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1. Detection of hard exudate using retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) images

Author: Ankita Patil and Chandrani Chakravorty
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Retinal, Diabetic retinopathy, medicine.disease, eye diseases, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optical coherence tomography, chemistry, Ophthalmology, Hard exudates, medicine, In patient, sense organs, business, Macular edema
Abstract: To distinguish DR retinal one device is utilized called Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). So to break down hard exudates (HEs) and their antecedents in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) by utilizing Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) pictures is fundamental. Hard Exudates (HEs) are one kind of principle sign of DR. It is the back shaft of an eye with macular edema. Modified acknowledgment of HE from the retinal picture is a critical development for the area of DR. HE is an essential in the eye for those having diabetes. This Hard Exudates can provoke visual weakness if not managed before all else stages. This errand is a piece of the whole pattern of perceiving the hard exudates in their starting stages. Concentrate fundamental features which can help us in the recognizable proof of the HE. Therefore, HE area is indispensable for clinical discoveries. Consequently, HE location is vital for clinical finding.
Published: 2021

2. Stimuli-responsive coating by simple physical blending route

Author: Faisal Y. Ansari, Dhriti Ranjan Saha, Dipankar Chakravorty, K. Rajesh Kumar, Anindya Datta, and Swapan K. Ghosh
Subjects: Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Surface finish, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Contact angle, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coating, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Lotus effect, 010302 applied physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Process Chemistry and Technology, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surface energy, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Siloxane, Ceramics and Composites, engineering, Particle, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The article describes a very simple design philosophy of a coating that responds to temperature-rise by changing its behavior from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic in an instantaneous reversible manner. The material developed can be applied to a variety of surfaces simply by brush or roller, making it highly suitable as the basic ingredient of smart paint. Low surface energy fluoro and amino monomers were introduced to prepare the polymer backbone, which was then used as a binder for achieving a nano-micro dual particle morphology based on nano-silica micro-Titania (pre-functionalized with hydrophobic siloxane) by simple physical blending. The final structure was inspired by the so-called lotus effect. The best designed resulting material shows a water contact angle of 152° with a roll off-angle as low as 2° as a coating in response to elevated temperature, changing its hydrophilic nature. This reversible switching is ascribed to the formation and breaking of hydrogen-bond between amine group (secondary or tertiary) in polymer backbone and water. This bond-breaking introduces a critical change in the roughness of the coating, which was observed using atomic force microscopy. We also show that the response temperature can be tuned, which opens up the possibility of designing country-specific self-cleaning exterior paints.
Published: 2021

3. Analytical Model for Gate Capacitance and Threshold Voltage in Fin-Shaped GaN HEMTs

Author: Ajay Shanbhag, Nandita DasGupta, Anjan Chakravorty, Amitava DasGupta, and M. P. Sruthi
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Transistor, Wide-bandgap semiconductor, Gallium nitride, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, High-electron-mobility transistor, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Capacitance, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Threshold voltage, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, chemistry.chemical_compound, Computer Science::Emerging Technologies, chemistry, law, Logic gate, Electric field, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Hardware_LOGICDESIGN
Abstract: Fin-shaped tri-gate structure is an alternative way to achieve positive threshold voltage shift in gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). This results from the combined effect of top-gate and side-gate electric fields. In this work, side-gate capacitance of fin-shaped high electron mobility transistor (fin-HEMT) is estimated using conformal mapping technique. Subsequently, a model is developed to estimate the threshold voltage of the device by incorporating this side-gate capacitance in the existing threshold formulation. This model can be included in any existing compact model framework of HEMTs to predict the threshold voltage for fin-shaped devices. The proposed model, being completely physics-based and scalable, is useful to circuit engineers for optimal design.
Published: 2021

4. Effect of Different Postharvest Chemical Treatments on Ethylene Production, Respiration Rate and Vital Heat of Stored Broccoli Heads

Author: B. V. G. Prasad and S. Chakravorty
Subjects: Ethylene, Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Plant Science, Calcium, Shelf life, Ascorbic acid, Horticulture, Potassium permanganate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Distilled water, Postharvest, Respiration rate, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of two concentrations of each chemicals viz., 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) (0.0025 and 0.005%), calcium chloride (CaCl2) (0.05 and 0.10%), ascorbic acid (0.5 and 1%), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (0.5–1 g) and distilled water (assigned as control) on postharvest response of broccoli heads stored under ambient (20 ± 2 °C and 55 ± 2% RH) and refrigerated (4 ± 10c and 85 ± 2% RH) conditions. The experiment results suggested that the most pronounced effect was under 6-BAP treatments (i.e. 0.0025 and 0.005%) which reduced the respiration rate, liberation of ethylene, and vital heat in treated broccoli heads under ambient and refrigerated storage when compared to other chemical treatments. Further, heads treated with 6-BAP resulted in delay in yellowing of broccoli florets and aided to increase in shelf life up to 5.5 days and 23.5 days under ambient and refrigerated conditions, respectively.
Published: 2021

5. Extraction of Compact Static Thermal Model Parameters for SiGe HBTs

Author: Didier Celi, Zoltan Huszka, Anjan Chakravorty, and K Nidhin
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Thermal resistance, Spice, Transistor, Bipolar junction transistor, Order (ring theory), Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, law.invention, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Thermal conductivity, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Junction temperature, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract: In this article, we present and evaluate compact static thermal model parameter extraction techniques for modern silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs). We found that the model implementation of thermal resistance ( ${R}_{\text {th}}$ ) based on only junction temperature is implicit requiring time-consuming iterative procedure which may lead to potential instabilities. Dedicated extraction techniques are proposed for obtaining compact model-specific ${R}_{\text {th}}$ and its temperature coefficient. The proposed method is primarily validated on SPICE generated synthetic data. Next in order to showcase a compact model-independent verification, we also test the method using detailed thermal simulation from TCAD. Finally, we apply our extraction technique on measured data from fabricated transistors. The results are benchmarked to already obtained nominal ${R}_{\text {th}}$ values from the same device family.
Published: 2021

6. Crossover of positive and negative magnetoconductance in composites of nanosilica glass containing dual transition metal oxides

Author: Anupam Maity, Alorika Chatterjee, Dipankar Chakravorty, Saurav Giri, and Subha Samanta
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Nanocomposite, Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Crossover, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Magnetization, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Transition metal, 0103 physical sciences, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Shrinkage, Spin-½
Abstract: A facile sol–gel approach to prepare composites of nanosilica glass containing dual transition metal oxides with compositions xCoO·(20 − x)NiO·80SiO2 comprising x values 5 (NC-1), 10 (NC-2) and 15 (NC-3) within hexagonal pores of SBA-15 template has been demonstrated. The synergistic effect of dual transition metal oxide ions on MD properties and crossover of positive and negative magnetoconductance phenomena were observed in these nanocomposite systems. The physical origin of magnetoconductance switching is explained based on the factors: nanoconfinement effect, wave-function shrinkage and spin polarized electron hopping. DFT calculations were performed to understand the structural correlation of the nanoconfined system. The static (dc) and dynamic (ac) responses of magnetization revealed the spin-glass behaviour of the investigated samples. Both scaling law and Vogel–Fulcher law provide a satisfactory fit to our experimental results which are considered as a salient feature of the spin-glass system. Our studies indicate the possibilities of fabricating magnetically controlled multifunctional devices.
Published: 2021

7. A review on toxicity of turmeric derived Nano-Formulates against bacterial and fungal cells with special emphasis on electrospun nanofibers

Author: Arghya Chakravorty, Siva Sankar Sana, Rehab A. Rayan, Neeta L. Lala, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Bhabatush Biswas
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, biology, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Antimicrobial, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Nanocapsules, Electrospinning, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Nanofiber, 0103 physical sciences, Emulsion, Curcumin, Curcuma, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Derived from the roots of the plant Curcuma longa, curcumin (1, 7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione) is a natural, low molecular weight, polyphenolic compound. It is a yellow-orange colored polyphenol non-toxic and bioactive agent found in turmeric. It has been in use for centuries as a household medication for several maladies. However, due to its low solubility, curcumin is unable to deliver in a proper manner and to be utilized for its medicinal resources. The present review illustrates the electrospinning of bioactive nanoparticles of curcumin on/within the electrospun nanofibers based on the type of biopolymers used. The encapsulation of bioactive nanoparticle curcumin is applied via the electrospinning process. Electrospinning consists of three major components, a power supply high-voltage, a spinneret, and a grounded collector. This technique has attracted much more attention for producing nanofibers with a diameter ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers compared to other techniques used like nano-formulation, and emulsion process. Its high specific surface area and porosity enhances the dispersion and bioavailability of curcumin. The morphology of curcumin encapsulated as nano-formulates (nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanorods, nanofibers) has been characterized using various techniques such as FE-SEM, TEM, X-ray Diffraction, FTIR, TGA/DTA respectively. While it’s antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic microbes has been determined for wound healing, burn infection, and antimicrobial resistance. The major worldwide health problem is bacterial resistance towards multidrug resistance pathogenic species. Hence, there is a constant need to develop new antibacterial/antifungal with novel mechanisms of action to overcome the problem of resistance. Many experimental data have reported the methoxy and hydroxyl groups found in curcumin structure are directly associated with antimicrobial activity/decrease in ergosterol of fungal cell membrane, signifying the electrospun nanofibers showing potential application as antibacterial/antifungal nonwoven mats and preventing fungal colonization on food products.
Published: 2021

8. Synthesis and characterisation of starch/agar nanocomposite films for food packaging application

Author: Andrews Nirmala Grace, Vimala Raghavan, Suraj D. Meharwade, Arif Ali Mahuwala, Arghya Chakravorty, Vishnu Hemant, and Ananaya Deb
Subjects: Staphylococcus aureus, Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Starch, Active packaging, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Permeability, Article, Nanocomposites, chemistry.chemical_compound, Thermal stability, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Aqueous solution, Nanocomposite, Food Packaging, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Food packaging, Agar, Chemical engineering, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Biotechnology
Abstract: In the present work cassava starch/agar Ag and ZnO nanocomposite films were prepared by the solution casting method. The structural, physical and antimicrobial properties of the nanocomposite films were studied as a function of the concentration of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis showed 8–15% degradation of both the nanocomposite films at 150°C endorsing the thermal stability of the films. Scanning electron microscopic analysis reveals the uniform blending of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles with a starch/agar matrix with tiny waves like appearance on the surface. The incorporation of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles in the film was found to reduce the moisture content, water solubility and water vapour permeability with increase in the concentration of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles. The growth kinetics study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of Ag and ZnO blended nanocomposite films showed promising results especially against Gram‐negative P. aeruginosa. Thus, the film synthesised in the present study bears the potential to be used as active packaging material to prevent food from bacterial contamination and spoilage.
Published: 2020

9. Response of Life History and Enzyme Biomarkers in Oligochaete Earthworm Due to Synthetic Pyrethroid Contamination: An Ecotoxicological Study

Author: Somanka Sanyal and Partha Pratim Chakravorty
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pyrethroid, Enzyme, biology, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Earthworm, Life history, Contamination, biology.organism_classification
Published: 2020

10. Alcohol and sleep-related problems

Author: Brant P. Hasler, Subhajit Chakravorty, and Sean He
Subjects: Sleep Wake Disorders, medicine.medical_specialty, Future studies, Short sleep, Oxygen desaturation, Snoring, Alcohol, Sleep architecture, Sleep in non-human animals, Article, United States, Alcoholism, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Insomnia, medicine, Humans, Circadian rhythm, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Psychiatry, General Psychology
Abstract: Alcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in the community. Many individuals use alcohol for its sleep-promoting effects. Nonetheless, alcohol disrupts sleep through multiple mechanisms, such as disrupting electrophysiologic sleep architecture, triggering insomnia, and contributing to abnormalities of circadian rhythms and short sleep duration (SSD) in cross-sectional studies. Alcohol also increases breathing-related sleep events such as snoring and oxygen desaturation, especially in those with pre-existing problems. Emerging data demonstrate that insomnia may co-exist with SSD and circadian abnormalities. Future studies should unravel these tentative associations in individuals who misuse alcohol.
Published: 2019

11. Curcumin Extraction, Isolation, Quantification and Its Application in Functional Foods: A Review With a Focus on Immune Enhancement Activities and COVID-19

Author: Soubhagya Tripathy, Deepak Kumar Verma, Mamta Thakur, Ami R. Patel, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Smita Singh, Alok Kumar Gupta, Mónica L. Chávez-González, Cristobal Noe Aguilar, Nishant Chakravorty, Henu Kumar Verma, and Gemilang Lara Utama
Subjects: human immune system, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Review, human health, functional food, chemistry.chemical_compound, Immune system, Nutraceutical, Functional food, Medicine, curcumin, TX341-641, Curcuma, Nutrition, immunological activity, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, COVID-19, separation methods, biology.organism_classification, Bioactive compound, Drug development, chemistry, Curcumin, business, Food Science
Abstract: An entirely unknown species of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in December 2019. COVID-19 has already affected more than 180 million people causing ~3.91 million deaths globally till the end of June 2021. During this emergency, the food nutraceuticals can be a potential therapeutic candidate. Curcumin is the natural and safe bioactive compound of the turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) plant and is known to possess potent anti-microbial and immuno-modulatory properties. This review paper covers the various extraction and quantification techniques of curcumin and its usage to produce functional food. The potential of curcumin in boosting the immune system has also been explored. The review will help develop insight and new knowledge about curcumin's role as an immune-booster and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. The manuscript will also encourage and assist the scientists and researchers who have an association with drug development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals to develop curcumin-based formulations.
Published: 2021

12. Solution-Processed-2D on 3D Heterojunction UV–Visible Photodetector for Low-Light Applications

Author: Nisha Prakash, Surinder P. Singh, Suraj P. Khanna, Anusmita Chakravorty, Manjri Singh, D. Kabiraj, Prabir Pal, and Gaurav Kumar
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Graphene, Oxide, Photodetector, Heterojunction, Gallium nitride, Chemical vapor deposition, Sense (electronics), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Materials Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Optoelectronics, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, business
Abstract: We have demonstrated a heterojunction photodetector (PD) based on reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown gallium nitride (GaN) that can sense very l...
Published: 2019

13. The HRP3 PWWP domain recognizes the minor groove of double-stranded DNA and recruits HRP3 to chromatin

Author: Qiaoran Xi, Wei Tian, Ning Xu, Zhanxin Wang, Arghya Chakravorty, Peiqiang Yan, and Robert Liefke
Subjects: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Static Electricity, Protein domain, Plasma protein binding, Crystallography, X-Ray, Histones, Xenopus laevis, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Protein Domains, Structural Biology, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Nucleosome, Binding site, 030304 developmental biology, Histone binding, 0303 health sciences, Binding Sites, biology, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Nuclear Proteins, DNA, Hep G2 Cells, Chromatin, Nucleosomes, Cell biology, Cytoskeletal Proteins, HEK293 Cells, Histone, chemistry, biology.protein, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Peptides, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Protein Binding, Subcellular Fractions
Abstract: HDGF-related protein 3 (HRP3, also known as HDGFL3) belongs to the family of HDGF-related proteins (HRPs) and plays an essential role in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis. All HRPs have a PWWP domain at the N-terminus that binds both histone and DNA substrates. Despite previous advances in PWWP domains, the molecular basis by which HRP3 interacts with chromatin is unclear. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the HRP3 PWWP domain in complex with various double-stranded DNAs with/without bound histone peptides. We found that HRP3 PWWP bound to the phosphate backbone of the DNA minor groove and showed a preference for DNA molecules bearing a narrow minor groove width. In addition, HRP3 PWWP preferentially bound to histone peptides bearing the H3K36me3/2 modification. HRP3 PWWP uses two adjacent surfaces to bind both DNA and histone substrates simultaneously, enabling us to generate a model illustrating the recruitment of PWWP to H3K36me3-containing nucleosomes. Cell-based analysis indicated that both DNA and histone binding by the HRP3 PWWP domain is important for HRP3 recruitment to chromatin in vivo. Our work establishes that HRP3 PWWP is a new family of minor groove-specific DNA-binding proteins, which improves our understanding of HRP3 and other PWWP domain-containing proteins.
Published: 2019

