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Total lipids (TL) (2.1%), more than half of which were glycolipids (GL) (1.3%), and neutral lipids (NL) (0.54%) and phospholipids (PL) (0.26%) were isolated from the air-dried aerial part of Scutellaria ramosissima. The principal acids of the NL were 16:0, 18:2, and 18:3. Acid 16:0 (up to 40 mass% of the acids) dominated the glycolipids. Palmitic and linoleic acids dominated the PL with 18:1 in combination with 18:3 comprising slightly greater than 31%, like linoleic acid. The chlorophyll content was 197.3 mg% in the total lipids; carotinoids, 157.1 mg%; tocopherols, 357.0 mg% in unsaponified substances (US). The cytotoxic activity of the S. ramosissima lipid fractions was tested on HL-60 and HeLa cancer cell lines using the MTT test. PL, NL, and US showed cytotoxicity for HL-60 cells with IC50 values of 8.3, 22.0, and 24.3 μg/mL, respectively, and were inactive for HeLa cells. The GL and TL turned out to be slightly active.

The composition of free and bound lipids from seeds of Cortusa turkestanica A. Lozinsk (Primulaceae) was studied. The fatty acid composition of principal acyl-containing classes was established using GC/MS. It was found that triacylglycerines isolated from free and bound lipids contained the usual acids and rarely encountered polyunsaturated 18:3 ω-6 (γ-linolenic, 8.8 and 3.2%) and 18:4 ω-3 (stearidonic, 0.7 and 0.4%) acids and were enriched in linoleic acid (18:2, ω-6, 58.2 and 60.8%, respectively). It was found that polyunsaturated 18:3 ω-6 and 18:4 ω-3 acids were missing in the free form and were found among polar substances of bound lipids.

Lipids of leaves, runners, and stems of Callisia fragrans were investigated. Classes of neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids and their fatty-acid compositions were determined. The contents of ascorbic acid and organic acids and chlorophyll and carotinoid pigments in various plant organs were established.

Phosphatidylinositol with a nontraditional position distribution of the fatty acids has been detected in germinating cotton seeds.

Fruits of two varieties of Hippophae rhamnoides L. collected in Kyrgyzstan (I) and Uzbekistan (II) were investigated. Differences in their morphological and biochemical properties were demonstrated. Titrable acids, ascorbic acid, and protein dominated in the fruits of I. Pulp oil of II contained more free fatty acids (acid number 2.9 mg KOH) and carotinoids (419.3 mg%). The principal pulp acid was 16:1. Among the rarely encountered acids of pulp oil, an insignificant quantity of 16:2 was detected (1.2–4.6%). Seed oil of the studied specimens contained >40% of the essential acids 18:2 and 18:3 (vitamin F).

We have studied the polar lipids and alkaloids of the biomass ofRuta graveolens L. (ram. Rutaceae) grownin vivo andin vitro and have determined the quantitative compositions of the classes of glyco- and phospholipids, the fatty-acid compositions of their individual acyl-containing components, and their alkaloid contents. The lipids of the biomass of thein vitro culture contained smaller amounts of phosphatidylcholine, of linolenic acid in all classes of acylglycerols, and of hexadec-trans,3-enoic acid in the phosphatidylgtycerol than those of thein vivo culture. Graveoline was found among the total alkaloids of both thein vivo andin vitro cultures and it was isolated from thein vivo culture.

The composition and amounts of various classes of lipids of the seeds of Hibiscus sp. have been investigated. Seven classes of neutral lipids, five of phospholipids, and five of glycolipids have been identified and their fatty-acid and triglyceride compositions have been established. The presence has been shown of 16 main types of triacylglycerols and 25 types of epoxyacyldiacylglycerols. An epoxy-18.0 and an epoxy-18:1 acid in a combined amount of 1.4% have been detected among the acids of the free lipids, together with 8.1% of cyclopropenoid acids.

Unsaponified compounds of lipids from Mediasia macrophylla were investigated. They were found to contain about 50% essential oil. The content of petroselinic acid in the mixture of acids isolated from the neutral lipids and glycolipids of the leaves was determined by TLC, GC, and destructive oxidation.

