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Integrated interpretation of regional geochemical data and results of the numerical BM&PSM performed at the east part of the Sea of Azov and northeast part of the Black Sea reveal a correlation between the spatial distribution of light hydrocarbons in seabed sediments and investigated petroleum systems. The obtained results point out that the spatial distribution of gaseous hydrocarbons in marine sediments reflects the geological structure of sedimentary cover, and the maturity of petroleum systems, located within the basins. The origin of background levels and anomalies of light hydrocarbons was explained depending on the present-day petroleum system activity and the structure of overburden rocks.

Objective. To study the indicators of crack resistance of the demineralized enamel treated with combined infiltration method using the method of scratch testing. Materials and methods. To study the elastic-strength properties of the enamel in vitro , 24 intact teeth removed by orthodontic indications were used, on the vestibular surface of the crown of which, there was modelled an artificial caries of the enamel by the patented technology. A number of multilevel studies confirmed the formation of caries. Scratch testing was performed on the sections of the intact enamel; demineralized enamel infiltrated by light composite using the modified method with a four-minute regime of conditioning; enamel laminated with bioactive hybrid glass ionomer. Results. The developed model of artificial caries corresponded to the enamel in vivo . The critical load of the start of formation of the intact enamel microcracks (Lc1) was 9.82 ± 0.81 N; demineralized enamel – 6.34 ± 0.92 N; infiltrated by modified method – 8.23 ± 0.61 N; bioactive glass ionomer – 0.82 ± 0.17 N. The critical load of formation of the chevron cracks (Lc2) of the intact enamel was 18.21 ± 0.68 N; demineralized – 14.21 ± 1.35 N; after infiltration – 10.1 ± 0.30 N; in bioactive glass ionomer, no parameters were registered on all the tested samples. The critical load of formation of the intact enamel chips (Lc3) was 15.73 ± 0.73 N; demineralized enamel – 5.02 ± 0.64 N; after infiltration – 22.43 ± 0.44 N; bioactive covering – 2.21 ± 0.12 N. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the results of scratch testing of the enamel permitted to characterize the biomaterial from the position of physical material science, determine the critical loads of the start of forming microcracks, double-helical cracks, chips.

BACKGROUND. The study of the prognostic significance of markers of tubular dysfunction in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and arterial hypertension (AH) is highly relevant, due to the unity of pathogenetic mechanisms and their consequences that develop during an acute coronary event. PURPOSE. Analysis of the influence of tubular dysfunction indi­cators on the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with hypertension in the late period after ACS. PATIENTS ANDMETHODS. The study included 103 patients with hypertension and ACS. All patients included in the study underwent coronary angiography (CAG) with stenting of the coronary arteries. Before CAG, clinical and anamnestic data were collected, labora­tory (including creatinine and urea, potassium and sodium, plasma osmolarity), and instrumental diagnostic methods were used. The concentration of potassium and sodium in the daily urine, potassium and natriuresis, osmolarity of urine, and the calculated osmolar clearance index (ОС) were determined. Impedance spectrometry was performed to determine the water balance of the body's liquid media. After 17.0±0.51 months, the endpoints of the study were registered: AMI, NS, stable stress angina, repeated myocardial revascularization (RM), and death. RESULTS. It was found that an increase in ОС is associated with the risk of developing repeated RM in the late period after ACS (x2-criterion = 3.89, p = 0.04). Among the indicators of the electrolyte balance of urine, a statistically significant effect on the risk of repeated RM was found with an increase in the con­centration of potassium in the urine (x2-criterion = 4.63, p = 0.03) and daily potassium urea (x2-criterion = 4.85, p = 0.03). The ОС index and an increase in the electrolyte balance of urine were considered and justified as markers of tubular dysfunction. The complex effect of increasing the ОС and reducing the volume of intracellular fluid from the proper values (x2-criterion = 6.16, p = 0.4) on the risk of repeated RM was established. It was found that when the balance of the volume of total fluid and CA is changed, the risk of developing repeated RM is potentiated. It is shown that with the excessive introduction of fluid volume into the body, mainly intravenously and an increase in ОС, the risk of developing repeated RM increases significantly. CONCLU­SION. The study revealed that the presence of tubular dysfunction can be considered as a predictor of adverse cardiovascular prognosis in patients with ACS and hypertension. For a comprehensive analysis of the risk value, it is necessary to control homeostasis and individual selection of the volume of intravenous infusions.

The key intermediate palladacycles (mono-, bi-, and tetranuclear) with phosphonate, acetate, and other counterions in C(sp2)–H phosphonation are analyzed in terms of their redox properties, mutual ...

Two chromophores with π-deficient quinoxaline (Q) core in the π-electron bridge together with dibutylaniline (DBA) donor moiety and tricyanofuranyl (TCF) or dicyanovinyl (DCV) acceptor moieties have been synthesized to investigate their macroscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) activity in guest-host materials. A distinctive feature of the 7-DBA-VQPhV-TCF chromophore is predominance of negative solvatochromism over the positive one, which is quite rarely met for the chromophores manifesting inverse solvatochromic behavior as well as the blue shift of the absorption maximum compared to the chromophore FTC with divinylthiophene π-bridge. Introduction of quinoxaline moiety in the conjugated bridge promotes the increase of thermal stability: Td of both compounds is higher than 225 °C. Density functional theory was used to calculate the chromophores first hyperpolarizability (β). Quadratic NLO response characterized by d33 coefficient was measured by SHG technique for thin guest-host polymer films. The influence of chromophore content on the NLO coefficient of 7-DBA-VQPhV-TCF/PMMA film has been investigated and the d33 value of this film reaches 108 pm/V at 25 wt% load. The poled film 7-DBA-VQPh-DCV/PMMA shows twice smaller d33 values (30 pm/V) at the same chromophore load (20 wt%).

