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In 3-month bone marrow transplants of CBA mice from bone marrow donors receiving single injections of TLR-4 ligand (LPS) or NOD-2 ligand (muramyl dipeptide, MDP) 24 h before transplantation, an increase in the total number of MSCs (by 2.6 and 1.9 times, respectively), as well as a slight increase in the number of nuclear cells and the mass of bone capsules (by 1.3 and 1.2 times) were observed. After combined administration of MDР and LPS to donors, the total content of MSCs in the grafts was higher by 1.6 times in comparison with the total result of their isolated administration (and by 7.2 times in comparison with the control). At the same time, the concentration of osteogenic MSCs in the grafts of all groups was almost the same and corresponded to the control level. The number of nuclear cells and the mass of bone capsules of the grafts after combined administration of LPS and MDP were close (~80%) to the sum of the results of their isolated administration. These findings suggest that activation of the stromal tissue and the success of bone marrow transplantation depend on the intensity of innate immune responses. These data can be useful for the development of optimal methods of tissue transplantation.

The bacterial archetypal adaptive immune system, CRISPR-Cas, is thought to be repressed in the best-studied bacterium,Escherichia coliK-12. We show here that theE. coliCRISPR-Cas system is active and serves to inhibit its nine defective (i.e., cryptic) prophages. Specifically, compared to the wild-type strain, reducing the amounts of specific interfering RNAs (crRNA) decreases growth by 40%, increases cell death by 700%, and prevents persister cell resuscitation. Similar results were obtained by inactivating CRISPR-Cas by deleting the entire 13 spacer region (CRISPR array); hence, CRISPR-Cas serves to inhibit the remaining deleterious effects of these cryptic prophages, most likely through CRISPR array-derived crRNA binding to cryptic prophage mRNA, rather than through cleavage of cryptic prophage DNA; i.e., self-targeting. Consistently, four of the 13E. colispacers contain complementary regions to the mRNA sequences of seven cryptic prophages, and inactivation of CRISPR-Cas increases the level of mRNA for lysis protein YdfD of cryptic prophage Qin and lysis protein RzoD of cryptic prophage DLP-12. Also, lysis is clearly seen via transmission electron microscopy when the whole CRISPR-Cas array is deleted, and eliminating spacer #12, which encodes crRNA with complementary regions for DLP-12 (includingrzoD), Rac, Qin (includingydfD), and CP4-57 cryptic prophages, also results in growth inhibition and cell lysis. Therefore, we report the novel results that (i) CRISPR-Cas is active inE. coliand (ii) CRISPR-Cas is used to tame cryptic prophages, likely through RNAi; i.e., unlike with active lysogens, active CRISPR-Cas and cryptic prophages may stably co-exist.

Aim. Study the effect of a study video, which was created by researchers and devoted to the atherosclerosis development and the effect of statin therapy on atherosclerotic plaque, on adherence to long-term therapy in patients with high or very high risk of cardiovascular complications.Material and methods. 120 patients admitted to hospital with cardiovascular diseases were included in the study. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: in the main group (n=60), the information video edited by the researchers was shown to patients on the eve of discharge, in addition to a printed brochure on lifestyle and diet modification, and in the control group (n=60), patients were given only a standard brochure. The motivating video shows the damage to the cardiovascular system by the atherosclerotic process and the beneficial effect on the body of constant intake of statins. After 1 and 3 months after discharge from the hospital, telephone calls were made, after which the patients had to visit the center for an objective examination by a researcher and control of laboratory parameters. After 1 month, 110 patients visited the center, after 3 months, 98 respondents visited the center.Results. The group with the information video demonstration noted more frequent adherence to medical recommendations compared to the control: after 1 month, 52 (96%) patients continued treatment versus 48 (86%) patients, 3 months after discharge 48 (96%) patients continued treatment versus 38 (79%) patients (pConclusion. Demonstration of a motivating video about the effect of statins on the atherosclerosis course increases patient adherence to medicinal therapy, including adherence to statins.

One of the important components of the antioxidant defense system is the glutathione system, the activity of which, when overweight, changes direction depending on gender and ethnicity. The results of studies involving overweight menopausal women are mixed. The study involved 61 postmenopausal women, who, after clinical and anamnestic examination, were divided into 2 groups: control (BMI = 19-24.9 kg / m2) and overweight group (BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m2). The use of hormone replacement therapy; the use of antioxidant drugs; diseases of endocrine genesis; exacerbation of chronic diseases; premature early menopause; surgical menopause was the exclusion criteria for women from the study. The lipid profile parameters with the calculation of the atherogenic coefficient; reduced and oxidized glutathione levels with the calculation of their ratio, the glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities were determined in the blood. Overweight women showed an increase in the triacylglycerols (p = 0.041) and cholesterol in very low density lipoproteins levels (p = 0.044). When assessing the glutathione system activity in women of the main group, compared with the control, an increase in the glutathione-S-transferase (p = 0.023) and glutathione reductase (p = 0.022) activities was noted, however, the reduced and oxidized glutathione levels, as well as their ratio did not differ from the control values. The results obtained indicate the activation of the glutathione system enzymatic link in response to changes in lipid status in postmenopausal women with overweight.