The class composition of the lipids of the biomass of the microalgaMonochrysis lutheri grown under the accumulation regime of cultivation has been investigated for the first time. A predominance of triacylglycerols in the neutral lipids, of phosphatidylcholine in the phospholipids, and of digalactosyldiacylglycerols in the glycolipids has been established. New natural alkan-8-ones of the C36-C50 series have been detected.

Lipids from Mediasia macrophylla leaves were studied. Classes of neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids and their fatty-acid composition were determined. The content of chlorophyll and carotinoid pigments in the leaves and lipid extract was found. Essential oil was isolated by steam distillation and contained free and bound fatty acids.

The glycolipids and phospholipids of the fruit of Russian olive have been studied. The seeds yielded nine glycolipids and seven phospholipid components, and the pericarp eight glycolipids and three phospholipid components. Their fatty-acid compositions have been determined.

A lower content of chlorophylls, phospholipids, and linolenic acid and a higher content of rutin, carotenoids, and xanthophylls in the biomass ofRuta graveolens L. obtainedin vitro has been found as compared with these indices from the epigeal part of the plant grownin vivo.

The influence of a number of defoliants on the gossypol pigments of cotton seeds of variety S-4880 has been studied. It was established that the qualitative compositions of the pigments of the defoliant-treated plants and of the control plants were identical. However, their quantitative composition in seeds treated with defoliants having a severe action had changed substantially: they contained larger amounts of the bound forms of gossypol than in the variants with defoliants having a mild action.

The composition of the neutral lipids of leaves of a cotton plant of the wilt-resistant variety 175-F, the set of components in the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes, and the partial structures of the triacylglycerides have been determined. The changes taking place in the composition and structure of these lipids on artificial infection of the plant by the fungal pathogenVerticillium dahliae have been elucidated.

It has been shown that the use of chitin (technical), which is a production waste, as adsorbent permits the clarification of black cottonseed oil and the purification of technical gossypol.

An enzymatic-chemical method of isolating the complex of lipids, gossypol pigments, and water-soluble proteins from cotton seeds and meal has been developed which permits: a) the achievement of the maximum yield of all types of lipids without their degradation; b) a rise in the qualitative and food value of the oil and protein products isolated from the seeds, with an increase in the solubility of the latter; c) the extraction from cotton seeds of more than 75% and from cottonseed meal of 42% of the free gossypol. The method, in combination with Folch's procedure, is suitable for the quantiative estimation of the lipids, strongly bound to the protein of the nucleus.

The TMS derivatives of the hydroxyacyldiacylglycerides of sea buckthorn seed oil have been analyzed by mass spectrometry. On the basis of characteristic fragments it has been established that an acyl residue of one of the seven hydroxy acids found previously in hydrolysis products by the GC-MS method is attached in one of the positions of the hydroxyacyldiacylglycerides. The remaining positions are substituted by acyl radicals of the C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C18:0 acids. The 24 most probable components of the triglycerides include these acyl and hydroxyacyl substituents. Features of the fragmentation of the components due to presence of polyunsaturated acids have been revealed.

The lipids of the fruit ofRumex paulsenianus have been investigated. The lipid content of the seeds was 7.8% and of the perianths 0.58%. Of the 18 classes of lipids detected, 16, including anthraquinone pigments, were identified by CC and TLC and by UV and IR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The low-molecular-mass triacylgly-cerols dimyristoylacetin, dimyristoylcaproin, myristoylcaproylacetin, and hydroxylipids have been detected in the fruit of plants of the Polygonaceae family for the first time.

The composition of the classes of lipids of the fruit of three morphological forms of the elaeagnusElaeagnus angustifolia L. have been studied. Their compositions were identical. The amounts of the main lipid classes of extracts of the seeds and pericarps, the fatty acid compositions of the acyl-containing classes of lipids, and the compositions of the carbohydrates and sterols have been determined. The fatty oil of the seeds contained linoleic acid, while the main fatty acids of the pericarp extracts were the 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2 acids. The 16:1 acid that is characteristic for sea buckthorn oil was detected in the elaegnus fruit in insignificant amounts. The class of sterols, both in the free and in the esterified states, was represented by β-sitosterol. The main hydrocarbon of the pericarps and seeds was nonacosane.

The compositions of the alcohols of the triacylglycerol fraction of the fruit ofHippophae rhamnoides and of the seeds ofElaeagnus angustifolia have been determined. The behavior under the action of pancreatic lipase of synthetic analogs of the diol compounds detected has been studied.