Introduction The study of remodeling of small-diameter renal arteries in hypertension (AH) and primary chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is promising. This is due to the high prevalence of CGN and the likelihood of developing chronic renal failure, as well as insufficient information about the process of remodeling the small arterial wall of the kidneys. Goal To evaluate the influence of clinical and morphological parameters on the risk of small-diameter renal artery fibroelastosis in patients with AH and CGN. Materials and methods The study included 105 patients with AH and CGN. One of the main criteria for inclusion in the study was the presence of indications for performing nephrobiopsy. All subjects underwent a standard clinical and laboratory study, with determination of serum creatinine, of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (CKD-EPI), detection of daily proteinuria, systolic (SAD) and diastolic blood pressure (DAP), and the degree and stage of AH. That 66 patients had no signs of fibroelastosis of arteries (the first group), and 39 patients had fibroelastosis (the second group). The presence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TF) and inflammation (TI), the prevalence of fibrosis were recorded. Results In the first group of patients, the level of SAD, established at the stage of inclusion in the study, was 124.33±21.5mmHg, in the second group – 131.15±17.3mmHg. (p=0.09). DAP values were in the range of 81.97±11.2 and 83.08±9.15mmHg. respectively (p=0.59). When analyzing the degree and stage of AH, statistically significant differences were obtained - 1.29±1.05 and 1.82±0.9 degrees (p=0.009), 1.41±1.08 and 2.08±0.9 stages (p=0.002), respectively. The value of creatinine in the first group was 98.33±39.8mmol/l (1.11 mg/dl), in the second group – 131.49±54.4mmol/l (1.49 mg/dl) (p=0.03), GFR - 97.6±40.4 and 69.3±32.5 ml/min/1.73m2 (p=0.0001), respectively. There were no significant differences in the proteinuria of patients in the study groups (3.64±6.2 and 4.1±5.1 g/l, respectively, p=0.42). Analysis of data obtained during morphological examination allowed us to establish more pronounced changes in TF and TI in the study groups (44 and 35 cases of TF (p=0.009), 35 and 29 cases of TI (p=0.025), respectively, groups). In the first group of patients, the prevalence of TF fever was set at 14.1±19.4%, in the second group – 27.95±21.9% (p=0.001). Conclusions The leading reasons for remodeling the vascular bed of small-diameter kidneys in AH and CGN are hemodynamic factor and tissue changes in the kidneys. The presence of fibrosis and interstitial inflammation is associated not only with the effects of the main CGN process, but also with the presence of AH. Confirmation of this conclusion is obtained differences in the stages of AH. An result of the study is data indicating that there are no differences in the clinical sign of progression of CGN-proteinuria, that is, the main pathogenetic factor of CGN does not affect of remodeling of the arteries. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

For the first time the nonlinear optical (NLO) activity of indolizine-based push-pull chromophores with different acceptor moieties was studied and compared. All the chromophores demonstrate strong absorption band in the visible (orange-red) part of the spectrum, with e of ca. 105 L∙cm−1∙M−1 notably dependent on medium polarity. Replacement of Ph-TCF acceptor by Hex-TCP one results in twofold increase of the first hyperpolarizability value. Energy gaps estimated by electrochemical methods decrease in the series ΔE1a,b>ΔE3a,b>ΔE2a,b for compounds with Ph-TCF, DCM and Hex-TCP acceptors, respectively, good agreement with DFT estimations is obtained. The nonlinear optical coefficient for poled PMMA-based films, containing 20 wt% of isomeric indolizine chromophores with weaker dicyanomethylene (DCM) acceptor and with π- bridge expanded by isophorone moiety, achieves 36 pm/V, thus exceeding those for materials containing chromophores with stronger Ph-TCF or Hex-TCP acceptors and with short vinylene π-bridge.

Four chromophores belonging to a new class of push-pull chromophores with divinylphenylquinoxaline moieties have been designed and synthesized. The structure-property relationship was systematically investigated; the effect of the conformation on the value of chromophores first hyperpolarizability is found to be inessential. Quinoxaline-based chromophore with TCF acceptor and 7-dimethylanilinovinyl moiety displays the combination of favorable characteristics: the high value of the first hyperpolarizability, the small HOMO-LUMO energy gap, the blue shift of the absorption maximum relative to the chromophores with other divinylhetaryl or polyene π-bridges and ultrahigh thermal stability. This chromophore may be considered as a perfect candidate for the development of effective electro-optic materials.

Two series of isomeric indolizine-based chromophores with isophorone rings as a π-bridge have been synthesized and systematically investigated. The chromophores have a high thermal stability: the decomposition temperature is above 238 °C. For isomers with 1-methyl-2-phenylindolizin-3-yl (MPI-3) donor group higher values of β are predicted in comparison with those having 3-methyl-2-phenylindolizin-1-yl (MPI-1) donor group. This is in good agreement with the experimental and theoretical values of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Indolizine-based chromophores with barbituric acceptor and isophorone moieties in the π-bridge demonstrate the combination of good characteristics.

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)carboxamides were synthesized from styrene oxide by ring opening with N,N-disubstituted ethylenediamines followed by N-acylation. Synthesized compounds have pronounced antiarrhythmic activity and low toxicity.

To further explore the potential application of the indolizine donor group in nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, we have designed and synthesized new push-pull chromophores (MPI-1)-V-TCF and (MPI-3)-V-TCF, having isomeric 3(1)-methyl-2-phenylindolizin-1(3)-yl (MPI-1(3)) electron donor and TCF acceptor, and compared them with dimethyl aniline (DMA) analogues. The Uv-Vis (linear optical) properties and solvatochromic behavior were also investigated; theoretical predictions of molecular NLO characteristics were done on the basis of the DFT calculations. The indolizine-based chromophores have high thermal stability: the decomposition temperature is 348 °C for (MPI-1)-V-TCF and 343 °C for the (MPI-3)-V-TCF, which is by 10–15 °C higher than that for the chromophore DMA-V-TCF. An important role is played by the bulky phenyl group, which prevents the aggregation of chromophores in guest-host doped polymer films. In NLO activities, the doped (MPI-1)-V-TCF/PMMA and (MPI-3)-V-TCF/PMMA films display the NLO coefficient, d33, values of 40 and 42 pm/V, correspondingly, at the chromophore load of 20 wt%.

The effect of rotational isomerism on the values of first hyperpolarizability is studied by the example of two chromophores 7-DMA-VQV-TCP and 3-DMA-VQ on V-TCP with quinoxaline and quinoxalinone moieties in the π-electron bridge. At the isomers formation the rotations about three single bonds are considered, thus providing eight possible conformers for each chromophore. The analysis of the results of DFT calculations demonstrates the presence of one lowest-energy conformer characterized by dominating probability for each chromophore. The calculations show that for both chromophores all rotational isomers are characterized by the first hyperpolarizability values rather close (within 8% and 11%) to statistically averaged ones.

Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia is one of the most common causes of perinatal brain injury and subsequent neurological disorders in children. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA) in the model of acute neonatal hypoxia (ANH) in rat pups. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to a hypoxic condition (8% oxygen for 120 min) at postnatal day 2 (P2). Transcription factor HIF1-α and glutathione peroxidases GPx2 and GPx4 gene expression was increased in rat brains in the hypoxic group compared to control 1.5 h but not 4 days after ANH. There were no post-hypoxic changes in reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione levels in the brain of rat pups 1.5 h and 4 d after hypoxia. Hypoxic rats displayed retarded performance in the righting reflex and the negative geotaxis tests. ANH resulted in increased ambulation in Open field test and impaired retention in the Barnes maze task under stressful conditions as compared with the control group. Treatment with NADA significantly attenuated the delayed development of sensorimotor reflexes and stress-evoked disruption of memory retention in hypoxic rats but had no effect on the hypoxia-induced hyperactivity. In rats exposed to hypoxia, treatment with NADA decreased GPx2 gene expression and increased GSH/GSSG ratio in whole brains 1.5 h after ANH. These results suggest that the long-lasting beneficial effects of NADA on hypoxia-induced neurobehavioural deficits are mediated, at least in part, by its antioxidant properties.

Chromophores with charged heterocyclic acceptor moiety in combination with divinylquinoxaline conjugated π-bridge show a significant solvatochromic shift, small energy gap value (determined by various methods), and large values of the first hyperpolarizability estimated by DFT. A quinoxaline-based chromophore with an indolium acceptor exhibits an outstanding solvatochromic shift (0.38 eV), probably a record one for D-π-A chromophores with a dialkyl aniline donor moiety. A good correlation between the above characteristics and the calculated NBO π-charge on the aniline nitrogen atom has been found. A change in the trend by opposite one in the characteristics in the series of quinolinium /benzothiazolium/ indolium chromophores is exhibited when passing from gas to solvent.

Novel D-π-A chromophores with quinoxaline/quinoxalinone core in the π-conjugated bridge and various bulky groups in the acceptor moiety have been synthesized and systematically investigated at molecular level by UV–Vis spectroscopy, DFT calculations, electrochemical and TGA-DSC methods as well as at materials level by the example of PMMA-based composite polymer materials doped with different chromophore contents using molecular modeling and SHG technique. Chromophores exhibit positive dioxane/chloroform solvatochromic shift of ca. 50 nm, high values of first hyperpolarizability and dipole moment, small energy gap and good thermal stability. Tolyl and cyclohexylphenyl substituents unlike phenyl can be treated as most effective isolating groups, preventing chromophore pronounced aggregation even at 30 wt% content. Femtosecond nonlinear optical (NLO) activity was studied for poled thin guest-host polymer films with various chromophore weight content. Film DBA-VQPhV-TCFPhCy(25 wt%)/PMMA with bulky cyclohexylphenyl groups in chromophore acceptor shows maximal NLO coefficient, d33, values among the studied materials (37 pm/V) as well as good long-term stability of NLO response together with excellent chromophore thermal stability (Td = 256 °C). Composite materials doped with quinoxaline chromophores are photostable with respect to laser pulses with peak intensities up to 11 GW/cm2.

New class of nonlinear optical chromophores with donors containing indolizine moiety is proposed. Dipole moment and first hyperpolarizability values of the chromophores, which are analogs of FTC, CLD and OLD chromophores, containing 1-methyl-2-phenylindolizin-3-yl (MPI-3) or 3-methyl-2-phenylindolizin-1-yl (MPI-1) donors (instead of diethylaminophenyl), 3-cyano-2-dicyanomethylene-5,5-dimethyl-1,5-dihydrofuran-4-yl (TCF) acceptor, and 2,5-divinylthiophene, octatetraene and 2,2′-divinylbithiophene π-electron bridge, are calculated by DFT technique. Chromophores with named donors and acceptors and 3,7-divinylquinoxalin-2-one π-electron bridge are also studied. In most cases higher values of first hyperpolarizability were obtained for chromophores with MPI-3 donor, this being in accordance with the electron density distribution in these fragments. The change of dimethylaniline donor fragment for indolizine one results in the growth of the first hyperpolarizability values. This observation holds also for chromophores with divinylquinoxalinone π-electron bridge, in which higher values of first hyperpolarizability are obtained when the donor moiety is connected through vinylene group at position 3 rather than at position 7 of the quinoxalinone system.

A series of substituents of various types in chromophore donor moiety in ortho- and meta-positions relative to divinylquinoxaline π-electron bridge was examined for isolating ability, preventing the dipole chromophores antiparallel detrimental aggregation in polymer matrix. The study was performed by molecular modeling of PMMA-based composite polymer materials with different content of pristine chromophore with dibutylaniline donor, divinylquinoxaline π-electron bridge and tricyanofuran acceptor (I) in the range from 10 wt% to 30 wt%, and of composite polymer materials with 30 wt% load of chromophores with various isolating groups of aryl, alkyl and mixed nature in donor moiety. The effect of the substituents in donor groups on the molecular nonlinear-optical (NLO) characteristics of chromophores – first hyperpolarizability – was estimated by quantum-chemical calculations at DFT level with M06-2X density functional. Introduction of isolating group in meta-position of donor is shown to lead to a strong decrease of the first hyperpolarizability of a chromophore compared to that of pristine chromophore. Joint consideration of results of molecular modeling and quantum-chemical calculations allows one to nominate o-ethyl, o-benzyloxyhexyloxy and m-methoxy-o-phenyl groups to be the best isolating ones.

