Search

In recent years, more and more studies have highlighted the potential of fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, due to the high content of polyphenols and anthocyanins. Currently, the use of agricultural production of Aronia melanocarpa is mainly done through the use of fruit juice or powders in the food industry. In the present study we set out to achieve a superior route of fruit valorization by obtaining extracts for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. For ultrasound-assisted extraction, Aronia melanocarpa fruits were pre-processed (drying, grinding, sieving) and then subjected to ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction. The study carried out in this phase of the experiment followed the influence of the concentration of the solvent (water/ethanol ratio) on the anthocyanin content and the chromatographic profile of the extract. The chromatographic profile was obtained using the HPTLC method. The analysis material was represented by 3 extracts obtained under various experimental conditions, from the species Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot fruits. The best HPTLC chromatographic imprint was shown for Aronia fruit extracts prepared in 3:1 water-ethanol mixture, at amplitude of 40%. In the other experimental variants the anthocyanin content was low.

Herbal industry of developing countries is facing several technical issues related to the extraction conditions in order to attain the maximum yield of a plant extract with maximum therapeutic attributes. Therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the best technique for respective herbal products. The effect of three different extraction techniques: ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted and orbital shaker assisted extraction, by using three solvents (80% methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) on the antioxidant potential of Caralluma tuberculata stem (non-conventional vegetable) extracts were investigated. Folin-Ciocalteu method was applied on tested samples in order to find the concentration of total phenols. Therefore, the optimized extract of high yield and maximum total phenolic content was selected for further analysis like total flavonoid contents, FRAP, DPPH and ABTS scavenging potential. Quantification of phenolic acids in the extracts was also carried out by HPLC. Significant variation was observed in the yield of total phenols within the extracts, but better results were obtained in aqueous methanolic extract of ultrasonic assisted extraction, followed by microwave assisted and orbital shaker assisted extraction. Present findings supported the view that ultrasonic assisted extraction can be used for phytochemicals profiling, activity guided assays and the development of herbal products. Correlation coefficients of active principles indicated a significant relationship to antioxidant capacity P < 0.05.

Background: Raphanus sativus (Radish) is a plant of the Brassicaceae family which is grown worldwide. This plant has been used in Iranian traditional medicine as a laxative, abortifacient and also recently as anti-tumor, anti-proliferative and anti-diabetic agent. Quercetin, the most important flavonoid which is found in this plant, serves as an antioxidant and as a result an anticancer agent. Methods: The present study was designed to compare extraction efficiency of different methods with various solvents in quercetin extraction from R. sativus leaves. The analysis of extracts was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the quantification was carried out by the use of quercetin calibration curve. Results: In consequence, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method at 50% of ultrasound intensity (Frequency of 50/60 KHz) for 10 min in methanol proved to be the most efficient technique in quercetin extracting (11.8% yield). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the optimized condition for quercetin extraction from R. sativus leaves, which is due to promoting larger agitation (cavitation) in UAE method.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are recently developed green solvent alternatives to conventional fossil solvents. The present work systematically screened 22 different NaDESs for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive components from Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), a widely used traditional Chinese medical plant. The suitable solvent and extraction condition were optimized in a two-round screening. In comparison with fossil solvents, NaDESs, especially L-proline-lactic acid (L-Pro-Lac) showed significant advantages in the extraction of salvianolic acid B (SAB), tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CYT). The optimized yields of the three targeting compounds were 42.05, 1.485 and 0.839 mg/g, respectively. The present method was also applied to the pretreatment of SM samples from different geographic origins. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of NaDES extracts were determined in the study to prove the feasibility of NaDES in bioactive component extraction. The application of NaDESs in the extraction of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecules from SM is proved to be a green and efficient method for pretreatment of herbal materials.

Indonesia has one of the highest rates of cigarette consumption in the world, and it has been estimated that up to 75% of cigarette butts end up in nature, where they damage the environment. Since 2019, a new species of armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda or the fall armyworm) has been attacking maize plants in Indonesia. Therefore, it is proposed to use cigarette butts in the production of a bioinsecticide to control this armyworm. Tobacco, the main ingredient in cigarettes, contains various compounds that can be used as insecticides. These compounds can be extracted using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method and a variety of solvents, namely, aquadest, 96% ethanol, and NADES as green solvent. The highest extract yield was 27.2±2.0% and the highest mortality rate for the fall armyworm occurred with 96% ethanol extract. The 16-Hentriacontanone compound with the highest peak area of 22.67% was obtained using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument. All compounds obtained from the GC/MS instrument were simulated with molecular docking to the acetylcholinesterase receptor. The highest docking score was -10.3 kcal/mol for 2,3-Dimethyl-5,6-diphenyl-1,7-dihydrodipyrrolo pyridine and 16-Hentriacontanone, which had a 100% similarity of interactions with the control ligand.