The lipids of the kernels of the fruit ofC. turkestanica contain five classes of phospholipids, the main ones being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Their fatty acid compositions and, in the main phospholipids, the position distributions of the acyls have been studied.

It has been shown that gossypol 15,15′-dimethyl ether in the dilactol form does not react with aqueous solutions of alkali.

The composition and amount of lipids in the seeds and leaves of the cotton plant of variety 6524 S over the vegetation periods have been investigated. The rate of biosynthesis of neutral lipids in cotton seeds in the 20-day period after flowering to the moment of maturation increases by a factor of 1.6 while the amounts of phospho- and glycolipids decrease by factors of 3.9 and 4.3, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids of the seeds and leaves have been determined.

concentrated during processing of the first crude extract (produced by a polar extractant) by a less polar solvent. The yield of lipids extracted from the resinous wastes can reach 90–98% of the waste mass. Herein we communicate results from a study of processing wastes of aerial parts of Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) and Thermopsis alterniflora Regel et Schmalh. (Fabaceae) and the biological activity of lipid concentrates obtained from them. Waste samples were obtained from the pilot plant of the Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, AS, RU. Lipids from reprocessed raw material of these plants were previously studied [5, 6]. The wastes were a dark-green resinous mass with a brown tint and herbaceous aroma. Preliminary analyses for the presence of lipids were carried out by common TLC methods on Silufol plates and plates with thin layers of silica gel [7] using comparison with authentic samples. The results showed that the samples were rich in lipids and lipophilic compounds, which were observed previously in the starting material [5, 6]. Their qualitative composition including neutral lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), and phospholipids (PL) in addition to carotinoids and chlorophyll pigments also turned out to be identical. Next the waste samples were treated with CHCl 3 . The lipid extracts were washed of ballast materials and separated using column chromatography. Components of individual lipid groups and lipophilic compounds in the isolated fractions were identified using TLC. The solvent systems for TLC were hexane:Et 2 O:AcOH (90:10:1 and 70:30:1) for NL; (CH 3 ) 2 CO:C 6 H 6 :H 2 O (91:30:8) for GL, and CHCl 3 :MeOH:NH 4 OH (65:25:4) for PL. The yields of lipids from the two samples were >50% of the waste mass. The ratio of NL to polar lipids (GL and PL) in processing wastes of P. harmala was 2:1; in T. alterniflora wastes, 1:1. NL of the studied wastes consisted almost half of free fatty acids. The remainder consisted of triacylglycerides, esters of fatty alcohols, triterpenols, and sterols in addition to lipophilic compounds (carotinoids, hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, phytosterols, and pigments). Lipids from P. harmala waste contained much more diacylglycerides, monoacylglycerides, and unidentified compounds than those of T. alterniflora. GL dominated the polar lipids. GL contained digalactosyldiacylglycerides, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerides, and sterylglycosides and their fattyacid esters. The principal component of the GL of the studied samples was monogalactosyldiacylglycerides. The PL consisted of five components. The main ones were phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidic acids. The minor ones were phosphatidylglycerines and phosphatidylcholines. Unsaponified components and total fatty acids of all lipids were isolated from the two samples by alkaline hydrolysis under forcing conditions [7]. Quantitative analysis of the fractions showed that lipids from T. alterniflora wastes contained more unsaponified components (21.8%) than those from P. harmala wastes (17.0%).

