in basic medium. The working conditions of the methods were investigated and optimized. Beer's law plot showed a good correlation in the concentration range of 5-45 μg/ml. The detection limits and relative standared deviations were (2.573, 2.814 μg/ml) (2.137, 2.498) for the flame emission photometric method and (1.844, 2.016 μg/ml) (1.645,1.932) for colorimetric methods for capsules and suspensions respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of Amoxicillin in capsules and suspensions, and the obtained results were in good agreement with the label claim. No interference was observed from the commonly encountered additives and expectancies.

Zn–Al–NO3–LDH was synthesized using the co-precipitation method at different pH values of 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 with Zn2+/Al3+ = 4. The structural, textural and morphological properties of samples were studied. All prepared samples were mesoporous materials. The dielectric response of Zn–Al–NO3–LDH samples can be described by anomalous low frequency dispersion (ALFD). Thermal diffusivity of samples has been measured as a function in in situ temperature at range 27 – 210 °C. The optimized electrical conductivity and thermal diffusivity has been found with the synthesized Zn–Al–NO3–LDH sample at pH 8.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been successfully intercalated into Zn–Cd–Al–LDH precursor with different SDS concentrations (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 1 mol L −1 ) using the coprecipitation method at (Zn 2+ + Cd 2+ )/Al 3+ molar ratio of 13 and pH 8. The structural, morphological, texture and composition properties of the synthesized (Zn–Cd–Al–LDH–DS) nanostructure were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), respectively. The photocatalytic activity of these materials was developed by increasing the concentration of intercalated SDS. The absorbance spectra have been used to detect an anion in the LDH interlayer before and after the intercalation process, which confirmed the presence of the dodecyl sulfate (DS − ) anion into LDH gallery after intercalation. The anomalous low frequency dispersion (ALFD) has been used to describe the dielectric response of Zn–Cd–Al–LDH–DS nanostructure using the second type of universal power law. At low frequency, the polarization effect of electrodes caused the rising in dielectric constant and loss values. An important result of the dielectric measurements is the calculated dc conductivity values, which are new in dielectric spectroscopy of LDH materials. An important result of the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra exhibited the successful intercalation of DS molecule into LDH gallery. The g -factor value was affected by the SDS concentration which indicated changes to the environment around the DS molecule in LDH interlayer.

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis usually develops gradually and progresses without significant signs and symptoms. It is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions associated with aging. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) or magnetic therapy in addition to standard pharmacological treatment on bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly individuals being treated for osteoporosis. METHODS Eighty-five participants, 60-75 years of age, were randomly divided into three groups. All three groups received the same standard pharmacological treatment comprised of vitamin D, calcium, and alendronate sodium. In Group I, thirty participants were also exposed to WBV for 25 minutes in each session with two sessions per week for 4 months. In Group II, thirty participants were exposed to magnetic therapy for 50 minutes in each session with two sessions per week for 4 months. In Group III, twenty-five participants received only pharmacological treatment. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral heads before and after interventions. Venus blood sample was drawn for analysis of calcium and vitamin D. RESULTS An ANOVA test detected significant (p< 0.05) differences in BMD after treatment among the three groups with no significant difference was detected between patients receiving WBV and magnetic therapy. Statistical t-tests detected significant (p< 0.05) increases in BMD after application of WBV or magnetic therapy in combination with pharmacological treatment, but no significant increase after pharmacological treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS Addition of either WBV or magnetic therapy to standard pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis significantly increased BMD in elderly subjects. No significant difference in effectiveness was detected between these two alternative therapy modalities. Consequently, either WBV or magnetic therapy could be effectively applied in conjunction with pharmacological treatment to increase BMD in elderly osteoporotic patients.

A water-based solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at various concentrations and zinc nitrates were used in conjunction with calcination to produce zinc oxide semiconductor nanoparticles. The extent to which the zinc oxide semiconductor nanoparticles had become crystallized was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), whilst morphological characteristics were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) supported by XRD results were used to evaluate the average particle size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was then carried out in order to identify the composition phase, since this suggested that the samples contained metal oxide bands and that all organic compounds had been effectively removed after calcination. A UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to determine the energy band gap and illustrate optical features. Additionally, photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed that the intensity of photoluminescence decreased with a decrease in particle size. The obtained results have mainly been inclusive for uses by several semiconductor applications in different fields, such as environmental applications and studies, since an absorption process for energy wavelengths could efficiently occur.

The co-precipitation method was employed to fabricate Zn/AlNO3LDH in molar ratio, Zn2+/Al3+= 2 at PH=7. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was intercalated to Zn/Al-LDH using coprecipitation method to form a new organicinorganic nanocomposite (LDH-SDS) with different concentration of SDS solution (0.2M, 0.4M and 0.8M). The structural properties of the resultant nanocomposites were perused using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The shifting in the basal spacing for LDHSDS samples (2.562.60nm) with respect to Zn/AlNO3(0.890 nm) indicated SDS intercalation within the galleries. The UVVIS NIR Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were applied to evaluate the optical band gap energy of LDH and LDHSDS samples. Due to the presence of different phases in LDH, more than one energy gap was shown in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of the Zn/AlLDH sample and LDHSDS nanocomposites. For LDHSDS samples the values of Eg1 and Eg2 were observed to increase to around 5.2 eV and 4.1 eV. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of Zn/Al-LDH are comprised of a broad signal with g-factor=2.11875 which can be caused by the existence of nitrate radicals within LDH interlayer, it was obtained up to around g=1.98639 for LDH-SDS samples which can be attributed to the interaction between SO42-from DS anion and Al nuclei (5/2) from the layers.

