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Copper (Cu)-dipicolonic acid (DPA) based metal-organic coordination polymers (MOCPs) has been evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Cu-MOCP exhibits specific capacitance of 217.3 F g−1 at 0.4 mA cm−2 and superior capacitance retention of 95.5% after 2000 cycles at 6.7 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M NaOH electrolyte using galvanostatic study. It may arouse from the micro structure in Cu-MOCP that gives enough void for storage and diffusion of electrolyte, suggesting its promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

The newer route of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) stabilized the cesium lead iodide (PEG-CsPbI3) light-absorber have prepared for Inorganic perovskite solar cell application. The prepared PEG-CsPbI3, uniform multicrystalline growth on the electrode surface and surface morphologies were observed by the high resolution-tunneling electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. PEG-CsPbI3 is in black color cubic crystalline phase at 350 °C that results confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern. Also, the cubic nature is confirmed through that selected area electron diffraction pattern. From the Fourier transform-infrared spectra, the functional groups of cesium, lead hydroxide and Pb-I-Pb stretching vibrations and the relevant frequency modes is confirmed. The current-voltage curves at 10 mV/S scan rate are performed in the two different directions. The PEG-CsPbI3 coated photo-anode stability is monitored through forward and reverse scan direction maximum 25 days, 3.01% of the average efficiency is achieved by in the 20th days stabilized device, particularly in the reverse scan.

Kinesin Spindle Protein (KSP) or Eg5 is an essential kinesin that is involved in spindle separation process during mitosis and also unregulated in certain cancer cells. Inhibitors of this enzyme have proved to be effective to block spindle separation followed by mitotic arrest and apoptosis of the cancer cells. Since this enzyme has two allosteric inhibitor binding sites, it's an excellent target for developing drugs for cancer chemotherapy. Many pyrimidine derivatives have been proved to be active against cancer and other enzymes. In this report, we have synthesized a set ten novel N-(1-(6-acetamido-5-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)piperidin-3-yl)amide derivatives and have evaluated their activity against the KSP. The SAR of these active compounds was further analyzed using in silico molecular docking studies using GOLD and AutoDock softwares. All these compounds form hydrophobic interaction, aromatic π-π stacking and hydrogen bond efficiently with the Eg5.

The course of the reaction between copper sulfate (CuSO4) and 4-aminodiphenylamine (4ADPA) was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy in p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA). Formation of poly(4-aminodiphenylamine)/copper nanoparticle composite (P4ADPA/CuNC) was witnessed through the steady increase in absorbance at 410, 580 and >700 nm. The absorbance at 410 nm as well as >700 nm are correlated to the amount of P4ADPA/CuNC formation and was subsequently used to determine the rate of formation of P4ADPA/CuNC (RP4ADPA/CuNC) at any time during the course of the reaction. RP4ADPA/CuNC shows a first-order dependence on [4ADPA] and a half-order dependence on [CuSO4]. A kinetic rate expression was established between RP4ADPA/CuNC and experimental parameters such as [4ADPA] and [CuSO4]. The rate constant for the formation of P4ADPA/CuNC was 8.98 × 10(-3) mol(-0.5) l(0.5) s(-1). Field emission scanning electron and transmission electron micrographs revealed that the morphology of the P4ADPA/CuNC was influenced by the reaction conditions.

Nano size Polypyrrole (PPY) was synthesized electrochemically in presence of three different surfactants namely CTAB, CSA and TTX-100. Cyclic voltammetric studies showed an irreversible oxidation of pyrrole in the presence of surfactants. The currents of the broad peak were 4.26mA, 5.3mA and 8.6mA for PPY/CTAB, PPY/CSA and PPY/TTY-100 respectively. The FT IR spectra of electrochemically synthesized PPY in presence and absence of surfactants were analyzed and the prominent peaks were assigned properly. The presence of N-H group in both cases suggests the presence of pyrrole units in the polymer. From the XRD results the particle sizes of all the four PPYs were determined and the values are as follows: PPY (34 nm), PPY/CSA (31 nm), PPY/CTAB (30nm), PPY/TTX-100 (29 nm). The PPY/TTX-100 exhibited highest electrical conductivity (2.04 ×10−3 S/cm) among other PPY synthesized (PPY/CTAB - 1.13 ×10−3 S/cm, PPY/CSA - 1.09×10−3 S/cm and PPY - 1.27 ×10−3 S/cm). SEM images of PPY/CSA showed agglomerated small polymeric fragments whereas PPY/CTAB showed large sized polymeric plates. Interestingly PPY/TTX–100 showed uniform hollow structure. The presence of surfactants has resulted in uniform polymer formation.

Superhydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF-SiO2 composite membranes with different % of SiO2 contents were prepared by electrospinning. The surface morphologies of the membranes are characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. The nanofibers in the membranes were stacked in layers to produce fully interconnected pores that resulted in high porosity. The incorporation of SiO2 into the nanofiber membrane improved the ionic conductivity from 0.2428 × 10-4Scm-1 to 7.731 × 10-4Scm-1 at room temperature. The surface roughness of the membranes increased with increasing the SiO2 content, while the average diameter of nanofibers was rarely affected. Superhydrophobic PVDF membrane with a contact angle larger than 136° was prepared by the electrospinning of the SiO2 functionalized PVDF. The surface composition of the membranes is analyzed by using FTIR and the contact angles and water drops on the surface of the membrane are measured. The contact angle experimental results of PVDF-SiO2 composite membranes showed an improvement of hydrophobicity with % of nano SiO2.

A new electroactive and electrochromic copolymer of 4-aminodiphenylamine (ADPA) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DADPS) was synthesized electrochemically in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 in water and ethanol medium. The electrochemical synthesis of the copolymer by deposition on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and its characterization were carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The voltammograms exhibited different patterns of behavior with different feed concentrations of DADPS. Equimolar concentrations of ADPA and DADPS or the combination with slight excess concentration of DADPS demonstrated very efficient growth of the copolymer film on the surface of the GCE. The copolymer is highly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The scan rate of this copolymer on GCE showed linear variation, revealing the film's excellent electroactive adherent properties. The effect of pH on the copolymer film showed that the polymer was electrochemically active up to pH 7.0. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of the copolymer film, carried out on an indium tin oxide (ITO) plate, showed multi-color electrochromic behavior when the applied potential was changed. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR and 1 H NMR spectral data. The surface morphology was studied using SEM analysis and the grain size of the copolymer was measured using XRD studies and found to be 28 nm. The electrical conductivity of the copolymer was 3.48 × 10 −2 S cm −1 , as determined using a four-probe conductivity meter.

Electrochemical copolymerization of o-anisidine with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate was carried out in aqueous 0.1 M HClO4 by employing cyclic voltammetry. Copolymer films were grown for different molar concentration ratios of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate. Electrochemical homopolymerizations of o-anisidine and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate were carried out independently under similar conditions. The copolymers exhibited high solubility in many polar solvents. The scan rate exerted good influence on the polymer effect on this glassy carbon electrode copolymer film, revealing electroactive film's excellent adherent properties. Spectroelectrochemical studies of the copolymer film were carried out on indium tin oxide plates. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR spectral data. The surface morphology was studied using SEM and TEM analysis. The electrical conductivity of copolymer was measured by four-probe conductivity meter.

Poly(4-aminodiphenylamine)-silver nanocomposites were synthesized by an easy one-step aqueous chemical oxidative polymerization of 4-aminodiphenylamine (4ADPA) using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the oxidant. Two different structure directing surfactants, p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide/hydrochloric acid (CTAB/HCl), were independently used for the nanocomposite (NC) preparation. The NCs prepared in p-TSA and CTAB/HCl medium were designated as P4ADPA/AgNC(p−TSA) and P4ADPA/AgNC(CTAB/HCl), respectively. We investigated the morphological variations in the NCs based on the medium. P4ADPA/AgNC(p−TSA) and P4ADPA/AgNC(CTAB/HCl) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