Variations in the isotopic composition drastically changes properties of molecules. This also applies to H2O, one of the most indispensable substances on Earth. Here we investigated physical, chemical and biological characteristics of deuterium depleted water (0.5 mM HDO) compared to water with natural deuterium content (16 mM HDO) and heavy water D2O. Reaction systems of different organization levels were probed: molecular (galactose mutarotation), supramolecular (destabilase-lysozyme activity), two-phase heterogenic (suspension of slightly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients), and living cells (unicellular biosensor S. ambigua lifespan). We have shown that the mutarotation rate constant for the l -galactose was 2-fold less than that for the D-isomer over the whole temperature range without dependence on HDO concentration in low values, whereas the first-order mutarotation kinetics was not observed for l -galactose in heavy water. Interestingly, the initial rate of lysozyme activity of destabilase-lysozyme increased two-fold in deuterium-depleted water whereas there was no activity change in heavy water. In suspension system, the dissolution kinetics of active pharmaceutical ingredients conformed with the normal kinetic isotope effect when kH/kD > 1. This confirms the important role of variations in the solvent (water) isotopic composition in the dissolution process acceleration. However, the most important isotope effect was observed in the living cells, where the rate constant for the processes of irreversible S. ambigua cell transition (from an active state to an immobilized state) increased up to 800 times under deuterium depletion.

Perinatal hypoxia–ischaemia is one of the leading factors that negatively influence the development of the central nervous system. Our aim was to investigate the effects of sex on the outcomes of acute neonatal hypoxia (ANH) in rat pups. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to a hypoxic condition (8% oxygen for 120 min) at postnatal day 2 (P2). Immediately after ANH an increase in HIF1-α gene expression was observed in the rat brains, independently of sex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione peroxidase-4 gene expression was increased in female animals only. Hypoxic pups of both sexes showed a decreased reduced/oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio in the blood and only males had an increased GSH content in the whole brain immediately after hypoxia. Furthermore, an increased BDNF content in the brain was found in both male and female rat pups at 0 h and in serum 4 h after hypoxia, but at 4 h after hypoxia only males had an increased BDNF level in the brain. Only hypoxic males displayed retarded performance in the righting reflex, but in a negative geotaxis test hypoxic pups of both sexes had an increased turnaround time. Moreover, hypoxic female but not male pups demonstrated less weight gain than control littermates for the entire observation period (until P18). These results demonstrate that ANH at P2 leads to both molecular and physiological impairments in a sex-specific manner and the described model could be used to represent mild hypoxic brain damage in very preterm infants.

The influence of feed with different contents in them in certain ratios lekarstvennogo and insoluble protein on the body of dairy cows. In particular, digestion in the rumen, digestibility of nutrients of feed, milk productivity and milk quality. Identify the differences in some indicators of digestion in the rumen of cows, the digestion of protein (carrying experience) on the background of the use of the experimental feed. In this grain component was subjected to extrusion and introduced maize, the protein which vikoristannya. Because of this, reduced the solubility of protein from 38% to 29% that is 9%. As a result, extended the time of their digestion in the rumen. So scar microflora sufficiently transformed the ammonia available for absorption of microbial protein, which has a positive impact on the processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients and contributed to improving milk productivity in cows. The structure of the diets of both groups was identical and included: roughage is 12.5% juicy – 75.0%, concentrated to 12.5%. One fodder unit in the control group had 90.2 g digestible protein in experimental 89.6 g Sharapodinov attitude in control and experimental diets is 0,98. The ratio of mineral substances: CA : P in the control and experience is 1.6 : 1, N : S respectively of 7.3 and 6.9. On a more intensive course of metabolic processes show physiological and biochemical parameters in animals of the experimental group. Namely: reducing the amount of ammonia and the increase in the number of bacteria in the rumen. The composition of basic ration (PR), which included feed management. All experimental animals during the preparatory period received the same diet. Research in accounting period II (experienced) group – experimental mixed fodder in which to reduce the solubility of the protein component of grain (oats, barley, wheat) extrudable and additionally introduced maize grain (15%), the control group received commercial feed. Found that feeding the experimental feed, improved nitrogen metabolism in the organism of cows, heifers, which ultimately increased milk yield by 4.4% (vs. 26.3 to 25.2 kg). The reduction in feed costs and increase milk yield in cows of the experimental group resulted in a reduction of cost of 1 quintal of milk 27.1 UAH. and improve profitability by 2.3% against the control.

Consistent performance of anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays through all stages of clinical development is critical for the assessment of immunogenicity and interpretation of PK, PD, safety, and efficacy. The electrochemiluminescent assays commonly employed for ADA measurement use drug conjugated with ruthenium and biotin to bind ADA in samples. Here we report an association between high nonspecific ADA responses in certain drug-naïve individuals and the storage buffer of the conjugated reagents used in a monoclonal antibody ADA assay. Ruthenylated reagents stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer had increased levels of aggregate and produced variable and high baseline responses in some subjects. Reagents stored in a histidine-sucrose buffer (HSB) had lower aggregate levels and produced low sample responses. In contrast to PBS, conjugated reagents formulated in HSB remained low in aggregate content and in sample response variability after 5 freeze/thaw cycles. A reagent monitoring control (RMC) serum was prepared for the real-time evaluation of conjugated reagent quality. Using appropriate buffers for storage of conjugated reagents together with RMCs capable of monitoring of reagent aggregation status can help ensure consistent, long-term performance of ADA methods.

The articles gives a comparison of the rates and the degree of destruction of anionic SAS-alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate (ABS) in heterogeneous (O2/TiO2/UV, H2O2/TiO2/UV) and homogeneous (O2/UV, H2O2/UV) oxidizing systems on several TiO2 samples at UV irradiation by a SVD-120 high-pressure mercury-quartz lamp. The paper has demonstrated a possibility of achieving a high degree of photocatalytic destruction of ABS by hydrogen peroxide (100, 90, and 80% respectively by the ABS concentration of ABS, COD, and TOC over two hours).

We have investigated factors affecting the formation of the structure and properties of active centers of catalysts of hydrogen synthesis of organic compounds on the basis of hybrid lanthanum-titanium oxide systems based on copper and silver. It has been shown that the conditions for the preparation of synthesized materials substantially affect their physicochemical and catalytic properties. We have revealed main regularities for the formation of catalysts investigated under nonhydrothermal conditions. It has been determined that this process is affected by such factors as the concentration of organic compounds, temperature, the pH of the reactive medium, the amount of the catalyst and the prompting phase.