This study focuses on the maximization of the phenolic compounds of spent coffee grounds, by coupling hydrothermal delignification with ultrasonic assisted extraction. Temperatures of 200°C, 230 °C and 260 °C were applied for hydrothermal treatment for 1h and 3h. Produced hydrochars contain high values of fuel ratio (0.35 - 0.69) compared to raw feedstock (0.20). The increment of the reaction severity decreases the energy yield from 95.23 % to 82.99 %. After the hydrothermal treatment, the total phenolic content (TPC of the process water), determined relatively to a gallic acid standard (GAE), was found to be in a similar range for all process conditions (9.52 – 8.07 mg GAE / mg of dry sample). Using methanol as a solvent into produced dry hydrochars during ultrasonic assisted extraction reveals the highest values of TPC (20.33 – 11.66 mg GAE/ mg of dry sample).This study focuses on the maximization of the phenolic compounds of spent coffee grounds, by coupling hydrothermal delignification with ultrasonic assisted extraction. Temperatures of 200°C, 230 °C and 260 °C were applied for hydrothermal treatment for 1h and 3h. Produced hydrochars contain high values of fuel ratio (0.35 - 0.69) compared to raw feedstock (0.20). The increment of the reaction severity decreases the energy yield from 95.23 % to 82.99 %. After the hydrothermal treatment, the total phenolic content (TPC of the process water), determined relatively to a gallic acid standard (GAE), was found to be in a similar range for all process conditions (9.52 – 8.07 mg GAE / mg of dry sample). Using methanol as a solvent into produced dry hydrochars during ultrasonic assisted extraction reveals the highest values of TPC (20.33 – 11.66 mg GAE/ mg of dry sample).

Gentiana rigescens is a rich source of iridoids and is commonly used as a folk medicine for treatment of hepatitis and cholecystitis for over 1000 years. A rapid ultrafast liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method was developed for simultaneous determination of four major iridoid glycosides in G. rigescens. Response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize the extraction conditions of iridoid glycosides. Using the Shim-Pack XR-ODS III, four iridoid glycosides were efficiently separated with an acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid aqueous solution gradient at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min for 8 minutes. All the regression equations revealed a good linear relationship (R2 > 0.9995). The intraday and interday variations were

(1) Background: Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered “green” solvents and have been widely used in the extraction and separation field in recent years; (2) Methods: In this study, some common ILs and functionalized magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were used as adjuvants for the solvent extraction of paclitaxel from Taxus x media (T. x media) using methanol solution. The extraction conditions of methanol concentration, IL type and amount, solid–liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic irradiation time were investigated in single factor experiments. Then, three factors of IL amount, solid–liquid ratio, and ultrasonic irradiation time were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM); (3) Results: The MIL [C4MIM]FeCl3Br was screened as the optimal adjuvant. Under the optimization conditions of 1.2% IL amount, 1:10.5 solid–liquid ratio, and 30 min ultrasonic irradiation time, the extraction yield reached 0.224 mg/g; and (4) Conclusions: Compared with the conventional solvent extraction, this ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) using methanol and MIL as adjuvants can significantly improve the extraction yield, reduce the use of methanol, and shorten the extraction time, which has the potentiality of being used in the extraction of some other important bioactive compounds from natural plant resources.

In order to evaluate the antioxidant and &alpha, glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were also investigated. The maximum yields (8.29 &plusmn, 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and &alpha, glucosidase inhibitory activities. Therefore, UAE was an efficient way to obtain CMPs.

We developed an ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction (ILUAE) method for the extraction of the three isoflavones, namely tectoridin, iristectorin B and iristectorin A from Iris tectorum Maxim of the Iridaceae family. Three kinds of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different alkyl chain and anion were investigated. The results indicated that ionic liquids (ILs) showed remarkable effects on the extraction yield of isoflavones. In addition, the ILUAE, including several ultrasonic parameters, such as the concentration, extraction time and solvent to solid ratio have been optimized. Under these optimal conditions (e.g., with 30 min extraction time and the solvent to solid ratio of 30 ml/g), this approach gained the highest extraction yields of tectoridin (37.45 mg/g), iristectorin B (2.88 mg/g) and iristectorin A (5.28 mg/g). Meanwhile, tectoridin, iristectorin B and iristectorin A in the ILUAE extract were separated and purified successfully through the high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system consisting of n-butanol-water (1:1, v/v). The additional advantage of this approach is that 60.21 mg tectoridin, 4.33 mg iristectorin B and 8.24 mg iristectorin A with more than 95.0% purities have been obtained from 400 mg ILUAE extract of I. tectorum within 5 h and one-step elution under the most optimized conditions (e.g., a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min, 900 rpm and the wavelengh of 280 nm). The obtained fractions were successfully analyzed by HPLC and identified by (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR.