A total of 84 species of the plant genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) are indigenous to Central Asia [1]. We studied previously ecdysteroids from the aerial part of three species of Silene [2–4]. Lipids extracted by CHCl3 during isolation of the ecdysteroids were studied in order to utilize more of the raw material. Ecdysteroids were isolated by soaking the ground air-dried aerial part of the plants in MeOH at room temperature for 1 d. Then, the extract was filtered. The MeOH was distilled in a rotary evaporator. The solid was dissolved in water and treated with CHCl3. The ecdysteroids remained in the aqueous layer. The CHCl3 part of the extract was not used. We isolated the lipids from it using column chromatography over silica gel and solvent system hexane:Et2O (1:1). This isolated neutral lipids (NL). Their composition was determined using TLC and hexane:Et2O (4:1 and 1:1). The principal components of the NL were triglycerides, free fatty acids, and free sterols. Fatty acids were isolated from NL after their alkaline hydrolysis and were analyzed by GC as the methyl esters on a Chrom 5 instrument with a flame-ionization detector using a metallic column (2.5 m) packed with Chromaton N-AW with Reoplex-400 (15%). Table 1 presents the fatty-acid composition. It can be seen that the qualitative fatty-acid compositions of NL from the aerial parts of the aforementioned species of Silene were identical and consisted of 15 acids. Their quantitative compositions differed. This was evident in the content of the principal acids, the saturated one of which was palmitic acid (16:0); the unsaturated ones, two essential fatty acids -6 (18:2) and -3 (18:3). Palmitic acid dominated the NL in plants 2 and 3; the sum of linoleic and linolenic acids, in S. viridiflora. Next the antibacterial activity of these CHCl3 extracts was determined by the disk diffusion test [5]. For this, they were dissolved in DMSO. Microorganisms were grown in agar dishes at 30°C overnight in Mueller–Hinton medium (Oxoid). The suspension (100 L) contained 108 CFU/mL. Sterile filter disks (5-mm diameter) were soaked with extract solution (20 L, 5 mg/mL) and placed on the surface of the innoculated Petri dishes. The dishes were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The antibacterial activity was estimated by measuring the inhibition zone formed around the disks. We used five disks in each Petri dish. Each test was performed in triplicate. The test cultures of microorganisms were the following: Klebsiella pneumoniae 40602; Micrococcus luteus obtained from the Microbiology Faculty, Manchester University, GB; Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC6749; Enterococcus faecalis NCTC775; Proteus rettgeri NCIMB9570 obtained from the National Collection of Great Britain (NCTC); bacterial strains P. agglomerans T26, B. cereus T80, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus T415 obtained from the Biology Faculty, National University of Uzbekistan. Antimicrobial activity was found by testing against several bacterial cultures. The CHCl3 extract of S. brachuica inhibited growth of three Gram-negative (E. faecalis, P. rettgeri, and P. aeruginosa) and one Gram-positive (M. luteus) bacterial strain. The CHCl3 extract of S. viridiflora was active against M. luteus, P. rettgeri, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. The extract of S. wallichiana exhibited activity against pathogenic bacteria M. luteus and P. aeruginosa but was weaker than extracts from the other species of Silene. Thus, the microbiological studies indicated that extracts of these species of Silene exhibited antimicrobial activity against various species of bacteria.

In continuation of research on lipids and lipophilic constituents of nontraditional sources of oil-containing raw material [1], we studied lipids and lipophilic components of wheat germ (Triticcum vulgare, Gramineae), which is a multi-ton waste of flour production and typically has a high content of oil [2–4] that is enriched in essential fatty acids. Furthermore, the germ contains vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP, D, and other biologically active compounds [5]. The oil has a beneficial effect on the immune and endocrine systems, stimulates reproductive functions, accelerates wound and burn healing, reduces the cholesterol level in blood, and exhibits antisclerotic and cardioprotective properties [5]. The oil comprises a broad array of biologically active compounds and a variety of pharmacological properties. It is a unique oil for fabricating fatty food products and biologically active additives (BAA), as evidenced by the creation based on it of several BAA [3]. The biological effectiveness of oils is estimated from the degree of balance of their fatty-acid composition [6, 7] and the ratio of -3: -6 acids [8]. Blending of different oils is widely used at present in order to obtain the optimal balance of fatty acids [6, 7]. Therefore, we studied wheat germ oil produced at Karshi flour mill (Uzbekistan) during processing of local wheat varieties. Total neutral lipids (NL) were isolated by benzine extraction (bp 72–85°C) in a Soxhlet apparatus. Bound lipids were isolated from the remaining pulp using the Folch method [9]. Polar lipids were isolated from bound lipids by CC over silica gel. Glycolipids (GL) were eluted by acetone; phospholipids (PL), by MeOH. The yield of NL was 9.30%; GL, 0.70; PL, 0.85 of the air-dried germ mass. The NL composition was established after separation into individual classes using a chromatographic column of silica gel and solvents hexane:Et2O (10:1, 4:1, 7:3, 1:1, and 0:10). Lipids were assigned to individual classes using TLC on silica gel and the aforementioned solvent systems and comparison with model compounds. The content of the classes was estimated gravimetrically. The NL composition was as follows (mass % of extract): hydrocarbons, 0.27; esters of aliphatic and cyclic alcohols with fatty acids, 0.24; triacylglycerides, 78.85; free fatty acids, 18.40; free aliphatic and cyclic alcohols and tocopherols, 2.24. It can be seen that the NL were dominated by TAG. Glycolipids were analyzed using TLC on silica gel and solvents CHCl3:(CH3)2CO:MeOH:H3CCO2H:H2O (65:20:10:10:3). The developers were -naphthol and HClO4 solutions [10]. The GL contained monogalactosyldiglycerides, digalactosyldiglycerides, sterolglycoside esters, and sterolglycosides. The last constituents predominated. The PL contained mainly phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylinosites. This was established by two-dimensional TLC on silica gel using solvent systems CHCl3:MeOH:NH4OH (25%) (65:35:5) and CHCl3:MeOH:H3CCO2H:H2O (14:5:1:1). PL were developed using Vaskovsky and Dragendorff’s reagents and ninhydrin solution [9]. The fatty-acid compositions of NL, GL, and PL were determined by GC using a column packed with Reoplex 400 (5%) and Inerton N-AW. Hydrolysis, isolation of fatty acids, and their methylation were performed as before [10]. Table 1 presents the results.

