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In recent years, natural product's research gained momentum, fueled by technological advancement and open availability of research data. To date, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. [Elaeagnaceae]) plant parts, especially berries, are well characterized and repeatedly tested for antioxidant activity and regenerative properties, in various cell types and tissues. However, fatty acids (FA) have been less investigated in term of biological effects, although, they are important bioactive components of the sea buckthorn fruit and oil. The aim of our work was to determine whether sea buckthorn seed oil is a suitable source of FA with regenerative properties on normal skin cells. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we purified and characterized four fractions enriched in saturated (palmitic) and non-saturated (linoleic, alfa-linolenic, oleic) FA, which were tested for cytotoxicity, cytokine and growth factor production, and regenerative effect on normal keratinocytes and skin fibroblasts. Evidence is presented that the palmitic acid enriched fraction was a suitable sea buckthorn seed oil derived product with cell proliferation properties on both skin cell types.

The increase in resistance of microbes against conventional drugs is currently a hot issue, whereas diabetes is another main cause of mortalities encountered throughout the world after cancer and heart attacks. New drug sources in the form of plants are investigated to get effective drugs for the mentioned diseases with minimum side effects. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. is a medicinal plant used for the management of stress related disorders like diabetes and other health complications. The active constituents of the chloroform extract derived from E. umbellata berries was isolated by silica gel column chromatography which were identified as morin, phloroglucinol, and 1-hexyl benzene through various spectroscopic techniques (electron ionization mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy). The possible protective effects (antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activity) of isolated compounds were evaluated using reported methods. Morin exhibited strong in vitro antiradical potential against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals along with prominent antibacterial activities against selected bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis). Among the isolated compounds the more potent one (morin) was assessed for its in vivo antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The in vivo effects observed were further confirmed in ex vivo experiments where the effect of isolated compound on antioxidant enzyme like glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total content of reduced glutathione (GSH), % DPPH inhibition, and the lipid peroxidation MDA (Malondialdehyde) level in pancreatic tissues homogenates were evaluated. In vivo morin at tested doses (2, 10, 15, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight) significantly restored the alterations in the levels of fasting blood glucose level and body weight loss along with significant decrease in levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, HbA1c level, and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein in diabetic rats. Morin also effectively ameliorated the hepatic enzymes, and renal functions like serum creatinine. Morin significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme like GPx activity, GSH content, and % DPPH inhibition activity, while reduced the lipid peroxidation MDA (malondialdehyde) level in pancreatic tissues homogenates, and modification of histopathological changes in diabetic rats. Morin exhibited high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potentials as compared to phloroglucinol and 1-hexyl benzene, that could, therefore, be considered as a promising therapeutic agent to treat diabetes mellitus and bacterial infections.

Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) is a shrub growing in coastal areas. Its organs contain a range of bioactive substances including vitamins, fatty acids, various micro and macro elements, as well as phenolic compounds. Numerous studies of sea buckthorn have found it to have anticancer, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Some studies suggest that it also affects the hemostasis system. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of six polyphenols rich and triterpenic acids rich fractions (A–F), taken from various organs of sea buckthorn, on the activation of blood platelets using whole blood, and to assess the effect of the tested fractions on platelet proteins: fraction A (polyphenols rich fraction from fruits), fraction B (triterpenic acids rich fraction from fruits), fraction C (polyphenols rich fraction from leaves), fraction D (triterpenic acids rich fraction from leaves), fraction E (polyphenols rich fraction from twigs), and fraction F (triterpenic acids rich fraction from twigs). Hemostasis parameters were determined using flow cytometry and T-TAS (Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System). Additionally, electrophoresis was performed under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Although all tested fractions inhibit platelet activation, the greatest anti-platelet activity was demonstrated by fraction A, which was rich in flavonol glycosides. In addition, none of the tested fractions (A–F) caused any changes in the platelet proteome, and their anti-platelet potential is not dependent on the P2Y12 receptor.

Many studies show that saponins isolated from various plants have a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells inducing apoptosis and autophagy. On the other hand, saponins also exhibit a number of beneficial properties, such as antioxidant properties. Thus, saponins can be considered both in terms of their therapeutic and protective effects during anticancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of the saponin fraction isolated from sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) leaves on the viability of HL-60 cancer cells using resazurin assay and its ability to induction of apoptosis with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Moreover, we studied its effect on the oxidative stress induced by H2O2, and anti-platelet and anticoagulant potential in whole blood using T-TAS, a microchip-based flow chamber system. We observed that the saponin fraction significantly decreased the viability of HL-60 cells at the concentration above 50 µg/mL and induced apoptosis at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Moreover, we observed that saponin fraction used at lower concentrations, such as 0.5 and 1 µg/mL, stimulated HL-60 cells and increased their viability. The saponin fraction also decreased the level of free radicals and reduced oxidative DNA damage measured by the comet assay. However, at high concentration of oxidant H2O2 equal 5 mM, we noticed that the saponin fraction at 50 µg/mL increased the level of free radicals in HL-60 cells. We also demonstrated anticoagulant potential of the saponin fraction at the concentration of 50 µg/mL. Our results indicate that the saponin fraction obtained from sea buckthorn leaves can show both chemotherapeutic and chemoprotective potential.

Elaeagnus angustifolia var. orientalis (L.)Kuntze fruit contains a large number of naturally occurring molecules present as glycoside, methylated, and methyl ester conjugates, which should be hydolysed or transformed to become bioactive forms. For this purpose, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN-3 was selected to ferment Elaeagnus angustifolia var. orientalis (L.)Kuntze fruit juice (EOJ). After fermentation, the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of the EOJ increased significantly compared to the non-fermented EOJ. Using widely-targeted metabolomics analysis, polyphenolic compounds involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were determined to be up-regulated in the fermented EOJ. In addition, the metabolites generated by 8 deglycosidation, 5 demethylation, 5 hydrogenation, and 28 other reactions were detected in higher concentrations in the fermented EOJ compared to the non-fermented EOJ. Interestingly, these up-regulated metabolites have higher antioxidant and other biological activities than their metabolic precursors, which provide a theoretical basis for the development of Bifidobacterium-fermented plant products with stronger functional activities.