For the first time, response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the conditions for ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Initially, influencing factors such as liquid-solid ratio, duration of ultrasonic assisted extraction, pH range, extraction temperature and ethanol concentration were identified using single-factor experiments. Then, with respect to the three most significant influencing factors, the extraction process focusing on the DPPH· scavenging capacity of antioxidants was optimized using RSM. Results showed that the optimal conditions for antioxidant extraction were 13.03:1 (mL/g) liquid-solid ratio, 16.86 min extraction time and 40.51% (v/v) ethanol, and the desirability was 0.681. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis results revealed eleven kinds of phenolic compounds, including four major rare anthocyanins, among the antioxidants. All these results suggest that UAE is efficient at extracting antioxidants and has the potential to be used in industry for this purpose.

Response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the conditions for extraction of antioxidants from black soybean (Glycine max var) sprouts. Three influencing factors: liquid-solid ratio, period of ultrasonic assisted extraction and extraction temperature were investigated in the ultrasonic aqueous extraction. Then Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction process focused on DPPH radical-scavenging capacity of the antioxidants with respect to the above influencing factors. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by RSM design and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum radical-scavenging capacity were established to be liquid-solid ratio of 29.19:1, extraction time of 32.13 min, and extraction temperature of 30 °C. Under these conditions, 67.60% of DPPH radical-scavenging capacity was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical prediction of 66.36%.

Response surface methodology was used to optimise experimental conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Artemisia absinthium. The central composite design was employed, the extracts were characterised by the determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic contents of extracts were determined by Folin method and also total antioxidant capacities of extracts were determined by ABTS and CUPRAC methods. The phenolic compounds of A. absinthium at optimum extraction conditions were determined by HPLC-DAD. The optimum conditions were determined as HCl concentration between 0.41 and 0.44 mol/L, methanol volume between 55% and 59% (v/v), extraction temperature between 64 and 70 degrees C, extraction time between 101 and 107 min. The experimental values agreed with those predicted within a 95% confidence level, thus indicating the suitability of response surface methodology in optimising the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from A. absinthium.

A method has been developed for the analysis of a wide polarity range of the currently used organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and their metabolites in sewage sludge samples. Extraction was carried out using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) with different solvents. The levels of OPs in sludge were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive or negative ion mode. Extraction with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid gave the best results with recoveries between 83.2% and 106.4% and RSD ≤ 8.7%. Evaluation of matrix effect showed high ion suppression for OPs of intermediate polarity, which decreased to approximately 50% by matrix dilution to an equivalent of 0.5 g of sludge per millilitre; however, for polar OPs, the matrix effect was negligible at the same concentration. Therefore, matrix-matched standards were used for OPs quantification. The limits of quantification were in the range of 1-14 ng g-1. This method was successfully applied to real sludge samples collected from Madrid Province and chlorpyrifos along with its metabolite TCPY were the OPs found in sludge at the highest levels, 113-344 ng g-1 and 33-307 ng g-1, respectively. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this work, an isotope dilution method for the determination, in agricultural and industrial soil samples, of tetrabromobisphenol-A, tetrachlorobisphenol-A and bisphenol-A by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. The compounds were extracted from soil by sonication assisted extraction in small columns (SAESC) with a low volume of ethyl acetate as extraction solvent. For dirty soil samples, such as industrial soils, a simultaneous clean-up on an acidified Florisil-anhydrous sodium sulfate mixture was carried out to remove interferences. After extraction, solvent was evaporated and analytes were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and determined by isotope dilution gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC-MS-SIM), using 13C12 labeled compounds as internal standards. Recoveries from spiked samples were between 88% and 108% and the estimated limits of detection (S/N = 3) varied from 30 pg g-1 to 90 pg g-1. The response obtained with this method was linear over the range assayed, 5-300 ng ml-1, with correlation coefficients equal or higher than 0.999. The validated method was used to investigate the levels of these phenolic compounds in soil samples collected from different locations in Spain. Bisphenol-A was detected in all samples at concentrations from 0.7 ng g-1 to 4.6 ng g-1 in agricultural soils and from 1.1 ng g-1 to 44.5 ng g-1 in industrial soils. Tetrabromobisphenol-A was found in various soil samples at levels in the range of 3.4-32.2 ng g-1 in industrial soils and at 0.3 ng g-1 in one agricultural soil, whereas tetrachlorobisphenol-A was not detected. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.