Zn/Al-LDH-SDS nanocomposites have been prepared using a coprecipitation method in different molar ratio of Zn2+/Al3+= 2, 3, and 4 at pH = 10 and different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (0.2 M, 0.4 M, and 0.8 M). The XRD and FTIR data show the successful intercalation of SDS into the LDH interlayer. The XRD diffractogram showed that the basal spacing forZn/Al–NO3-is 0.89 nm compared to 2.54–2.61 nm for the Zn/Al-SDS nanocomposite. Optical band gap of the samples was calculated using Kubelka-Munk model. Due to the presence of LDH phase, two band gap energies (Eg1andEg2) were observed. The values ofEg1andEg2were found around 4.8 eV and 3.75 eV for Zn/Al-LDH (r= 2, 3, and 4). The values of band gap of LDH-SDS nanocomposites were found to increase to around 4.2 eV and 5.2 eV. For Zn4Al-LDH-SDS with 0.4 M and 0.8 M of SDS, only one energy gap at around 3.23 eV was observed. The optical band gap ofSO42-phase increased as the amount of SDS increases. Thermal diffusivity of the resulted nanocomposite was also investigated.

New, easy and quick way to signal U.V. – Vis. spectroscopy was developed and validated for the estimation of Aspirin in pure form, and in respective formulations. The appropriate solubility of the drug and the maximum sensitivity of the assay were found as Salicylate, the peak of maximum absorbance of Salicylate was appear at (535 nm) in the wavelength scope of (300-900 nm); The linear calibration curve of aspirin concentrations range (10-80 ppm) are shown to show the regression equation (Y=0.0086X - 0.0429), and correlation Coefficient (R2 = 0.9999), the LOQ for Aspirin was up to (5.43742 – 0.306928 mg.L−1), while LOD were (1.794348 - 0.101286 mg.L−1). This method has been validated and applied to the estimate of aspirin from various companies in Iraqi marts, no intrusions was found from tablet of aspirin excipients at the favored wavelength and conditions of estimate; Concluded that the method developed was perfect, precise, accurate, and replicable. As well as it can be directly applied to determine Salicylate and indirectly for the estimation of Aspirin content in pharmaceutical formulations, by calibration curve method or standard addition method.

The coprecipitation method was used to prepare Zn–Al layered double hydroxide (Zn–Al–NO3-LDH) at pH 7.5 and different Zn2+/Al3+molar ratios of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The elemental, structural, and textural properties of prepared samples were studied. The crystallinity of prepared LDH nanostructure decreases as Zn2+/Al3+molar ratio increases. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of different LDH samples showed new ESR spectra. These spectra were produced due to the presence of different phases with formed LDH such as ZnO phase and ZnAl2O4spinel. At low Zn2+/Al3+molar ratio, the ESR signals were produced from the presence of free nitrate anions in the LDH interlayer. Above Zn2+/Al3+= 2, the ESR signals were attributed to the existence of ZnO phase and ZnAl2O4spinel in the samples. Because the nuclear magnetic moment of67Zn is lower than27Al, the increasing in Zn2+/Al3+molar ratio causes a reduction of the magnetic activity of ZnAl2O4spinel. Thermal diffusivity versusin situtemperature showed nonlinear relation for different samples due to the changing in the water content of LDH as temperature increases. The dc conductivity of samples decreased as Zn2+/Al3+molar ratio.

Zinc oxide with different degrees of crystallinity can be formed as Zn–Al-layered double hydroxide (Zn–Al–NO 3 –LDH) calcination products. ZnAl 2 O 4 spinel is also formed in a range of calcination temperatures from 600 to 1000 °C from the LDH. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the crystallinity of the ZnO phase increased as calcination temperatures increased. The LDH structure was fully collapsed at and above 400 °C. The photocatalytic activity was determined by UV–VIS–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The band gap of the calcined samples increased as the calcination temperature increased. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of the fresh and calcined LDH at room temperature demonstrated that oxygen vacancies in the ZnO and ZnAl 2 O 4 were responsible for the generation of ESR signals. One BET specific surface area increased from 1 m 2 /g for the LDH to a maximum at 400 °C (43 m 2 /g) and decreased thereafter down to 6 m 2 /g at 1000 °C.

Zn–Al–NO 3 –layered double hydroxide (Zn–Al–NO 3 –LDH) was prepared by the co-precipitation method with a ratio of Zn/Al = 4 and at a constant pH of 7. Powder XRD patterns showed the characteristic peaks of layered structure of the LDH sample. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared spectra of the sample were investigated. Because of the existence of water molecules and anionic NO 3 − in the interlayer of the LDH, the in situ dielectric spectroscopy of the LDH can be described by an anomalous low frequency dispersion using the second type of Universal Power Law. Novel measurements of activation energy of LDH have been obtained at five different frequencies. The energy value increased from 0.05 eV at 1 MHz to 0.37 eV at 134 Hz. The conductivity spectra of sample were studied as a function in temperature of the in situ measurements. The ionic conductivity (dc) of LDH increased as the in situ temperature increased.