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) is an important medicinal plant associated with numerous pharmacological activities. Its leaves are used as a therapeutic agent in traditional medicinal systems to treat diabetes. However, the active compounds responsible for the beneficial effects of E. angustifolia remain unclear. In this study, we determined the bioactive profile of E. angustifolia leaves using open column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Further, we sought to determine its α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, and its DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities. Four undescribed flavonol glycosides, igdoside A–D, and four known glucosides were isolated from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of E. angustifolia leaves. Thereafter, the compound structures were identified using spectroscopic methods, including NMR and mass spectrometry. Of the compounds extracted, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (trans-tiliroside), exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 2128 ± 63 μM compared to the positive control, acarbose (IC50 = 6561 ± 207 μM). trans-Tiliroside was also found to exhibit potent scavenging activity against the ABTS radical, with an IC50 value of 5 ± 0 μM, compared to the positive controls, trolox (31 ± 1 μM) and α-tocopherol (50 ± 1 μM). In addition, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (IC50 = 6 ± 0 μM) and astragalin (IC50 = 6 ± 0 μM) showed similar ABTS radical-scavenging activity as trans-tiliroside. Based on HPLC, the content of trans-tiliroside was 9.69% in the ethyl acetate extract, 1.04% in decoction, 0.34% in 70% methanol extract, and 0.23% in infusion. None of the extracts and compounds showed α-amylase inhibition or DPPH-scavenging activity.

Elaeagnus glabra f. oxyphylla (Elaeagnaceae) is a small evergreen tree with narrow lanceolate leaves that is native to Korea. In this work, we studied the chemical composition of E. glabra f. oxyphylla branches (EGFOB) for the first time. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of the ethanol extract of EGFOB and each of its chemical components on key mediators of Alzheimer&rsquo, s disease (AD), namely, amyloid-&beta, (A&beta, ) aggregation and oxidative stress. The ethanol extract of EGFOB decreased A&beta, aggregation (IC50 = 32.01 &micro, g/mL) and the levels of the oxidative free radicals 2,2&prime, azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 11.35 and 12.32 &micro, g/mL, respectively). Sixteen compounds were isolated from EGFOB. Among them, procyanidin B3 (8), procyanidin B4 (9), and helichrysoside (13) significantly inhibited A&beta, aggregation (IC50 = 14.59, 32.64, and 44.45 &mu, M, respectively), indicating their potential as bioactive compounds to control A&beta, aggregation. Furthermore, these compounds markedly enhanced in vitro scavenging activity against ABTS (IC50 = 3.21&ndash, 4.61 &micro, M). In the DPPH test, they showed lower scavenging activity than in the ABTS test (IC50 &ge, 54.88 &micro, M). Thus, these results suggest that EGFOB and specifically compounds 8, 9, and 13 may be beneficial in AD prevention and treatment through their antioxidant and anti-A&beta, aggregation activities.

The aim of this work was to enrich the knowledge on the potential applications of Elaeagnus mollis leaf extracts. For this purpose, the bioactive compounds (phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, proanthocyanidin, chlorophyll and carotene content), antioxidant activity, anti-HepG2 cell proliferation, and cholinesterase inhibitory potential (AChE and BChE) of E. mollis leaves which obtained from different habitats were quantitatively analyzed using various solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane). The results showed that the methanol extracts exhibited the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and the water extracts showed the best antioxidant activity in the 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reducing power (RP) assays. Moreover, the methanol extracts showed the best inhibitory activity against cholinesterase and HepG2 cancer cells. Correlation analysis revealed that the high antioxidant and anti-HepG2 cell proliferation activities were mainly attributed to the total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins while AChE inhibition was attributed to the total alkaloid and carotene content. The statistical results showed that the effect of habitats was lower than that of different solvents used. Additionally, the metabolic profiles of E. mollis leaves were evaluated using HPLC-ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS, and a total of 1,017 chemical components were detected and classified into 23 classes. The organic acids and derivatives ranked the first, followed by flavone, amino acid and derivatives, and so on. In conclusion, the effects of different solvents were more significant than the effects of different habitats and the methanol extracts of E. mollis leaves could be used as an effective source of functional active components, provide benefits to physical health care and be applied to the food and pharmaceutical industries.

This study focuses on saponin fraction from sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) leaves. It has known that for example teas from sea buckthorn leaves have anti-obesity properties. The objective of our present experiments was to investigate both the chemical composition of saponin fraction, as well as their biological properties in different in vitro models (using human plasma, blood platelets, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)). We observed that saponin fraction reduces plasma lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation induced by H2O2/Fe. This fraction also decreased DNA oxidative damage induced by H2O2 in PBMCs. Regarding the cytotoxicity of saponin fraction (0.5&ndash, 50 &micro, g/mL) none was found to cause lysis of blood platelets, and PBMCs. Our results, for the first time indicate that saponin fraction from sea buckthorn leaves may be a new promising source of compounds for prophylaxis and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Background Elaeagnus umbellata is abundantly found in Himalayan regions of Pakistan which is traditionally used to treat various health disorders. However, the experimental evidence supporting the anti-amnesic effect is limited. Therefore the study was aimed to evaluate the prospective beneficial effect of E. umbellata on learning and memory in mice. Objectives To assess neuroprotective and anti-amnesic effects of E. umbellata fruit extracts and isolated compounds on the central nervous system. Methods Major phytochemical groups present in methanolic extract of E. umbellata were qualitatively determined. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined in extract/fractions of E. umbellata. On the basis of in vitro promising anticholinesterases (AChE & BChE) and antioxidant activities observed for CHF. Ext and isolated compound-I (Chlorogenic acid = CGA), they were further evaluated for learning and memory in normal and scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice using memory behavioral tests such as the Y maze and Novel object recognition using standard procedures. The test sample were further assessed for in vivo anticholinesterases (AChE & BChE) and DPPH free radical scavenging activities in mice brain sample and finally validated by molecular docking study using GOLD software. Results The extract/fractions and isolated compounds were tested for their anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. The CHF. Ext and CGA showed maximum % inhibition of tested cholinesterases and free radicals. The CHF. Ext and CGA reversed the effects of scopolamine in mice. The CHF. Ext and CGA significantly increased the alternate arm returns and % spontaneous alteration performance while escape latency times (second) significantly decreased in Y maze test. The CHF. Ext and CGA significantly increased the time spent with novel object and also increased the discrimination index in the Novel object recognition test. Furthermore, molecular docking was used to validate the mechanism of cholinesterases inhibition of isolated compounds. Conclusion The data obtained from behavioral and biochemical studies (AChE/BChE and DPPH/ABTS inhibition) have shown that E. umbellata possessed significant memory enhancing potency. These results suggest that E. umbellata extract possess potential antiamnesic effects and amongst the isolated compounds, compound I could be more effective anti-amnesic therapeutics. However, further studies are needed to identify the exact mechanism of action. Graphical abstract