The content of carbonyl compounds (methylglyoxal and TBA-reactive substances) and components of the glutathione system (activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes, content of oxidized and reduced glutathione) and their interrelationships were studied in men of young reproductive age with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the stages of normo- and microalbuminuria. In patients with normoalbuminuria, the level of methylglyoxal, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and glutathione reductase activity were increased and the content of TBA-reactive substances was decreased. In the group with microalbuminuria, an increase in content of methylglyoxal and activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes relative to the control values were observed; the content of TBA-reactive substances was increased and glutathione reductase activity was decreased relative to the group with normoalbuminuria. In patients with microalbuminuria, a strong correlation between the mean glomerular filtration rate and the blood level of methylglyoxal was revealed.

This paper studies the characteristics of the kinetic interaction of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) from Thielavia terrestris (TtLPMO), Penicillium verruculosum (PvLPMO), and Trichoderma reesei (TrLPMO) with purified cellobiohydrolases (CBH I and CBH II) and endoglucanase II (EG II) of P. verruculosum during the enzymatic destruction of microcrystalline (Avicel) and amorphous cellulose. TtLPMO belongs to the C1-type of LPMOs, while PvLPMO and TrLPMO are of the mixed C1/C4-type, according to the generally accepted classification of this class of oxidases. Under the action of any of the three LPMO together with CBH II or EG II on Avicel or amorphous cellulose, respectively, the enzymes displayed synergism, which was manifested in an increase in the yield of reducing sugars (RS). The synergism was expressed to the greatest extent in the initial reaction period. The mixtures of PvLPMO and TrLPMO with CBH I also demonstrated synergism on Avicel as a substrate, while TtLPMO, on the contrary, had an inhibitory effect on RS formation from cellulose with CBH I. The observed synergism and antagonism between LPMOs and CBH II/CBH I can be explained in terms of a simple kinetic scheme, in which the first enzyme forms additional ends of polysaccharide molecules that serve as a substrate or inhibitor for the second enzyme.

Ti3SiC2 was synthesized by hot pressing at 1400°С for 15 and 30 min at a pressure of 30 MPa from powder mixtures, mainly from Ti/Si/TiC and Ti/TiSi2/TiC. The amount of the Ti3SiC2 phase synthesized from these mixtures was 94.0 and 95.9 vol %, respectively (1400°С, 30 min). The Ti3SiC2 phase crystallized as elongated grains. The effect of the hot pressing time on the formation of the Ti3SiC2 phase from the starting Ti/Si/TiC powders was determined. The final products contained titanium carbide and a small amount of silicon carbide as intermediate phases (for composites containing the starting silicon carbide powders). An excess of silicon leads to the formation of the largest amount of the Ti3SiC2 phase.

Lithium-thionyl chloride battery voltage is practically not changing during the discharge process and drops sharply being completely discharged. In this regard, the problem of non-destructive quality control of the chemical current sources (first of all, the discharge degree) before installation thereof in the equipment becomes of particular importance. Microcalorimetric studies make it possible to rather correctly determine the current source internal self-discharge rate, predict the LCCS shelf life and its performance term. However, the heat release absolute value in current sources with sufficient storability, i.e., with low self-discharge, is very small; therefore, it is necessary to use sensitive, stationary and large-sized equipment. This makes such diagnostics impossible when operating in the stand-alone conditions. The impedance spectroscopy method could be proposed to solve this problem. However, satisfactory results are only obtained in the 0--70 % residual capacitance range. Determination of residual capacitance in the 70--100 % range appears to be rather difficult due to the absence of noticeable alteration in the informative parameter within the limits of its absolute deviation from the mean value. In this regard, it looks advisable to use noise spectroscopy as a physically independent method in diagnosing the state of chemical current sources to expand the residual capacitance diagnostics range to the 70--100 % domain, as well as to increase reliability of the chemical current source diagnostic estimate in the range of 50--70 %. Results of the electrochemical noise measurement analysis confirm promising application of the noise spectroscopy method in estimating current state of the primary chemical current sources in their low discharge domains

The effect of silicon carbide (10 – 40 wt.%) on the physicomechanical and electrophysical characteristics of composites was considered. The effect of an additive on the radio absorption capacity of the material was determined by measuring the coefficients of absorption, transmission, and reflection of electromagnetic radiation as well as the dielectric constant of the material. It was found that introducing 30 wt.% silicon carbide into the composition increases the strength in compression to 2.4 MPa due to the reinforcing role of silicon carbide needle crystals. The additional dielectric losses and the average pore size of the composite on introduction of 30% silicon carbide afford an absorption coefficient of electromagnetic radiation from 95 to 98% in the frequency range 120 – 250 GHz. The results of this work expand the areas of application of porous glass composites as well as the raw material base for obtaining the material.

An unprecedented self-organization of three molecules of acetylene, two molecules of o-halo arylamine, and one molecule of water to 1-acetyl-1,3-bis(haloarylamines) in the KOH/DMSO system has been discovered. These high-value 1,3-bis(arylamines) are capable of acting as efficient "platform molecules" to provide one-pot access to hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]indoles, 3-haloarylamino-pyrrolidines, benzyliden piperidinols, and other functionalized diamines.

A method for the preparation of polycondensed chromeno[2,3-b]chromenes was developed based on the formal [3+3] cycloaddition reaction between 1H-benzo[f]chromene-2-carbaldehydes and 2-naphthols. In the case of resorcinol, the bisannulation product formed with the participation of both hydroxy groups was isolated.

