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This test was carried out to reduce waste in coconut empty fruit bunches and to determine the characteristics and microstructure of the particle board surface. The samples used consisted of bamboo powder and oil palm empty fruit bunches with gambier adhesive and urea formaldehyde with variations including: 10%:75%:15%:11%; 20%:65%:15%:11%, 30%:55%:15%:11%, 40%:45%:10%:11%. The particleboard was printed and pressurized using a hot press of 16kg/cm2 for 15 minutes at a temperature of 120 oC, with a drying time of 14 days. The test parameters include: density, moisture content, thickness expansion, and microstructural analysis using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) which refers to SNI 03-2105-2006. The characterization of particleboard produced in the density test is 0.66-0.74 g/cm3, the water content value is 2.4-6.9%, the thickness expansion value is 7.2-12%. Based on the percentage value of the density of the resulting particleboard is a medium density particleboard.

The particle board was made based on mixing durian skin and sugar cane bagasse with urea formaldehyde adhesive. The variations the composition of mixing durian skin, sugar cane bagasse with urea formaldehyde adhesive used among other: 35%:35%:30%, 30%:30%:40%, and 25%:25%:50% and printing time and pressing for 24 hours. The parameters of the testing include: Modulus of Rupture (MOR) dan Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) . Analysis of the mechanical properties of the particle board produced at the composition of 35%:35%:30% which has a value MOR = 446,17 kgf/cm 2 and MOE = 160,9 kgf/cm 2 , at the composition of 30%:30%:40%, has a value MOR = 1369,57 kgf/cm 2 dan MOE = 3903,3 kgf/cm 2 , at the composition of 25%:25%:50%, has a value MOR = 1463,07 kgf/cm 2 , dan MOE = 3342,1 kgf/cm 2 which matches SNI 03-2105-2006 criteria type 8 is not required.

The global need of biomaterial products especially in bone clinical application increases every year. The gold methods like autograft and allograft have some limitations in the application such as the availability of donor sites, antigenicity issues, the high cost, etc. To solve the problems, many researches and activities in the field of biomaterial have been conducted continuously in the past decades to develop the proper synthetic materials for bone substitutes which have properties similar to bone tissue. In this research, the synthesis of biocomposite for bone scaffold application prepared by freeze drying method has been done successfully. The materials used are biopolymer (alginate and chitosan) and bioceramics (carbonate apatite) with certain mixing variations. SEM result showed that the pores obtained by freeze drying method can mimic the pores of actual bone thus they will be able to resemble cells microenvironment, enhance interface interaction, and support cell proliferation. The existence of carbonate apatite on the scaffold’s surface can be observed with particle size of 0.05 – 1 μm and has been dispersed evenly. These results are in good agreement with FT-IR analysis that indicates the presence of PO43– functional group on the scaffold at wave numbers 569 and 1041.56 cm–1 and CO32– functional group at wave number 1411.89 cm–1. The in vitro biological evaluation of HeLa cells which exposed to extract solution of scaffold (in some variations of concentration) indicated that the scaffold obtained was not cytotoxic to the HeLa cells.

This research aimed to show on electricity from Durian skin waste nanomaterials. The compounds that abundant in Durian skin waste are phosphate compounds (PO4). This phosphate compound makes the Durian skin waste has a high and unique electrical properties. Durian skin waste was synthesized using co-precipitation method to obtain LKD nanopowder with an average crystal size of 5 nm. LKD was dried at 250 °C and then washed with 100 ml distilled water and measured the electrode with variations of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe and Cu. Obtained the electrical properties as much five times greater than before, which is an average of 6.5 Volts. It was concluded that the electrical properties of Durian skin waste will increase when the crystal size is smaller and Durian skin waste can be as bio-batteries. From electrode variations was obtained that the Zn electrode had a greater electrical voltage than the Al, Fe, Pb and Cu electrodes.