Four new triterpenoid bidesmosidic saponins (1–4) and a sesquiterpenoid glucoside (5), together with nine known phenolic compounds (6–14), were isolated from the fruits of Elaeagnus umbellata. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. The antioxidant capability of the isolated compounds was evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts. Compound 6 decreased ROS production and promoted cell proliferation. It also counteracted the cell cycle blockade induced by a low concentration of H2O2 decreasing the expression of p21 and CDKN2A (p16INK4A). Compound 6 decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in response to inflammatory stimuli, supporting its possible use in periodontitis lesions.

A new triterpenoid saponin, named terpengustifol A (1), and two new lignan glucosides, phengustifols A and B (2 and 3), were isolated from the flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Their structures were determined by the extensive analysis of the spectroscopic data (including NMR and HRMS) and ECD calculations. Compound 1 possesses an unusual monoterpene (Z)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,7-dienoyl unit at C-21. Compounds 2 and 3 are a pair of diastereoisomers, while their aglycones are a pair of enantiomers. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against A375 cell lines with IC50 values at 12.1 and 15.6 &mu, M, respectively. This is firstly reported the triterpenoid saponin and lignans isolated from the Elaeagnus angustifolia flowers.

Fully ripe fruits and mature leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia were harvested and analyzed by means of analytical and biological tests to better comprehend the chemical composition and therapeutic/nutraceutical potential of this plant. Fruits and leaves were dried and the obtained powders were analyzed to study their color character and (via headspace gas chromatography) describe the chemical profile. Subsequently, they were submitted to a chloroform&ndash, methanol extraction, to a hydroalcoholic extraction procedure assisted or not by microwaves, and to an extraction with supercritical CO2, assisted or not by ethanol as the co-solvent, to detect the polyphenolic and the volatile content. The resulting extracts were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll and carotenoid content, polyphenolic content, volatile fraction, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, radical scavenging activity, and enzymatic inhibition activity. The results confirmed the correlation between the chemical composition and the high antioxidant potential of leaf extracts compared to the fruit extracts in terms of the phenolic and pigment content. A promising effect against tyrosinase emerged for all the extracts, suggesting a therapeutic/nutraceutical use for this plant. Conversely, the volatile content from both natural matrices was similar.

Our manuscript showed that Elaeagnus angustifolia L. can be introduced to the Yellow River Delta of China and planting E. angustifolia was beneficial effects on the soil system. The saline soil of the Yellow River Delta of China is not suitable for the growth of crop and afforestation seedlings due to high salt content, high underground water level, and deficiencies in organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, which limits urban road greening around the Yellow River Delta. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (E. angustifolia) is a member of the Elaeagnaceae family, which is a deciduous shrub or small tree. Due to its good resistance, E. angustifolia has been planted widely in the western region of China, and it has been used for wind breaking, landscaping and sand stabilization. Furthermore, E. angustifolia seedlings were introduced to the Yellow River Delta due to its strong stress and adaptive growth response, which were studied in 2014 and 2015. The results revealed that the seedlings of E. angustifolia grew well with high relative growth rates, big crowns, thick basal diameter, thick diameter at the breast height, and many branches, especially during the second year. Planting E. angustifolia on the Yellow River Delta significantly decreased its salt content, and increased its content of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the number of fungus, bacteria, salt-tolerant bacteria, actinomycetes and salt-tolerant actinomycetes, especially after planting E. angustifolia for two consecutive years. In conclusion, E. angustifolia seedlings can grow well in the saline soil of the Yellow River Delta with a large biomass. In turn, planting E. angustifolia could improve saline soil properties. Hence, E. angustifolia can be a potential local greening tree species.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a valuable multipurpose medicinal plant belonging to Elaeagnaceae family. In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of seed oil from 20 sea buckthorn wild populations of Iran were evaluated in 2014 and 2015. Oil extraction was done using n-hexane solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus and then GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was performed. The highest and lowest amount of seed oil content in two years were obtained from Sarein and Kejel populations, respectively (3.88 to 8.63% in 2014 and from 4.07 to 9.66% in 2015). Importance of seed oil is related to it’s highly amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Maximum content of oleic acid cis were existed in Kelavenga (21.19%) on 2014. The highest value of oleic acid trans were related to Shahrestanak (6.34%) in 2015. Maximum content of linoleic acid in 2014 were existed in Baladeh (42.03%) on 2015. The highest linolenic acid content were obtained from Dehdar (30.73%) in 2014. Factor analysis based on PCA revealed, first three components (PC1–PC3) explained 63.86% of the total variation. The first component (PC1) was contributed by some traits such as seed oil percentage, Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid trance and linoleic acid contents with about 29% of total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. Wide range of variation across the sea buckthorn populations in seed oil traits could be exploited for selection of suitable genotypes to improvement and commercial exploitation of this plant.

Context: Flavonoid-enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) seed (FSH) has shown beneficial effects in anti-hypertension and lowering cholesterol level. However, evidence for its efficacy in treating obesity is limited. Objective: We sought to determine if FSH can reduce body weight and regulate lipid metabolism disorder in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, and to investigate potential molecular targets involved. Materials and methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity. The modeled mice were divided into four groups and treated with vehicle, rosiglitazone (2 mg/kg), low (100 mg/kg) and high (300 mg/kg) dose of FSH, respectively. Normal control was also used. The treatments were administered orally for 9 weeks. We measured the effect of FSH on regulating body weight, various liver and serum parameters, and molecular targets that are key to lipid metabolism. Results: FSH administration at 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly reduced body weight gain by 33.06 and 43.51%, respectively. Additionally, triglyceride concentration in serum and liver were decreased by 15.67 and 49.56%, individually, after FSH (300 mg/kg) treatment. Upon FSH (100 and 300 mg/kg) treatment, PPARα mRNA expression was upregulated in liver (1.24- and 1.42-fold) and in adipose tissue (1.66- and 1.72-fold). Furthermore, FSH downregulated PPARγ protein level both in liver and adipose tissue. Moreover, FSH inhibited macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues, and downregulated TNFα mRNA expression in adipose tissue (38.01–47.70%). Conclusion: This effect was mediated via regulation of PPARγ and PPARα gene expression, and suppression of adipose tissue inflammation.