A method for obtaining perchlorinated di-S,S-substituted derivatives of the closo-decaborate anion with various alkyl groups has been developed: [B10Cl9SR2]- (R= i-C3H7, n-C3H7, n-C4H9, n-C8H17, n-C12H25, n-C18H37, CH2Ph, and cyclo-S(CH2)4). The method is based on the preparation of the sulfonium-substituted anion [B10H9SR2]- by alkylation of the anion [B10H9SH]2- with bromoalkanes (i-C3H7Br, n-C3H7Br, n-C4H9Br, n-C8H17Br, n-C12H25Br, n-C18H37Br, PhCH2Br, and BrCH2(CH2)2CH2Br) followed by the cluster chlorination with sulfuryl chloride SO2Cl2 in acetonitrile. The process proceeds until the hydrogen atoms in the boron cluster are completely replaced with chlorine and completes within 60 h. It has been found that the melting point of salts ((C4H9)4N)[B10Cl9SR2] (R= i-C3H7, n-C3H7, n-C4H9, n-C8H17, n-C12H25, and n-C18H37) strongly depends on the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the substituent R.

The mechanism of aldol condensation of ketones in KOH/DMSO superbasic media has been investigated using the B2PLYP(D2)/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-31+G* quantum-chemical approach. It is found that the interaction of three ketone molecules resulting in the formation of the cyclohex-2-enone structure [isophorone or 3,5-dicyclohexyl-5-methylspiro(5.5)undec-2-en-1-one] is thermodynamically more favorable than the interaction of two, three, or four molecules of ketone, resulting in the formation of linear products of the condensation. The formation of the condensation products with the isophorone skeleton can significantly hinder the cascade reactions of ketones with acetylenes [to afford 6,8-dioxabicyclo(3.2.1)octanes or acylcyclopentenols] promoted by superbases. In particular, the kinetically more preferable reactions of autovinylation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and autocondensation of acetone are the reasons why interaction of acetone with acetylene does not lead to the products of the cascade assemblies. The predominant formation of the products of these side reactions is confirmed experimentally.

Reactions of transesterification of dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl carbonates with 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoroethyl-, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorobutyl- and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecafluorohexyl-carbinols were investigated in the presence of various catalysts. It was found that the conversion of starting dialkyl carbonate increases upon increasing the length of fluorine-containing radical in the presence of sodium alkoxide. It was shown that the maximum conversion of dimethyl carbonate (90%) was achieved in its reaction with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentan-1-ol upon using catalysts such as K2CO3, NaOH, and sodium alkoxide. To achieve similar values of the conversion, Ti(OEt)4 and Ti(OiPr)4 should be used in the cases of diethyl and dibutyl carbonates, respectively.

—An increase in the level of ROS during the prenatal period, which is associated with active differentiation of cells, leads to the formation of dose-dependent teratogenic effects. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the duration of stress experienced by pregnant female rats in the third trimester with the degree of shift of free radical homeostasis in blood plasma and at different levels of the central nervous system. We analyzed changes in the level of activity of superoxide dismutase, changes in the products of lipid peroxidation and changes in oxidative modification of proteins in homogenates of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord of prenatally stressed sexually mature male outbred white rats. To this aim, their dams from 16 to 19 days of pregnancy were exposed daily to immobilization stress in plastic cases for one or three hours. Females of the control groups were kept in standard vivarium conditions with free access to food and water. Prenatal stress influenced the free radical homeostasis of all the CNS regions studied in 90-day-old male rats. More significant effects were observed after 3 hours of immobilization. The offspring of stressed mothers were characterized by more pronounced shifts in free radical balance. As a result of one-hour of daily immobilization from 16 to 19 days of pregnancy, we observed an increase in the indices of oxidative modification of the protein and lipid components in the mature offspring of stressed mothers, while the consequences of three-hour-long prenatal immobilization, on the contrary, are characterized by a decrease in the studied indices of free radical oxidation products and an increase in SOD activity. Regardless of the duration of exposure, the most pronounced shifts in the studied parameters of free radical homeostasis were in the hypothalamic region.

The study of the molecular mechanisms involved in adolescent obesity formation is important due to the severe and prolonged complications in adulthood. Here, we analyzed the lipid metabolism and peroxidation systems and the relationships between them in girls with constitutional obesity. Thirty-nine adolescent girls 14–16 age with constitutional obesity and twenty-six girls with a normal body mass index (control group) of the same age were examined. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric research methods were used. Constitutional obesity in adolescent girls is accompanied by the development of dyslipidemia (increased concentrations of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and very-low-density lipoproteins), as well as by reduced antioxidant defense components (total antioxidant activity, retinol, and the oxidized form of glutathione). In addition, adolescent girls with constitutional obesity had an increased number of correlations in the lipid peroxidation–antioxidant defense system and intersystem correlations, which indicates the insufficient activity of the antioxidant defense system. These results increase our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in adolescent.

Heterologous endo-xanthanase (EX) from the thermophilic planktomycete Thermogutta terrifontis strain was obtained using Penicillium verruculosum 537 (ΔniaD) expression system with the cellobiohydrolase 1 gene promoter. Homogeneous EX with a molecular weight of 23.7 kDa (pI 6.5) was isolated using liquid chromatography methods. This xanthan degrading enzyme also possesses the enzymatic activity towards CM-cellulose, β-glucan, curdlan, lichenan, laminarin, galactomannan, xyloglucan but not towards p-nitrophenyl derivatives of β-D-glucose, mannose and cellobiose. The temperature and pH optima of EX were 55°C and 4.0, respectively; the enzyme exhibited 90% of its maximum activity in the temperature range 50-60°C and pH 3-5.