A facile and sustainable mechanochemical route for the synthesis of undoped polydiphenylamine (PDPA) and inorganic acid doped nanostructures are reported. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) images highlighted the formation of distinctly different nanostructures for each of the inorganic acid doped PDPA. Elemental analysis carried out for the polymers revealed the presence of more repeating units in their backbone. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the as-prepared PDPA nanostructures indicated the high degree of crystallinity ever reported for PDPA. Spectroscopic profile of the polymers showed that the prepared PDPA is in a doped conducting form. Electrochemical studies performed for the polymeric particles ascertained the redox behaviour and the good electrochemical activity of obtained PDPA samples. The probable mechanistic aspect behind the formation of PDPA nanostructures through this simple and efficient route is discussed.

Kinetics of chemical oxidative polymerization of 4-aminodiphenylamine (4ADPA) was followed in aqueous 1 M p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as an oxidant by UV–vis spectroscopy. The medium was found to be clear and homogeneous during the course of polymerization. The absorbances corresponding to the intermediate and the polymer were followed for different concentrations of 4ADPA and AgNO3 and at different reaction time. The appearance of a band around 450 nm during the initial stages of polymerization corresponds to the plasmon resonance formed by the reduction of Ag+ ions. Rate of poly(4-aminodiphenylamine)/Ag nanocomposite (RP4ADPA/AgNC) was determined for various reaction conditions. RP4ADP/AgNC showed second order power dependence on 4ADPA and first order dependence on AgNO3. The observed order dependences of 4ADPA and AgNO3 on the formation of P4ADPA/AgNC were used to deduce a rate equation for the reaction. Rate constant for the reaction was determined through different approaches. The good agreement between the rate constants obtained through different approaches justifies the selection of rate equation.

A solvent-free mechanochemical route for the preparation of poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) hydrochloride nanostructures is developed and reported in the article. High conductivity, good crystallinity, and nanostructured morphology are observed for the prepared polymer. This polymeric powder is utilized as a cathode material in hybrid supercapacitor and its electrochemical performance is evaluated and discussed in this short report. The maximum specific capacitance of the poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) hydrochloride/activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor is found to be 125 F g−1 at 1 mA cm−2 current density. The cell delivers a specific energy as high as 50 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 97 W kg−1 and also exhibits an excellent cycle performance with more than 99% coulombic efficiency and the maintenance of 85% of its initial capacitance after 1,000 cycles.

Electroactive conducting copolymers of aniline (ANI) and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (EAB) were prepared electrochemically. Cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out with different feed concentration of EAB on glassy carbon electrode surface. The voltammograms exhibited different behavior for different concentrations of EAB. The copolymers exhibited high solubility in many polar solvents. The scan rate exerted good influence on the polymer effect on this GCE copolymer film, revealing electroactive film’s excellent adherent properties. The effect of pH on the copolymer film showed that the polymer was electrochemically active up to pH 7.0. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of the copolymer film, carried out on an indium tin oxide (ITO) plate, showed multicolor electrochromic behavior when the applied potential was changed. The color of the copolymer was changed from neutral yellow (422 nm) to green (760 nm) and to blue (600 nm) at the concentration of 0.1 M aniline and 0.1 M EAB in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 medium. The copolymer was characterized by FT-IR spectral data. The surface morphology were studied using SEM and TEM analysis. The grain size of the copolymer was measured using XRD studies and was found to be 80 nm. The electrical conductivity of the copolymer was 3.21 × 10 −2 S cm −1 , as determined using a four-probe conductivity meter.

A seed induced chemical oxidative polymerization was used for the preparation of pure poly(2-amino thiophenol) nanodiscs (P2AT-NDs (P)). Two templates, (hard (MCM-41) and soft (β-napthalene sulfonic acid), were utilized for the preparation of the seed, P2AT nanostructures loaded MCM-41. The field emission scanning electron microscopy reveals nanodisc morphology for P2AT (P). X-ray diffraction, current-potential characteristics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of P2AT-ND (P). The P2AT-ND (P) exhibits semicrystalline behaviour, good electron transport and lesser charge transfer resistance at the interface as compared to simple P2AT prepared by conventional chemical route.