The lipid complex of the seeds ofPeganum harmala (fam. Zygophyllaceae) has been investigated. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the neutral lipids and the phospholipids have been studied. The fatty acid compositions of the acyl-containing lipids have been determined and it has been shown that in the triacylglycerols and phosphatidylethanolamines the sn-2 position is esterified mainly by linoleic acid.

In continuation of the study of lipids from Capparis spinosa L. [1], we studied seeds collected in Jizak District of Uzbekistan. Free lipids (FL) from ground seeds were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using hydrocarbons (bp 72-80°C); bound lipids (BL), by CHCl3 and CH3OH (2:1, v/v), also in a Soxhlet apparatus. Then, BL were separated into neutral lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), and phospholipids (PL) by column chromatography over silica gel [1]. The contents of the lipid classes were determined gravimetrically. Table 1 lists the properties of the seeds and the contents in them of the lipids. Analysis of the BL in a thin layer of silica gel using hexane:ether (4:1 and 1:1) compared with model compounds showed that the principal components were triacylglycerides; the minor ones, hydrocarbons, sterols, and diacyland monoacylglycerides. Total GL contained monogalactosyldiacylglycerides, digalactosyldiacylglycerides, sterolglycosides and their esters. The PL included phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylcholines, with the last as the major component [2]. Fatty acids of acyl-containing BL, GL, and PL classes were isolated by alkaline hydrolysis [3]. Their composition was established by GC on a Khrom-5 instrument with a flame-ionization detector using a steel column (2.5 m length) and N-AW at 192°C. Table 2 gives the fatty acid composition. Judging from the results, the principal acids of all lipid classes were 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2 acids. The fraction of 16:0 was lowest in FL (4.9%) and greater by 5.7 and 4.7 times in the GL and PL, respectively. The content of 18:0 acid was elevated in GL (10.1%), which was 5 times greater than in BL and almost 2 times greater than in PL. Significant variations were observed in the content of 18:2 acid. Its mass was highest in BL, 59.2%; in PL, 36.3%; in GL, only 18.4%. The fraction of 18:1 acid in the studied lipids varied insignficantly, from 21.2% in PL to 28.9% in BL.

Free and bound lipids from Helianthus tuberosus tubers were investigated. Neutral, glyco-and phospholipid classes and their fatty-acid compositions were determined. The composition of unsaponified substances was established.

The acyl-containing classes of neutral lipids have been studied and the amounts of phospholipids and their fatty acid composition have been determined in the pericarps and seeds ofZizyphus jujuba. The fatty oil of the seeds contains oleic acid while in the neutral lipids of the pericarps the main acid is the biologically active palmitoleic. In the qualitative respect, the set of phospholipids in the seeds is more diverse, while the main classes quantitatively in both parts of the fruit are phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols. The phospholipids of the pericarps are more saturated than those of the seeds.