Submitted by António Freitas (amsf@uma.pt) on 2021-03-25T09:57:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Changes in the phenolic compositions of Elaeagnus umbellata and Sambucus lanceolata after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and evaluation of their potential anti-diabetic properties.pdf: 767934 bytes, checksum: b590336a2dce2b577cb2b39c074d1fee (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-25T09:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Changes in the phenolic compositions of Elaeagnus umbellata and Sambucus lanceolata after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and evaluation of their potential anti-diabetic properties.pdf: 767934 bytes, checksum: b590336a2dce2b577cb2b39c074d1fee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 The authors are grateful to Esmeralda Dias from “A Quintinha das Aromáticas” (Funchal, Portugal) for the supply of E. umbellata samples and to Francisco Fernandes and José Carvalho from Madeira Botanical Garden (Funchal) for the identification of plant material. V. Spínola acknowledges Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) for a Ph.D. grant SFRH/BD/84672/2012. This work was also supported by FCT (project PEst-OE/QUI/UI0674/2019, CQM, Portuguese Government funds) and the Portuguese National Mass Spectrometry Network (Contract RNEMREDE/1508/REM/2005), and through Madeira 14-20 Program, project PROEQUIPRAM - Reforço do Investimento em Equipamentos e Infraestruturas Científicas na RAM (M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000008) and by ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, through the project M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000005 - Centro de Química da Madeira - CQM+ (Madeira 14-20). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Elaeagnaceae are worldwide distributed plant which native mainly to subtropical regions of Asia, North America, southeastern Europe and Australia. The use of Elaeagnus has been known for a long time, in addition to fresh consumption, many species of Elaeagnus are widely used in Juice, herbal tea, wine, soup, sauce, dessert, candy, pudding, ice cream topping, fruit leather, jam and jelly. Along with their edible values, many species of Elaeagnus including Elaeagnus triflora, Elaeagnus umbellate, Elaeagnus Pungens, Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Elaeagnus x ebbingei and Elaeagnus multiflora has multiple used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant, antipyretic, analgesic, astringent and antiulcer agent. Many Elaeagnus species have shown as rich in many bioactive components and known as strongly tanniniferous as well as many other compounds including indole alkaloids, sinapinic acid, flavonols, pentacyclic triterpenes and L-quebrachit. Wild Elaeagnus plants provides wildlife cover and introduce many environmental benefits for biodiversity maintenance and revegetation process. Many species has ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and has very important role for the process of soil erosion prevention.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae), commonly known as “Sea buckthorn” and “Vitamin tree”, is a spiny deciduous shrub whose fruit is known for its nutritional composition, such as vitamin C, and is consumed as a dietary supplement worldwide. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify structurally new and bioactive constituents from natural resources, the phytochemical investigation of the extract of H. rhamnoides fruits led to the isolation of one malate derivative (1), five citrate derivatives (2–6), and one quinate derivative (7). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data and high-resolution electrospray ionization (HR-ESI) liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) data. Three of the citrate derivatives were identified as new compounds: (S)-1-butyl-5-methyl citrate (3), (S)-1-butyl-1′-methyl citrate (4), and (S)-1-methyl-1′-butyl citrate (6), which turned out to be isolation artifacts. The absolute configurations of the new compounds were established by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation, which is an informative tool for verifying the absolute configuration of organic acid derivatives. The isolated compounds 1–7 were evaluated for their stimulatory effects on osteogenesis. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 stimulated osteogenic differentiation up to 1.4 fold, compared to the negative control. These findings provide experimental evidence that active compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 induce the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and activate bone formation.

The leaves of Elaeagnus pungens were extracted and successively purified by a set chromatographic techniques. The structures of the obtained constituents were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 1D/2D NMR and high resolution-MS. One new flavonoid glycosides, kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-d-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), along with five known compounds (2–6) were isolated and identified. The MTT assay in vitro showed that the isolated flavonol glycosides have no proliferating activity, suggesting no aggravating impact on the increased airway smooth muscle cells.

In this research, extraction optimization, preliminary characterization and immunological activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. pulp were investigated. A response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction process. The maximum EAP yield was 9.82±0.38%, which is in good agreement with the predicted value (9.93±0.24%). Two homogeneous polysaccharides, EAP-1a and EAP-1b with molecular weights of 8.70kDa and 4.39kDa respectively, were prepared by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns and characterized by HPLC, HPGPC, and FT-IR. Three polysaccharides (EAP, EAP-1a and EAP-1b) could stimulate macrophages to release NO and enhance phagocytic activities of RAW 264.7 cells in dose-dependent manner. Moreover, there was no significant difference between crude EAP group (400μg/mL) and positive control group (LPS) in effects on macrophages. The results implied that EAP had the potential to be developed as natural medicines or health foods.

A phytochemical study of the leaves and twigs of Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. has led to the isolation and identification of 12 compounds, including two flavonoid coumaroyl glycosides (1 and 2), two simple phenolic compounds (3 and 4), one coniferyl alcohol derivative (5), one monoterpene (6), two pairs of enantiomeric neolignans (7a/7b and 8a/8b), and a pair of enantiomeric sesquineolignans (9a/9b). The structures of these compounds were elucidated through the analysis of their MS, ECD, and 1D/2D NMR spectra as well as comparison with previously reported data. This is the first time that 1 and 2 have been isolated from this species, and the first time that 5, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, and 9b have been identified in the Elaeagnaceae family.