The co-precipitation method was used to prepare Zn–Al–NO 3 -LDH at different Zn 2+ /Al 3+ molar ratios (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) and pH value of 7.5. The structure, textural, composition and morphological properties were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The crystallinity of LDH samples were found to improve as molar ratio decreased which is attributed to the distortion of the hydroxide layers networks of the LDH crystal by the larger difference in ionic radii of Zn 2+ and Al 3+ . The optical band gap energy of LDH samples were evaluated using absorbance data from UV–Vis–NIR Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Band gaps were affected by the variation of the Zn 2+ /Al 3+ molar ratio is due to the formation of the low crystalline phases (ZnO and ZnAl 2 O 4 ). The water molecules and anionic NO 3 − in the LDH interlayer were responsible for the generation of the dielectric response. This response can be described by an anomalous low frequency dispersion using the second type of Universal Power Law. The dominance of ZnO dipoles and charge carriers (NO 3 − ions) in the dielectric relaxation increases with the increasing molar ratio.

Zn–Al–NO 3 –layered double hydroxide (Zn–Al–NO 3 –LDH) was prepared by the co-precipitation method at a constant pH of 7 and a ratio of Zn/Al = 4. A thermal treatment was performed for LDH at various temperatures. Powder XRD patterns showed that the layered structure of the LDH samples was stable below 200 °C, which was also confirmed by thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal (DTA) analyses. Infrared spectra of the samples showed the characteristic peaks of LDH, and changes of these peaks were observed when thermal treatment was performed above 150 °C. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of the samples showed more than one energy gap at calcination temperatures below200 °C. In samples calcined at 200 °C and above only one energy gap was observed at approximately 3.3 eV. The photocatalytic activity was found to increase with the increase of the ZnO crystal size, which can be achieved by increasing the calcination temperature of the samples. Because of the presence of water molecules and anionic NO 3 − in the interlayer of the LDH, the dielectric response of the calcined LDH can be described by an anomalous low frequency dispersion using the second type of Universal Power Law for calcination temperatures below 200 °C. The dielectric response of the calcined LDH above 150 °C displays the dielectric relaxation behaviour of ZnO because of the formation of a ZnO phase in the LDH within this temperature range.

Zn–Al–NO 3 –LDH was synthesized using the co-precipitation method at pH 7±0.1 and ratio Zn/Al=4. The heat treatment of LDH was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) to investigate the stability of the LDH structure. The in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of fresh LDH from room temperature up to 190 °C were obtained, which are due to the presence of nitrate radicals in LDH interlayer. ESR spectra of sintered LDH below 200 °C (ex situ ESR spectra) were investigated, which are also due to the nitrate radicals. However, at 200 °C and above, spectra were due to the oxygen vacancies of ZnO, which was formed during the thermal treatment of LDH. Thermal diffusivity of LDH as a function of in situ temperatures results in a nonlinear relation, which is due to the changing water content of LDH when temperature increases. However, thermal diffusivity of LDH as a function of sintered temperatures showed a linear relation and the slope of these data demonstrated the dependency between thermal diffusivity and water content of LDH below 200 °C. For temperature above 180 °C, the thermal diffusivity behavior was mainly due to the ZnO phase in LDH.

In a retrospective study, 760 Saudi patients with urolithiasis were epidemiologically and metabolically studied (41% were from the Central region, 32% South, 14% West, 9% North, and 1% East; the remaining 3% were Saudi but of unknown region). The male to female ratio was 5:1; 87 percent of the patients were aged thirty to sixty years and 11 patients were under age fourteen. There was no clear relation of stone formation to occupation. Sixty-nine percent of calculi were renal, 29 percent ureteric, and only 3 percent were bladder calculi. Two hundred seventy-eight operative procedures were done (36.5% of all patients), including pyelolithotomy, nephrolithotomy, ureterolithotomy, ESWL, cystolithotomy, and extractions by basket. Infection was a rarity (6%) and urinary schistosomiasis was found in 33 patients (4.3%), 24 of whom were from a schistosoma-infested region. Raised serum calcium was found in only 5.7 percent and raised serum urate in 13 percent. Increased urinary excretion of urate was found in 60 percent and hypercalciuria in 9 percent. Seventy-six percent of stones analyzed (239) were calcium oxalate, 20.5 percent urate, and 3.3 percent phosphate.

A quantitative method for studying surface species by infrared spectroscopy has been described. The solid particles are not subjected to high pressures or contacted with any extraneous substance during sample preparation. The method is quantified by using the solid substrate as an internal standard. Reproducibility measurements on surface concentration of trimethylchlorosilane adsorbed on silica gel and Aerosil gave 3.29 and 3.49% standard errors, respectively. Quantitative measurement of surface hydroxyl groups in open systems is also described.