Nickeltalmessite, Ca2Ni(AsO4)2 · 2H2O, a new mineral species of the fairfieldite group, has been found in association with annabergite, nickelaustinite, pecoraite, calcite, and a mineral of the chromite-manganochromite series from the dump of the Ait Ahmane Mine, Bou Azzer ore district, Morocco. The new mineral occurs as spheroidal aggregates consisting of split crystals up to 10 × 10 × 20 μm in size. Nickeltalmessite is apple green, with white streak and vitreous luster. The density measured by the volumetric method is 3.72(3) g/cm3; calculated density is 3.74 g/cm3. The new mineral is colorless under a microscope, biaxial, positive: α = 1.715(3), β = 1.720(5), γ = 1.753(3), 2Vmeas = 80(10)°, 2Vcalc = 60.4. Dispersion is not observed. The infrared spectrum is given. As a result of heating of the mineral in vacuum from 24° up to 500°C, weight loss was 8.03 wt %. The chemical composition (electron microprobe, wt %) is as follows: 25.92 CaO, 1.23 MgO, 1.08 CoO, 13.01 NiO, 52.09 As2O5; 7.8 H2O (determined by the Penfield method); the total is 101.13. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of two AsO4 groups is Ca2.04(Ni0.77Mg0.13Co0.06)Σ0.96 (AsO4)2.00 · 1.91H2O. The strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern [d, A (I, %) (hkl)] are: 5.05 (27) (001) (100), 3.57 (43) (011), 3.358 (58) (110), 3.202 (100) (020), 3.099 (64) (0\( \bar 2 \)1), 2.813 (60), (\( \bar 1 \)21), 2.772 (68) (2\( \bar 1 \)0), 1.714 (39) (\( \bar 3 \)31). The unit-cell dimensions of the triclinic lattice (space group P1 or P) determined from the X-ray powder data are: a = 5.858(7), b = 7.082(12), c = 5.567(6) A, α = 97.20(4), β = 109.11(5), γ = 109.78(5)°, V = 198.04 A3, Z = 1. The mineral name emphasizes its chemical composition as a Ni-dominant analogue of talmessite. The type material of nickeltalmessite is deposited at the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 3750/1.

Kamarizaite, a new mineral species, has been identified in the dump of the Kamariza Mine, Lavrion mining district, Attica Region, Greece, in association with goethite, scorodite, and jarosite. It was named after type locality. Kamarizaite occurs as fine-grained monomineralic aggregates (up to 3 cm across) composed of platy crystals up to 1 μm in size and submicron kidney-shaped segregations. The new mineral is yellow to beige, with light yellow streak. The Mohs hardness is about 3. No cleavage is observed. The density measured by hydrostatic weighing is 3.16(1) g/cm3, and the calculated density is 3.12 g/cm3. The wavenumbers of absorption bands in the IR spectrum of kamarizaite are (cm−1; s is strong band, w is weak band): 3552, 3315s, 3115, 1650w, 1620w, 1089, 911s, 888s, 870, 835s, 808s, 614w, 540, 500, 478, 429. According to TG and IR data, complete dehydration and dehydroxylation in vacuum (with a weight loss of 15.3(1)%) occurs in the temperature range 110–420°C. Mossbauer data indicate that all iron in kamarizaite is octahedrally coordinated Fe3+. Kamarizaite is optically biaxial, positive: n min = 1.825, n max = 1.835, n mean = 1.83(1) (for a fine-grained aggregate). The chemical composition of kamarizaite (electron microprobe, average of four point analyses) is as follows, wt %: 0.35 CaO, 41.78 Fe2O3, 39.89 As2O5, 1.49 SO3, 15.3 H2O (from TG data); the total is 98.81. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of (AsO4,SO4)2 is Ca0.03Fe 2.86 3+ (AsO4)1.90(SO4)0.10(OH)2.74 · 3.27H2O. The idealized formula is Fe 3 3+ (AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O. Kamarizaite is an arsenate analogue of orthorhombic tinticite, space group Pccm, Pcc2, Pcmm, Pcm21, or Pc2m; a = 21.32(1), b = 13.666(6), c =15.80(1) A, V= 4603.29(5) A3, Z= 16. The strongest reflections of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern [ $$ \bar d $$ , A (I, %) (hkl)] are: 6.61 (37) (112, 120), 5.85 (52) (311), 3.947 (100) (004, 032, 511), 3.396 (37) (133, 431), 3.332 (60) (314), 3.085 (58) (621, 414, 324). The type material of kamarizaite is deposited in the Mineralogical Collection of Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany, inventory number 82199.

Objective: Methodology development for quality control of optically active pharmaceutical substances based on water isotopologues.Methods: Solutions of L-ascorbic acid, glucose, galactose and valine stereoisomers were prepared using deuterium depleted water (DDW-«light» water, D/H=4 ppm), natural deionized high-ohmic water (BD, D/H=140 ppm), heavy water (99.9% D2O). The optical rotation was observed using an automatic polarimeter Atago POL-1/2. The size distribution of giant heterogeneous clusters (GHC) of water was recorded by low angle laser light scattering (LALLS) method.Results: The infringement of Biot’s Law was found for solutions of ascorbic acid, expressed in the absence of a constant value of the specific optical rotation at a concentration of below 0.1%, depends on the D/H ratio. The inequality was established in absolute values of optical rotation for L-and D-isomers of valine in solutions with different ratios of hydrogen isotopologues. The mutarotation of glucose confirmed the first-order kinetics, and the activation energies were statistically distinguishable for BD and DDW. The mutarotation of the natural galactose D-isomer proceeded with a lower energy consumption compared to the L-isomer. In heavy water, the mutarotation of monosaccharides had different kinetic mechanisms. Polarimetric results correlated with the number and size of GHC, which confirmed the possibility of chiral solvent structures induction by optically active pharmaceutical substances.Conclusion: In the optically active pharmaceutical substances quality control there should be considered the contribution of induced chiral GHC of water to the optical rotation value that depends on the isotopic D/H ratio, the substance nature and the form of its existence at a given pH.