Phytochemicals sources have been extensively used as reducing and capping agents for synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). However, morphology-controlled synthesis and shape/size dependent applications of these NPs still need to be explored further, and there is a need to develop a way in which particular and optimized phytochemicals result in the desired NPs in lesser time and cost with higher reproducibility rate. The present study is focused on morphology-controlled synthesis and shape/size dependent application of silver NPs based on the fractionated phytochemicals of Elaeagnus umbellata extract (EU). Unlike other approaches, in this study the reaction parameters such as time, temperature, pH, stirring speed and concentration of the precursor solutions were not altered during the optimization process. The fractionated phytochemicals were used separately for the synthesis of AgNPs, and the synthesized NPs were characterized by UV–visible, FT-IR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our findings suggested that the constituents of the extract fractions varied with the selection of the extraction solvent, and the shape/size, bactericidal properties and toxicity of the NPs have a strong correlation with the phytochemicals of the plant extract. The fractionated phytochemicals present in the water fractions (EUW) resulted in monodispersed spherical AgNPs in the size about 40 nm. The NPs have significant stability in physiological conditions (i.e. temperature, pH and salt), have good antibacterial activity, and were found to be non-toxic. Furthermore, AFM and SEM analysis exposed that the NPs killed the bacteria by disturbing the cellular morphology and releasing the cellular matrix. Our results justify the use of different fractions of plant extract to obtain detail implications on shape, size, antibacterial potential and toxicity of AgNPs. This is the first step in a controllable, easy and cheap approach for the synthesis of highly stable, uniform, non-toxic and bactericidal AgNPs using five fractions of EU. The findings suggested that the synthesized NPs, particularly from EUW, could be used in pharmaceutical and homeopathic industry for the development of antibacterial medications.

Hippophae salicifolia, family Elaeagnaceae, commonly called Seabuckthorn, is a valuable wild plant of the Himalayan region. It is being cultivated for its nutritional and medicinal uses world over. Hippophae spp. serve as sources of raw materials for many of Hippophae spp. products in the globe. this plant was found to be growing wild along the bank of river Naymjang Chu at tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, India. An attempt was made to study their morphological, physico-chemical and nutritional properties. Detail morphological studies have been done. Physico-biochemical parameters such as colour, shape, polar and equatorial length, weight, volume, percent of pomace, seed, juice, ascorbic acid, acidity, pH, reducing sugar and minerals were analyzed. Fruit looks attractive in orange with good amount of juice recovery, moderate amount of reducing sugar and acidity. Juice was found to be low in pH which may have impart sharp sour taste to the fruits. High content of ascorbic acid of berry and minerals in the leaf makes it a future fruit for food and health security.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) were synthesized by a novel, simple green chemistry procedure using Elaeagnus angustifolia leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. The crystalline nature of nanoceria was confirmed by XRD analysis. FTIR analysis revealed that phytochemicals are present on the surface of nanoceria. SEM and TEM images revealed that the nanoceria are well dispersed, spherical in shape with a particle size range in between 30 and 75 nm. Thereafter, the effects of various concentrations of cerium oxide (CeO2) and green synthesized nanoceria on growth and metabolism of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) were investigated. The bio-accumulation of Ce in tomato seedlings was found to be dose dependent and the results showed that with the increase in exposure concentrations, the accumulation of Ce contents in both root and shoots augmented. However, unlike nanoceria treated seedlings, Ce contents in the roots with CeO2 treatments were negligible than that in the shoots at lower concentrations and this suggested the immobilization of Ce in CeO2 treatment at lower concentrations. Nanoceria at 500 and 1000 mg/L resulted in inhibitory effect on growth of test plant as compared to CeO2 component. The exposure of plants to nanoceria and CeO2 has resulted in significant reduction in pigment content, increased LP, EL and H2O2 content. The activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. SOD, CAT, APX and GPX were significantly up regulated on exposure of nanoceria and CeO2. It is concluded that plant exposure with nanoceria at concentrations of 20 and 100 mg/L were more beneficial for growth and metabolism of tomato plants than that of CeO2 at equivalent concentrations.

Eight undescribed isorhamnetin glycosides, acylated with isovaleric acid were isolated from the fruit of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson). Structures of the purified compounds were determined using one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chemical methods. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the phenolic-rich fraction of sea buckthorn fruit and its major flavonoids against colon cell lines, HT-29, HCT-116 and Caco-2, was determined. While the phenolic fraction was moderately active against HT-29 and HCT-116, all investigated purified flavonoids showed significantly weaker activity. This is most probably the first report about isorhamnetin glycosides acylated with isovaleric acid.

This research aimed to optimize the polysaccharides extraction of oleaster fruit and then to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of extracted polysaccharides. Temperature, water to dry matter ratio, time, and alcohol ratio were considered as variables. Purity of extracted polysaccharides was considered as the response. Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from full grain oleaster showed that all variables had effects on the purity of extracted polysaccharides alone or by interacting with other variables. The results showed that the temperature, 60 °C; water to dry matter ratio, 53:1 (V/W); time, 5 h; and alcohol ratio of 2.9 (V/V) were the best conditions for achieving the highest purity in extracted polysaccharides. The extracted polysaccharides had the potential of emulsion formation with high stability; however, foamability was not observed in this polysaccharide. In addition, the solubility of polysaccharide powder was high, and it increased with an increase in temperature, which resulted in a decrease in water absorption indicating the effect of heat on the structure and the amount of water absorption of extracted polysaccharides. The results obtained from FTIR confirmed the polysaccharide nature of extracted powder, and the X-ray diffraction pattern of extracted polysaccharides showed its semi-crystalline structure.

Background Isorhamnetin (IS) is a flavonoid component with many biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer, which is also the main active component in total flavones of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (Elaeagnaceae) (TFH); however, the interaction between IS and other components in TFH is unclear. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the enhancement of quercetin (QU) or kaempferol (KA) on the intestinal absorption of IS coexisting in TFH, and then preliminarily illuminate the related mechanisms. Methods Firstly, the intestinal absorption of IS in the presence or absence of QU or KA was conducted by in vivo pharmacokinetics model, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model (SPIP), and MDCK II-MRP2 monolayer cell model to confirm the enhancement of QU or KA on IS absorption. Secondly, the effects of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitors on the IS intestinal absorption were investigated to ascertain the mediation of MRP2 on IS absorption. Finally, the effects of QU or KA on MRP2 activity, protein expression, and mRNA level were performed by SPIP, everted-gut sacs, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments to elucidate the related mechanisms. Results QU or KA increased IS intestinal absorption according to the increased AUC0–96h, Cmax, and Peff of IS after co-administrated with QU or KA to rats; the oral absorption of IS was mediated by MRP2 based on the facts that the average plasma concentration, AUC0–96h, and Peff of IS were increased when co-administrated with PR or MK571 (MRP2 inhibitors) as well as the Pratio(BL/AP) of IS was decreased by MK571 in MDCK II-MRP2 cell monolayer; the activity, protein expression, and mRNA level of MRP2 were inhibited or down-regulated by QU or KA because of the increased Peff of MRP2 substrate calcein (CA) and the down-regulated relative protein and mRNA intensity after co-treated with QU or KA. Conclusion QU and KA increased the intestinal absorption of IS in TFH by regulating the activity and expression of MRP2, which provides useful information for the investigation of the transporter-mediated interaction of flavonoid components in herbal extracts.