14. Epichlorohydrin functionalized graphene oxide for superior Li+ ion conduction and supercapacitor application

Author: Dipankar Chakravorty, Shyamal K. Saha, Poulami Hota, Abhisek Gupta, and Milon Miah
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Graphene, Inorganic chemistry, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, Activation energy, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Alkali metal, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Surface modification, Moiety, General Materials Science, Epichlorohydrin, 0210 nano-technology, Crown ether
Abstract: Functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) by crown ether moiety to attach Li+ in the cage of five oxygens is a useful tool to achieve 2D material for Li ion battery. The attachment of crown ether occurs only through the reaction with epoxy groups of GO. In the present work, epichlorohydrin is used to increase the number of the epoxy group to enhance and precise control of the Li+ content for tuning the activation energy of Li+ migration. The Li+ containing sample is annealed at 220 °C under vaccum and after 115 °C (flash point of crown ether moiety) Li+ ions will be attached to the graphene surface through cation–π interaction due to the removal of epichlorohydrin and crown moiety. By varying the epichlorohydrin and Li+ content, the minimum activation energy of 0.24 eV much lower than the literature value (∼0.4 eV) is achieved. AC measurements on samples show that follow almost Debye-type relaxation with the exponent value nearly 1. To exploit the interaction of alkali metal ion with crown ether moiety, the supercapacitor behavior of the FGOC composite has been studied. It is seen that the specific capacitance increases significantly with the increase in crown ether moiety. We believe, this idea of using functionalized graphene oxide having strong affinity on alkali ions will be helpful to achieve better material with high storage capacity.
Published: 2019

15. P091 Can use of high cost drugs for rare rheumatic diseases be reliably identified within routinely collected NHS data? Results from a pilot study of rituximab use in vasculitis using data from the National Disease Registration Service (NDRS) and the Registration of Complex Rare Diseases - Exemplars in Rheumatology (RECORDER) project

Author: Mithun Chakravorty, Fiona Pearce, Peter Lanyon, Sarah Stevens, Megan Rutter, Jeanette Aston, and Mary Bythell
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Service (systems architecture), business.industry, Disease, medicine.disease, Rheumatology, Cost drugs, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tocilizumab, chemistry, Internal medicine, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Rituximab, Medical emergency, business, Vasculitis, medicine.drug, Systemic vasculitis
Abstract: Background/Aims Understanding real-world usage of high cost drugs and subsequent outcomes are crucial to support high quality care, adoption of innovation, and reduce unwarranted variation in treatment. Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) contain diagnoses (coded by ICD-10) and procedures/treatment (coded by OPCS) for admissions in England. However, OPCS codes are not specific for individual drugs, for example X921 (cytokine inhibitors band 1) includes rituximab and 15 other drugs. We aimed to validate the accurate identification of patients treated with rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) using HES data. Methods We used data available to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS), part of NDRS at Public Health England and their legal permissions (CAG 10-02(d)/2015). We extracted from HES all patients treated at one hospital who ever had a coded diagnosis of either granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa or 'arteritis unspecified’, which is applied by coders to several clinical terms including “systemic vasculitis” and “ANCA associated vasculitis”. Enabled by data sharing agreements, we reviewed hospital records of those patients who had a Finished Consultant Episode (FCE) during 2018/19, to validate diagnoses and whether X921 reliably identified rituximab. Results Initially using codes only for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, or microscopic polyangiitis we identified 65 people, 60 of whom had AAV confirmed in their medical notes (Positive predictive value (PPV) 92.3%; 95% CI 83.0-97.5). When we expanded our search to include in addition people with codes for polyarteritis nodosa or ‘arteritis unspecified’ who had rheumatology or renal follow up, we identified an additional 13 people with AAV and 10 who had other types of systemic vasculitis (PPV for AAV 79.5, 95% CI 69.6-87.4; PPV for systemic vasculitis 90.9%, 95% CI 82.9-96.0). Among patients identified only by the specific ICD-10 codes for the 3 subtypes of AAV there were 51 episodes coded as X921, of which 50 correctly identified a rituximab infusion (and 1 was tocilizumab). No additional infusions for these patients were missed by the coding. The PPV was 98.0% (95% CI 89.6-100). Among patients identified by the more inclusive algorithm, there were 61 episodes coded as X921 in that year. Of these, 59 were for rituximab treatment for AAV and an additional 4 rituximab infusions occurred but were not coded. The PPV was 96.7% (95% CI 88.7-99.6), and the sensitivity was 93.7% (95% CI 84.5-98.2). Conclusion This pilot study demonstrates how the use of novel algorithms within the NDRS RECORDER project can enable the identification and registration of people with AAV and their high-cost treatment at whole-population level. Further work is now underway to study this national cohort, and to apply this methodology to other rare autoimmune diseases and high cost drugs. Disclosure M. Chakravorty: None. F. Pearce: Grants/research support; Recipient of research grant from Vifor Phama. Vifor Pharma had no influence on the design, interpretation or reporting of this work. M. Rutter: None. P. Lanyon: Grants/research support; Recipient of research grant from Vifor Phama. Vifor Pharma had no influence on the design, interpretation or reporting of this work. J. Aston: None. M. Bythell: None. S. Stevens: None.
Published: 2021

16. Iron Acquisition Systems of Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogens Define TonB-Dependent Pathways to Novel Antibiotics

Author: Somnath Chakravorty, Ashish Kumar, Taihao Yang, Salete M. C. Newton, David A Six, Colton Munger, Brittany L. Nairn, and Phillip E. Klebba
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Siderophore, Iron, Siderophores, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Ferric Compounds, Cofactor, Article, Microbiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Bacterial Proteins, Gram-Negative Bacteria, medicine, Animals, Humans, Secretion, Heme, biology, 010405 organic chemistry, Membrane Proteins, General Chemistry, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Ferritin, chemistry, biology.protein, Ferric, Bacterial outer membrane, Bacteria, medicine.drug
Abstract: Iron is an indispensable metabolic cofactor in both pro- and eukaryotes, which engenders a natural competition for the metal between bacterial pathogens and their human or animal hosts. Bacteria secrete siderophores that extract Fe(3+) from tissues, fluids, cells, and proteins; the ligand gated porins of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane actively acquire the resulting ferric siderophores, as well as other iron-containing molecules like heme. Conversely, eukaryotic hosts combat bacterial iron scavenging by sequestering Fe(3+) in binding proteins and ferritin. The variety of iron uptake systems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens illustrates a range of chemical and biochemical mechanisms that facilitate microbial pathogenesis. This document attempts to summarize and understand these processes, to guide discovery of immunological or chemical interventions that may thwart infectious disease.
Published: 2021

17. Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Eugenia Abaleke, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Alfie Abbott, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Sherif Abdelbadiee, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Basir Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer UA Abeer Ul Amna, Adebanke Aboaba, Hani Abo-Leyah, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmad Abu-Arafeh, Syed M Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yaa Aceampong, Devikumar Acharya, Janet Acheson, Andres Acosta, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Carol Adams, Kate Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Malgorzata Adamus, Kirsty Adcock, Aderonke Adebiyi, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Aldrin Adeni, Sherna Adenwalla, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Joyce Adeyemi, Elizabeth Adeyeye, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Lynn Afari, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Deborah Afolabi, Muhammad Afridi, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Judith Agwada-Akeru, Kwame A Agyapong, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Jonathan Ah-Chuen, Mahin Ahmad, Ashar Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Iram Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sara Ahmed, Syed H Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Sana Ahmer, Dhiraj Ail, Adam Ainsley, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lucy Aitchson, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Muhammad N Akhtar, Nasim Akhtar, Suha Akili, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Umeh Akudo, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Narendra Aladangady, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Lorraine Albon, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, John Alexander, Peter DG Alexander, Julyan Al-Fori, Bahij Al-Hakim, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Anyat Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohammad Ali, Oudai Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Abid Alina, Katrin Alizaedeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Jonathan Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Lynne Allsop, Christine Almadenboyle, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Mary Alvarez, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Sakarai Ambalavanan, Sarah-Jayne Ambler, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Amjad Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Khaled Amsha, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rory Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela 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Chapman, Lucy Chappell, Amanda Charalambou, Bethan Charles, Dianne Charlton, Kevin Chatar, Calvin Chatha, Priyanka Chaturvedi, Muhammad YN Chaudhary, Iram Chaudhry, Zain Chaudhry, Nazia Chaudhuri, Muhammad Chaudhury, Anoop Chauhan, Milan Chauhan, Ruchi S Chauhan, Nicola Chavasse, James Cheaveau, Michelle Cheeseman, Fang Chen, Hui Min Chen, Terence Chen, Lok Y Cheng, Zhihang Cheng, Ashok Chengappa, Helen Chenoweth, Chun H Cheong, Shiney Cherian, Helen Cheshire, Sarah Chessell, Chee Kay Cheung, Elaine Cheung, Claire Cheyne, Swati Chhabra, Eric Chiang, Angela Chiapparino, Rosavic Chicano, Sam Chilcott, Phillipa Chimbo, KokWai Chin, Wen Jie Chin, Amol Chingale, Heather Chisem, Ben Chisnall, Sunder Chita, Nihil Chitalia, Chipo Chitsenga, Matthew Chiu, Brenda Chivima, Soha Choi, Willy Choon Kon Yune, Khayzer Choudhary, Vandana Choudhary, Gary Chow, Muhibbur Chowdhury, Alexander Christides, Alex Christie, Daniel Christmas, Thereza Christopherson, Mark Christy, Paris Chrysostomou, Yunli Chua, Dip Chudgar, Richard Chudleigh, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Izu Chukwulobelu, Favour Chukwunonyerem, Chi Y Chung, Jonathan Chung, Elaine Church, Sara R Church, David Churchill, Paola Cicconi, Zdenka Cipinova, Bessie Cipriano, Sarah Clamp, Melanie Clapham, Edel Clare, Sarbjit Clare, Andrew Clark, Charlotte Clark, Diane Clark, Felicity Clark, Gabrielle Clark, James Clark, Katherine Clark, Lucy Clark, Matthew Clark, Patricia Clark, Richard Clark, Thomas Clark, Zoe Clark, Andrea Clarke, Paul Clarke, Robert Clarke, Roseanne Clarke, Samantha Clarke, Sheron Clarke, Alleyna Claxton, Elizabeth Clayton, Olivia Clayton, Jill Clayton-Smith, Chris Cleaver, Jayne Clemens, Carlota Clemente de la Torre, Suzanne Clements, Sarah Clifford, Amelia Clive, Jonathan Clouston, Samantha Clueit, Andrea Clyne, Peter GL Coakley, Kathryn Cobain, Susan Coburn, Alexandra Cochrane, Patricia Cochrane, Samantha Cockburn, Helen Cockerill, Shirley Cocks, Rhodri Codd, Rachel Codling, Adam Coe, Samantha Coetzee, David Coey, 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Jamie Ford, Jennifer Foreman, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Julian Forton, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel A Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Caroline Fox, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Victoria Francois, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Michael Freeborn, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Anastasia Fries, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Claire Froneman, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Bridget Fuller, Elizabeth Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Hassina Furreed, Waqas Gaba, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Joshua Gahir, Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik, Christopher Gale, Hugo Gale, Swetha Gali, Bernadette Gallagher, Edith Gallagher, Jude Gallagher, William Gallagher, Catherine Galloway, Emma Galloway, Jacqui Galloway, James Galloway, Laura Gamble, Liz Gamble, Brian Gammon, Jaikumar Ganapathi, Ramesh Ganapathy, Kaminiben Gandhi, Sarah Gandhi, Usha Ganesh, Abrar Gani, Iris Garcia Deniz, Antoni D Gardener, Danielle Gardiner, Emma Gardiner, Kirsty Gardiner, Siobhan Gardiner, Caroline Gardiner-Hill, Jonathan Gardner, Mark Garfield, Atul Garg, Nathan Garlick, Lucie Garner, Zoe Garner, Rosaline Garr, Mark Garton, Florence Garty, Rachel Gascoyne, Hyeriju Gashau, Aoife Gatenby, Erin Gaughan, Alok Gaurav, Mariana Gavrila, Jane Gaylard, Emma Gaywood, Catherine Geddie, Sarah Gee, Gemma Genato, Neil Gent, Susan Gent, Natalie Geoghegan, Nithin George, Sam George, Tina George, Simon Georges, Domonique Georgiou, Leigh Gerdes, Louise Germain, Helen Gerrish, Abel Getachew, Hisham Ghanayem, Auns Ghazanfar, Anca Gherman, Alison Ghosh, Arjun Ghosh, Justin Ghosh, Sudhamay Ghosh, Sarra Giannopoulou, Malick Gibani, Ben Gibbison, Kerry Gibbons, Bethan Gibson, Henry Gibson, Kimberley Gibson, Kirsty Gibson, Sian Gibson, Cat Gilbert, Jeanette Gilbert, Kayleigh Gilbert, Benjamin Giles, Mandy Gill, Lynne Gill, Paul Gillen, Annelies Gillesen, Deborah Gilliland, Robert Gillott, Jemma Gilmore, Danielle Gilmour, Kate Gilmour, Theodora Giokanini-Royal, Anna Gipson, Joanna Girling, Rhian Gisby, Angelena Gkioni, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, Amy Gladwell, James Glanville, Susannah Glasgow, Jon Glass, Lynn Glass, Lisa Gledhill, Ana Glennon, John Glover, Kyle Glover, Jan Glover Bengtsson, Chevanthy Gnanalingam, Julie Goddard, Wendy Goddard, Emily Godden, Jo Godden, Emma Godson, Aiky Goh, Sunita Gohil, Rebeca Goiriz, Sriya Gokaraju, Raphael Goldacre, Arthur Goldsmith, Portia Goldsmith, Darren Gomersall, Lucia Gomez, Raquel Gomez-Marcos, Ali Gondal, Jack Goodall, Bob Goodenough, Camelia Goodwin, Elizabeth Goodwin, Jayne Goodwin, Paula Goodyear, Rajiv Gooentilleke, Michelle Goonasekara, Sheila Gooseman, Shameer Gopal, Sally Gordon, Hugh Gorick, Stuart Gormley, Michelle Gorst, Thomas Gorsuch, Rebecca Gosling, Henry Goss, Naomi Gott, Elizabeth Goudie, Susan Gould, Melonie Gouldbourne, Lysander Gourbault, Abha Govind, Sharon Gowans, Girish Gowda, Rohit Gowda, Hannah Gower, Thomas Gower, Diana Grabowska, Clive Graham, Donald Graham, Jonathan Graham, Justin Graham, Sharon Graham, Matthew Graham-Brown, Julia Grahamslaw, Gianluca Grana, Tracyanne Grandison, Louis Grandjean, Alison Grant, David Grant, Matthew Grant, Pauleen Grant, Rhys Gravell, Jenny Graves, Alasdair Gray, Catherine Gray, Emily Gray, Georgina Gray, Glaxy Gray, Jackie Gray, Karen Gray, Sebastian Gray, Alan Grayson, Fiona Greaves, Paul Greaves, Charlotte Green, Christopher Green, Frederick Green, Joel Green, Marie Green, Stacey Green, Diarra Greene, Lawrence Greenfield, Philippa Greenfield, Alan Greenhalgh, Daniel Greenwood, Sandra Greer, James Gregory, Jane Gregory, Katie Gregory, Tamsin Gregory, Jill Greig, Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Andrew Gribbin, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sofia Grigoriadou, Steph Grigsby, Russell Gritton, Evelina Grobovaite, Clarissa Grondin, Rachel Groome, Liliana Grosu, Jenny Grounds, Jayne Groves, Neil Grubb, Julie Grundy, Francesca Guarino, Sharada Gudur, Shivang Gulati, Vikas Gulia, Pumali Gunasekera, Kirun Gunganah, Jessica Gunn, Emma Gunter, Alok Gupta, Atul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Richa Gupta, Tarun Gupta, Vineet Gupta, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Sambasivarao Gurram, Ishy Gurung, Shraddha Gurung, Hazel Guth, Ruth Habibi, Pamela Hackney, Christian Hacon, Aiman Haddad, Denise Hadfield, Michalis Hadjiandreou, Anna Haestier, Nauman Hafiz, Rana Hafiz-Ur-Rehman, Samantha Hagan, Jack W Hague, Rosemary Hague, Andrew Haigh, Kate Haigh, Christina Haines, Scott Hainey, Morton Hair, Brigid Hairsine, Juraj Hajnik, Anne Haldeos, Carmel Halevy, William Halford, Alistair Hall, Anthony Hall, Chloe Hall, Claire Hall, Emily Hall, Helen Hall, Jennifer Hall, Kathryn Hall, Toni Hall, Jan Hallas, Kyle Hallas, Charles Hallett, Heather Halls, Maryam Hamdollah-Zadeh, Bilal Hameed, Imran Hamid, Mohamad Hamie, Bethany Hamilton, Fergus Hamilton, Leigh Hamilton, Ruth Hamlin, Eleanor Hamlyn, Shirley Hammersley, Kate Hammerton, Bev Hammond, Leah Hammond, Rachel Hammond-Hall, Fiona Hammonds, Nidal Hammoud, Ibrahim Hamoodi, Karen Hampshire, Jude Hampson, Shi Han Lee, Ozan Hanci, James Hand, Soran Handrean, Georgina Hands, Sheharyar Hanif, Amy Hannington, Merhej Hannun, Aidan Hanrath, Jane Hanson, Kathryn Hanson, Mazhar U Haq, Ala Haqiqi, Monjurul Haque, Zoe Harding, Simon Hardman, Kumar Haresh, Rachel Harford, Beverley Hargadon, Carolyn Hargreaves, James Hargreaves, Alice Harin, Mohammed Haris, Helen Harizaj, Edward Harlock, Paula Harman, Tracy Harman, Mark Harmer, Muhammad A Haroon, Charlie H Harper, Heather Harper, Peter Harper, Rosemary Harper, Sarah Harrhy, Sian Harrington, Yasmin Harrington-Davies, Claire Harris, Jade Harris, Julie Harris, Laura Harris, Marie-Clare Harris, Nichola Harris, David Harrison, Laura Harrison, Melanie Harrison, Rowan Harrison, Susie Harrison, Tom Harrison, Wendy Harrison, Elizabeth Harrod, Ciaran Hart, Dominic Hart, Rosemary Hartley, Ruth Hartley, Tom Hartley, William Hartrey, Hans Hartung, Alice Harvey, Angela Harvey, Max Harvey, Catherine Harwood, Helen Harwood, Neda Hasan, Brigitte Haselden, Mohammed Hashimm, Imranullah Hashmi, Zena Haslam, Abdulhakim Hassan, Adil Hassan, Ali Hassan, Waqar Ul Hassan, Philip Hassell, Alex Hastings, Bethany Hastings, Jonathan Hatton, Jennifer Haugh, May Havinden-Williams, Stefan Havlik, Dan Hawcutt, Liz Hawes, Nicola Hawes, Annie Hawkins, Nancy Hawkins, Daniel Hawley, Edward Haworth, Cathy Hay, Jamal Hayat, Anne Hayes, Melony Hayes, Fiona Hayes, Antara Hayman, Melanie Hayman, Matthew Haynes, Richard Haynes, Rachel Hayre, Patrick Haywood, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Amy Hearn, Angela Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Kerry Hebbron, Neil Hedger, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Rajdeep Heire, David Helm, Ulla Hemmila, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Alistair Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdmangrant, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Andrew Hetreed, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Gihan Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, Anna Hewetson, Sue Hewins, Claire Hewitt, Davina Hewitt, Richard Hewitt, Robert S Heyderman, Matthis Heydtmann, Joseph Heys, Jonathan Heywood, Meg Hibbert, Naomi Hickey, Alexander Hicks, Jenny Hicks, Scott R Hicks, Daniel Higbee, Jennifer Higgins, Lucy Higgins, Andrew Higham, Martin Highcock, Judith Highgate, Mondy Hikmat, Amanda Hill, Helen Hill, Joanne Hill, Phoebe Hill, Annette Hilldrith, Catherine Hillman-Cooper, Zoe Hilton, Alice Hindmarsh, Paul Hine, Kim Hinshaw, Clare Hird, Jemma Hives, Benson Ho, David Hobden, Gill Hobden, Maria Hobrok, Simon Hobson, Simon Hodge, Lesley Hodgen, Holly Hodgkins, Sally Hodgkinson, David Hodgson, Helen Hodgson, Luke Hodgson, Sheila Hodgson, Gemma Hodkinson, Kenneth Hodson, Matthew Hogben, Lucy Hogg, Lee Hoggett, Abigail Holborow, Becky Holbrook, Catherine Holbrook, Catherine Holden, Jill Holden, Melinda Holden, Thomas Holder, Hannah Holdsworth, Lisa Holland, Maureen Holland, Nicky Holland, Marie Hollands, Elizabeth Holliday, Nina Holling, Nigel Hollister, Laszlo Hollos, Evelyn Holmes, Megan Holmes, Raphael Holmes, Rebecca Holmes, Kelly Holroyd, Lyndsey Holt, Siobhan Holt, Alexandra Holyome, Marie Home, Kate Hong, Andrew Hood, Clare Hooper, Samantha Hope, Susan Hope, Bridget Hopkins, Peter W Horby, Stephanie Horler, Anil Hormis, Rachel Horn, Nicola Hornby, Sophie Horrocks, Latoya Horsford, Megan Horsford, Valana Horsham, Alex Horsley, Ashley Horsley, Elizabeth Horsley, Sarah Horton, Jane Hosea, Toby Hoskins, Ejaz Hossain, Muhammad S Hossain, Rashed Hossain, Maxine Hough, Sarah Hough, Kathryn Houghton, Rebecca Houlihan, Gordon Houston, Hamish Houston, Eleanor Hoverd, Roseanna Hovvels, Lee How, Laura Howaniec, Laura Howard, Linda Howard, Lucy Howard, Sarah Howard, Richard Howard-Griffin, Serena Howe, Mark Howells, Lyn Howie, Alex Howlett, Sophie Howlett, Josh Hrycaiczuk, Desmond Hsu, Hein Htet, Zaw Htet, Naing Z Htoon, Su Htwe, Ying Hu, Abby Huckle, Shahzya Huda, Alison Hudak, Lisa Hudig, Heather Hudson, Alison Hufton, Conor Huggins, Alistair Hughes, Emma Hughes, Gareth Hughes, Heather Hughes, Luke Hughes, Rachel Hughes, Rhian Hughes, Samantha Hughes, Stephen Hughes, Vikki Hughes, Wesley Hughes, Lukas Huhn, Ching Hui, Ruth Hulbert, Diana Hull, Robert Hull, Amanda Hulme, Peter Hulme, Wendy Hulse, George Hulston, Ryan Hum, Charlotte Humphrey, Alasdair Humphries, Joanne Humphries, David Hunt, Fiona Hunt, Jane Hunt, Kristen Hunt, Luke Hunt, Karl Hunter, Neil Hunter, Elizabeth Hurditch, Cian Hurley, Katrina Hurley, Mohammed A Husain, Syeda Y Husaini, Coralie Huson, Ibraar Hussain, Mohammad Hussain, Muhammad Hussain, Reda Hussain, Sajid Hussain, Samia Hussain, Sanniah Hussain, Yasmin Hussain, Mohammed Hussam El-Din, Rebecca Hussey, Christopher Hutchcroft, Camille Hutchinson, Dorothy Hutchinson, Elizabeth Hutchinson, John Hutchinson, Claire Hutsby, Paula Hutton, Daniella Hydes, Jamie Hyde-Wyatt, Niamh Hynes, Megan Hyslop, Ahmed Ibrahim, Asil Ibrahim, Kamal Ibrahim, Mohamed Ibrahim, Wadah Ibrahim, Muhammad Idrees, Hina Iftikhar, Chukwuemeka Igwe, Mohammad Ijaz, Amaju Ikomi, Clare Iles, Stamatina Iliodromiti, Lorna Ilves, La'ali Imam-Gutierrez, Christopher Imray, Haider Imtiaz, Jack Ingham, Julie Ingham, Rory Ingham, Tejas Ingle, Anne Ingram, Luke Ingram, Peter Inns, Ken Inweregbu, Andreea A Ionescu, Ana Ionita, Anil Ipe, Madiha Iqbal, Mohammed Iqbal, Faisal Iqbal Sait, Jane Ireland, Robert Irons, Mohannad Irshad, Muhammad S Irshad, Janice Irvine, Val Irvine, Robert Irving, Mina Ishak, Aminul Islam, Munim Islam, Abdurrahman Islim, Ali Ismail, Omar Ismail, M'hamedi Israa, Sharon Isralls, Shabana Issa, Monica Ivan, Chineze Ivenso, Ashleigh Ivy, Sophie Iwanikiw, Karen Ixer, Mia Iyer, Sriram Iyer, Alex Jackson, Amanda Jackson, Ben Jackson, Ella Jackson, Helen Jackson, Lauren Jackson, Melanie Jackson, Nicola Jackson, Shane Jackson, Patricia Jacob, Reni Jacob, Nicola Jacques, Anisa Jafar, Ali Jaffery, Vijay Jagannathan, Mandeep Jagpal, Fernandez R Jaime, Neemisha Jain, Seema Jain, Susan Jain, Sanjay Jaiswal, Danyal Jajbhay, Thomas Jaki, Bintou Jallow, Yusuf Jaly, Sabine Jamal, Yasmin Jameel, Albie James, Anneli James, Linda James, Mark James, Nicholas James, Olivia James, Ruth James, Tracy James, Jack Jameson, Eleana Jamieson, Aaron Jamison, Phoebe Jane, Azara Janmohamed, Lauren Jansen, Sabrina Jansz, Deepa Japp, Catherine Jardine, Ellie Jarvie, Rosina Jarvis, Patrycja Jastrzebska, Hafsa Javed, Lona Jawaheer, Dinakaran Jayachandran, Deepak Jayaram, Geeshath Jayasekera, Lalith Jayasekera, Saman Jeddi, Mohammad S Jeelani, Katie Jeffery, Rachel Jeffrey, Nathan Jeffreys, Benjamin Jeffs, Debbie Jegede, Taylor Jemima, Ifan Jenkin, Alison Jenkins, David Jenkins, Elinor Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, Sian Jenkins, Stephen Jenkins, Edward Jenner, David Jennings, Jacqui Jennings, Louise Jennings, Virginia Jennings, Ellen Jerome, Douglas Jerry, Ellen Jessup-Dunton, Jorge A Jesus Silva, Kishan Jethwa, Abi Jeyabalan, Akhilesh Jha, Shaman Jhanji, Khoo Jian, Zhixin Jiao, Ana Jimenez Gil, Jithin Jith, Teishel Joefield, Navraj Johal, Karine Johannessen, Aisyah Johari, Annie John, Anu John, Emma Johns, Margaret Johns, Antoinette Johnson, Gillian Johnson, Kathryn Johnson, Luke Johnson, Mark Johnson, Claire Johnston, Janet Johnston, Susan Johnston, Victoria Johnston, Dawn Johnstone, Ed Johnstone, Janet Johnstone, Manohar Joishy, Adam Jones, Annabel Jones, Bryony Jones, Chrissie E Jones, Carys Jones, Charlotte Jones, Gareth Jones, Geraldine Jones, Jac Jones, James Jones, Julie Jones, June Jones, Kate E Jones, Laura Jones, Laura M Jones, Louise Jones, Mathew Jones, Nicola Jones, Paul Jones, Prudence Jones, Quentin Jones, Samantha Jones, Sophie Jones, Steve Jones, Taya Jones, Tim Jones, Tracey Jones, Ramya Jonnalagadda, Rebecca Jordache, Sara Jorgensen, Sanal Jose, Anna Joseph, Rosane Joseph, Sibet Joseph, Mehul Joshi, Pratichi Joshi, Benz Josiah, Tiffany Joyce, Martin Juan, Edward Jude, Parminder Judge, Jessica Juhl, Sirisha Jujjavarapu, Julie Julie Melville, Edmund Juszczak, Deepthi Jyothish, Kasamu Kabiru Dawa, Mark Kacar, Gail Kakoullis, Azad Kala Bhushan, Richard J Kalayi, Roobala Kaliannan Periyasami, Seika Kalsoom, Elisa Kam, Mohamed Kamara, Ajay Kamath, Prakash Kamath, Siddharth A Kamerkar, Nick Kametas, Musaiwale Kamfose, Amin Kanish, Osei Kankam, Thogulava Kannan, Abhinav Kant, Zoe Kantor, Ritoo Kapoor, Sonal Kapoor, Nicholas Karunaratne, Sobia Kashif, Natashja Kasianczuk, Vidya Kasipandian, Jamila Kassam, Xenophon Kassianides, Victoria Katsande, Kulbinder Kaul, Daljit Kaur, Dervinder Kaur, Jasmin Kaur, Jaspreet Kaur, Zunaira Kausar, Mohammad AA Kawser, Andrea Kay, Sarah Kay, Jossy N Kayappurathu, Callum Kaye, Nichola Kearsley, Joanne Keating, John Keating, Liza Keating, Elizabeth Keddie-Gray, Natalie Keenan, Jonathan Kefas, Stephen Kegg, Iain Keith, Chloe Keith-Jopp, Joanne Kellett, Alison Kelly, Diane Kelly, Dominic Kelly, Emma Kelly, Laura Kelly, Martin Kelly, Michael Kelly, Rosalind Kelly, Sinead Kelly, Stephen Kelly, Mary Kelly-Baxter, Marketa Keltos, Timothy Kemp, Alexandra Kendall-Smith, Sarah Kennard, Ann Kennedy, James Kennedy, Sophie Kennedy-Hay, Julia Kenny, Melanie Kent, Lynne Keogan, Alexander Keough, Andrew Kerr, Caroline Kerrison, Anthony Kerry, Helen Kerss, Jocelyn Keshet-Price, Georgina Keyte, Abdul Khadar, Ali Khalid, Muhammad U Khalid, Amir Khalil, Asma Khalil, Sijjad Khalil, Ali Khan, Al-Imran Khan, Asad Khan, Burhan Khan, Fatimah Khan, Kausik Khan, Lubna Khan, Malik A Khan, Marria Khan, Mohammad Khan, Mohammed R Khan, Nayeem Khan, Omar Khan, Rahila Khan, Shabana Khan, Shahul Khan, Tasaduksultan Khan, Waseem Khan, Usman F Khatana, Jibran Khatri, Jyoti Khatri, Sagira Khatun, Taslima Khatun, Chuen R Khaw, Htet HE Khin, Kiran Khokhar, Najaf Khota, Chloe Khurana, Shruti Khurana, Faith Kibutu, Andrew Kidd, Michelle Kidd, Joe Kidney, Shane