Dried stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) were used as objects of research. We studied the leaves of stevia varieties Ramon sweetener grown in the Penza region, the leaves of stevia varieties Ramon sweetener grown in the Tver region, Krasnodar region, the Republic of Crimea, as well as imported raw stevia from India and Paraguay. The purpose of this work is a comparative study of the amino acid composition of raw stevia grown in different conditions. The amino acid composition of stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) was revealed by capillary electrophoresis.13 amino acids were identified, of which eight are "essential" (lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine). The proportion of essential amino acids in stevia raw materials ranged from 2.99 to 4.64%. The content of interchangeable acids was: tyrosine from 0.24% to 0.36%, Proline from 0.44 to 0.68%, serine from 0.77 to 1.03%, alanine from 0.48 to 0.83%, glycine from 0.40 to 0.68%. The total amount of amino acids detected is higher in the Ramon sweetener variety grown in the Penza region (9.52%) compared to other samples, the lowest amount is found in stevia grown in Paraguay (6.46%). The results obtained indicate the prospects for further studies of the amino acid composition of Stevia rebaudiana and can characterize this species as a source of valuable medicinal substances with a wide range of pharmacological activity.

Pr1 – xSrxFe0.8Co0.2O3 (PSFC) (x = 0.3, 0.4) materials and composites based on them are thought to be promising cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. The PSFC powders with micron-sized particles were prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Zr0.84Y0.16O2 – δ (YSZ) and Ce0.73Gd0.27O2 – δ (GDC) nanopowders were used as a second component of the composites. It was found that at 1000°C PSFC reacts with the YSZ electrolyte to form SrZrO3, whereas there is no chemical interaction with GDC even at 1200°C. The electrical conductivity of the PSFC with x = 0.4 has been shown to be more than twice that of the material with x = 0.3. Herewith the increase of the Sr concentration in the PSFC leads to an increase of its thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), which exceeds that of GDC. The formation of PSFC/GDC composites makes it possible to achieve a better match in thermal expansion and sintering kinetics between the cathode and electrolyte materials. However, the electrical conductivity of the studied composites is a factor of 2–5 lower than that of the initial PSFC materials.

The study of adolescent obesity and pathogenic factors of its development is getting more and more important as the disease aggravates in adulthood. The serious progress in the study of the pathogenesis of this process can be achieved by analyzing the molecular mechanisms of the obesity development in childhood and adolescence. An individual approach to the diagnosis and treatment of obesity includes various factors, including the patient’s nationality. In recent decades there is an increase in the incidence of obesity among the representatives of the Mongoloid race, which is not characteristic of this racial group. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyze the state of lipid metabolism and the level of antioxidant components in the Buryat girls with exogenous constitutional obesity of the 1st degree. The authors examined 44 girls with exogenous constitutional obesity of the 1st degree and 48 practically healthy adolescent girls (comparison group) of the same age. All the girls belonged to the Buryat ethnic group. They used spectrophotometric and fluorometric research methods. The study revealed that exogenous constitutional obesity in adolescent girls is accompanied by the development of dyslipidemia (increased concentrations of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, an increase in the atherogenic coefficient, a decreased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol), as well as a deficiency of antioxidant defense components (decreased levels α-tocopherol, retinol, activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase). These results expand the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of adolescent obesity and develop individual approaches to the treatment of this condition.

Gas chromatography was used to study changes in the fatty-acid (FA) profile of the liver and brain lipids in six groups of mice that received nanoliposomal complexes of different compositions added to drinks that replaced water in a long-term diet (3 months). The components of the six nanoliposomal types included clove essential oil (CEO), fish oil (FO), and sodium caseinate (Na-Cas), along with phosphatidylcholine (PC). It was found that compound nanoliposomal complexes that contain both essential polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) and CEO natural antioxidant, along with Na-Cas food protein, can modify the liver and brain lipid profiles and increase the amount of decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while considerably reducing the Σ omega-6/Σ omega-3 PUFA ratio. Such changes may increase resistance to inflammatory processes and reduce the risk of cancer and neuropsychiatric diseases. The obtained data may be used to develop new PUFA delivery systems based on PC liposomes.

The paper shows that natural α,ω-dioic acid, α,ω-hexadecanedioic acid (HDA), is able to stimulate the respiration of succinate-fueled rat liver mitochondria in state 4 without induction of proton conductivity of the inner membrane. This effect of HDA is less pronounced in glutamate/malate-fueled mitochondria, as well as in the case of ascorbate/TMPD or ascorbate/ferrocyanide substrate systems, which transfer electrons directly to cytochrome c. It is noted that HDA-induced stimulation of respiration is not associated with damage to the inner membrane in a part of mitochondria and with shunting of electrons through the bc1 complex. Therefore, HDA can be considered as a natural decoupling agent. Specific inhibitors of the bc1 complex (antimycin A and myxothiazole) as well as malonate and dithionitrobenzoate were used in the inhibitory analysis. These and other experiments have shown that during the oxidation of succinate in liver mitochondria, the decoupling effect of HDA is mainly carried out at the level of the bc1 complex. We hypothesized that HDA is capable of promoting the cyclic transport of protons within the bc1 complex and thus switch this complex to the idle mode of operation (intrinsic uncoupling of the bc1 complex). Induction of free respiration in liver mitochondria by HDA at the level of the bc1 complex is considered as one of the "rescue pathways" of hepatocytes in various pathological conditions, accompanied by disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and increased oxidative stress.