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp.), a hardy deciduous shrub of family Elaeagnaceae, grows wild at higher altitudes of Asia and Europe, and is also cultivated in different countries including China, Russia, and India. Since ancient times, seabuckthorn has been known for its immense nutraceutical, medicinal, and ecological value. Seabuckthorn berries are a rich source of phytochemicals like vitamins (especially vitamin C and E), flavonoids, carotenoids, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and mineral elements. Many research studies have reported diverse medicinal properties of seabuckthorn preparations, namely antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. These medicinal properties of seabuckthorn are attributed to the presence of important bioactive compounds in different parts of the seabuckthorn plant, mainly in berries, leaves, and seeds. A large number of seabuckthorn products have recently acquired significant attention and gains in the health, cosmetics, and food industry. The present review covers nutraceutical and medicinal applications of seabuckthorn.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae.) is a thorny shrub that has small, yellow to dark orange, soft, juicy berries. Due to hydrophilic and lipophilic ingredients, berries have been used as food and medicine. Sea buckthorn (SB) oil derived from berries is a source of valuable ingredients for cosmeceuticals. The unique combination of SB oil ingredients, in qualitative and quantitative aspects, provides multiple benefits of SB oil for internal and external use. Externally, SB oil can be applied in both healthy and damaged skin (burns or skin damage of different etiology), as it has good wound healing properties. Due to the well-balanced content of fatty acids, carotenoids, and vitamins, SB oil may be incorporated in cosmeceuticals for dry, flaky, burned, irritated, or rapidly ageing skin. There have been more than 100 ingredients identified in SB oil, some of which are rare in the plant kingdom (e.g., the ratio of palmitoleic to γ-linolenic acid). This review discusses facts related to the origin and properties of SB oil that make it suitable for cosmeceutical formulation.

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), associated with high mortality, is characterized by extensive death of hepatocytes and hepatic dysfunction. There is no effective treatment for FHF. Several studies have indicated that flavonoids can protect the liver from different factor-induced injury. Previously, we found that the extracts of Elaeagnus mollis leaves had favorable protective effects on acute liver injury. However, the role and mechanisms behind that was elusive. This study examined the hepatoprotective mechanisms of kaempferol-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyra-noside (KAR), a major flavonol glycoside of E. mollis, against d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic failure. KAR reduces the mouse mortality, protects the normal liver structure, inhibits the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alamine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and decreases the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Furthermore, KAR inhibits the apoptosis of hepatocytes and reduces the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins induced by GalN/LPS treatment. These findings suggest that the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of KAR on GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury were performed through down-regulating the activity of the TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Yenigun, Semiha/0000-0002-1979-5427 WOS: 000413456900010 PubMed: 28137214 Aim and Objective: Due to the common ethnopharmacological used or scientifically examined biochemical properties, Elaeagnaceae family, Elaeagnus umbellate (Thunb.) (EU, Guz yemisi) was worth investigating. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, we revealed antioxidant, antiproliferative and enzyme inhibition activities of the water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of EU as well as the contents of their phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, lycopene and beta-carotene. The antioxidant activity was screened by total antioxidant (phosphomolybdenum), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, reducing power, 2-deoxyribose degradation assay, H2O2 scavenging and metal chelating activities of the samples were tested in vitro. Additionally, the scavenging activities of the extracts were determined against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonicacid (ABTS(center dot+)), superoxide anion and peroxide radicals. The samples were determined for their inhibitory activities against urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In vitro, antiproliferative activities of six different extracts were tested using the xCELLigence system against HeLa and HT29 cell lines. Results: The antioxidant activities of the extracts were found higher than standard antioxidants. The water extracts of fruit and leaf showed the best antioxidant activity. In inhibition assays of urease, AChE and BuChE, all extracts exhibited remarkable inhibition potential. Ethyl acetate extracts, especially, showed better inhibition capacity. It was found that the antioxidant activities of the extracts presented consistently with their chemical contents. The antiproliferative activities of leaf extracts were more effective than the fruit extracts. The chromatographic methods were applied to the different solvents to analyses phenolic secondery metabolites. It was found that fumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin and quercetin-3-beta-D-glucoside, neohesperidin, hesperidin determined to have higher contents all the extracts. Conclusion: EU can be suggested as a potential natural source of antioxidants appropriate for utilization in nutritional/pharmaceutical fields. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [114Z683] We would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support (114Z683).

BACKGROUND The Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit has been traditionally used in Iranian herbal medicine to treat diarrhea and rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, the effects of E. angustifolia fruit extract on the acute and chronic phases of formalin-induced rat paw edema were examined. METHODS The acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects of E. angustifolia fruit extract were investigated through the subcutaneous injection of 100 μL of formalin (2.5%) into a rat's hind paw. Thirty minutes before the procedure, the experimental groups were treated intraperitoneally with hydroalcoholic fruit extracts of E. angustifolia (concentrations of 100, 300, 700, and 1000 mg/kg); sodium salicylate (SS, 400 mg/kg) and distilled water were used as positive and negative control groups, respectively. Treatment with SS and the fruit extracts were performed daily for 8 days, and the degree of edema was measured by using mercury plethysmometer and digital caliper. RESULTS In the acute anti-inflammatory study, the extract showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect in a dose-dependent manner. The results of 1000 mg/kg of the extract was significantly different compared with the negative control group (p