The electroactive copolymer of diphenylamine (DPA) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DADPS) was synthesized electrochemically in 4 M H2SO4 and ethanol medium. Both electrochemical synthesis and characterization of the copolymer deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were carried out using cyclic voltammetry. The voltammograms exhibited different patterns of behavior with different feed concentrations of DPA. Equimolar concentrations of DPA and DADPS demonstrated very efficient growth of the copolymer film on the surface of the GCE. The copolymer exhibited high solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The scan rate exerted little-effect on this GCE copolymer film, revealing the film's excellent electroactive adherent properties. The effect of pH on the copolymer film showed that the polymer was electrochemically active up to pH 7.0. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of the copolymer film, carried out on an indium tin oxide (ITO) plate, showed multicolor electrochromic behavior when the applied potential was changed. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectral data. The surface morphology was studied using SEM analysis, the grain size of the copolymer was measured using XRD studies and was found to be 56 nm. The electrical conductivity of the copolymer was 2.65 × 10−2 S cm−1, as determined using a four-probe conductivity meter.

4, 4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulphone was polymerized (with lithium/cobalt/lithium–cobalt salts) by chemical oxidation method using potassium perdisulphate. The solubility of the chemically prepared polymer–metal nanocomposite was ascertained and it showed good solubility in DMF, chloroform, trichloroethylene and DMSO. The PDDS–Li/Co/Li–Co nanocomposites were characterized by UV–vis and FTIR spectral studies. Amine and imine vibrations observed at 1593 and 1503 cm −1 were shifted to lower wave numbers when the polymer–metal composites were formed. A single absorption peak due to the N–H stretching vibration of the imino groups of polymer–metal nanocomposite is observed around 3459 cm −1 and it suggests the participation of NH group during polymerization. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of nano sized (82 nm) crystalline polymer. The conductivity of the PDDS–Li–Co nanocomposite was determined to be 6.26 × 10 −2 S cm −1 . SEM analysis showed mixed granular nature of the polymer–metal nanocomposite. The capacitance (159.04 μF) of chemically synthesized PDDS–Li–Co nanocomposite is suggested as a potential capacitive material.

An exciting methodology for the electrosynthesis of poly(o-chloroaniline) is proposed, based on the electrochemical polymerisation of o-chloroaniline (OCA) on a polyaniline-modified electrode and copolymerisation of OCA with different compositions of biologically important 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) on the same electrode. The copolymer electrosynthesised from an equimolar feed composition of OCA and DDS behaved the best among the other compositions employed for polymerisation. The UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectral data obtained for this copolymer suggest the incorporation of DDS in the polymer chain. The X-ray diffraction profile of the copolymer indicates a substantial amorphous nature of the as-synthesised copolymer. Scanning electron micrographs recorded for the homo- and copolymer reveal distinctly different morphologies. The average grain size of the prepared copolymer as approximated from the micrographs is 80 nm. The procedure reported is found to be a very efficient method for electrochemically polymerising pristine OCA and poly(OCA-co-DDS) and the adopted strategy is the best so far reported for the electrochemical polymerisation of OCA on any electrode surface. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

The reactive yellow 107 was polymerized by chemical oxidation method using potassium persulfate. The polymer was characterized by UV-VIS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectral studies. The peaks at 2,922 and 2,852 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum of polyreactive yellow 107 are assigned to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH2. The peak observed at 1,583 cm−1 for polyreactive yellow 107 may be assigned to the stretching vibration of C=O, N=N, and C=C, 1,347 cm−1 stretching vibration of C–N. The stretching vibrations of sulfone and sulfonic acid of S=O groups show a strong broad peak at 1,091 and 1,051 cm−1. The conductivity of the polymer was determined to be 5.57 × 10−5 S cm−1. The solubility of the chemically polymerized powder was ascertained and polyreactive yellow 107 showed good solubility in N,N-dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of nano-sized (84 nm) crystalline polymer. Using X-ray diffraction, behavior strain and dislocation density was also calculated. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed uniform crystalline nature of the polymer (200 nm). The thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed good thermal stability of the polymer.