Purpose of this work is to elaborate operational and reliable method for ensuring non-destructive control over primary lithium-thionyl-chloride chemical current sources (LCCS) using the impedance spectroscopy. Results and conclusions presented in this work are based on a series of experimental studies. Result reliability was experimentally proven on models and samples with known characteristics. Mathematical apparatus used in processing experimental data using the Fourier transforms allows obtaining information on impedance in a wide frequency range based on results of a single experiment and prompt calculating its main parameters (impedance imaginary value at the hodograph extreme point, its frequency, high-frequency resistance and phase). Ways to reduce the passive film influence, which is appearing on the lithium electrode during storage and operation, on the impedance characteristics are shown. Based on the electrochemical impedance spectra analysis, most informative frequency ranges were determined, and correlates were found connecting the impedance characteristics with the investigated current source state. It is proposed to use the phase angle value measured at the impedance hodograph extreme point as a correlate allowing to estimate the LCCS residual capacitance. It was determined that in assessing the LCCS discharge degree in the range of 0--70 % residual capacity, results of impedance spectroscopy are being quite informative

This review examines the variability of the glutathione system in sleep pathologies. Modern sleep theory assumes a restorative sleep function, including active utilization of oxidants and protection from excessive oxidation. In this review article, we conducted an analysis of domestic and foreign literature and summarized data relating aspects of the functioning of the glutathione system in somnological disorders. Various authors have established systemic oxidative stress in insomnia due to reduced activity of glutathione peroxidase. Also, oxidative stress in insomnia is observed in certain areas of the brain due to a decrease in glutathione levels in them. Studies of the functioning of the glutathione system genes in insomnia, whose polymorphisms may include alleles that inhibit oxidation, are arousing interest. An alternative pattern of changes is observed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The apnea stage affects the indicators of the glutathione system. The values of the glutathione system indicators increase with mild to moderate apnea. This is an adaptive response mechanism. Also, the development of oxidative stress in apnea, which leads to disorders in the glutathione system, is cyclical. As a result, people with apnea do not have sufficient replenishment of the components of the glutathione system during sleep. The existing modification does not allow to fully respond to the intensification of peroxide processes and to restrain the activation of excessive oxidation.

The paper focuses on the analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti alloy VT8М-1 (Ti-5.3Al-4.0Mo-1.2Zr-1.3Sn-0.2Si) in an ultrafine-grained (UFG) state subjected to a long-term annealing at a service temperature of (≤ 450°С). A rotary swaging (RS) was used to process an UFG state in the material. The precipitation of disperse silicides of S2 was observed after the deformation by RS. It has been shown that the UFG alloy retained its high level of thermal stability and enhanced mechanical properties after long-term annealing up to 500 hours. The role of disperse silicides in both strengthening and stability of mechanical properties in the alloy after long-term annealing is discussed.

In modern society, distress has become a widespread condition that negatively affects the functioning of all systems of the human organism. The study of biological mechanisms and changes in the organism under the influence of stress, as well as methods of their leveling, are relevant in medicine, animal science and veterinary medicine. Pigs are an excellent biological model that is closest to humans. The aim of the research was to study the hematological and biochemical parameters of pigs out of and under stress, including against the background of daily consumption of the flavonoid dihydroquercetin (DHQ) with feed. Material and methods. The research was conducted in the experimental yard of the L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry on 3 groups of pigs [F2 hybrid (large white×Landrace)×Duroc] with an initial body weight of 30-35 kg (n=27). Group 1K consisted of control animals not exposed to stress (n=9); group 2K - control animals subjected to simulated stress by the rearrangement of animals (n=9); group 3O - experimental animals subjected to simulated stress and fed throughout the entire experiment DHQ (32 mg per 1 kg of feed) (n=9). On days 0, 42, and 76, blood was collected from the animals and their hematological and biochemical parameters were studied using conventional methods. Results. The positive effect of using DHQ in pigs' nutrition on enhancing the oxidizing function of blood, metabolic intensity, and increasing the endurance of animals under stress conditions has been manifested in maintaining leukocyte level with a higher content of erythrocytes and hematocrit. In animals fed DHQ, alanine aminotransferase activity was lower than in animals not receiving DHQ. Stress led to a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in group 2K on the 46th day, which was not observed in animals treated with DHQ. Conclusion. Long-term intake DHQ (up to 72 days inclusive) against the background of stress contributed to the preservation of blood values at the control level (without stress), within the physiological norm.

In various pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, the cellular redox balance can be disturbed and these alterations may persist even after blood glucose levels have returned to normal. Antioxidant therapies, including α-lipoic acid, are widely used to treat various systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to measure the lipid metabolism parameters, as well as the activity of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense reactions, in men with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) during treatment with α-lipoic acid. Twenty-four reproductive-age T1DM males with an unsatisfactory glycemic profile were examined. Twenty-eight practically healthy men of similar age were used as the control group. Spectrophotometric, fluorometric, and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods were used. T1DM was characterized by increased values of lipid metabolism components, including total cholesterol, triacylglycerides (TG), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). In the lipid peroxidation system, increased levels of the primary products (conjugated dienes), secondary products (thiobarbituric acid reactants), and final products (Schiff bases) were observed in T1DM patients compared to the control group. Retinol values were also increased. After treatment, there was a decrease in TG, VLDL, and Schiff bases levels and an increase in the retinol level compared to before treatment. These results expand our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of T1DM and suggest that α-LA treatment may be beneficial for type 1 diabetics.