The class composition and fatty-acid composition of the neutral lipids of kenaf processing wastes have been studied. The presence of acetates of triterpene alcohols and of free triterpenols has been established by physicochemical methods of analysis in the neutral lipids of kenaf. Hemicelluloses and cellulose predominate in the polysaccharide complex of kenaf chaff. Among the hemicelluloses, the xylans predominate.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic, common shepherd's-purse (Cruciferae), is a medicinal plant that is included in the VIIIth and IXth editions of USSR pharmacopoeia and is an official remedy in other countries. It is used for uterine bleeding, malignant ulcers and cancer of the stomach, tumors, uterine cancer and fibroma, and for all types of kidney bleeding and diseases in homeopathy [1, 2]. Extracts of leaves and roots are known to contain neutral lipids (62.6 and 58.5%), glyco(20.8 and 17.8%), and phospholipids (16.6 and 23.7%, respectively) [3]. Seed oil contains fatty acids (FA) up to 50% linolenic and ~1% erucic acid [4]. β-Carotene and β-sitosterol were identified in the aerial part [5]. We studied lipids of the aerial part of the plant collected during flowering in Tashkent district (April 2000). The ground aerial part was extracted first with benzine, yield 0.9%, and then CHCl3, yield 1.7%. The benzine extract was fractionated by preparative TLC (PTLC) using benzine—diethylether (4:2) into seven fractions: 1) polar lipids, pheophytins "a" and "b", monoacylglycerols, 34.7%; 2) diacylglycerols, sterols, chlorophylls "a" and "b", 12.4%; 3) free FAs, triterpenols, 25.8%; 4) unidentified compounds, 4.1%; 5) triacylglycerols (TAG), 6.7%; 6) waxy esters, 12.8%; 7) hydrocarbons, 3.5%. The CHCl3 extract was also separated by PTLC using the system for neutral lipids in order to purify it of them and chlorophyll pigments. The fraction of polar lipids was 65% of the total CHCl3 extract. Then, separation of the polar lipids by TLC in acetone gave 73% glycoand 27% phospholipids.

The benzene extract of the aerial part ofDaucus sativusis analyzed. Sterols, aliphatic alcohols and their esters, triterpenes, and isoprenes make up >50%% of the extract mass. Carotenoids, α-tocopherol, and other biologically active substances are also observed

A hexane extract ofElaegnus angustifolia flowers has been investigated, and the class and fatty acid compositions of its lipoids have been determined.

Purified components of the biologically active substances have been isolated from cottonseed tar by treatment with calcium hydroxide.

Phospholipids of the pericarp of Crataegus turkestanica have been studied and 12 classes of phospholipids have been detected, the main ones being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. The composition and position distribution of the fatty acids of the main phospholipids have been studied.

A study has been made of the fruit lipids of four vitamin-bearing varieties of rose: Vorontsovskii-1, Vorontsovskii-3, Besshipnyi, and Vitaminnyi of VNIIVI [All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of the Vitamin Industry], that have been introduced into Tashkent Botanical Garden. It has been found that the oil is concentrated mainly in the seeds — about 9% — and the carotenoids in the pericarp — 2613–3933 mg% of the weight of the lipids. Essential fatty acids make up 61.5–70.6% of the weight of the fruit fatty acids.

The air-dry comminuted tomato stems were extracted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol. The yield of extractive substances was 8.2% of the weight of the stems, and the amount of unsaponifiable substances in the extract was 19.0%, that of carotenoids 1.2%, and that of chlorophylls 1.8% of the weight of the lipids. Among the lipids, we identified neutral and polar classes. In the neutral lipids we detected [by TLC on silica gel L 5/40 and Silufol in the hexane-diethyl ether (7:3, 6:4, and 6:6) systems with revelation by H2SO4, c~,c~'-bipyridyl, and iodine] hydrocarbons, carotenoids [UV spectrum (~'max, hexane, nm): 425,449, 478], esters of sterols and triterpenols with fatty acids, aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, free fatty acids, triterpenols, sterols, and chlorophylls and their derivatives [UV spectrum (~'max, hexane, nm): 410, 432, 581, 610, 668]. Phospholipids present [TLC on silica gel in the chloroform-methanol-ammonia (65:35:5) system; spots revealed with the Dragendorffand Vas'kovskii reagents and ninlaydrin] were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidic acid, with phosphatidylcholine predominating. Among glycolipids we detected [by TLC in a system similar to that for the phospholipids, the spots being revealed with c~-naphthol] steryl glycosides and their esters with fatty acids, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, and mono- and digalaetosyldiacylglycerols, with the monogalactosyldiacylglycerols predominating. The total fatty acids were isolated by hot saponification with a 10% methanolic solution of KOH, as described in [2]. The fatty acids, in the form of their methyl esters, were analyzed by GLC on a Chrom-4 chromatograph. Composition of the fatty acids according to GLC (% on the weight of the acids): 10:0 (tr.); 12:0 (0.5); 14:0 (0.9); 15:0