In this study, two polysaccharides (Elaeagnus angustifolia L. polysaccharide-1 (PEA-1) and PEA-2) were prepared from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Then, the preliminary structure and antioxidant activities of all the samples were investigated. The results showed that the average molecular weights for PEA-1 and PEA-2 were 9113 and 5020 Da, respectively. And, PEA-1 was mainly composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, respectively. The components of PEA-2 were rhamnose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, respectively. Moreover, the Antioxidant assays demonstrated that PEA-1 possessed of strong free radicals scavenging activity and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities, suggesting that PEA-1 could potentially be used as natural antioxidant.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. belonging to family Elaeagnaceae has gained considerable importance as the wonder plant because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. Commonly known as Seabuckthorn; it also provides protection against rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and diseases of larynx, lungs, skin and cardiovascular nature. In India, seabuckthorn is distributed in five states; Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Of the four species of Hippophae reported across these five states, two occur in Jammu and Kashmir. Ladakh region of this state is rich in seabuckthorn with its populations abounding Leh and Kargil districts. Owing to its enormous importance, the leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides were screened for the presence of bioactive substances in them. For this purpose extracts of shade dried leaves belonging to different populations of Kargil were largely prepared in three different solvents namely water, acetone and methanol. In some, meta-phosphoric acid, chloroform and petroleum ether were also employed. These were then subjected to specific color tests and evaluated. Results indicate the presence of a large number of important antioxidants and other health promoting metabolites in these leaves. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, saponins, ascorbic acid and alkaloids tested positive in all the three extract types. Anthocyanides, phlobatannins, steroids, and leucoanthocyanins were uniformly absent in all. Terpenoids, flavonols and cardiac glycosides are present in aqueous extract. However, their response in other solvents differs.

The leaves of Elaeagnus pungens were extracted with 70% ethanol and successively purified by column chromatography. Seven constituents were obtained and characterized, all of which belong to the class of flavonol glycosides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 1D/2D NMR and MS analysis techniques. The seven flavonol glycosides were determined as kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-d-galactopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-galactopyranoside (2), together with five known compounds, respectively. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliu-m bromide assay in vitro showed that the isolated flavonol glycosides showed no proliferation activity in the asthma airway smooth muscle cells, comparing with solvent as the control group.

A disturbance, such as species invasion, can alter the exchange of materials and organisms between ecosystems, with potential consequences for the function of both ecosystems. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) is an exotic tree invading riparian corridors in the western United States, and may alter stream organic matter budgets by increasing allochthonous litter and by reducing light via shading, in turn decreasing in-stream primary production. We used a before-after invasion comparison spanning 35 years to show that Russian olive invasion increased allochthonous litter nearly 25-fold to an invaded vs. a control reach of a stream, and we found that this litter decayed more slowly than native willow. Despite a mean 50% increase in canopy cover by Russian olive and associated shading, there were no significant changes in gross primary production. Benthic organic matter storage increased fourfold after Russian olive invasion compared to pre-invasion conditions, but there were no associated changes in stream ecosystem respiration or organic matter export. Thus, estimated stream ecosystem efficiency (ratio of ecosystem respiration to organic matter input) decreased 14%. These findings show that invasions of nonnative plant species in terrestrial habitats can alter resource fluxes to streams with consequences for whole-ecosystem functions.

Elaeagnus umbellata, a member of the Elaeagnaceae family, is native to Pakistan, China, India, Korea, and Japan. It is found commonly at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 2100 m and thrives on eroded and degraded land due to its ability to fix nitrogen. The plant also grows under variable pH (4–8) and drought, and is used locally as fuel wood, fencing, fodder, basket making, and shelterbelts. The fruit of the plant is well known for its essential nutrients and medicinal compounds such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, carotenoids (lycopene), soluble solids, and sugars. Medicinally, it is widely believed to protect against myocardial infections, pulmonary infections, and various forms of cancers. Ten ecotypes from variable microclimatic conditions were investigated for their morphological, molecular and biochemical diversity improvement and commercialization purposes. Comparisons and disabilities indicated significant variability in terms of morphological (plant height, number of branches, thorn s...

Two new flavonol glycosides were isolated together with two known glycosides and an ester from the leaves of E. lanceollata Warb. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., fam. Elaeagnaceae) fruits are rich in pigments and lipoproteins located in membranes and the fleshy mesocarp. In spite of many reports concerning the neutral lipids in the mesocarp, no data about the polar lipids and their fatty acid composition are available even though they play important structural and physiological roles in cell membranes and may offer interesting applications as emulsifiers and nutrients in cosmetic preparations. Carotenolipoprotein complexes are located particularly in fruit membranes where polar lipids may function as bridge compounds between the polar (protein) and non-polar (carotenoid) moieties. The fatty acid compositions of total and individual polar lipids separated from carotenolipoprotein complexes were determined by HPTLC and GC. The polar lipids included 61% phospholipids and 39% galactolipids, which contained mainly 16:0, 16:1 (9c), 18:1 (9c), 18:1 (11c) and 18:2 (9c, 12c) fatty acids. Almost all polar lipids showed high ratios of 16:0/16:1 (11c) and 18:1 (9c)/18:1 (11c), and higher quantities of 18 carbon unsaturated fatty acids than of the saturated analogue. Galactolipids proved to be richest in 18:1 (9c) and 18:3 (9c, 12c, 15c) fatty acids, while phospholipids contained higher concentrations of 16:0 and 18:1 (9c).

A new flavonol glycoside was isolated together with five known glycosides. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic and chemical studies.

Seven new tannins, elaeagnatins A-G, have been isolated from the leaves of Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae) together with fifteen known tannins and related polyphenols, and their structures have been characterized as monomeric and dimeric C-glucosidic ellagitannins on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. Elaeagnatins B, C and F are the first dimers composed of C-glucosidic monomer and ellagitannin monomer with a gluconic acid core.