A comparative study of the influence of lactic acid bacteria and their consortium with yeast on the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi has been carried out. It was revealed that the proposed composition of probiotic microbial species has fungistatic activity and strongly pronounced fungicidal activity against mold micromycetes and phytopathogenic fungi, respectively. The consortium effectiveness in suppressing both bacteria and filamentous fungi exceeds that of the corresponding monocultures. Analysis of wheat seeds for the presence of fungi by germination in a humid chamber and on nutrient media showed that the association of a 3-day culture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast at a dilution of 1:100 significantly reduced the infection of plant material. The ability to suppress opportunistic and phytopathogenic microorganisms is explained by the presence in the microbial consortium culture liquid of metabolites with bactericidal and fungicidal properties: squalene, dimethyl fumarate, capric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, caprylic acid, fumaric acid, butyric acid, decanol, butanol, pentanol and β-phenylethanol. Key words: lactic acid bacteria, consortium of microorganisms, antagonistic activity, phytopathogens, bacteria pathogenic for humans

The development of thermolabile substance carriers with a variable shape, size, and release kinetics is one of the most difficult goals of the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we propose to use the two-step combination of two-photon polymerization (2PP) and micromolding techniques to fabricate particles of a preset shape and size from star-shaped methacrylate functionalized poly(D,L)-lactides. Using a 2PP set-up, we fabricated an E-Shell cube-patterned matrix used to prepare a silicon mold. Then this mold was filled with functionalized poly(D,L)-lactides mixed with 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone as a photoinitiator and exposed to UV irradiation to crosslink particles which were further easily detached. The study revealed that the arm length of the functionalized polylactides caused differences in the mechanical properties and surface topography of the fabricated particles that determined their degradation rate, drug loading and release. Using the arm length as a structure parameter, one can prepare tailored polylactide particles with controllable substance release.

Vacuoles and leucoplasts were isolated from red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) taproots and compared in terms of ascorbic acid concentration and ascorbate oxidase (AO) activity. The total amount of ascorbic acid (AAtot) was greater in vacuoles than in the plastids. The content of oxidized form of ascorbic acid, i.e., dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), was also higher in vacuoles than in the leucoplasts. However, the content ratios of reduced ascorbic acid (AA) to its oxidized form (AA : DHA) were similar in vacuoles and leucoplasts. The studied organelles displayed a relatively high AO activity. The oxidation of AA was catalyzed by ascorbate oxidase in vacuoles, whereas it was mediated by ascorbate oxidase and polyphenol oxidase in leucoplasts. The oxidases catalyzing AA oxidation are presumed to regulate the redox state of ascorbic acid in these organelles.

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin, a stilbene derivative, whose physiological activities have been studied in a large number of studies. It demonstrated antioxidant, antitumor, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. In the last decade, much attention was paid to the development of resveratrol derivatives with the goal of improving its pharmacological profile and pharmacokinetics. Part 1 of the review is devoted to resveratrol synthetic analogs obtained by the replacement one or two phenyl moieties of the stilbene backbone with bioisosteric heterocyclic fragments. Attention was focused on the methods of synthesis of resveratrol analogs and their biological activity.

In this research and development, the extrusion method was used to obtain polyethylene films containing 0.1–1.5 wt % n-SiC and n-Si nanoparticles obtained by the plasma chemical method. Using the spectral analysis method, it was found that the films obtained absorb UV radiation in the range of 200–400 nm, which is harmful to organic matter. The method of X-ray structural analysis was used to determine the average size of particles and the quality of their dispersion in the films. Differential scanning calorimetry and physicomechanical tests have shown that nanoparticles do not affect the formation of the internal structure of the polyethylene (PE) matrix. The degree of crystallinity, melting point, and crystallization point remain unchanged. The properties of the surface of the films, studied by tribological and triboelectric methods and determination of the contact angle, remain constant and do not differ from the properties of PE films with a nanoparticle content from 0.1 to 1%. At 1.5% nSiC content, a change in the surface microrelief is diagnosed, leading to a small increase in the film friction coefficient. The polyethylene films filled with n-SiC and n-Si obtained in this work are recommended for use as UV protective coatings for various purposes.

The dynamics of synthesis and accumulation of protoporphyrin IX induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy in three established cell lines: immortalized cells originated from human tumor tissues—epithelial carcinoma (HeLa cells) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549 cells)—and immortalized fibroblast-like mouse embryo cells (3T3 line). The accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in cell cultures was estimated by analyzing the intensity of its fluorescence. The dynamics of changes in the fluorescence intensity with the cell incubation duration in the presence of 5-ALA and with the 5-ALA concentration was studied.

Relevance. The use of certain single or mixed cultures of lactic acid microorganisms and the mandatory control of the fermentation process of white cabbage are of great importance to ensure that the product is of stable quality without the need for any chemical preservatives or harsh processing conditions. Carbohydrates contained in raw materials play an important role in this process, since carbohydrates are the main source of maintaining the viability of lactic acid microorganisms. By adjusting the carbohydrate component of raw materials at different stages of fermentation, it is possible to maintain a high titer of microorganisms, while obtaining not only a high-quality product, but also giving it, along with prebiotic (a source of fiber) and probiotic properties. Materials and methods. The purpose of this research work was to ensure the direction of the biotechnological process in the direction of stabilization of the concentration of functional microflora (starting systems of lactic acid microorganisms), under the influence of introduced carbohydrate nutrients. In this work, we studied two fermentation systems of microorganisms that are fundamental microorganisms in the fermentation of cabbage, namely, systems consisting of a pre-fermentation culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and one of the cultures of lactobacilli: Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus brevis. The study used the usual microbiological method for determining the number of microorganisms by seeding in an agarized culture medium, as well as processing experimental data. Results. As a result, we found that the introduction of a carbohydrate Supplement allows us to stabilize the dynamics of changes in the concentration of the studied starting systems at the same initial level throughout the main stage of fermentation.