The photoexcitation relaxation is considered in a system consisting of a molecular and J-aggregated dye adsorbed on the surface of silver sulfide nanosized clusters (nanoclusters) placed on AgBr microc-rystals. It is found that the photoexcitation in the region of the dye absorption relaxes not only via the fluorescence, but also via the phosphorescence of nanoclusters. It is shown that, depending on the dye, the phosphorescence of nanoclusters is most efficiently excited in the absorption region of either molecular or J-aggregated states of dyes. It is assumed that this difference is caused by different nature of the adsorption of dyes on the nanocluster surface and by different interactions between the photoexcited states of dye molecules and J aggregates. These results can find wide applications in various fields of nanophotonics and allow one to both control the photoexcitation relaxation processes in nanocluster-dye systems and to observe new manifestations of these processes.

A procedure was developed for preparing [ 99m TcX(CO) 5 ] (X = Cl, Br, I) in a reasonable yield by high-pressure carbonylation with CO of 99m TcO 4 − in aqueous solutions. In the synthesis, the substantial part of the target product is accumulated in the gas phase and can be transferred from the autoclave into various solvents when relieving the pressure. Compounds [ 99m TcX(CO) 5 ] (X = Cl − , Br − , I − ) are stable in solutions for several hours, but in the course of longer storage they gradually decompose to give the tricarbonyl species. Substitution of the halide ligands in [ 99 TcX(CO) 5 ] and [ 99m TcX(CO) 5 ] with tert -butyl isocyanide and triphenylphosphine was studied. The structures of the complexes [Tc(CO) 5 (PPh 3 )]OTf and [Tc(CO) 5 (CNC(CH 3 ) 3 )]ClO 4 are presented.

The current therapy of uveal melanoma (UM) metastases remains inefficient, which warrants the development of new treatment modalities. For the first time we investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on a panel of UM cell lines and found that RA induces morphological changes compatible with differentiation, suppresses proliferation and causes apoptosis in these cells. RA treatment resulted in an increase of p21, p27 and p53 protein levels and G1 arrest in UM cells, which correlated with significant down-modulation of surface Her2/neu proto-oncogene expression. In addition, RA-treated UM cells exhibited increased sensitivity to both MHC class I-restricted killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cell-mediated lysis that were accompanied by more efficient conjugate formation between UM cells and killer lymphocytes. Taken together, our results implicate UM as a new target for treatment with retinoids and suggest that retinoids and T- or NK-cell based immunotherapy can have mutually enhancing effects in UM patients.

A comparative study of nootropic activity of semax (MEHFPGP), an analog of ACTH 4-10 , and some of its derivatives, in which the N-terminal methionine was modified or substituted with other amino acid residues, was performed. The effect of these peptides on learning of albino rats in tests with positive (food) and negative (pain) reinforcement was studied. In the case of modification of methionine by attachment of the glu- conic-acid residue or substitution of methionine with lysine, the nootropic effect of the peptide was retained. The substitution of methionine with tryptophan or serine resulted in a decrease in the nootropic activity. The substitution of methionine with glycine, threonine, or alanine caused a complete loss of the nootropic activity of the peptide. Therefore, the amino acid residue located at position 1 of the heptapeptide analog semax, plays a key role in retaining the nootropic effects of the peptide and determines the degree of their expression.

This report describes studies cf the effects of the ACTH(4-10) analog Semax (MEHFPGP) on the behavior of white rats with lesions to the brain dopaminergic system induced by the neurotoxin MPTP. Neurotoxin was given as single i.p. doses of 25 mg/kg. Neurotoxin injections were shown to decrease movement activity and increase anxiety in the animals. Daily intranasal administration of Semax at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg decreased the severity of MPTP-induced behavioral disturbances. The protective activity of Semax in MPTP-induced lesions of the brain dopaminergic system may be associated with both its modulating effect on the dopaminergic system and the neurotrophic action of the peptide.

Initial oxides fumed silica, alumina/silica and titania/silica and silica gel and hybrid adsorbents with pyrocarbon formed on these oxide substrates by carbonisation of immobilised (adsorbed or synthesised) polymers such as starch, methyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polystyrene, and polybutylvinyl ether were studied by adsorption, AFM, TEM, and FTIR methods. Polymer/oxide materials were investigated by nitrogen and Pb(II) adsorption, FTIR, and potentiometric titration methods. Analysis of nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms by different methods, FTIR spectra, AFM and TEM images of the initial and hybrid adsorbents reveals that the morphology of the substrates significantly changes on carbonisation of oxygen-containing polymers because of hydrothermal treatment of them by water eliminated as a product of pyrolysis. Contribution of own microporosity of pyrocarbon deposits formed on carbonisation of immobilised polymers is greater (dependent on reaction conditions) than that on pyrolysis of low-molecular compounds at the same oxide substrates. Pyrocarbon particles formed on silica gel are larger than those formed on fumed oxides and larger than those formed on silica gel on pyrolysis of low-molecular compounds.

The electrochemical behavior of palladium(II) complexes of Tropeolin 0 (Tr0) was studied by linear-potential-sweep voltammetry in acetate–ammonia buffer solutions. The optimum conditions for determining palladium(II) with Tr0 were found. The composition of the complex was found to be Pd : Tr0 = 1 : 2. A procedure was proposed for determining palladium(II) with a detection limit of 2.54 × 10–7M. The procedure was used for determining palladium(II) in capacitors.

The electronic states of molybdenum disilicide in the body-centred tetragonal phase have been studied using the self-consistent linearized augmented plane wave method in the local density approximation. The total and local densities of electronic states, X-ray emission spectra of different series were calculated. The obtained results agree well with the known experiments.

Antioxidant properties of 2,3,5,7,8-pentahydroxy-6-ethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (echinochrome A) were linked with the scavenging of peroxy radicals in liposomes, trapping of superoxide anion radicals, and binding of ferrous ions to inactive complexes in the aqueous phase. The antioxidant property of 6-ethyl-2,3,7-trimethoxy-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (trimethoxyechinochrome A) was negligible. Autooxidation of echinochrome A was increased in basic media according to the degree of its dissociation. Autooxidation of polyvalent anions in basic media was accompanied by generation of naphthosemiquinone and superoxide anion radicals as free radical intermediates. An increased rate of echinochrome A autooxidation was noted in the presence of calcium ions. This was explained by a shift of pK of Ca2+-echinochrome A complexes toward acidic pH comparably with echinochrome A. Echinochrome A possessed pronounced mutagenic activity, while trimethoxyechinochrome A was inactive in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay (Ames test) for all examined cells (TA98, TA100, TA1537). Comparison of the chemical and biological activity of echinochrome A and trimethoxyechinochrome A demonstrated the key role of the beta-hydroxyl groups in the 2nd, 3rd, and 7th naphthol cycle positions. The O2-* and naphthosemiquinone radicals generated in the redox transition of 2,3-oxygroups may be the reason for the strongly pronounced mutagenicity of echinochrome A.