Electrochemical polymerization of 3,4-ethyl- enedioxythiophene (EDOT) was carried out in presence of two different surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in aque- ous medium. The cyclic voltammograms of the polymers exhibited well-defined redox peaks at Eox ¼ 140 mV, Ered ¼ 360, and � 180 mV for PEDOT/SDS and Eox ¼ 360 mV, Ered ¼ 540, � 140 mV for PEDOT/CTAB. The electroactive polymer showed good adherence. The spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out on ITO glass plate at various applied potentials. The oxidized PEDOT/CTAB was opa- que blue in color and the reduced form was transparent yellow in color. Electrochromic parameters such as elec- trochromic efficiency (or coloration efficiency), stability (or cycle life), and optical contrast (or write-erase effi- ciency) and stability were determined and presented. The in situ conductance was measured at applied potentials ranging from � 0.6 V to 0.7 V. The polymer was resistive initially at � 0.6 V (7.5 � 10 � 5 Sc m � 1 )a nd reached maxi- mum conductance of 1.7 � 10 � 3 Sc m � 1 at 0.5 V in pres- ence of SDS. The polymer formed with CTAB exhibited high resistive behavior. The surface morphology charac

Aniline was copolymerized chemically in presence of five different concentrations of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulphone using potassium persulphate. The copolymer exhibited good solubility in DMF and DMSO. Copolymers were characterized by UV–VIS, FTIR, XRD and SEM studies. The formation of polymer through N–H group was understood from the single N–H stretching vibrational frequency at 3378 cm −1 and bands at 1630 and 1494 cm −1 for quinonoid and benzenoid structures, respectively. The stretching vibration of sulphone S O at 1115 cm −1 clearly indicated the presence of DDS in the copolymer. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of nano sized crystalline copolymer. When more DDS was incorporated in the copolymer the crystalline nature changed from less to more. The grain size of the copolymer calculated from Scherrer's formula was 83 nm. The nano size copolymer formation was also confirmed through surface morphology (100 nm) studies. The electrical property of the copolymer was studied by four-probe conductivity meter. The synthesized polymers have conductivity of 7.21 × 10 −3 to 2.07 × 10 −3 S cm −1 . The voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical results were also presented.

The modification of electrodeposited polyaniline film by subsequent elec- trodeposition of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) leads to a new material having nanostructure. The coated polymer films were treated with various pH solutions. The film adherent characteristics and surface morphology were studied using SEM. The electrochemically synthesized polyDDS revealed good redox behavior. The DDS was also polymerized by the chemical oxidation method using potassium persulphate. The polymer was characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectral studies. The formation of polymer through the N-H group was understood from the single N-H stretching vibra- tional frequency at 3459 cm 1 . The X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of nano sized (28 nm) crystalline polymer. The conductivity of the polymer was deter- mined to be 1.07 10 4 S.cm 1 . The solubility of the chemically polymerized powder was ascertained, and polyDDS showed good solubility in DMF and DMSO. © 2005 Wiley

A simple, rapid and efficient route to prepare polypyrrole nanospheres by template-free method is described. This greener route has advantages in terms of good yield, short reaction time, neat conditions and cost-effectiveness. The resultant polymeric material was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy. From these studies it is confirmed that the as prepared polypyrrole nanospheres possesses good physicochemical properties.

Poly (ethyleneoxide) membrane was prepared by electrospinning technique and characterized by HR-SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The electrolyte uptake, ionic conductivity and porosity of the membrane were studied. The images revealed that the nanofibers have uniform interconnectivity and no bead formation was observed. The ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolyte was 1.86 × 10-3 Scm-1 at room temperature. The electrolyte uptake of the membrane reached upto a maximum of ∼94%. The photovoltaic performance of the dye sensitized solar cell using polymer electrolyte was evaluated and reported.