В работе представлены результаты исследований диэлектрических свойств, процессов переключения и доменной структуры ниобийсодержащих кристаллов титаната бария. Показано, что существенную роль в поведении доменной структуры кристаллов BaTiO:Nb : Nb играет примесь ниобия Nb, ионы которого замещают Ti и изменяют ионный состав решетки. При изменении температуры со скоростью порядка 0,3 К⋅с механически свободных кристаллов BaTiO : Nb в отсутствие внешних электрических полей, процессы перестройки доменной структуры происходят под воздействием внутренних термоупругих напряжений ~ 0,7 МПа и деполяризующих полей ~ 20 кВ-м. This paper reports the results of investigations of dielectric properties, switching processes and the domain structure of niobium-containing barium titanate crystals. It was shown that an impurity of niobium Nb, whose ions replace Ti and change the ionic composition of the lattice, is important for behavior of the domain structure of BaTiO: Nb crystals. At a change in temperature (0,3 К⋅с ) a transformation of the domain structure occurs in the BaTiO: Nb crystals under the influence of the internal thermoelastic stresses ~ 0,7 MPa and the depolarizing fields ~ 20 kV/m.

A new material of strontium tetraaquad[N, N'-bis(salicylidene)semicarbazidatocobalt(II)] dihydrate (I) with the following composition: Sr[CoL'(Н2О)2]22Н2О, where H3L = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)semicarbazide was synthesized. The molar mass of the extracted and dehydrated complex compound Sr[Co (C15H14N3O5)]2 is 838.07 g/mol, and the number of valence electrons in one molecule is 256. A cylindrical sample with a mass of 0.09 g and a volume of 17.67∙10-9 m3 was utilized for experimental studies. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations for the main physical parameters of the synthesized material were performed. Such quantities were calculated: the substance density, the molecule mass, the number of molecules in the test cylindrical sample, the number of valence electrons, the bandgap. Dependences of specific conductivity, current density, resistance, the Hall coefficient, and charge carrier concentration on temperature were obtained.

The risk assessment of mercury (Hg), in both wildlife and humans, represents an increasing challenge. Increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is a known Hg-induced toxic effect, which can be accentuated by other environmental pollutants and by complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Some epidemiological and experimental studies have investigated a possible correlation between brain tumors and heavy metals. Epigenetic modifications in brain tumors include aberrant activation of genes, hypomethylation of specific genes, changes in various histones, and CpG hypermethylation. Also, Hg can decrease the bioavailability of selenium and induce the generation of reactive oxygen that plays important roles in different pathological processes. Modification of of metals can induce excess ROS and cause lipid peroxidation, alteration of proteins, and DNA damage. In this review, we highlight the possible relationship between Hg exposure, epigenetic alterations, and brain tumors.

Aim To study the association between concentrations of endothelial dysfunction (ED) markers and arterial hypertension (AH) in people who were exposed to long-term action of “low-dose” ionizing radiation.Material and methods The study subjects were men of middle age (45–55 years) who were workers of the Siberian Integrated Chemical Plant with the length of service on the shop floor of at least 5 years. The subjects were divided into the main group (n=96) consisting of workers with grade 1-2 AH and the control group (n=48) consisting of arbitrarily healthy workers. Both groups contained workers who had been exposed to long-term occupational low-intensity irradiation (γ-radiation) and those not exposed to this irradiation. The study evaluated risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, presence of concomitant diseases, blood biochemistry (concentrations of glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, creatinine, and ED markers, including endothelin, angiotensin II, von Willebrand factor, C-type natriuretic peptide, tissue plasminogen activator, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and homocysteine, major clinical data, total dose of external irradiation, and the content of 239Pu in the body.Results AH was associated primarily with excessive body weight and severity of atherogenic dyslipidemia and homocysteinemia. Higher plasma concentrations of TNF-α and a tendency to increasing hsCRP in the AH group, as distinct from the control group of arbitrarily healthy men, indicated a proinflammatory shift. The ED markers were related with clinical data of AH patients and associated with the lipid profile and increased blood concentrations of inflammatory mediators. The radiation exposure did not change the ED marker array in AH patients, which did not allow recommendation of the studied plasma indexes for detection of vascular endothelial injury in workers with AH of the Siberian Integrated Chemical Plant.Conclusion The study results evidenced the absence of adverse effects of long-term occupational exposure to low-intensity radiation on the vascular endothelium as evaluated by ED markers. In men aged 45–55 years, AH was associated primarily with excessive body weight, homocysteinemia, and atherogenic dyslipidemia.

The distribution of saturated biomarker hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, isoprenanes, steranes, terpanes) in extracts of the soluble part and thermolysis products of the insoluble part of biomass of the Shewanella putrefaciens bacteria isolated from crude oil of the Dagang field and in the products of thermolysis of asphaltenes from the same oil have been studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The homologous series of C10–C36 n-alkanes and C11–C20 isoprenanes and squalene have been found among aliphatic hydrocarbons (HCs) in the extracts and the thermolysis products of the insoluble part. Various n-alkanes predominate in the extracts collected at different times, while the value of the pristane/phytane genetic index corresponds to marine organic matter (OM) in all the cases. Petroleum steranes and terpanes are found among cyclic biomarker hydrocarbons, the distribution of which in the thermolysis products of the insoluble part of the biomass is close to the petroleum distribution. The relative concentration of n-alkanes in the products of thermolysis of asphaltenes prevails over the relative concentration of isoprenanes. It has been assumed that the Shewanella putrefaciens biomass made a certain contribution to the formation of the biomarker hydrocarbons of the Dagang oil.