Summary Separate geographic forms of sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) are characterized not only by different composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs) of their fruit mesocarp oil, but also by a different biosynthetic pattern of the TAGs. Siberian, Central Asian, and Baltic forms contain TAGs, which include mostly hexadecenoic (C 16:1 ) and palmitic (C 16:0 ) fatty acid (FA) residues and are synthesized according to the theory of 1,3-Random, 2-Random Distribution of FAs between the respective OH groups of glycerol. At the same time, the mechanism of formation of TAGs of the Caucasian form rich in the residues of C 16:0 and octadecenoic acid (C 18:1 ) is in accordance with the theory of Restricted Random Distribution of FAs. The occurrence of two different patterns of TAG biosynthesis in the mesocarp of the same biological object is demonstrated here for the first time. As for seed oils, the geographic forms studied here virtually do not differ from each other in the FA composition of their TAGs.

We characterized the structure of condensed tannins from 16 woody plant species (seven genera, six families) and determined their effects on six herbivorous insect species (four genera, two families). There were major differences in tannin structure, even between congeneric plant species. Condensed tannins differed markedly in their antiherbivore activity, averaged over these herbivores, and the herbivores differed in their sensitivity, averaged over these tannins. Furthermore, the same tannin can have different effects on different herbivores, presumably because of interactions between tannin structure and gut physiology. Results challenge the view that tannins provide an evolutionarily stable plant defense because of their uniform chemical properties. Condensed tannin can sometimes impact herbivore fitness through effects on survival and growth, but the largest effects in 45 insect–tannin combinations were less than that of many other plant metabolites at lower doses. Even at high doses, condensed tanni...

Hippophae salicifolia, Elaeagnus pyriformis, Myrica esculenta and M. nagi are actinorhizal plants growing in the sacred forests of Northeast India with multipurpose uses. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the phenol, flavonoid and flavonol contents of the fresh fruit juice of these plant species including the antioxidant potential by means of DPPH, H2O2 and NO scavenging activity and FRP. The total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of fruit juice ranged from 321.68+/-0.06 to 76.67+/-0.01 mg/g GAE, 272.92+/-0.07 to 20.12+/-0.02 mg/g QE and 258.92+/-0.08 to 18.72+/-0.02 mg/g QE, respectively. At 2.0 mg/mL concentration, DPPH scavenging activity was found to be the highest in M. esculenta (89.62 percent) and the lowest in E. pyriformis (17.58 percent). The reducing power activity was found significantly higher in H. salicifolia juice, which increased with increase in concentration. The H2O2 scavenging activity of H. salicifolia juice was found to be as high as 98.78 percent, while Elaeagnus juice was found to be less effective with just 48.90 percent. Juice of H. salicifolia showed the greatest NO scavenging effect of 75.24 percent as compared to juice of E. pyriformis, where only 37.54 percent scavenging was observed at the same concentration. Taking into account all the experimental data, it can be said that the fruits of H. salicifolia and both M. nagi and M. esculenta have good antioxidant activity compared to fruits of E. pyriformis.

The present study was conducted to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content and to determine anticariogenic efficacy of methanol extract of Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg (Thymelaeaceae), Pothos scandens L. (Araceae) and Elaegnus kologa Schlecht (Elaeagnaceae) leaves. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaf extracts was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method respectively. Anticariogenic activity of leaf extracts was assessed against 13 clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans by Agar well diffusion technique. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were higher in G. glauca followed by P. scandens and E. kologa. The extract of G. glauca showed greater inhibition of cariogenic isolates than P. scandens and E. kologa as revealed by wider inhibition zones. The study revealed a correlation between the amount of phenolics and flavonoids present in the extracts and the anticariogenic activity of the extracts. The plants used in this study could be used against dental caries.

Fruits of two varieties of Hippophae rhamnoides L. collected in Kyrgyzstan (I) and Uzbekistan (II) were investigated. Differences in their morphological and biochemical properties were demonstrated. Titrable acids, ascorbic acid, and protein dominated in the fruits of I. Pulp oil of II contained more free fatty acids (acid number 2.9 mg KOH) and carotinoids (419.3 mg%). The principal pulp acid was 16:1. Among the rarely encountered acids of pulp oil, an insignificant quantity of 16:2 was detected (1.2–4.6%). Seed oil of the studied specimens contained >40% of the essential acids 18:2 and 18:3 (vitamin F).

Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is not commonly grown for its fruit in the U.S., except for the purpose of attracting wildlife. Due to its ability to fix nitrogen, drought and disease resistance, and tolerance of poor soil, autumn olive has been widely planted in distressed areas and along highways to prevent soil erosion. The edible fruit, brilliant red or yellow in color, is exceptionally high in the anti-oxidant carotenoid lycopene and several other carotenoids. Lycopene has been associated with prevention of certain chronic diseases, including prostate cancer.

We investigated possible mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract from the leaf of Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. (EOMeOH). EOMeOHwas evaluated for its analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test, and anti-inflammatory effect was examined by λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema assay. We detected the activities of GPx, GRd and SOD in the liver, and the levels of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, MDA and NO in the edema paw to investigate the mechanism of action against inflammation. Total polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents of EOMeOHwere detected to explore its antioxidant activities. Results showed that, in the analgesic test, EOMeOHdecreased acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time in the late phase of formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, EOMeOHdecreased paw edema at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th h after λ-carrageenan had been injected. EOMeOHincreased the activities of SOD and GPx in liver tissue and decreased MDA, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 levels in paw edema tissue at the 3rd h after λ-carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction. EOMeOHexhibited abundant polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents. In HPLC fingerprint test of EOMeOH, two index ingredients, ursolic acid and pomolic acid, were isolated from EOMeOHand were exhibited in HPLC chromatographic analysis. The results demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of EOMeOH. It was indicated that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EOMeOHmay be due to declined levels of NO and MDA in the edema paw through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRd in the liver. Additionally, EOMeOHdecreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 levels in the edema paw. The results suggested its value in future development of herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Diversity needs to be “conserved through use.” Owing to the global need, the present study includes two underutilized berries, Carissa carandus and Eleagnus conferta, to explore their potential as supplementary food by evaluating their antioxidant activity and approximate chemical composition. Berries of E. conferta are a richer source of carotene, ascorbic acid, protein, and magnesium, whereas berries of C. carandus are rich in sugars, lipids, iron, and magnesium. The antioxidant properties of the berries and a comparative account on their performance using DPPH and FRAP assay was studied. Both assays revealed high activity in the peel extract of berries of C. carandus. The LC-MS/MS profile of C. carandus reveals the presence of eleven different polyphenolic compounds while E. conferta had only four of these compounds.