Kidney, Will Kieffer, Caroline Kilby, Eliz Kilich, Jee Whang Kim, Sarah Kimber, Andy King, Barbara King, Jennifer King, Kirsten King, Rachel King, Sam King, Victoria King, Emily King-Oakley, Laura Kingsmore, Fiona Kinney, Jeremy Kirk, Amy Kirkby, Emily Kirkham, Gemma Kirkman, Ursula Kirwan, Toby Kitching, Laura Kitto, Lauren Kittridge, Sarah Klaczek, Susan Kmachia, Christopher Knapp, Lucy Knibbs, Alicia Knight, Fraser Knight, Marian Knight, Sarah Knight, Steven Knight, Tom Knight, Ellen Knights, Martin Knolle, Carol Knott, Karen Knowles, Laurence Knowles, Emily Knox, Lucy Knox, Oliver Koch, Ronan Kodituwakku, Gouri Koduri, Eirene Kolakaluri, Magdalena Kolodziej, Eirini Kolokouri, Samantha Kon, Mari Kononen, Athanasios Konstantinidis, Imogen Koopmans, Laura Korcierz, James Korolewicz, George Koshy, Chris Kosmidis, Jalpa Kotecha, Easwari Kothandaraman, Rukhsana Kousar, Margarita Kousteni, Alex Kozak Eskenazia, Kestutis Krasauskas, Zuzana Krejcarova, Raghu Krishnamurthy, Manju Krishnan, Suzanne Krizak, Sean Krupej, Agnieszka Kubisz-Pudelko, Soren Kudsk-Iversen, Aurimas Kudzinskas, Chirag Kukadiya, Nainesha Kulkarni, Aditi Kumar, Ramesh Kumar, Ravi Kumar, Rita Kumar, Ritesh Kumar, Rupa Kumar, Satish Kumar, Vimal Kumar, Arun Kundu, Heinke Kunst, Amit Kurani, Mohammed Kurdy, Vimal Kurmars, Cameron Kuronen-Stewart, Ranganai S Kusangaya, Vlad Kushakovsky, Apexa Kuverji, Adriel JW Kwek, Amma Kyei-Mensah, Thyra Kyere-Diabour, Lynsey Kyeremeh, Moe Kyi, 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MacDonald, Sheila MacFadyen, James G MacFarlane, Jill Macfarlane, Laura Macfarlane, Lisa MacInnes, Jill MacIntyre, Kirsten Mack, Callum Mackay, Euan Mackay, Alexander Mackenzie, Matt Mackenzie, Robert MacKenzie Ross, Ami Mackey, Fiona Mackie, Robert Mackie, Carolyn Mackinlay, Claire Mackintosh, Katherine Mackintosh, Colin MacLeod, Mary J MacLeod, Michael Macmahon, Andrew MacNair, Catherine Macphee, Iain Macpherson, Allan MacRaild, Alannah Madden, Mary Madden, Norman Madeja, Paula Madgwick, Madhavi Madhusudhana, Alpha Madu, Lorraine Madziva, Marion Mafham, Emma Magavern, Negar Maghsoodi, Christopher Magier, Marios Magriplis, Natasha Mahabir, Subramanian Mahadevan-Bava, Anjanie Maharajh, Ajit Mahaveer, Bal Mahay, Hibo Mahdi, Thushika Mahendiran, Siva Mahendran, Sarah Maher, Shameera Maheswaran, Parisa Mahjoob-Afag, Ahmed Mahmood, Farhana Mahmood, Hager Mahmoud, Mian Mahmood, Waheed Mahmood, Ewan Mahony, Luke Mair, James Maitland, Rupert Major, Jaydip Majumdar, Mohammad KH Majumder, Stephen Makin, Marius Malanca, Hannah Malcolm, Neeraj Malhan, Gulshan Malik, Mohammed Maljk, Petrina Mallinder, Louise Mallon, Edward Malone, Gracie Maloney, Madhu Mamman, Irene Man, Marco Mancuso-Marcello, Aritri Mandal, Tracy Manders, Lauren Manderson, Justin Mandeville, Roope Manhas, Carmen Maniero, Bobby Mann, Baranitharan Manoharan, Katherine Mansi, Dina Mansour, Isheunesu T Mapfunde, Predeesh Mappa, Hemant Maraj, Gemma Marayan, Clare Marchand, Neil Marcus, Maria Marecka, Gomathi Margabanthu, Jordi Margalef, Lavinia Margarit, Georgios Margaritopoulos, Mike Margarson, Fernandez M Maria del Rocio, Victor Mariano, Ashleigh Maric, Arran Marriott, Nemonie Marriott, Karen Marsden, Paul Marsden, Tracy Marsden, Robyn Marsh, Adam Marshall, Andrew Marshall, Gail Marshall, Henry Marshall, Jaimie Marshall, Jenna Marshall, Nicola Marshall, Emmeline Martin, Hayley Martin, Hope Martin, Jane Martin, Karen Martin, Laila Martin, Michael Martin, Sarah Martin, Winston Martin, Tim Martindale, Marcus Martineau, Anthony Martinelli, Lauren Martinez, Jose Carlos Martinez Garrido, Vijay K Maruthamuthu, Roman Mary-Genetu, Sam Maryosh, Vidan Masani, Diego Maseda, Sheila Mashate, Yasaman Mashhoudi, Sanna Masih, Nick Maskell, Perry Maskell, Jon Maskill, Matthew Masoli, Richard Mason, Ruth Mason, Mohammad Masood, Mohammad T Masood, Syed Masood, Syed SME Masood, Lear Matapure, Cristina Matei, Manraj Matharu, Stephy Mathen, Nicole Mather, Jonathan Mathers, Joanna Matheson, Anna Mathew, Verghese Mathew, Jesha Mathews, Kate Mathias, Wadzanai Matimba-Mupaya, Nashaba Matin, Elina Matisa, Max Matonhodze, Elijah Matovu, Szeto Matthew, Alison Jane Matthews, Edgar Maureen, Maria-Emanuela Maxan, Adam Maxwell, Veronica Maxwell, James May, Joanne May, Peter May, Philippa May, Matthew Maycock, Shelley Mayor, Paul McAlinden, Audrey McAlpine, Graeme McAlpine, Jonathan McAndrew, Hamish McAuley, Sarah McAuliffe, James McBurney, Amanda McCairn, Jake McCammon, Conor McCann, Alexandra McCarrick, Brendan 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Raghunath, Aiswarya Raghunathan, Abigail Raguro, Shankho D Raha, Sana Rahama, Karen Rahilly, Faisal Rahim, Haseena R Rahimi, Muhammad Rahman, Salim Ur Rahman, Lenka Raisova, Mehul Raithatha, Arjun Raj, Pradeep Rajagopalan, Nithy Rajaiah, Arvind Rajasekaran, Aylur Rajasri, Jyothi Rajeswary, Gayathri Rajmohan, Matsa Ram, Balaji Ramabhadran, Niranjani Ramachandran, Iyad Ramadan, Mohamed Ramali, Athimalaipet Ramanan, Shashikira Ramanna, Maheshi Ramasamy, Dhanishta Ramdin, Jozel Ramirez, Lidia Ramos, Shanthi Ramraj, Lisa Ramsawak, Alex Ramshaw, Aleem Rana, Ghulam F Rana, Rehman Rana, Abby Rand, James Rand, Georgina Randell, Poonam Ranga, Manu Rangar, Harini Rangarajan, Sameer Ranjan, Poormina Ranka, Christopher Ranns, Anita Rao, Deepak Rao, Sandhya Rao, Sanjay Rao, Khalid Rashid, Simbisai Ratcliff, Sam Ratcliffe, Sophy Ratcliffe, Sanjeev Rath, Mohmad I Rather, Selina Rathore, Aravinden Ratnakumar, Jonathan Ratoff, Deepa Rattehalli, Jason Raw, Gautam Ray, Samiran Ray, Adam Raymond-White, 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Imogen Storey, Kim Storton, Frederick Stourton, Angela Strachan, Emma Stratton, Jane Stratton, Sam Straw, Dieter Streit, Emma Stride, Sally Stringer, Sophia Strong-Sheldrake, Siske Struik, Carmel Stuart, Anna Stubbs, Harrison Stubbs, Ann Sturdy, Sharon Sturney, Matt Stuttard, Cristina Suarez, Karuna Subba, Chris Subbe, Manjula Subramanian, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Venkatram Subramanian, Chinari Subudhi, Rebecca Suckling, Srivatsan Sudershan, Taku Sugai, Peter Sugden, Rudresh Sukla, Ali Suliman, Fatimah Suliman, Sugrah Sultan, Alasdair Summers, Samyukta Sundar, Reka Sundhar, Nadia Sunni, Jay Suntharalingam, Amitava Sur, Dharmic Suresh, Shilpa Suresh, Michael Surtees, Danielle Suter, Helen Sutherland, Rebecca Sutherland, Dovile Sutinyte, Deborah Sutton, Sam Sutton, Amy Sutton-Cole, Mihaela Sutu, Marie-Louise Svensson, Sima Svirpliene, Andrew Swain, Thomas Swaine, Keshav Swarnkar, Tirion Swart, Ealish Swift, Pauline Swift, Rachael Swift, Rachel Swingler, Sophie Swinhoe, Katarzyna Swist-Szulik, Luke Swithenbank, Yasir Syed, Catriona Sykes, Daisy Sykes, Dominic Symon, Lesley Symon, Jen Syson, Gemma Szabo, Tamas Szakmany, Megan Szekely, Matthew Szeto, Maria Tadros, Lucy Tague, Hasan Tahir, Abigail Takyi, James Talbot-Ponsonby, Bradley Tallon, Bee TT Tan, Hock Tan, Huey Tan, WeiTeen Tan, Anand Tana, Rebecca Tangney, Christina Tanney, Tabitha Tanqueray, Emma Tanton, Hayley Tarft, Syed Tariq, David Tarpey, Antonia Tasiou, Elizabeth Tatam, Margaret Louise Tate, Paul Tate, Kate Tatham, Vera Tavoukjian, Alexander Taylor, Andrew Taylor, Beverley Taylor, Claire Taylor, David Taylor, Jennifer Taylor, Joanne Taylor, Julie Taylor, Karen Taylor, Leanne Taylor, Margaret Taylor, Matthew Taylor, Melanie Taylor, Natalie Taylor, Rachael Taylor, Rachel Taylor, Samantha Taylor, Suzanne Taylor, Tracey Taylor, Vicky Taylor, Michelle Taylor-Siddons, Thomas Taynton, Amelia Te, Jessica Teasdale, Julie Tebbutt, Caroline Tee, Adam Telfer, Vibha Teli, Jennifer Tempany, Julie Temple, Natalie Temple, Helen Tench, Yi He Teoh, Lynne Terrett, Louise Terry, Dariusz Tetla, Daniel Tewkesbury, Manish Thakker, Mini Thankachen, Dushen Tharmaratnam, Hilary Thatcher, Andrew Thayanandan, Krishna Thazhatheyil, Eaint Thein, Byron Theron, Phyu Thet, Kapeendran Thevarajah, Brinda Thillainathan, Yvette Thirlwall, Muthu Thirumaran, Alice Thomas, Amy Thomas, Andrew Thomas, Emma Thomas, Enson Thomas, Esther Thomas, Helen Thomas, James Thomas, Karen Thomas, Koshy Thomas, Lucy Thomas, Megan Thomas, Rachel Thomas, Rebecca Thomas, Rhys Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Sherine Thomas, Tessy Thomas, Vicky Thomas, Rhian Thomas-Turner, Catherine Thompson, Christopher Thompson, Clara Thompson, Fiona Thompson, Katharine Thompson, Laura Thompson, Liz Thompson, Orla Thompson, Roger Thompson, Jason Thomson, Nicola Thomson, Natasha Thorn, Charlotte Thorne, Nicola Thorne, Jim Thornton, Richard Thornton, Sarah Thornton, Susan Thornton, Thomas Thornton, Christopher Thorpe, Sarah Thorpe, Paradeep Thozthumparambil, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Hannah Thraves, Guy Thwaites, Simon Tiberi, Serena Tieger, Carey Tierney, Caroline Tierney, Mark Tighe, Sorrell Tilbey, Amanda Tiller, Elizabeth Timlick, Hayley Timms, Anne-Marie Timoroksa, Samakomva Tinashe, Heather Tinkler, Marianne Tinkler, Jacqui Tipper, Sophie Tisi, Helen Tivenan, Suzy Tluk, Helen T-Michael, Anne Todd, Jackie Todd, Stacy Todd, Mohamed Tohfa, Melanie Tolson, Ana L Tomas, Natalia Tomasova, Sharon Tomlin, Simon Tomlins, Ivan Tonna, Kirsty Topham, Mathew Topping, Parisa Torabi, M Estee Torok, Mark Toshner, Ruhaif Tousis, Peter Tovey, Gareth Towersey, Jill Townley, Richard Tozer, Myat T Trafford, Helen Tranter, Christopher Travill, Sarah Traynor, Ascanio Tridente, Sanchia Triggs, Fiona Trim, Alex Trimmings, Tom Trinick, Maria Tripouki, Ashifa Trivedi, Dawn Trodd, Amy Trotter, Madeleine Trowsdale Stannard, Nigel Trudgill, Daniel Trushell-Pottinger, Maria Truslove, Shaun Trussell, Tariq Trussell, Kyriaki Tsakiridou, Christine Tsang, Peter Tsang, Kyriaki K Tsilimpari, Georgios Tsinaslanidis, Simon Tso, Sally Tucker, Aisha Tufail, Redmond Tully, Killian Turbitt, Rezon Turel, Tolga Turgut, Claudia Turley, Alison Turnbull, Aine Turner, Ash Turner, Charlotte Turner, Gail Turner, Kate Turner, Kelly Turner, Lucy Turner, Mark Turner, Patricia Turner, Sally Turner, Samantha Turner, Victoria Turner, Sharon Turney, Jon Turvey, Emma Twohey, Bhavya Tyagi, Vedang Tyagi, Abigail Tyer, Jayne Tyler, Jennifer Tyler, Alison Tyzack, Petros Tzavaras, Mohammad S Uddin, Ruhama Uddin, Salamat Ullah, Sanda Ullah, Athavan Umaipalan, Judith Umeadi, Akudo Umeh, Wilfred Umeojiako, Lizzie Undrell, Adam Unsworth, Veerpal SU Uppal, Gerry Upson, Alison Uriel, Sebastian Urruela, Hiromi Uru, Miranda Usher, Rebecca Usher, Andrew Ustianowski, Linda C Vaccari, Abhay Vaidya, Erika Vainieri, Bernardas Valecka, Jennifer Valentine, Balan Valeria, Luke Vamplew, Ekaterini Vamvakiti, Joannis Vamvakopoulos, Maud van de Venne, Alex van der Meer, Nora van der Stelt, Lynne Van Koutrik, Joseph Vance-Daniel, Rama Vancheeswaran, Samuel I Vandeyoon, Padma Vankayalapati, Chloe Vansomeren, William Van't Hoff, Sejal Vara, Anu Varghese, Maria Varghese, Teena Varghese, William Varney, Giulia Varnier, Valeria Vasadi, Vimal Vasu, Vasanthi Vasudevan, Ramu Vathenen, Manu Vatish, Heloyes Vayalaman, Christopher Vaz, Niki Veale, Bar Velan, Swati Velankar, Luxmi Velauthar, Neyme Veli, Nicola Vella, Anitha Velusamy, Ian Venables, Mavi Venditti, Ramya Venkataramakrishnan, Richard Venn, Robert Venn, Lyn Ventilacion, Mark Veres, Stefania Vergnano, Will Verling, Amit Verma, Britney Vernon, Nathan Vernon, Mark Vertue, Natalie Vethanayagam, Lucy Veys, Jennifer Vidler, Denise Vigni, Vinod W Vijayaraghavan Nalini, Enric Vilar, Neringa Vilimiene, Joseph Villiers, Sylvia Vinay, Latha Vinayakarao, Rachel Vincent, Rosie Vincent, Lisa Vincent Smith, Emma Virgilio, Abdullah M Virk, Elisa Visentin, Karunakaran Vithian, Alain Vuylsteke, Eleftheria Vyras, Richard Wach, Beverley Wadams, Susan Wadd, Natalia Waddington, Kirsten Wadsworth, Syed EI Wafa, Daniel Wagstaff, Lynda Wagstaff, Dalia Wahab, Zaroug Wahbi, Khalilullah Wahdati, Sawan Waidyanatha, Rachel Wake, Alice Wakefield, Emma Wakefield, Harry Wakefield, William Wakeford, Fiona Wakinshaw, Andrew Walden, Lorna Walding, Claire Walker, Ian Walker, Kevin Walker, Kim Walker, Linda Walker, Marie Walker, Rachel Walker, Susan Walker, Elaine Wall, Rebecca Wallbutton, Jessica Wallen, Karl Wallendszus, Arabella Waller, Michael Waller, Rosemary Waller, Gabriel Wallis, Louise Wallis, Donna Walsh, Elizabeth Walsh, Lani Walshaw, Daniel Walter, Holt Walters, Jocelyn Walters, Eileen Walton, Maggie Walton, Michael Walton, Olivia Walton, Susan Walton, Mandy Wan, Thin Wan, Mary Wands, Rachel Wane, Frank Wang, Nick Wang, Ran Wang, Deborah Warbrick, Samantha Warburton, Deborah Ward, Emma Ward, Katie Ward, Luke Ward, Rachael Ward, Thomas Ward, Scott A Warden, Steve Wardle, Hassan Wardy, Tobias Wareham, Scott Waring, Jenny Warmington, Ben Warner, Christian Warner, Lewis Warnock, Sarah Warran, Lisa Warren, Yolanda Warren, Hannah Warren-Miell, Hazel J Watchorn, Holly Waterfall, Abby Waters, Donald Waters, Mark Waterstone, Catherine Watkins, Catrin Watkins, Eleanor Watkins, Karen Watkins, Lynn Watkins, Adam JR Watson, Ekaterina Watson, Eleanor Watson, Paul Watson, Robert Watson, Malcolm Watters, Donna Watterson, Daniel Watts, John Watts, Merlin Watts, Victoria Waugh, Emma Wayman, Akhlaq Wazir, Nick Weatherly, Hayley Webb, Kathryn Webb, Stephen Webb, Ian Webster, Tim Webster, Ling Wee, Thanuja Weerasinghe, Janaka Weeratunga, Maria Weetman, Shuying Wei, Freshtah Weidi, Hugh Welch, James Welch, Leanne Welch, Steven Welch, Samantha Weller, Claire Wells, Susan Wellstead, Berni Welsh, RIchard Welsh, Ingeborg Welters, Rachael Welton, Lauren Wentworth, Kate Wesseldine, Magdelena West, Raha West, Ruth West, Sophie West, Heather Weston, Alice Westwood, Bill Wetherall, Helen Wheeler, Matthew Whelband, Amanda Whileman, Jenny Whitbread, Benjamin White, Catherine White, Christopher White, Duncan White, James White, Jonathan White, Katie White, Marie White, Nick White, Sarah White, Sonia White, Tracey White, Catherine Whitehead, Anne Whitehouse, Claire Whitehouse, Tony Whitehouse, Sophie Whiteley, Gabriel Whitlingum, Elizabeth Whittaker, Lindsay Whittam, Ashley Whittington, Helen Whittle, Eunice Wiafe, Lou Wiblin, John Widdrington, Jason Wieboldt, Hannah Wieringa, Cornelia Wiesender, Laura Wiffen, Andrew Wight, Christopher Wignall, Danielle Wilcock, Emma Wilcock, Louise Wilcox, Karen Wild, Laura Wild, Stephen Wild, Michael Wilde, Peter Wilding, Tracey Wildsmith, Joe Wileman, Joy Wiles, Kate Wiles, Elva Wilhelmsen, Thomas Wiliams, David Wilkin, Hannah Wilkins, Joy Wilkins, Suzanne Wilkins, Iain Wilkinson, Lesley Wilkinson, Nicola Wilkinson, Sophia Wilkinson, Susan Wilkinson, Tim Wilkinson, Sylvia Willetts, Alexandra Williams, Alison Williams, Angharad Williams, Ava Williams, Carl Williams, Caroline V Williams, Claire Williams, Dewi Williams, Felicity Williams, Gail Williams, Hannah Williams, James Williams, Jennie Williams, John Williams, Joseph JR Williams, Karen Williams, Kathryn Williams, Marie Williams, Matthew Williams, Patricia Williams, Penny Williams, Samson Williams, Sarah Williams, Sophie Williams, Tamanna Williams, Annie Williamson, Cath Williamson, Catherine Williamson, Dawn Williamson, James D Williamson, Elizabeth Willis, Emily Willis, Heather Willis, Herika Willis, Joanna Willis, Louise Wills, Lucy Willsher, Francesca Willson, Alison Wilson, Andrea Wilson, Antoinette Wilson, Debbie Wilson, James Wilson, Kate Wilson, Lucinda Wilson, Mark Wilson, Toni Wilson, Tim Wilson, Marlar Win, Tin T Win, Lucinda Winckworth, Laura Winder, Piers Winder, Nicola Window, Simon Winn, Carmen Winpenny, Helen Winslow, Martin Winstanley, Helen Winter, Jonathan Winter, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Stephen Wisdom, Martin Wiselka, Sophie Wiseman, Steven Wishart, Eric Witele, Nicholas Withers, Janet Wittes, Donna Wixted, Nicola Wolff, Kirsten Wolffsohn, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Elena Wolodimeroff, Chi-Hung Wong, Edwin Wong, Jessica SY Wong, Kit Y Wong, Nick Wong, Sam Wong, Caroline Wood, Dianne Wood, Fiona Wood, Hannah Wood, Jennifer Wood, Joe Wood, Lisa Wood, Louise Wood, Michelle Wood, Stephen Wood, Tracy Wood, Katharine Woodall, Rebecca Woodfield, Christopher Woodford, Jill Woodford, Louise Woodhead, Timothy Woodhead, Philip Woodland, Marc Woodman, Jane Woods, Katherine Woods, Sarah Woods, Elizabeth Woodward, Zoe Woodward, Megan Woolcock, Gemma Wooldridge, Rebecca Woolf, Chris Woollard, Louisa Woollen, Emma Woolley, Jade Woolley, Daniel Woosey, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wootton, Stephy Worton, Jonathan Wraight, Lynn Wren, Caroline Wrey Brown, Demi Wright, Francesca Wright, Imogen Wright, Lianne Wright, Rachel Wright, Caroline Wroe, Henry Wu, Peishan Wu, Pensee Wu, Johnathan Wubetu, Retno Wulandari, Kim Wyness, Frederick Wyn-Griffiths, Inez Wynter, Bindhu Xavier, Zhongyang Xia, Masseh Yakubi, May Yan, Michael Yanney, Salima Yasmin, Bryan Yates, David Yates, Edward Yates, Helen Yates, Mark Yates, Charlotte Yearwood Martin, Khin Yein, Robert Yellon, Fiona Yelnoorkar, Peter Yew, Kawai Yip, Laura Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, Cissy Yong, Jemma Yorke, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Gail Young, Louise Young, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Ausra Zdanaviciene, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Jane Zhixin, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei T Zin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Carol Zullo, Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro, National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, Horby, PW, Roddick, A, Spata, E, Staplin, N, Emberson, JR, Pessoa-Amorim, G, Peto, L, Day, J, Thwaites, G, Mafham, M, Haynes, R, and Landray, MJ
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Azithromycin, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/humanitarian_conflict_response_institute, Rate ratio, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Oxygen therapy, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hospital Mortality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, azithromycin, education.field_of_study, Covid19, clinical trial, General Medicine, 3rd-DAS, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, RM, Population, COVID-19/drug therapy, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, 03 medical and health sciences, Pharmacotherapy, Tocilizumab, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, education, Survival rate, Mechanical ventilation, Science & Technology, business.industry, COVID-19, NIS, Length of Stay, R1, United Kingdom, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RECOVERY Collaborative Group, chemistry, Relative risk, business, RA, Anaesthesia Pain and Critical Care
Abstract: The RECOVERY trial is supported by a grant to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and NIHR (MC_PC_19056) and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_0002/14) and an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. Background: Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatory actions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once per day by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatment groups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment and were twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants and local study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to the outcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) were eligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was 65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomly allocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall, 561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median 10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98-1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, no significant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87-1·03; p=0·24). Interpretation: In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restricted to patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021