The neutral and polar lipids of kenaf seeds of the variety Uzbetskii-1574 from the 1983 crop have been studied. The fatty acid compositions of six acyl-containing classes of neutral lipids have been established for the first time. The acids in the sn-2 positions of the triacylglycerols and of the main classes of phospholipids have been determined. The main triacylglycerol species are those in which the sn-2 position is esterified by linoleic acid.

The composition of the total epoxy acids obtained by saponifying the fraction of epoxyacyldiacylglycerols of the seed oil of Zeravshan sea buckthorn has been studied with the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry and MD spectra. The most complete structural information was obtained by analyzing the spectra of the TMS derivatives of the MEs of the di- and tetrahydroxy acids formed on the opening of the epoxide rings. On the basis of the results of the mass-spectrometric study, structures are proposed for 10 mono- and four diepoxy acids and one triepoxy acid.

On the basis of a quantitative analysis of the volatile carbonyl compounds present in acetone-treated meal it has been shown that they contain a total of about 11 compounds, the main ones of which are acetone and mesityl oxide.It has been established that the moist heat treatment of extraction meal does not lead to the complete elimination of these compounds, and under severe conditions it actually leads to an increase in the amount of carbonyl compounds through degradation of, mainly, the fatty fraction of the meal.

The change in the class and fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids during ripening of the seeds of the Japanese Pagoda tree (buds, flowers, unripe and ripe seeds) have been studied. It has been found that the ripening of the seeds is accompanied by complex transformations in the phospholipid complex indicating the important role of phospholipids in the processes of biosynthesis.

In the lipids of the seeds and pericarp of the introduced speciesAcanthopanax sessiliflorus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Seem (familyAraliaceae), 23 classes of compounds have been detected, of which 19 have been identified. Sixteen of the classes have been studied. The lipids of the pericarp contain a more complex set of components than the seeds. Hydroxyacyldiacylglycerides, fatty acid methyl esters, and a complex group of pthalicacidesters have been detected in the familyAraliaceae for the first time. The fatty acid compositions of the seed and pericarp lipids are characterized by a high level of petroselinic acid.

A comparative study has been made of the lipid composition of healthy roots of the cotton plant of the Tashkent-1 variety (I) and of the corresponding plants infected withVerticillium dahliae Kleb. (II) grown under field conditions. The action of the factors of infection stress and seasonal and climatic conditions change the lipid metabolism. In lipids (I) and (II) seven classes of neutral lipids (NLs), three classes of glycolipids, and six classes of phospholipids (PLs) were identified and their fatty acid compositions were determined. It was established that in (II) there was a smaller amount of total lipids, NLs, and PLs, and an increased level of polyphenolic pigments, but the level of gossypol pigments with free aldehyde groups was unchanged. In the NLs of (II), as compared with (I), there were more triacylglycerols, sterols, triterpenols, and squalene. Complex changes were observed in the fatty acid composition of the acyl-containing lipids.

The formation of a stable radical cation and of an unstable peroxide form of gossypol in the light under aerobic conditions has been established on the basis of an analysis of the ESR spectra obtained. The formation of mono- and dianions of gossypol in its alkaline solutions has been shown.

This review is devoted to the study of gossypol and gossypol-like pigments. It is reported that some of them are phytoalexins with respect to certain fungal pathogens of the cotton plant and possess a high toxicity. Methods of determining free and total gossypol in cottonseed processing products are discussed particularly.

The chemical composition of the fatty mass representing a waste from the oils and fats industry has been studied. It has been shown that of the fatty acids the 18:2 species possesses a pronounced stabilizing action on polymers, and of polyolefins the least oxidized part of the gossypol pigments, while the fatty mass is a more effective stabilizer than its individual components.