It has been found that inDatura innoxia lectins 21% of the tryptophan residues are selectively oxidized by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under nondenaturing conditions, which shows that one or two residues are exposed on the surface of the molecule. At the same time the hemagglutinating activity (HA) decreases by 50%. When half of all the Trp is oxidized only 30% of the HA is retained. A sharp fall in the HA on the oxidation of ∼1/7 of all the Trp indicates the great importance of at least one residue for the interaction of the lectin with erythrocytes. In the hydrophobic region of the molecule 79% of the Trp is screened, and this is exposed in 8 M urea.

The action of inhalation of gaseous superoxide on the effects of low doses of nonnarcotic analgesics was studied on volunteers in the little finger compression test. After administration of placebo, inhalation of gaseous superoxide produced a negligible transient decrease in pain tolerance threshold. Inhalation of gaseous superoxide potentiated the effects of threshold doses of novalgin and aspirin and prolonged their action, but did not modulate the analgesic effect of diclofenac. It is assumed that the potentiating effect of superoxide on the action of analgesics is related to inhibition of monoamine oxidases leading to accumulation of monoamines in the brain.

Adverse experience during the early postnatal period induces negative alterations in physiological and neurobiological functions, resulting in long-term disorder in animal behavior. The aim of the present work was to study the long-lasting effects of chronic neonatal stress in white rats and to estimate the possibility of their correction using Semax, an analogue of ACTH fragment (4–10). Early neonatal isolation was used as a model of early-life stress. Rat pups were separated from their mothers and littermates for 5 h daily during post-natal days 1–14. The pups of the control group were left undisturbed with the dams. Half of the rats subjected to neonatal isolation received an intranasal injection of Semax at a dose of 50 µg/kg daily, from postnatal day 15 until day 28. The other animals received intranasal vehicle injections daily at the same time points. It was shown that neonatal isolation leads to a delay in physical development, metabolic disturbances, and a decrease in the corticosterone stress response in white rats. These changes were observed during the first two months of life. Semax administration weakened the influence of neonatal isolation on the animals, body weight , reduced metabolic dysfunction, and led to an increase in stress-induced corticosterone release to the control values. So the chronic intranasal administration of Semax after termination of the neonatal isolation procedure diminishes the negative effects of neonatal stress.KEYWORDS chronic stress; neonatal isolation; Semax; body weight; corticosterone; rat.ABBREVIATIONS ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone; MD – maternal deprivation; NI – neonatal isolation.INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that the neonatal period of life is very important in the neurophysiological mechanisms devel-opment and the subsequent formation of mental func-tions. Aversive experience during the early postnatal period of human life (such as parental loss, abuse or pa-rental neglect) results in an increase of psychopathol-ogy development probability in adulthood [1]. children who had severe diseases in the neonatal period are ex-posed to painful and stressful influences, resulting in acute changes and permanent alterations in the struc-ture and functions of the central nervous system [2]. Although the correlation between neonatal stress and behavioral disorders in adults has been demonstrated by a number of researchers, more study of the question are required. Animal experiments using various aver-sive actions enable to determine the relationship be-tween the delayed changes in behavior, duration, and the type of actions, as well as to facilitate the search for methods for correcting the effects of neonatal stress. It has been demonstrated in numerous clinical stud-ies that a disturbance of the socio-emotional moth-er-infant relationship during the first year of life is a significant stressor, which subsequently increases the risk of a number of mental disorders development [1, 3]. Long-term maternal isolation in the early postnatal period (neonatal maternal deprivation) also influences the behavior and physical development of various ani-mal species.there are a lot of studies devoted to the investigation of the long-lasting effects of neonatal maternal depri-vation (MD). It has been demonstrated that the delayed effects of chronic MD depend on the duration of the daily deprivation of pups. Short-term chronic depriva-tion (15 min per day during the first 1–2 weeks of life) has a positive effect on the subsequent development of the animals. the rats that underwent such experience showed reduced anxiety and increased exploratory ac-tivity, as well as learning ability improvement [4–6]. Long-term separation of the rat pups from their moth

We have studied several novel effects of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) on cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in rat thymocytes. We determined the effect of various concentrations of vitamin B12 on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and parameters of Ca(2+)in signaling using the fluorescent dye Fura-2. The basal [Ca(2+)]i in Ca(2+)-containing media was 115 +/- 5 nM but in vitamin B12 (10 nM)-treated thymocytes [Ca(2+)]i was decreased to 60 +/- 15 nM (mean +/- SEM) during the first 5 min. The decline in [Ca(2+)]i was accompanied by an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store, presumably as a result of Ca-ATPase activation. At the same time 100 nM-10 mM B12 induced the accumulation of Ca(2+) in mitochondria. Somewhat higher concentrations of B12 (1-10 microM) had no effect on [Ca(2+)]i. A further increase in B12 concentration with range from 50 microM to 1 mM caused a dose-dependent elevation of [Ca(2+)]i from the basal level (115 +/- 5 nM) up to 200 +/- 50 nM in thymocytes, and this elevation was partially blocked in Ca(2+)-free media. This high concentration of vitamin B12 caused a gradual decrease of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores by means of Ca-ATPase inhibition. The B12-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i was not observed after depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, induced by addition of 2',5'-di(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (BHQ), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca (2+)-ATPase, concanavalin A, or arachidonic acid. These studies show that vitamin B12 regulates [Ca(2+)]i via several different mechanisms at different B12 concentrations. Participation of G proteins and calmodulin activity in B12-mediated [Ca(2+)]i increase is discussed.

We present the results of the absolute gas gain measurement of a straw drift-tube filled with a binary gaseous mixture Ar-CO2(90-10) at 2 bar absolute pressure. The measurement has been performed using an intense 1.3 GBq 137Cs-source producing the primary ionization current. The results, as a function of the high voltage and gas parameters, were fitted and parameterized with a Diethorn's formula.