18. Reliable Technology Evaluation of SiGe HBTs and MOSFETs: f MAX Estimation From Measured Data

Author: Bernd Heinemann, Thomas Zimmer, Anjan Chakravorty, Bishwadeep Saha, Pascal Chevalier, Sebastien Fregonese, Patrick Scheer, Klaus Aufinger, Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), Infineon Technologies, French nouvelle Aquitaine Authorities through the FAST project, The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 737454, project 'TARANTO'., respective Public Authorities of France, Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Belgium, European Project: 737454,H2020,H2020-ECSEL-2016-1-RIA-two-stage,TARANTO(2017), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Discrete mathematics, Physics, Admittance, Observational error, Oscillation, maximum oscillation frequency, Order (ring theory), Rational function, SiGe HBTs, MOS, 01 natural sciences, analytical modeling, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, y-parameters, 0103 physical sciences, small-signal model, Measurement uncertainty, Figure of merit, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics
Abstract: Maximum oscillation frequency ( ${f}_{\textit {MAX}}$ ) of mm-wave transistors is one of the key figures of merit (FOMs) for evaluating the HF-performance of a given technology. However, accurate measurements of ${f}_{\textit {MAX}}$ are very difficult. Determination of ${f}_{\textit {MAX}}$ is significantly affected by the measurement uncertainties in the admittance ( ${y}$ ) parameters. In order to get rid of the random measurement error and to obtain a reliable and stable ${f}_{\textit {MAX}}$ value, the frequency dependent ${y}$ -parameters are described by rational functions formulated from the small-signal hybrid ${\pi }$ -model of the transistor under investigation. The parameters of these functions are determined following a least square error technique that minimizes the functional error with the measured data. The approach is especially useful for a fast and reliable evaluation of ${f}_{\textit {MAX}}$ value. Devices from two different SiGe and an FDSOI (Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator) MOS technology are measured and stable ${f}_{\textit {MAX}}$ values are estimated following this approach.
Published: 2021

19. Sub-THz and THz SiGe HBT Electrical Compact Modeling

Author: Sebastien Fregonese, Anjan Chakravorty, Bishwadeep Saha, Thomas Zimmer, Soumya Ranjan Panda, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: Materials science, transients, TK7800-8360, Computer Networks and Communications, Terahertz radiation, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, NQS effects, SiGe HBT, chemistry.chemical_compound, compact model, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, HICUM, Sensitivity (control systems), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010302 applied physics, TCAD, business.industry, Bipolar junction transistor, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Heterojunction, Very high frequency, Silicon-germanium, chemistry, Hardware and Architecture, Control and Systems Engineering, Bicmos process, Signal Processing, Optoelectronics, Electronics, business
Abstract: International audience; From the perspectives of characterized data, calibrated TCAD simulations and compact modeling, we present a deeper investigation of the very high frequency behavior of state-of-the-art sub-THz silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs) fabricated with 55-nm BiCMOS process technology from STMicroelectronics. The TCAD simulation platform is appropriately calibrated with the measurements in order to aid the extraction of a few selected high-frequency (HF) parameters of the state-of-the-art compact model HICUM, which are otherwise difficult to extract from traditionally prepared test-structures. Physics-based strategies of extracting the HF parameters are elaborately presented followed by a sensitivity study to see the effects of the variations of HF parameters on certain frequency-dependent characteristics until 500 GHz. Finally, the deployed HICUM model is evaluated against the measured s-parameters of the investigated SiGe HBT until 500 GHz.
Published: 2021

20. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus in saliva using a guanidium based transport medium suitable for RT-PCR diagnostic assays

Author: Shraddha Suryavanshi, Soumitesh Chakravorty, Sukalyani Banik, David Alland, Glenn Johns, Kaheerman Saibire, Robert Kwiatkowski, and Padmapriya P. Banada
Subjects: RNA viruses, 0301 basic medicine, Viral Diseases, Saliva, Coronaviruses, Physiology, Cytotoxicity, viruses, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Toxicology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Biochemistry, Guanidinium thiocyanate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Medical Conditions, Chlorocebus aethiops, Incubation, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Virus Testing, Cytopathic effect, Multidisciplinary, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Medical microbiology, Healthy Volunteers, Body Fluids, Nucleic acids, Infectious Diseases, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, Viruses, Medicine, RNA, Viral, Biological Cultures, Sample collection, SARS CoV 2, Pathogens, Anatomy, Research Article, SARS coronavirus, eNAT, Science, 030106 microbiology, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Virus, Article, Specimen Handling, 03 medical and health sciences, Diagnostic Medicine, Genetics, Animals, Humans, inactivation, Molecular Biology Techniques, Molecular Biology, Vero Cells, Tissue Cultures, Guanidine, Medicine and health sciences, Chromatography, Biology and life sciences, SARS-CoV-2, Organisms, Viral pathogens, RNA, COVID-19, Covid 19, Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA stability, Microbial pathogens, Culture Media, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Virus Inactivation, Gene expression
Abstract: Background Upper respiratory samples used to test for SARS-CoV-2 virus may be infectious and present a hazard during transport and testing. A buffer with the ability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 at the time of sample collection could simplify and expand testing for COVID-19 to non-conventional settings. Methods We evaluated a guanidium thiocyanate-based buffer, eNAT™ (Copan) as a possible transport and inactivation medium for downstream Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing to detect SARS-CoV-2. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 in eNAT and in diluted saliva was studied at different incubation times. The stability of viral RNA in eNAT was also evaluated for up to 7 days at room temperature (28°C), refrigerated conditions (4°C) and at 35°C. Results SARS-COV-2 virus spiked directly in eNAT could be inactivated at >5.6 log10 PFU/ml within a minute of incubation. When saliva was diluted 1:1 in eNAT, no cytopathic effect (CPE) on VeroE6 cells was observed, although SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected even after 30 min incubation and after two cell culture passages. A 1:2 (saliva:eNAT) dilution abrogated both CPE and detectable viral RNA after as little as 5 min incubation in eNAT. SARS-CoV-2 RNA from virus spiked at 5X the limit of detection remained positive up to 7 days of incubation in all tested conditions. Conclusion eNAT and similar guanidinium thiocyanate-based media may be of value for transport, stabilization, and processing of clinical samples for RT-PCR based SARS-CoV-2 detection.
Published: 2021