The addition of dihalocarbenes to 1H-benzo[f]chromenes and 4H-chromenes gave a number of dihalotetrahydro(benzo)cyclopropa[b]-chromenes containing donor and acceptor substituents at different positions. It was found that in the case of 1,3-disubstituted 1H-benzo[f]-chromenes, the reaction proceeds diastereoselectively with the formation of trans-isomers. 12H,13H-7a,12a-Methanobenzo[f]indeno-[1,2-b]chromene and 12,13-dihydro-14H-7a,13a-methanodibenzo[a,h]xanthene, representatives of new heterocyclic systems, were obtained.

Composition of phospholipids was examined in embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell lines of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.). Significant differences in the content and composition of phospholipids were revealed between the cell lines. Phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) were predominant phospholipids in embryogenic cell lines, whereas non-embryogenic cell lines featured a high content of phosphatidic acid (>64% of total phospholipids). The PC/PE ratio known to characterize the membrane structure and function was 1.4–3.8 times higher for embryogenic cell lines than for non-embryogenic lines; this was probably caused by the involvement of these phospholipids in tissue differentiation. The content of phosphatidylinositols differed significantly for embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell lines, where it equaled to 0.50–1.06 and 0.17–0.34 mg/g dry wt, respectively. The observed variations in the composition of phospholipids between the cell lines with different embryogenic potential provide evidence for the important role of these lipids in embryogenesis at the stage of embryo formation.

Results of studying the correlation dependence and ecological variability of grain quality features of 18 varieties of winter rye grown in 2014–2019 in a wide range of the weather factors are presented. The following features were studied: the water extract viscosity (WEV), the falling number (FN), the amilogram height (AH), shape stability of hearth bread (H/D), starch gelatinization temperature (T, °C), quality of pan bread’s crumb, bread volume, grain nature, weight of 1000 grains, and the content of protein and starch in grain. Coefficient of an ecological variation (CVе), phenotypical stability (SF), ecological plasticity bi, and coefficient of heritability H2 were calculated for each feature. It is shown that the level of quality of toppling and square loaf from rye was authentically defined by the amilogram height, falling number, temperature of starch gelatinization, and viscosity of water extract (r = 0.48–0.83). Amilogram height and falling number most strongly varied under the influence of weather conditions of the year. The Alfa variety with high FN and high-viscosity population GK-494HV had the best baking qualities. Low-viscosity population GK-614LV was steadily distinguished from the worst varieties. It is shown that the high potential of WEV is an important feature improving the baking properties of rye grain. The adaptive potential of GK-494HV and GK-614LV populations was compared. It resulted in a tenfold divergent selection on the basis of WEV. It is established that repeated divergent selection on WEV correlatively changed many features defining baking properties of rye grain. The trend towards decrease in ecological and phenotypical stability of the main (closely correlating) features of grain quality with a simultaneous increase in their ecological plasticity was a typical feature of the selection performed. At the same time, the ecological variation of features at minus selection increased stronger than at plus selection.

A cascade reaction of 4-hydroxythiocoumarin and 4Н-chromene-3-carbaldehydes was developed, consisting of Knoevenagel condensation and oxa-6π electrocyclization in the presence of ammonium acetate as catalyst. A series of polycyclic acetals containing a fused thiocoumarin moiety were obtained.

Recently, there has been a growing demand for healthy processed foods, such as comminuted or gel-type meat and fish products with reduced content of salt (sodium chloride), phosphate (sodium phosphate) and/or fat, while maintaining their texture and quality characteristics. As know, a high intake of dietary sodium is associated with cardiovascular diseases and strokes. On the other hand, high phosphate intake has a potential health risk, especially with regard to bone metabolism, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology has been recognized as a useful method for successfully reducing salt, phosphate and/or fat content in processed muscle products. The texture, yield and organoleptic properties of products are closely related to the structure and functionality of myofibrillar proteins (MP). Application of moderate high hydrostatic pressure at 100–200 MPa has been successfully used to increase the functionality of myofibrillar proteins by modifying the structure due to denaturation, solubilization, aggregation or gelation. The ability to reduce sodium content and achieve a high binding and water retention using this technology is an important task for the production of healthy food products.

Nanostructures with different mutual arrangement of phosphorus and titanium oxide groups were synthesized on the surface of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films using the molecular layering technology by treatment in a different predetermined sequence with TiCl4, POCl3 and H2O vapors. Based on the data of atomic force microscopy, differential thermal analysis, as well as the assessment of the energy characteristics of the surface by the value of the contact angle, it is shown that the sequence of formation of elemental oxide structures has a significant effect both on the chemical composition of surface nanostructures and on the surface morphology and thermal oxidation resistance of polyethylene. Depending on the sequence of introduction of additives, their concentration and ratio in grafted nanostructures change, surface energy increases by 30–50%, and the amounts of polar and dispersion components in its composition largely depend on the moisture content of the environment. It has been found that chemical modification with elemental oxide groups results in a smoothing of the matrix surface, and local destruction of the polymer is observed during the synthesis of two-component nanostructures. The presence of modifiers leads to an increase in the thermal-oxidative resistance of the composition by 50–110°, depending on its structure and composition, in comparison with the original LDPE. Therewith titanium is the most active inhibitor of polymer oxidation.