Electrospun nanofiber of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was fabricated with different concentrations of polymer solution and the optimum concentration arrived at was 15 wt %. The surface morphology of the electrospun membrane was observed by scanning electron microscopy. It consist of thin fibers with an average diameter of about 200-450 nm. The images revealed that the nanofibers showed uniform diameter and no bead formation was observed. Impedance measurements were done for the membranes. PMMA nanofiber membrane showed an ionic conductivity of 1.53 × 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature. FTIR results confirmed that there was no chemical change in the polymer. The results suggested that electrolyte uptake, ionic conduction and thermal behavior were improved for the PMMA electrospun nanofiber. Hence these nanofibres can very well be employed for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells and Lithium batteries.

A protic solvent favors the formation of bisindoles from sulfides (I) and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, whereas an aprotic solvent prefers the formation of the corresponding monoindole.The reaction of sulfide (I) with phenylhydrazine in both types of solvents affords only the bis- and monohydrazones, correspondingly.

Reported herein is the preparation of a new nanostructured composite consisting of PANI(SH) (where PANI(SH) is poly(aniline-co-4-aminothio phenol)) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)) via "seed"-induced bulk polymerization. The PANI(SH)-AuNPs composite was designated as PANI(SH)-Au-NS(P). The composite was characterized in terms of its morphology and structural, thermal, and electrochemical properties. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image of PANI(SH)-Au-NS(P) revealed the presence of PANI(SH) nanospheres (sizes: approximately 150-250 nm) with finely distributed AuNPs (approximately 10 nm). The usefulness of PANI(SH)-Au-NS(P) as an electrocatalyst towards the oxidation of methanol was tested.

Biofilm formation by Streptococcus pyogenes has been demonstrated as a potentially important mechanism contributing to antibiotic treatment failure. S. pyogenes is the frequent cause of purulent infections in humans and also, it could play a significant role in recurrent and chronic infections. S. pyogenes biofilm communities tend to exhibit significant tolerance to antimicrobial challenge during infections. The fluoroquinolone derivatives have been previously reported from our laboratory as effective agents against human bacterial pathogens. Therefore, in the present study, we observed the effect of these fluoroquinolones on biofilm formation. Quantitative analysis using 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) at the biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), the compounds 6a, 6c, 7b and 7c reduced 61-71% biofilm and sub-BIC (0.5 and 0.25 BIC) significantly reduced biofilm formation by up to 30-38% and 16-18%, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the control and treated S. pyogenes revealed the shift in the chemical entity corresponding to the exopolysaccharide (EPS). The GC/MS analysis showed that the EPS of S. pyogenes has the most abundant neutral sugars l-glucose and d-mannose which is not detected in the fluoroquinolone treated EPS.

This is the first report on the preparation of nanobelts/nanodiscs of poly(1,5-diamino naphthalene) (PDAN-P) in bulk quantities through a "hard-soft combined templates" approach. PDAN was nanostructured within the channels of MCM-41 (hard template) in the presence of beta-napthalene sulfonic acid (beta-NSA) (soft template) and further used as the seed for the bulk preparation of pure PDAN nanobelts/nanodiscs of PDAN (PDAN-P). Field emision scanning electron microscope image reveals that a typical nanobelt has a length of approximately 3 microm, with a uniform breadth of approximately 150 nm and a thickness of approximately 50 nm. UV-Visible spectrum reveals that the electronic features of PDAN-P are different from PDAN prepared by conventional method (PDAN-C). The electrochemical and interfacial characteristics of PDAN-P were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy and compared with PDAN-C. The current density characteristics of ITO/PDAN-P and ITO/PDAN-C were also compared. The potential for the onset of current and the current densities beyond the onset potentials were higher at ITO/PDAN-P than for ITO/PDAN-C. Results from electrochemical imedance spectroscopy informed that the ac conductivity of PDAN-P is higher than PDAN-C. Thus, PDAN-P exhibits distinctly different electronic and electrochemical characteristics as compared to PDAN-C.