21. TCAD and EM co-simulation method to verify SiGe HBT measurements up to 500 GHz

Author: Soumya Ranjan Panda, Sebastien Fregonese, Marina Deng, Thomas Zimmer, Anjan Chakravorty, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 737454, project 'TARANTO'., European Project: 737454,H2020,H2020-ECSEL-2016-1-RIA-two-stage,TARANTO(2017), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, TCAD-EM co-simulation, Accurate estimation, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, 02 engineering and technology, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Co-simulation, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, SiGe HBT, chemistry.chemical_compound, HF S -parameter measurement, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Electronic engineering, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010302 applied physics, on-wafer, TRL calibration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Active devices, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, Virtual measurement, de-embedding, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Technology CAD
Abstract: International audience; A systematic method for the verification of high frequency measurement (up-to 500 GHz) of silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) is proposed. First of all, the method involves an accurate estimation of the effects of passive environment on the overall measurement by a detailed electro-magnetic (EM) simulation. This ensures that the complete measurement environment like probes, pads and access lines along with the appropriate layouts are precisely included in the EM simulation framework. In order to additionally include the active device like SiGe HBTs, technology computer aided design (TCAD) tool is used to simulate the device S-parameters. TCAD simulation results are fed into an EM-plus-SPICE simulation framework to emulate a complete on-wafer measurement environment. The final simulation results show appreciable correlation with the on-wafer measurement data up-to 500 GHz.
Published: 2020

22. An Efficient Thermal Model for Multifinger SiGe HBTs Under Real Operating Condition

Author: K Nidhin, Anjan Chakravorty, Thomas Zimmer, Shubham Pande, Deleep R. Nair, Shon Yadav, Suresh Balanethiram, Sebastien Fregonese, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Globalfoundries [Bengalaru], IIIT Tiruchirappali, Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 737454, project 'TARANTO'., European Project: 737454,H2020,H2020-ECSEL-2016-1-RIA-two-stage,TARANTO(2017), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Thermal resistance, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Heat sink, SiGe HBTs, Topology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, thermal modeling, law, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, electrothermal effect, Common emitter, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Transistor, Bipolar junction transistor, thermal resistance, self-heating, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, multifinger transistor, chemistry, Transient (oscillation)
Abstract: International audience; In this work, we present a simple analytical model for electrothermal heating in multifinger bipolar transistors under realistic operating condition where all fingers are heating simultaneously. The proposed model intuitively incorporates the effect of thermal coupling among the neighboring fingers in the framework of self-heating bringing down the overall model complexity. Compared to the traditional thermal modeling approach for an ${n}$ -finger transistor where the number of circuit nodes increases as ${n}^{{2}}$ , our model requires only ${n}$ -number of nodes. The proposed model is scalable for any number of fingers and with different emitter geometries. The model is validated with 3-D thermal simulations and measured data from STMicroelectronics B4T technology. The Verilog-A implemented model simulates 40% faster than the conventional model in a transient simulation of a five-finger transistor.
Published: 2020

23. Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater Under a Rapidly Developing City (Patna) in Northern India Dominated by High Concentrations of Lifestyle Chemicals

Author: Neha Parashar, Dan Lapworth, Daren C. Gooddy, Chuanhe Lu, Stefan Krause, Debbie White, Wayne Civil, Rupa Kumari, Laura A. Richards, Ashok Ghosh, Arun Kumar, Biswajit Chakravorty, David A. Polya, and Sumant Kumar
Subjects: Pollution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, endocrine system diseases, Agrochemical, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, Water supply, India, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ganga river basin, Animals, Atrazine, Cities, Groundwater, Life Style, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, business.industry, General Medicine, Emerging organic compounds, Water quality, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Sewage treatment, Micropollutants, Ecotoxicity, business, Wastewater tracers, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Aquatic pollution from emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) is of key environmental importance in India and globally, particularly due to concerns of antimicrobial resistance, ecotoxicity and drinking water supply vulnerability. Here, using a broad screening approach, we characterize the composition and distribution of EOCs in groundwater in the Gangetic Plain around Patna (Bihar), as an exemplar of a rapidly developing urban area in northern India. A total of 73 EOCs were detected in 51 samples, typically at ng.L−1 to low μg.L−1 concentrations, relating to medical and veterinary, agrochemical, industrial and lifestyle usage. Concentrations were often dominated by the lifestyle chemical and artificial sweetener sucralose. Seventeen identified EOCs are flagged as priority compounds by the European Commission, World Health Organisation and/or World Organisation for Animal Health: namely, herbicides diuron and atrazine; insecticides imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin and acetamiprid; the surfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (and related perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluoropentane sulfonate); and medical/veterinary compounds sulfamethoxazole, sulfanilamide, dapson, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine and diclofenac. The spatial distribution of EOCs varies widely, with concentrations declining with depth, consistent with a strong dominant vertical flow control. Groundwater EOC concentrations in Patna were found to peak within ∼10 km distance from the River Ganges, indicating mainly urban inputs with some local pollution hotspots. A heterogeneous relationship between EOCs and population density likely reflects confounding factors including varying input types and controls (e.g. spatial, temporal), wastewater treatment infrastructure and groundwater abstraction. Strong seasonal agreement in EOC concentrations was observed. Co-existence of limited transformation products with associated parent compounds indicate active microbial degradation processes. This study characterizes key controls on the distribution of groundwater EOCs across the urban to rural transition near Patna, as a rapidly developing Indian city, and contributes to the wider understanding of the vulnerability of shallow groundwater to surface-derived contamination in similar environments.
Published: 2020

24. Entropy of Proteins Using Multiscale Cell Correlation

Author: Arghya Chakravorty, Jonathan Higham, and Richard H. Henchman
Subjects: Length scale, Protein Conformation, Entropy, General Chemical Engineering, Molecular Conformation, Thermodynamics, Polar amino acids, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Library and Information Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Correlation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Molecular dynamics, 0103 physical sciences, Molecule, Physics, Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, 010304 chemical physics, Proteins, General Chemistry, Conformational entropy, 0104 chemical sciences, Computer Science Applications, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, chemistry, Solvents, Solvent exposure, Vibrational entropy
Abstract: A new multiscale method is presented to calculate the entropy of proteins from molecular dynamics simulations. Termed Multiscale Cell Correlation (MCC), the method decomposes the protein into sets of rigid-body units based on their covalent-bond connectivity at three levels of hierarchy: molecule, residue, and united atom. It evaluates the vibrational and topographical entropy from forces, torques, and dihedrals at each level, taking into account correlations between sets of constituent units that together make up a larger unit at the coarser length scale. MCC gives entropies in close agreement with normal-mode analysis and smaller than those using quasiharmonic analysis as well as providing much faster convergence. Moreover, MCC provides an insightful decomposition of entropy at each length scale and for each type of amino acid according to their solvent exposure and whether they are terminal residues. While the residue entropy depends weakly on solvent exposure, there is greater variation in entropy components for larger, more polar amino acids, which have increased conformational entropy but reduced vibrational entropy with greater solvent exposure.
Published: 2020

25. Modeling Thermal Behavior in Multi-layered GaN HEMT-like Structures

Author: Anjan Chakravorty, K Nidhin, Suresh Balanethiram, and Deleep R. Nair
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Thermal resistance, Transistor, Gallium nitride, Substrate (electronics), High-electron-mobility transistor, Dissipation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Semiconductor, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, business
Abstract: Thermal behavior in multi-layered semiconductor structures like the one present in a Gallium Nitride high electron mobility transistor (GaN-HEMT) is investigated for the heat-flow towards the substrate. A compact analytical model is formulated to predict the peak as well as depth dependent temperature in the structure. Modeling results are verified against detailed three-dimensional TCAD thermal simulations of GaN-on-Si structures with GaN layer thickness of $\mathbf{3}\mu\mathbf{m}$ and Si substrate thickness of $\mathbf{100}\mu\mathbf{m}$ . Excellent modeling accuracy is observed for different heat source geometries and power dissipation. In addition, the proposed model is extended to estimate the static thermal coupling factor in multifinger transistors with high level of accuracy.
Published: 2020

26. Attenuation of Hemolysis Due to Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency With Ketogenic Diet – A Case Report

Author: Frances Smith, Raphael A. Zoeller, Nicholas Parkin, Toyin Lythe, Subarna Chakravorty, Jorge F. Haller, and Hyun Park
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, lcsh:RC633-647.5, medicine.medical_treatment, Case Report, Hematology, lcsh:Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, medicine.disease, Hemolysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Glucose 6-phosphate, chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, business, Ketogenic diet, Isomerase deficiency
Published: 2020

27. Size induced large upward shift of magnetic transition temperatures in nanowires of rare-earth transition metal alloy Gd Co1−(x = 0.4)

Author: A. K. Raychaudhuri and Manotosh Chakravorty
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Anisotropy energy, Mechanical Engineering, Alloy, Metals and Alloys, Analytical chemistry, Nanowire, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric temperature range, engineering.material, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Magnetization, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Transition metal, Mechanics of Materials, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Aluminium oxide, engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: It has been observed that in nanowires (diameter ∼ 100 nm) of a rare-earth (RE) transition metal (TM) alloy GdxCo1−x(x = 0.4) the magnetic transition temperatures like the magnetization compensation temperatures ( T c m ) can be shifted upward by nearly 350 K compared to that of the bulk and be made as high as 850 K. The saturation magnetization ( M S ) remains high over the whole temperature range compared to that the bulk and at room temperature the enhancement in M S is 33%. This enhances the applicability of the RE-TM alloy to well above the room temperature. The magnetic experiments were carried out in the temperature range 80 K–1100 K on the alloy nanowires grown by electrochemical synthesis in the nanopores of Anodic Aluminium Oxide (AAO) templates. It has been established that the large shift in the T c m is linked to qualitative change in the nature of the anisotropy energy E A on size reduction, in particular in the temperature derivative d E A / d T that reaches more or less temperature independent value in the nanowires.
Published: 2018

28. Synthesis of multilayered structure of nano-dimensional silica glass/reduced graphene oxide for advanced electrochemical applications

Author: Shekhar Bag, Chinmoy Majumder, Milon Miah, Dipankar Chakravorty, Arnab Ghosh, and Shyamal K. Saha
Subjects: Supercapacitor, Nanocomposite, Materials science, Graphene, Dangling bond, Oxide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Capacitance, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Nano, Rectangular potential barrier, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: During the past few years, intensive research has been carried out to design new functional materials for superior electrochemical applications. Due to low storage capacity and low charge transport, silica based glasses have not yet been investigated for their supercapacitive behavior. Therefore, in the present study, a multilayered structure of silica-based nanoglass and reduced graphene oxide has been designed to remarkably enhance the specific capacitance by exploiting the porosity, large surface area, sufficient dangling bonds in the nanoglass and high electrical conductivity of rGO. The charge transport in the composite structure is also investigated to understand the electrochemical properties. It is found that Simmons tunneling or direct tunneling is the dominant mechanism of charge conduction between the graphene layers via the potential barrier of silica nanoglass phase. We believe that this study will open up a new area in the design of glass-based two-dimensional nanocomposites for superior supercapacitor applications.
Published: 2018

29. A Pragmatic Approach to Modeling Self-Heating Effects in SiGe HBTs

Author: Shon Yadav and Anjan Chakravorty
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Thermal resistance, Bipolar junction transistor, chemistry.chemical_element, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Heterojunction, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Thermal conductivity, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, Junction temperature, Linear approximation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract: An accurate closed-form analytical model is proposed to predict the junction temperature and thermal resistance of silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors, including the effect of back-end-of-line (BEOL) metal layers. A linear approximation is used in a thermal resistivity model of silicon to reduce the model complexity. A simple method is proposed to extract the necessary model parameters along with the BEOL thermal resistance. The model is validated with the TCAD simulation, and the scalability of the model is verified by the comparison with experimental data for different device geometries. The model shows excellent agreement with both TCAD simulation (without BEOL) and experimental data (with BEOL).
Published: 2017

30. NiO Nanoparticle Synthesis Using a Triblock Copolymer: Enhanced Magnetization and High Specific Capacitance of Electrodes Prepared from the Powder

Author: Ramaprasad Maiti, Soumi Chatterjee, Shyamal K. Saha, Dipankar Chakravorty, and Milon Miah
Subjects: Materials science, 020209 energy, General Chemical Engineering, Nickel oxide, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrochemistry, Article, lcsh:Chemistry, Magnetization, chemistry.chemical_compound, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Chemical engineering, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, Electrode, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Copolymer, Organic chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Ethylene glycol
Abstract: Nickel oxide nanoparticles of diameter ∼21 nm were prepared by a sol–gel method using the triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-(propylene glycol)-b-(ethylene glycol). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions in the material. The electrical conductivity of this material was due to small polaron hopping between Ni2+ and Ni3+ sites. The magnetization shown by these nanoparticles was much higher than that reported in the literature. This is ascribed to the presence of Ni3+ ions with uncompensated spin moments. Spin-glass behavior was exhibited by the material at 10.7 K. The electrochemical characterization of electrodes comprising of these NiO nanoparticles using cyclic voltammetric measurements showed a specific capacitance value of 810 F/g, the highest reported for this material. These materials will thus form one of the useful multifunctional systems.
Published: 2017

31. Nucleotide exchange–dependent and nucleotide exchange–independent functions of plant heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins

Author: Yuri Trusov, Sarah M. Assmann, David Chakravorty, José Ramón Botella, Daisuke Urano, and Natsumi Maruta
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, GTP', G protein, Guanine, Mutant, Arabidopsis, Mutation, Missense, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Heterotrimeric G protein, medicine, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nucleotide, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Mutation, biology, Arabidopsis Proteins, Chemistry, Cell Biology, Plants, Genetically Modified, biology.organism_classification, Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins, Amino Acid Substitution, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding proteins (G proteins), which are composed of α, β, and γ subunits, are versatile, guanine nucleotide–dependent, molecular on-off switches. In animals and fungi, the exchange of GDP for GTP on Gα controls G protein activation and is crucial for normal cellular responses to diverse extracellular signals. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has a single canonical Gα subunit, AtGPA1. We found that, in planta, the constitutively active, GTP-bound AtGPA1(Q222L) mutant and the nucleotide-free AtGPA1(S52C) mutant interacted with Gβγ1 and Gβγ2 dimers with similar affinities, suggesting that G protein heterotrimer formation occurred independently of nucleotide exchange. In contrast, AtGPA1(Q222L) had a greater affinity than that of AtGPA1(S52C) for Gβγ3, suggesting that the GTP-bound conformation of AtGPA1(Q222L) is distinct and tightly associated with Gβγ3. Functional analysis of transgenic lines expressing either AtGPA1(S52C) or AtGPA1(Q222L) in the gpa1-null mutant background revealed various mutant phenotypes that were complemented by either AtGPA1(S52C) or AtGPA1(Q222L). We conclude that, in addition to the canonical GDP-GTP exchange–dependent mechanism, plant G proteins can function independently of nucleotide exchange.
Published: 2019