The effect of prolonged treatment of rats with 6- n -propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), verapamil, or propranolol on cardiac pump function and the properties of myofibrils and mitochondria was studied. After 6-8 weeks of treatment, the heart rate and maximal cardiac output of the isolated heart of rats treated with verapamil or propranolol were higher than those in the control group. The PTU treatment was followed by lower heart rate and maximal work. Calcium sensitivity ( p Ca 50 value) of skinned ventricular fibers was higher in all experimental groups compared to the control by 0.07-0.15 units. Myofibrillar Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ -ATPase activity measured in isolated Triton-skinned cardiomyocytes was considerably lower after PTU treatment than that in respective controls (0.128 ± 0.013 vs 0.178 ± 0.010 μmol P i /min/mg protein). In contrast, long-term treatment with verapamil or propranolol was accompanied by increased activity to 0.223 ± 0.018 and 0.254 ± 0.015 μmol P i /min/mg protein, respectively. Neither the basal mitochondrial respiration rate of saponin-skinned cardiac fibers nor its enhancement after addition of low ADP concentration or creatine was significantly altered in any experimental group. Also no difference between control and experimental groups was observed in the total activity of creatine kinase or relative percentage of its isoenzymes extracted from cardiac tissue. Thus the changes in cardiac pump function after prolonged treatment with agents decreasing cardiac function may be attributed to concomitant alterations of myofibrils while mitochondria remain relatively intact.

bioelectric activity had been performed in different time period after MPTP administration: first − 90min after MPTP-injection, then 24 h, 7 and 21 days. Locomotor activity was assessed in actometer, rigidity was measured according to the step length, tremor was registered alternatively and the duration. For registration of bioelectrical activity electrodes were implanted in sensorimotor cortex, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and hippocampus. Spectral analysis of bioelectrical activity in the different structures of brain was performed. Beta-, thetaand delta-activity was investigated more particularity to determine correlation between dynamics in development of locomotor disturbances and EEG characteristics. Single MPTP injection caused the reduction in locomotor activity and pronounced rigidity which were significant during 21 days. It was detected that MPTP-induced PS in mice was followed by progression of EEG alterations − paroxysmal activity in electrogram of sensorimotor cortex, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and hippocampus and significant enhancement in power spectrum of delta-, theta-2 and beta-rates. The most significant alterations were observed in betaand delta-rates. The maximum of its abnormality was registered in 90 min and 7 days after MPTP. On day 21st after MPTP was noted significant reduction of power spectrum in theta-1,2, beta-1,2-rates and in all investigated brain structures and delta-activity was increased. H decreased the level of oligokinesia and rigidity caused by MPTP. The increase of motor activity was the highest 90 min after MPTP (motor activity was 8.5 times higher than in MPTP treated rats) and was less pronounced but still significant during all study period on days 1, 7 and 21. H eliminated paroxysmal activity and diminished alterations in power spectrum in theta-1,2, beta-1,2-rates and this effect was more pronounced 24 h and 21 day after MPTP. On day 21 normalization of bioelectrical activity had been detected in all studied structures. The main effect of H was decrease in delta-rhythm in substantia nigra. The data obtained in current study confirmed that single injection of H (20mg/kg i.p.) could significantly decrease the manifestation of PS induced by MPTP (30mg/kg, i.p.) and restore the alterations of brain bioelectric activity. These results testify to the favor of potential neuroprotective effect of H.

Using selective 3′,5′-O-tetraisopropyldisiloxane protection, N-acyl-2′-O-methyl derivatives of cytidine and guanosine and of 2′-O-tetrahydropyranyl-N1-methylguanosine have been synthesized. It has been shown that the spatial screening of the amino groups by the neighboring methyl substituents in N1-methylguanosine leads to its inactivation in acylation, tetrahydropyranylation, and tritylation reactions.

Hardened epoxides contain polar bonds with orientational polarization; this can be used in an electric field to assess molecular mobility. The parts of the chains containing the anhydride grouping in polymers hardened with anhydrides have an ester group, while the polymer contributes hydroxyl and ether bonds to the epoxy system. The different types and conditions of internal rotation of these groups permit the assumption of specificity of the relaxation parameters of their dipolar polarization; this again makes it possible to study the structural mobility of these parts. This report describes the study of the dipolar polarization relaxation of group and segmental type on the low mol.wt. oligomer diane, † to get some knowledge of the mechanism of relaxation and its connection with the structure of the setting agent used, which was an acid anhydride or an amine complex with boron trifluoride acting as a setting catalyst.

Two forms of a lectin, I1 and I2, with molecular weights of 150,000 and 300,000, respectively, have been isolated from the seeds ofDatura innoxia by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, gel chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography.

After prolonged ischemia followed by reperfusion of the isolated rat heart, irreversible heart failure is associated with creatine kinase leakage from the cells. The possible implications of MM creatine kinase leakage from myofibrillar compartments on the contractile properties of ventricular muscle have been studied in control versus ischemic hearts. Total creatine kinase activity decreased in ischemic cells while creatine kinase and ATPase activities were not modified in isolated myofibrils. The efficiency of creatine kinase and phosphocreatine in the relaxation of rigor tension in skinned ventricular preparations was not changed after ischemia. Furthermore, neither the pCa/tension relationship nor the rate of tension development following length changes were modified by ischemia. These results show that the contractile properties of myofilaments as well as the functional coupling between myosin ATPase and creatine kinase are preserved in ischemic hearts suffering irreversible contractile failure.

Trichothecene mycotoxin (T-2 toxin) was administered by gastric intubation to CBAXC57BL/6 mice at a dose of 0.33-0.45 mg/kg for 6 months. No symptoms of intoxication were observed, however, electron microscopic studies revealed a severe damage of hepatocyte structure, especially of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Besides the destruction of hepatocytes an increase in the number of primary and secondary lysosomes was observed. Regenerating foci were found in the majority of liver cells. In chronic T-2 mycotoxicosis there is a strong correlation between the damage of hepatocyte ultrastructure and the changes in organella-specific enzymatic activity in the liver, that was described previously.