32. 8. An autoinflammatory syndrome resembling Castleman’s disease with excellent response to IL-6 blockade

Author: Rengi Mathew and Mithun Chakravorty
Subjects: Crohn's disease, business.industry, Fever Syndromes, Familial Mediterranean fever, Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, Lymphoproliferative disorders, Autoinflammatory Syndrome, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Autoimmunity, chemistry.chemical_compound, ORAL PRESENTATIONS, Tocilizumab, Rheumatology, chemistry, Immunology, medicine, Cytokine storm, business
Abstract: Introduction Autoinflammatory diseases are an emerging group, characterised by recurrent inflammatory episodes due to dysregulated innate immunity. Common features include fevers, rash, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms. Castleman’s disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disease, associated with the overproduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Its two main variants: unicentric and multicentric differ in aetiology and clinical outcomes. The cytokine storm driven by IL-6 can mimic autoinflammatory disease. We present the case of an acquired autoinflammatory syndrome in a 33-year-old male with the clinical phenotype of Castleman’s but no culprit lymph node detected radiologically. Symptoms dramatically improved with yocilizumab, an IL-6 blocker. Case description A 33-year-old Caucasian man was referred to rheumatology at his local District General Hospital with flitting joint pains, fevers, night sweats and weight loss for eighteen months. He had associated fatigue, myalgia, sore throat and an intermittent maculopapular rash. There were no specific symptoms of infection, malignancy or underlying connective tissue disease. No risk factors for blood-borne viruses were identified. Past medical history included hearing difficulties in childhood, and maternal family history of Crohn’s disease. Currently he was unemployed, having previously worked in a concrete factory. There was a 30 pack-year smoking history with moderate alcohol intake. Physical examination revealed a faint maculopapular rash over his right forearm but was otherwise normal. Full blood count showed an improved microcytic anaemia with recent haemoglobin 132 g/L, raised white cell count up to 33 x 109/L (predominant neutrophilia) and mild thrombocytosis up to 480 x 109/L. Inflammatory were persistently elevated with CRP 124 mg/L and ESR 67 mm/hr. Renal, liver and thyroid functions were all normal as well as creatine kinase. Iron studies suggested iron-deficiency with negative anti-endomysial antibodies. Serum ferritin peaked at 1028 during µg/L during flares, with normal triglycerides. A full autoimmune screen was negative. Immunoglobulins showed a polyclonal rise only. HIV and Hepatitis screens were negative. CT chest, abdomen and pelvis and subsequent PET-CT scan were unremarkable. A bone marrow biopsy showed reactive changes only. A trial of low-dose prednisolone provided dramatic symptomatic improvement but symptoms flared on weaning to 10mg daily. Both steroid-sparing agents azathioprine and methotrexate were not tolerated. After further investigations by the National Amyloidosis Centre, he was commenced on weekly tocilizumab 162mg subcutaneous injections after a successful individual funding request. This provided an excellent clinical response which has been sustained for over two years. Discussion This case was difficult given the wide differential diagnoses. It was important to rule out infection, malignancy and autoimmune disease which were commoner causes of recurrent fevers and systemic symptoms. The long duration of symptoms, negative blood cultures and unremarkable CT imaging were against deep-seated infection. He was low risk for tuberculosis, zoonosis and tropical infections. No solid tumours or lymph nodes were seen on imaging but the PET-CT noted non-specific bone marrow changes. Bone marrow biopsy showed increased granulopoiesis without features of malignancy, and JAK-2 mutation was negative. Lactate dehydrogenase was normal with negative haemolysis screen. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies to investigate his iron-deficiency anaemia were normal. A full autoimmune screen was normal including anti-nuclear antibody, extractible nuclear antigen, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, complement C3 and C4 and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody. As no malignancy was found, prednisolone 40mg daily was trialled with fortnightly tapering. This produced a marked improvement in symptoms and inflammatory markers. However there were frequent flares on tapering the dose. He was therefore referred to the National Amyloidosis Centre at the Royal Free Hospital in London for an expert opinion. A genetic screen was negative for NLPR3 (CAPS gene), LRP12, TRAPS gene and the mevalonate kinase gene. Serum amyloid A (SAA) was very high 591 m/l ( Key learning points Autoinflammatory diseases are rare but treatable causes of fever syndromes. Extensive investigations are needed to exclude mimics such as infection, malignancy (especially haematological) and autoimmune conditions. Genetic testing can reveal the diagnosis for monogenic types such as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). Castleman’s disease can be caused by a single lymph node (unicentric) or diffuse lymph nodes (multicentric). The unicentric type is less associated with systemic symptoms compared to multicentric, except for its rarer plasmacytosis variant. Consider HIV and human herpes virus-8 infection in the multicentric type. IL-6 blockade is extremely effective in Castleman’s but optimum duration of therapy remains unclear. Surgical resection of the solitary lymph node in unicentric Castleman’s has a good prognosis. Serum amyloid A can be a useful marker of disease activity in autoinflammatory disease compared with CRP. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Published: 2019

33. Integrative microRNA and gene expression analysis identifies new drug repurposing candidates for fetal hemoglobin induction in β-hemoglobinopathies

Author: Sankha Subhra Das, Rashmi Sinha, and Nishant Chakravorty
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, In silico, Anemia, Sickle Cell, Biology, Bioinformatics, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hemoglobins, 0302 clinical medicine, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Fetal hemoglobin, microRNA, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Computer Simulation, Vorinostat, Repurposing, Fetal Hemoglobin, Gene Expression Profiling, beta-Thalassemia, Drug Repositioning, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Sickle cell anemia, Hemoglobinopathies, Drug repositioning, MicroRNAs, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Curcumin, Transcriptome, medicine.drug
Abstract: Therapeutic induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is one of the most promising approaches to ameliorate the severity of hemoglobinopathies like β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. Although several pharmacological agents have been investigated for HbF induction in adults, the majority of these are associated with significant side-effects. While drug repurposing is known to open new doors for the use of approved drugs in unexplored clinical conditions, the primary challenge lies in identifying such candidates. In this study, we aimed to identify repurposing candidates for HbF induction using a novel in silico approach utilizing microRNA-pathway-drug relationships. A computational drug repurposing strategy identified several unique candidates for HbF induction; among which Curcumin, Ginsenoside, Valproate, and Vorinostat were found to be most suitable for future trials. This study identified new drug repurposing candidates for HbF induction and demonstrates an easily adaptable methodology that can be used for other pathophysiological conditions.
Published: 2019

34. Efficiency of Mango Peel Derived Activated Carbon Prepared via Different Routes as Adsorbent for Rhodamine B

Author: Arnab Ghosh, Dipankar Chakravorty, Mehabub Rahaman, and Saswata Bose
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Aqueous solution, Adsorption, Chemistry, medicine, Rhodamine B, Activated carbon, medicine.drug, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: Novel material Mango Peel (MP) waste was used as the precursor for the preparation of activated carbon (MPAC) for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. Activated Carbons (ACs) were prepared by both thermal and chemical activations. Three methods of chemical activation, using concentrated H2SO4, as the chemical activation agent, were explored to determine most suitable method of AC preparation. Effectiveness of the chemically activated MPACs in removing dyes from aqueous solution was compared with the effectiveness of the MPACs prepared by thermal activation. Adsorption studies showed that chemically activated MPs are more suitable as adsorbents for Rhodamine B as compared to thermally activated AC. Thermal activation was done at two temperatures, 300 and 700 °C. MPACs activated at 700 °C performed better at removing Rhodamine B indicating 300 °C inadequate for thermal activation. Percentage removal of MPACs (99.6%) was comparable to that of Market Available Activated Carbon (MA-AC) 99.5%, indicating suitability of prepared MPACs as adsorbents.
Published: 2019

35. Validation of Thermal Resistance Extracted From Measurements on Stripe Geometry SiGe HBTs

Author: Suresh Balanethiram, Rosario D'Esposito, Thomas Zimmer, Sebastien Fregonese, Anjan Chakravorty, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Intel [Neubiberg, Germany], Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 737454, project 'TARANTO'., European Project: 737454,H2020,H2020-ECSEL-2016-1-RIA-two-stage,TARANTO(2017), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Thermal resistance, Bipolar junction transistor, thermal resistance, self-heating, Geometry, Heterojunction, Heat resistance, Function (mathematics), SiGe HBTs, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Self heating, electrothermal effect, thermal impedance, Common emitter
Abstract: In this article, we present a straightforward methodology to validate the consistency of thermal resistance ( ${R}_{\text {TH}}$ ) measurements for a set of stripe geometry silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The proposed approach is based on the behavior of frequency-dependent thermal impedance ( ${Z}_{\text {TH}}$ ) of HBTs. The key advantage of this method is its simplicity and ease of applicability because it requires no additional measurements than the conventional approaches to extract the electrothermal parameters. First, we provide a physics-based formulation to extract ${Z}_{\text {TH}}$ as a function of ${R}_{\text {TH}}$ . As a next step, we propose different normalization methods for ${Z}_{\text {TH}}$ in stripe emitter SiGe HBTs to validate the ${R}_{\text {TH}}$ used in our ${Z}_{\text {TH}}$ formulation. Finally, we substantiate our validation technique across stripe emitter SiGe HBTs having different emitter dimensions corresponding to STMicroelectronics B55 technology.
Published: 2019
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36. Sleep and alcohol use

Author: Nina Thakur, Subhajit Chakravorty, Sean He, and Brittany V. Taylor
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, business.industry, Sedation, medicine, Alcohol, medicine.symptom, Affect (psychology), Psychiatry, business, Sleep in non-human animals
Abstract: Alcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in the community, with 56% of individuals 18 years or older reporting alcohol use in the past month [120]. Its use has been linked to a wide range of sleep-related disorders and their associated daytime consequences such as daytime sedation and tiredness. These daytime ramifications may affect the individual’s ability to function satisfactorily.
Published: 2019

37. Metabolomics of red-light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana: Coupling with abscisic acid and jasmonic acid metabolism

Author: Sisi Geng, Mengmeng Zhu, Sixue Chen, Qijie Guan, Sarah M. Assmann, and David Chakravorty
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Light, Arabidopsis, Plant Science, Cyclopentanes, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Metabolomics, Plant Growth Regulators, Guard cell, Genetics, Metabolome, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oxylipins, Abscisic acid, biology, Jasmonic acid, fungi, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Vicia faba, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Plant Stomata, Biophysics, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, 010606 plant biology & botany, Abscisic Acid
Abstract: Environmental stimuli-triggered stomatal movement is a key physiological process that regulates CO2 uptake and water loss in plants. Stomata are defined by pairs of guard cells that perceive and transduce external signals, leading to cellular volume changes and consequent stomatal aperture change. Within the visible light spectrum, red light induces stomatal opening in intact leaves. However, there has been debate regarding the extent to which red-light-induced stomatal opening arises from direct guard cell sensing of red light versus indirect responses as a result of red light influences on mesophyll photosynthesis. Here we identify conditions that result in red-light-stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, firmly establishing a direct guard cell response to red light. We then employ metabolomics workflows utilizing gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling and identification of Arabidopsis guard cell metabolic signatures in response to red light in the absence of the mesophyll. We quantified 223 metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cells, with 104 found to be red light responsive. These red-light-modulated metabolites participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content. The red-light-modulated guard cell metabolome reported here provides fundamental information concerning autonomous red light signaling pathways in guard cells.
Published: 2018

38. Universal fluorescent sensors of high-affinity iron transport, applied to ESKAPE pathogens

Author: Ashish Kumar, Yan Shipelskiy, Somnath Chakravorty, Brittany L. Nairn, Taihao Yang, Phillip E. Klebba, Salete M. C. Newton, and Aritri Majumdar
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Siderophore, Iron, Ligand Binding Protein, Biosensing Techniques, Heme, Biochemistry, Fluorescence, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Molecular Biology, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, biology, Bacteria, Drug discovery, Chemistry, Methods and Resources, Biological Transport, Cell Biology, Membrane transport, Ligand (biochemistry), biology.organism_classification, High-Throughput Screening Assays, 030104 developmental biology, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Ferric, medicine.drug, Hemin
Abstract: Sensitive assays of biochemical specificity, affinity, and capacity are valuable both for basic research and drug discovery. We created fluorescent sensors that monitor high-affinity binding reactions and used them to study iron acquisition by ESKAPE bacteria, which are frequently responsible for antibiotic-resistant infections. By introducing site-directed Cys residues in bacterial iron transporters and modifying them with maleimide fluorophores, we generated living cells or purified proteins that bind but do not transport target compounds. These constructs sensitively detected ligand concentrations in solution, enabling accurate, real-time spectroscopic analysis of membrane transport by other cells. We assessed the efficacy of these "fluorescent decoy" (FD) sensors by characterizing active iron transport in the ESKAPE bacteria. The FD sensors monitored uptake of both ferric siderophores and hemin by the pathogens. An FD sensor for a particular ligand was universally effective in observing the uptake of that compound by all organisms we tested. We adapted the FD sensors to microtiter format, where they allow high-throughput screens for chemicals that block iron uptake, without genetic manipulations of the virulent target organisms. Hence, screening assays with FD sensors facilitate studies of mechanistic biochemistry, as well as discovery of chemicals that inhibit prokaryotic membrane transport. With appropriate design, FD sensors are potentially applicable to any pro- or eukaryotic high-affinity ligand transport process.
Published: 2018

39. Modeling of the Lateral Emitter-Current Crowding Effect in SiGe HBTs

Author: Shon Yadav, Anjan Chakravorty, and Michael Schroter
Subjects: Imagination, Engineering, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, NQS, Current crowding, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Search engine, chemistry, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Equivalent circuit, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Electrical impedance, Simulation, media_common, Common emitter
Abstract: Two-section models for capturing the lateral ac emitter-current crowding effect, which is also known as the lateral nonquasi-static (NQS) effect, are presented following a consistent approach based on a model formulation for ac operating condition. Following the theoretical results, model formulations suitable for implementation in the large-signal domain are developed. The proposed two-section model performs better than the state-of-the-art model in both the large-signal and small-signal domains and appears to be suitable for accurately capturing the lateral NQS effect.
Published: 2016

40. Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Odontotermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae): Two preferred edible insects of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Author: Sampat Ghosh, Jharna Chakravorty, V. Benno Meyer-Rochow, Karsing Megu, and Chuleui Jung
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, chemistry.chemical_classification, Entomophagy, Phytic acid, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, biology, Animal food, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Hymenoptera, biology.organism_classification, 040401 food science, Oecophylla smaragdina, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Termitidae, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, chemistry, Common species, Insect Science, Botany, Tannin
Abstract: The nutritional potential of Oecophylla smaragdina and Odontotermes sp., two common species of insects used as food by tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh and elsewhere in India was assessed. O. smaragdina and Odontotermes sp. contained 55.28 and 33.67% protein, 14.99 and 50.93% fat, 19.84 and 6.30% fibre, 2.59 and 3.01% ash and 7.30 and 6.09% carbohydrates, respectively. The protein of both species involved 18 amino acids, including all of the essential ones with the exception of methionine, which satisfies the recommended level (score > 100). In O. smaragdina, the MUFA fraction (51.55%) dominated the lipids and was followed by SFA (40.26%) and PUFA (8.19%). In Odontotermes sp. SFAs (52.89%) were dominant, followed by MUFAs (44.52%) and PUFAs (2.59%). In both species iron, zinc and copper were the most abundant minerals and calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were present in substantial amounts. Respective values for anti-nutrients like phytic acid and tannin (mg/100 g) were 171.0 and 496.67 for O. smaragdina and 141.23 and 615.0 for Odontotermes sp., values much lower than corresponding ones from some common foods of plant origin. The two insects, once under controlled cultivation, could be a good choice as a replacement for some vertebrate animal food products.
Published: 2016

41. Multifunctionality in graphene decorated with cobalt nanorods

Author: Mrinal Pal, Oindrila Mondal, Sreemanta Mitra, Dipankar Chakravorty, and Anindya Datta
Subjects: Photoluminescence, Materials science, Nanocomposite, Graphene, Mechanical Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Graphite oxide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, law, General Materials Science, Nanorod, 0210 nano-technology, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Cobalt
Abstract: Creating multifunctionality is always fascinating and required for various advance applications. We have prepared cobalt-graphene nanocomposite by co-reduction of graphite oxide and a divalent cobalt salt in water, at room temperature, by sodium borohydride. Microstructural study by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) delineates that the nanocomposites consists of few layer of graphene sheets decorated by cobalt nanorods. The composite shows unusual photoluminescence in visible range due to defect decoration by cobalt nanorods, in spite of showing expected absorbance and magnetic properties. Functional nanomaterials with both magnetic and luminescence properties are important for application in biological systems.
Published: 2016

42. Effect of carboxymethylation on rheological and drug release characteristics of locust bean gum matrix tablets

Author: Sudipta Mukherjee, Biswanath Sa, Gouranga Barman, and Amrita Chakravorty
Subjects: Alkylation, Polymers and Plastics, Ibuprofen, 02 engineering and technology, Acetates, 010402 general chemistry, Polysaccharide, Galactans, 01 natural sciences, Mannans, chemistry.chemical_compound, Rheology, Metronidazole, Plant Gums, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_classification, Chromatography, Viscosity, business.industry, Organic Chemistry, Fabaceae, Penetration (firestop), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Biotechnology, Drug Liberation, chemistry, Polymer solution, Drug release, Locust bean gum, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate correlation between the carboxymethylation-induced rheological changes and drug release characteristics of locust bean gum (LBG) matrix tablets. LBG was derivatized to carboxymethyl LBG (CMLBG) and characterized by (13)C NMR, FTIR and elemental analyses. Rheological studies revealed that LBG, in contact with water, produced a strong elastic gel which swelled less due to lower penetration of water resulting in slower drug release. On the other hand, CMLBG formed a viscous polymer solution through which higher influx of water resulted in rapid swelling of the matrix and faster drug release. Although the release from a particular matrix was dependent on drugs' solubilities, CMLBG matrix tablet produced faster release of all the drugs than LBG matrix tablets. In conclusion, rheological study appeared to be an useful tool to predict release of drugs from polysaccharide matrix tablets.
Published: 2016

43. Assessment of Biological Activities of Caffeine

Author: Omkar Hemant Lele, Shashikant Vaidya, Abhay Shadashiv Chowdhary, Jinesh Maniar, Acharya Donde Marg, and Rohit Lalit Chakravorty
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Traditional medicine, chemistry, 030106 microbiology, food and beverages, Biology, Antimicrobial, Caffeine
Abstract: Natural products are ancient promising sources used in traditional medicines. Plants have tremendous capacity to synthesize extraordinary secondary metabolites which possess different biological activities. Use of plant metabolites with antimicrobial activity can be of great importance as far as therapeutic treatments are concerned. Herbs of tea and coffee are the ones that have been studied earlier for the same (Olgica Stefanovic and Ljiljana Comic, 2012).Tea and coffee are the most popular beverages all over the world and are being consumed since ancient times.
Published: 2016

44. A Simple, Convenient, Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Isobenzofuran- 1(3H)-ones (phthalides) as well as Maculalactone A & B, the Bioactive Butyrolactones

Author: Santanu Chakravorty, Sakti P. Das, and Soumen Joardar
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Isobenzofuran, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Stereochemistry, Simple (abstract algebra), Organic Chemistry, Regioselectivity, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Combinatorial chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences
Published: 2016

45. Effects of BEOL on self-heating and thermal coupling in SiGe multi-finger HBTs under real operating condition

Author: Sebastien Fregonese, Rosario D'Esposito, Thomas Zimmer, Amit Kumar Sahoo, A.D.D. Dwivedi, Anjan Chakravorty, Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: Materials science, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Electronic engineering, Microelectronics, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Coupling, business.industry, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Silicon-germanium, chemistry, Model simulation, Junction temperature, Thermal coupling, 0210 nano-technology, business, Self heating
Abstract: Effects of the back-end-of-line layers up to metal-1 on the self-heating and thermal coupling in a multi-finger silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe MFT) are investigated. It is observed that the rise in junction temperature is overestimated if the BEOL effects are not considered. A new method for estimating the thermal coupling coefficients is proposed emulating the real operating condition. The proposed methodology demonstrates that the thermal coupling is increased in real operating condition and the estimated coupling coefficients are almost independent of the dissipated power. Further an empirical closed-form formulation is proposed for estimating the coupling coefficients analytically and for subsequently using in compact model simulation. The formulation is found to predict the coefficients quite accurately. Compact model simulations using the analytically obtained coupling coefficients show excellent model agreement with the static and dynamic 3D TCAD simulation data for junction temperature. Finally the model is validated against the measured data corresponding to an SiGe MFT fabricated using B55 technology from ST microelectronics.
Published: 2016

46. Large ionic conductivity and relaxation studies of lithium silicate nanoglasses grown into TiO2 nanoparticles

Author: Soumi Chatterjee, Dipankar Chakravorty, and Saurav Giri
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Nanocomposite, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Activation energy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Silicate, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Chemical engineering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 0103 physical sciences, Titanium dioxide, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Ionic conductivity, Lithium, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Lithium silicate nanoglasses of composition xLi2O.(100-x)SiO2 (where x=30,40) were grown into compact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. XPS measurements confirmed presence of Ti3+ and Ti4+ ions in the nanocomposites. The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on lithium ion conduction was investigated in this paper. The complex conductivity spectra of lithium silicate glass nanocomposites have been measured in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity and relaxation time obey the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher relation. The activation energy was found to be 0.08 eV for Li+ movement in the nanoglass with x=40 due to large free volume in the nanoglass. The DC conductivity was found to be 10−5 S.cm−1 at room temperature. The formation of surface defects at the nanoglass/template interface was responsible for the lower value of activation energy. So, these nanocomposites are believed to be suitable for the fabrication of lithium-ion batteries for storage of energy.
Published: 2020

47. SAT0483 SAFETY OF INTRAVENOUS IBANDRONIC ACID IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE

Author: J. Southern, L. H. Lee, and M. Chakravorty
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Creatinine, business.industry, Immunology, Acute kidney injury, Renal function, Context (language use), medicine.disease, Ibandronic acid, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Zoledronic acid, Rheumatology, chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Hypocalcaemia, business, medicine.drug, Kidney disease
Abstract: Background:Common forms of intravenous bisphosphonate used at the Royal Derby Hospital are zoledronic acid and ibandronic acid for a variety of indications. In the treatment of osteoporosis, zoledronic acid is preferred due to its convenience of once-yearly dosing; compared to ibandronic acid which is given three-monthly. Zoledronic acid is contraindicated in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 35 due to nephrotoxicity concerns. Ibandronic acid, however, is generally offered with an eGFR of 30 or over and is perceived to be a safer choice in more advanced chronic kidney disease. The potential of extending the use of ibandronic acid to patients with lower eGFR is being explored. However, there is a paucity of real world data and this study will therefore seek to affirm the safety profile in those on treatment.Objectives:Establish the safety profile of IV ibandronic acid with regards to worsening renal function or significant hypocalcaemia injury in the context of reduced renal clearance.Methods:The details of patients receiving IV ibandronic acid at Royal Derby Hospital were retrieved from the osteoporosis department register in September 2019. Data was collected anonymously from records using the electronic prescribing and pathology hospital database, together with electronic letters. The first three pre-infusion serum adjusted calcium levels, vitamin D, creatinine and eGFR were recorded. In addition, results from initiation to present were screened for any episodes of hypocalcaemia, acute kidney injury (AKI) or significant decline in renal function.Results:Treatment duration ranged from 6 months to 6 years. Female:male ratio was 9:1 and the average age was 75 years (range 50-90). Baseline eGFR ranged from 27 to over 60; 3 patients had eGFR≥60, 2 had eGFR 27 while remaining patients (75%) had eGFR 30-59. All patients received a standard 3mg infusion on each occasion. The most common rationale cited for ibandronic acid choice as opposed to zoledonic acid was reduced creatinine clearance or eGFR. Three patients (15%) developed one or more episodes of mild hypocalcaemia (lowest 2.01 mmol/l). No episodes of hypocalcaemia were identified in the first three pre-infusion levels. Four patients (25%) had a decline in eGFR by more than 5 ml/min/1.73m2but there was no definitive causal link with ibandronic acid and was most commonly felt to be related to their underlying renal disease. Three patients (15%) had at least one episode of AKI since commencing treatment, each explained by an intercurrent illness. Serum Vitamin D levels were measured pre-infusion in 92% of cases.Conclusion:This study reaffirms the safety profile of ibandronic acid use in renal function as low as CKD Stage 3b (≥30ml/min/1.73m2). No episodes of AKI or sustained decline in renal function were causally linked to ibandronic acid.References:Royal Derby Hospital Proposed Clinical Guideline (2019) – Use of ibandronic acid in CKD 4 at reduced dosage.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
Published: 2020

48. Detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by high-throughput sequencing of DNA isolated from acid fast bacilli smears

Author: Denis K Byarugaba, Robert Blakemore, David Alland, Soumitesh Chakravorty, Bernard Erima, Shawn Levy, Panganani Dalisani Njobvu, Angela Jones, Peicheng Du, Frederick Wabwire-Mangen, Dennis Addo, Geetika Trivedi, Eric S. Ramos, Mazhgan Rowneki, Paige Sachs, Braden R. Hale, Carlton A. Evans, Naomi E. Aronson, Sheilla Chebore, James D Mancuso, Sir Halley Stewart Trust, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council (MRC), and Imperial Health Charity
Subjects: Bacterial Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Gene Identification and Analysis, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Drug resistance, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ghana, Geographical Locations, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Medicine and Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, INHA, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Mutation detection, Polymerase chain reaction, Actinobacteria, Infectious Diseases, PncA, Medicine, Research Article, DNA, Bacterial, Tuberculosis, General Science & Technology, Science, 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, Zambia, Research and Analysis Methods, DNA sequencing, Microbiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, medicine, Humans, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.05 [https], Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Molecular Biology Techniques, Mutation Detection, Molecular Biology, Bacteria, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Tropical Diseases, bacterial infections and mycoses, biology.organism_classification, rpoB, medicine.disease, DNA isolation, chemistry, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.07 [https], Mutation, People and Places, Africa, DNA
Abstract: Background: Drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is difficult to perform in resource-limited settings where Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) smears are commonly used for disease diagnosis and monitoring. We developed a simple method for extraction of MTB DNA from AFB smears for sequencing-based detection of mutations associated with resistance to all first and several second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Methods: We isolated MTB DNA by boiling smear content in a Chelex solution, followed by column purification. We sequenced PCR-amplified segments of the rpoB, katG, embB, gyrA, gyrB, rpsL, and rrs genes, the inhA, eis, and pncA promoters and the entire pncA gene. Results: We tested our assay on 1,208 clinically obtained AFB smears from Ghana (n = 379), Kenya (n = 517), Uganda (n = 262), and Zambia (n = 50). Coverage depth varied by target and slide smear grade, ranging from 300X to 12000X on average. Coverage of ≥20X was obtained for all targets in 870 (72%) slides overall. Mono-resistance (5.9%), multi-drug resistance (1.8%), and poly-resistance (2.4%) mutation profiles were detected in 10% of slides overall, and in over 32% of retreatment and follow-up cases. Conclusion: This rapid AFB smear DNA-based method for determining drug resistance may be useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Published: 2020

49. Parameter Optimization Of Injectable Polycaprolactone Microspheres Containing Curcumin Using Response Surface Methodology

Author: Anwesha Barik, Indra Neil Choudhury, and Nishant Chakravorty
Subjects: Materials science, Curcumin, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Polyesters, Kinetics, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Interaction, 01 natural sciences, Microspheres, 0104 chemical sciences, Microsphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Delivery Systems, Pulmonary surfactant, chemistry, Delayed-Action Preparations, Drug delivery, Polycaprolactone, Response surface methodology, Particle Size, 0210 nano-technology, Biological system
Abstract: The achievement of desirable pharmacokinetic parameters from particulate drug delivery systems are dependent on the physical characteristics of the systems namely, particle dimension, loading of therapeutic agent, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release kinetics. This study aimed to evaluate the main and interaction effects of the formulation variables on those physical characteristics and also to optimize the best combination of the variables to formulate small size particles with high encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that all the process variables (amount of polycaprolactone and stirring speed) except the amount of surfactant contributed significantly to the parameters previously mentioned. The best optimized formulation was experimentally validated for the closeness to the theoretical estimates.
Published: 2018

50. Development of a High-Throughput Cul3-Keap1 Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) Assay for Identifying Nrf2 Activators

Author: Hu Li, Hongwei Qi, Brian Donovan, Ming Jiang, Derek D. Poore, Zining Wu, Michael Fischer, Subhas J. Chakravorty, Lawrence Wolfe, Thomas D. Sweitzer, and Glenn A. Hofmann
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, High-throughput screening, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Imidazole, Potency, Humans, Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1, 010405 organic chemistry, Temperature, Signal transducing adaptor protein, respiratory system, Cullin Proteins, KEAP1, 0104 chemical sciences, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Kinetics, 030104 developmental biology, Förster resonance energy transfer, HEK293 Cells, chemistry, Ubiquitin ligase complex, Biophysics, Molecular Medicine, Time-resolved spectroscopy, Biotechnology, Protein Binding
Abstract: Nrf2, a master regulator of the phase II gene response to stress, is kept at low concentrations in the cell through binding to Keap1, an adaptor protein for the Cul3 ubiquitin ligase complex. To identify Nrf2 activators, two separate time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assays were developed to monitor the binding of Nrf2-Keap1 and Cul3-Keap1, respectively. The triterpenoid, 1-[2-cyano-3-,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl] imidazole (CDDO-Im) and its analogs, exhibited approximately 100-fold better potency in the Cul3-Keap1 assay than in the Nrf2-Keap1 assay, and this difference was more profound at 37 °C than at room temperature in the Nrf2-Keap1 assay, but this phenomenon was not observed in the Cul3-Keap1 assay. A full diversity screen of approximately 2,200,000 GSK compounds was run with the Cul3-Keap1 TR-FRET assay and multiple chemical series were identified and characterized.
Published: 2018

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